918:, was married to Barchuq. Their submission was perhaps unexpected, as the presence of the Mongol armies in the region might have had such submission as a goal in addition to pursuing Genghis's rivals. The Uyghur contributed administrative and linguistic expertise to Mongols, in exchange for their military protection. Because they submitted voluntarily, they were granted vassal status. Barchuq was allowed to operate independently, and his kingdom contributed 18,000 troops to the Western campaigns, including the conquest of Qara Khitai, Khwarazm, and Western Xia, and possibly participating in the
323:
298:
1146:, a message seeking trade and greeted him as his neighbor: "I am master of the lands of the rising sun while you rule those of the setting sun. Let us conclude a firm treaty of friendship and peace." or he said "I am Khan of the lands of the rising sun while you are sultan those of the setting sun: Let us conclude a firm agreement of friendship and peace."
914:, was chafing at the increasing demands from Qara Khitai and killed both the Merkit envoys sent to him as well as the viceroy of the Qara Khitai. In 1209, Barchuq voluntarily joined the Mongol Empire, making the Uyghurs one of the first Turkic groups to do so. To solidify the alliance, Al Altun, the youngest daughter of Genghis Khan and his chief consort
949:, married a daughter of Jochi. He commanded an unknown number of soldiers. Because the Karluks submitted voluntarily like the Uyghur, their military was allowed to operate as an auxiliary without integrating into the main, atomized army. By 1218, the Mongol Empire controlled all of what is present-day Xinjiang.
1153:
refused to receive the mission and had all 450 of them killed, with permission from the Sultan. Upon hearing of this atrocity months later, Genghis Khan flew into a rage and used the incident as a pretext for invasion. The Mongol invasion of
Central Asia however would entail the utter destruction of
983:
allies who survived fled to what is now northern
Kazakhstan. Jebe and Subutai pursued and defeated them. At this juncture, Jebe and Subutai did not attempt to incorporate the Qangli into the empire. Having completed their destruction of the Merkit, they returned home. The independent nomadic tribes
1154:
the
Khwarezmid Empire along with the massacre of much of the civilian population of the region. According to Juvaini, the Mongols ordered only one round of slaughter in Khwarezm and Transoxiana, but systematically exterminated a particularly large portion of the people of the cities of
390:
855:, met the Merkits and Naimans at a branch of the Irtysh. The Merkit commander Toqto'a was killed in action, and many of his soldiers drowned in the river attempting to flee.
2346:
383:
2274:
1560:
Sher F, Rahman A. An
Account of the QarlĆ«q/QarlĆ«gh Turks in HazÄra. Putaj Humanities & Social Sciences. 2016;23(2):261-267. Accessed October 27, 2023.
958:
945:
married a junior daughter of
Genghis Khan, who possibly went by the name Töre or Tolai. Arslan commanded six thousand men. Another Karluk leader, Ozar of
919:
247:
376:
2341:
894:
The initial contact with, and legacy of, the Mongol Empire with
Central Asia was peaceful and not destructive, as the empire's nearest neighbors in
3217:
1561:
1460:
Guanda, Zhang, and
Xijiang, Rong. âA Concise History of the Turfan Oasis and Its Exploration.â Asia Major, vol. 11, no. 2, 1998, pp. 13â36. JSTOR,
2680:
17:
270:
2824:
665:
2592:
2584:
1133:
536:
452:
778:
and by 1221 all the territories of the former
Khwarazmian Empire. In 1236, the Mongols defeated the eastern portions of Cumania and
3285:
2071:
2832:
670:
2888:
2037:
1979:
1948:
1927:
1896:
1753:
1722:
1695:
1630:
1603:
1496:
1400:
1341:
1294:
1248:
790:
690:
1882:
3300:
3295:
2915:
2864:
2840:
2639:
2605:
2289:
1078:
685:
675:
541:
483:
2623:
2576:
1021:
899:
473:
447:
2657:
2872:
2800:
2784:
1848:
1815:
1786:
1445:
659:
614:
609:
3290:
2856:
2816:
1158:. This earned the Mongols a reputation for bloodthirsty ferocity that would mark the remainder of their campaigns.
984:
that the
Mongols had encountered in Central Asia and Eastern Europe may have been at least part of the impetus for
655:
644:
634:
3280:
2880:
2808:
2714:
2550:
952:
648:
640:
431:
1562:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=137259571&site=eds-live&scope=site
886:
fled south to Qara Khitai. The Merkit might have accompanied him briefly, but soon made their way further west.
2931:
2776:
2688:
2613:
2284:
624:
553:
478:
468:
426:
400:
975:, likely joined in force with a Uyghur army, met the Merkit at the Chem River, in what is present-day western
3261:
2987:
2958:
2848:
2331:
2304:
2299:
680:
2768:
2566:
2309:
2294:
1202:
629:
507:
2939:
2907:
2758:
2706:
2558:
2064:
1043:
1039:
591:
586:
558:
531:
526:
2029:
848:
2792:
2750:
2733:
2667:
2647:
2631:
2393:
1236:
993:
779:
600:
576:
512:
502:
497:
1971:
1888:
461:
1683:
758:
sent an expedition to pursue rivals who had fled to the region and threatened his new empire. The
2698:
1190:
1143:
695:
581:
308:
2336:
2057:
312:
1907:
1840:
1778:
1228:
1108:, and the Karluks appealed to Genghis Khan for help. In 1216, Genghis dispatched his general
953:
Destruction of the MerkitâQangli alliance (circa 1209-1219) and invasion of the
Kipchak (1236)
3079:
3023:
2356:
2023:
1964:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-YĂŒan Period (1200-1300)
1959:
1938:
1769:
Biran, Michal. (2005). "Chapter 3 â The Fall: between the Khwarazm Shah and the Mongolians".
1739:
1712:
1620:
1595:
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire
1593:
1482:
1386:
1331:
1832:
1770:
2979:
2971:
2451:
942:
934:
824:
812:
280:
8:
3227:
2181:
1074:
in 1141. However, their power was shattered in 1211 through the combined actions of the
1063:
1051:
182:
173:
113:
107:
2103:
2010:
1991:"Early Mongol Expansion in Western Siberia and Turkestan (1207-1219): a Reconstruction"
827:
in 1204. Temujin defeated the alliance, and the surviving Merkit and Naimans fled into
751:
3049:
2381:
2321:
1835:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
1773:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
2416:
2033:
2002:
1975:
1944:
1923:
1892:
1844:
1833:
1811:
1804:
1782:
1771:
1749:
1718:
1691:
1626:
1599:
1492:
1441:
1434:
1396:
1337:
1290:
1244:
1139:
1105:
946:
911:
275:
1179:
John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", February 6, 2007. Page 180.
2963:
2923:
2376:
1915:
1155:
1071:
847:
and given the name Genghis Khan. In either late 1208 or early 1209, as part of the
548:
261:
39:
1075:
3057:
1284:
1001:
972:
828:
236:
619:
368:
2326:
997:
898:
tenured their submission to the Mongols voluntarily. After their defeat at the
895:
840:
719:
3070:
3044:
1484:
Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea
985:
963:
At some point likely between 1209 and 1219, most likely 1217 or 1218, General
212:
3274:
3131:
3062:
2369:
2187:
2080:
2006:
1919:
1031:
844:
727:
322:
297:
207:
148:
3126:
1047:
3031:
2471:
2388:
2364:
2279:
2213:
2136:
2116:
1286:
The Mongol Conquests: The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and SĂŒbe'etei
1090:
1082:
1067:
1062:. They dominated Central Asia in the 12th century after they defeated the
1035:
1009:
804:
755:
731:
197:
66:
2476:
1714:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
1538:
1481:
Toops, Stanley W. (2013-11-12). Walcott, Susan M.; Johnson, Corey (eds.).
3197:
3146:
3106:
3075:
2176:
1121:
1027:
988:
to launch a western campaign in 1235. In 1236, the westward expansion of
930:
871:
859:
835:. Temujin's victory against the alliance consolidated his control of the
747:
257:
70:
2014:
1990:
3242:
3151:
2501:
2486:
2223:
1461:
1142:, Genghis Khan had originally sent the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire,
1117:
1113:
976:
1522:
3111:
3101:
2466:
2446:
2441:
2400:
1967:
1745:
1488:
1392:
1059:
989:
62:
1432:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 4 â The Uighur Kingdom of Qocho".
1097:. Kuchlug was given shelter by the Qara Khiitai, but he usurped the
889:
3237:
2456:
2316:
2198:
1409:
1240:
1150:
1005:
980:
938:
875:
800:
784:
775:
771:
723:
317:
915:
902:, the surviving Merkit, led by Qudu, fled to the territory of the
870:. After the Uyghurs allied with the Mongols, they fled west, past
843:
tribes in the region. In 1206, he was elected the khan of the new
3207:
3202:
3192:
3177:
2481:
2436:
2431:
2218:
2208:
2146:
1802:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 6 â Seljukids and Ghazvanids".
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1098:
1094:
1086:
964:
926:
903:
883:
879:
863:
858:
The Merkits and Naimans who survived the battle regrouped at the
836:
820:
816:
808:
767:
759:
743:
739:
292:
222:
177:
168:
158:
119:
101:
91:
2049:
862:
but were again defeated. The surviving Merkit fled first to the
770:
submitted voluntarily to the Mongol Empire and married into the
363:
Most soldiers killed, 1.7 million killed (25% of the population)
3187:
3161:
3156:
2491:
2461:
2421:
2171:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
1055:
867:
832:
796:
735:
715:
164:
97:
1566:
851:, a Mongol expedition commanded by Genghis Khan's oldest son,
3232:
3212:
3141:
3121:
3116:
3096:
3036:
2203:
2193:
2141:
907:
852:
763:
252:
232:
217:
202:
154:
87:
2617:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
1116:, Kuchlug fled, but was killed in 1218 after his capture in
992:, the son of Jochi, smashed into the Kipchaks, beginning an
3182:
3136:
2496:
2426:
1112:
to pursue Kuchlug. The Mongols defeated the Qara Khitai at
1109:
968:
227:
3222:
967:
was dispatched to deal with the Merkit survivors and he,
1310:
1308:
1306:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1362:
1257:
941:, also voluntarily submitted to the Mongols. The ruler
996:, and incorporated the Kipchak lands in Central Asia,
2347:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1303:
1688:
The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes
1639:
1505:
726:
plateau in 1206. Smaller military operations of the
1663:
1651:
1803:
1433:
929:, a Turkic confederation the area of the southern
750:. These were followed by a major campaign against
2342:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
890:Submission of the Uyghurs and Karluks (1209-1211)
398:
3272:
1801:
1431:
1350:
785:Destruction of the MerkitâNaiman alliance (1209)
133:Mongol Empire gains control most of Central Asia
2762:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
1038:(907â1125) who were driven out of China by the
754:. Expansion into Central Asia began in 1209 as
1830:
1768:
1289:. Havertown: Casemate Publishers. p. 99.
1233:The Mongol Empire : A Historical Encyclopedia
2065:
1046:. In 1124 some Khitans moved westward under
384:
2245:
1622:The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
979:, and destroyed them. The Merkit and Qangli
1880:
1690:. Cambridge University Press. p. 840.
1591:
1579:
1548:
1528:
2072:
2058:
1914:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 790â798.
1717:. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
1015:
391:
377:
1910:. In May, Timothy; Michael, Hope (eds.).
1884:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
1134:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
1127:
1908:"The Mongols in the Eyes of the Uyghurs"
1686:. In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.).
1681:
1625:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
1618:
1282:
831:, where they eventually gathered at the
774:. By 1218 the Mongols controlled all of
27:Series of military campaigns (1209â1236)
1839:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1777:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1710:
237:
14:
3273:
2692:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2651:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1388:Central Asia In Historical Perspective
734:included the destruction of surviving
714:occurred after the unification of the
3011:
2522:
2244:
2091:
2053:
1988:
1957:
1940:The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire
1936:
1905:
1669:
1657:
1544:
1532:
1516:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1419:
1415:
1368:
1333:The Mongol Conquests in World History
1314:
1283:Sverdrup, Carl Fredrik (2017-05-04).
1263:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
791:Battle of Irtysh River (13th century)
372:
86:Peaceful and voluntary submission of
2523:
2275:Administrative divisions and vassals
1737:
1462:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41645540
1384:
1325:
1323:
1278:
1276:
1229:"Irtysh River, Battle of the (1209)"
1191:"The Mongol Empire in World History"
1104:Kuchlug attacked the Karluk city of
2542:
2021:
1881:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018-07-18).
1645:
1372:
1356:
1329:
1267:
1226:
1188:
24:
1704:
1467:
1336:. Reaktion Books. pp. 40â41.
1209:
1022:Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
799:had a long-standing feud with the
25:
3312:
2079:
1865:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
1320:
1273:
815:. They joined with the forces of
1962:. In Rachewiltz, Igor de (ed.).
1592:Weatherford, Jack (2011-03-01).
805:Temujin, the future Genghis Khan
712:Mongol campaigns in Central Asia
321:
296:
2092:
1857:
1824:
1795:
1762:
1731:
1682:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2023-07-31).
1675:
1612:
1585:
1554:
1454:
1425:
1378:
33:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
18:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
3286:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
1891:: Cambridge University Press.
1874:
1810:. Cambridge University Press.
1738:Mote, Victor L. (2018-02-07).
1619:Favereau, Marie (2021-04-20).
1440:. Cambridge University Press.
1182:
1173:
1054:(Western Liao) between in the
1050:âs leadership and created the
13:
1:
3262:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2959:Division of the Mongol Empire
1937:Buell, Paul D. (2010-02-12).
1711:Forsyth, James (1994-09-08).
1385:Manz, Beatrice (2018-02-19).
1161:
1203:University of Illinois Press
1008:, which became known as the
742:(which involved forays into
7:
2209:Manghit / Mangudai
1684:"20: The Mongols in Europe"
1330:May, Timothy (2013-02-15).
1227:May, Timothy (2016-11-07).
922:against surviving Merkit.
10:
3317:
3301:1220s in the Mongol Empire
3296:1210s in the Mongol Empire
3012:
2988:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2030:Edinburgh University Press
1906:Brose, Michael C. (2022).
1131:
1019:
956:
788:
780:swept into Eastern Europe.
654:Hungary and Croatia (
3259:
3170:
3089:
3022:
3018:
3007:
2951:
2900:
2803:(1223 / 1236â40)
2749:
2726:
2709:(1257 / 1284â88)
2679:
2604:
2549:
2538:
2518:
2409:
2355:
2332:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2267:
2263:
2240:
2155:
2102:
2098:
2087:
1237:Santa Barbara, California
1231:. In May, Timothy (ed.).
1189:May, Timothy (May 2008).
823:to oppose Temujin in the
807:, belonged. They and the
639:Poland and Bohemia (
606:
599:
568:
520:
492:East Asia (other regions)
491:
460:
439:
420:
415:
410:
351:
335:
188:
141:
45:
37:
32:
1972:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
1920:10.4324/9781315165172-63
1889:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1464:. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
1166:
3291:History of Central Asia
2285:Invasions and conquests
2204:Paiza / Gerege
1995:Central Asiatic Journal
1989:Buell, Paul D. (1992).
1958:Buell, Paul D. (1993).
1831:Biran, Michal. (2005).
1806:A history of Inner Asia
1436:A history of Inner Asia
1195:World History Connected
1144:Sultan Muhammad Aladdin
1016:Qara Khitai (1216â1218)
96:Destruction of remnant
3281:13th-century conflicts
2942:(1260 / 1301)
2670:(1274 / 1281)
2337:Franco-Mongol alliance
1128:Khwarezmia (1219â1221)
1089:prince in flight from
910:. However, the ruler,
746:) and the conquest of
313:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
189:Commanders and leaders
2022:May, Timothy (2018).
1741:Siberia: Worlds Apart
1079:ÊżAlÄÊŸ ad-DÄ«n Muáž„ammad
789:Further information:
352:Casualties and losses
2833:Serbia and Bulgaria
1030:(Black Khitan) were
935:Tarbagatai Mountains
900:Battle of the Irtysh
882:. The Naiman leader
825:Battle of Chakirmaut
813:rise of Genghis Khan
401:Mongol invasions and
3080:Khagans of the Yuan
2809:Poland and Bohemia
2585:Khwarazmian Empire
2310:Society and economy
1943:. Scarecrow Press.
1863:Ratchnevsky, Paul.
1422:, pp. 932â933.
1101:'s throne in 1211.
1052:Qara Khitai Khanate
849:conquest of Siberia
766:and leaders of the
671:Bulgaria and Serbia
309:Ala ad-Din Muhammad
183:Khwarazmian dynasty
174:Qara Khitai Khanate
114:Khwarazmian dynasty
108:Qara Khitai Khanate
2825:Holy Roman Empire
2280:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1582:, p. 122-123.
1551:, p. 120-121.
1395:. pp. 27â28.
994:invasion of Europe
959:Battle of the Chem
920:Battle of the Chem
106:Annexation of the
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2980:KaiduâKublai war
2972:BerkeâHulagu war
2964:Toluid Civil War
2745:
2744:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2317:House of Borjigin
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2039:978-0-7486-4237-3
2025:The Mongol Empire
1981:978-3-447-03339-8
1960:"SĂŒbÈ«tai Ba'atur"
1950:978-1-4617-2036-2
1929:978-1-351-67631-1
1898:978-1-108-63662-9
1755:978-0-429-96588-3
1724:978-0-521-47771-0
1697:978-1-009-30197-8
1648:, pp. 58â59.
1632:978-0-674-24421-4
1605:978-0-307-40716-0
1498:978-1-135-07875-1
1402:978-0-429-97033-7
1343:978-1-86189-971-2
1317:, pp. 25â26.
1296:978-1-913118-22-8
1250:979-8-216-11905-0
1151:Governor of Otrar
912:Barchuq Art Tegin
896:Eastern Turkestan
708:
707:
703:
702:
666:Holy Roman Empire
367:
366:
360:60,000-70,000 men
276:Barchuq Art Tegin
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
3308:
3066:
3053:
3050:Töregene Khatun
3040:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3008:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2737:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2671:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2570:
2562:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2520:
2519:
2482:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2472:Sarai Batu/Berke
2377:Chagatai Khanate
2265:
2264:
2242:
2241:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2088:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2018:
1985:
1954:
1933:
1912:The Mongol World
1902:
1868:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1809:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1776:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1580:Broadbridge 2018
1577:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:Broadbridge 2018
1542:
1536:
1529:Broadbridge 2018
1526:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1224:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1072:Battle of Qatwan
686:Byzantine Thrace
413:
412:
405:
393:
386:
379:
370:
369:
325:
300:
266:
239:
112:Conquest of the
47:
46:
40:Mongol conquests
30:
29:
21:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3247:
3166:
3085:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3014:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2896:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2785:Volga Bulgaria
2778:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2741:
2735:
2722:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2675:
2669:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2640:Southern China
2633:
2625:
2624:Northern China
2616:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2534:
2533:
2506:
2405:
2382:House of Ăgedei
2351:
2322:House of Ăgedei
2290:Destructiveness
2259:
2258:
2228:
2165:
2151:
2094:
2083:
2078:
2047:
2040:
1982:
1951:
1930:
1899:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:, p. 933;
1543:
1539:
1531:, p. 119;
1527:
1523:
1515:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1430:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1304:
1297:
1281:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:. p. 382.
1225:
1210:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1136:
1130:
1081:(1200â20), and
1024:
1018:
1002:Western Siberia
961:
955:
892:
829:Western Siberia
793:
787:
772:imperial family
709:
704:
570:
406:
402:
399:
397:
341:100,000-150,000
331:
311:
288:
262:
176:
171:
157:
153:
129:
82:Mongol victory
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3063:Oghul Qaimish
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Mongol Armenia
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2019:
1986:
1980:
1955:
1949:
1934:
1928:
1903:
1897:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1849:
1823:
1816:
1794:
1787:
1761:
1754:
1748:. p. 38.
1730:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1631:
1611:
1604:
1584:
1565:
1553:
1537:
1535:, p. 933.
1521:
1519:, p. 933.
1504:
1497:
1491:. p. 56.
1466:
1453:
1446:
1424:
1418:, p. 15;
1408:
1401:
1377:
1361:
1349:
1342:
1319:
1302:
1295:
1272:
1256:
1249:
1208:
1181:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1132:Main article:
1129:
1126:
1048:Yeh-lĂŒ Ta-shih
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
998:Eastern Europe
957:Main article:
954:
951:
937:and northern
891:
888:
874:to the Qangli
803:clan to which
786:
783:
722:tribes on the
706:
705:
701:
700:
699:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
652:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:Volga Bulgaria
612:
604:
603:
597:
596:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
572:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
561:
551:
546:
545:
544:
534:
529:
522:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
493:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
476:
471:
464:
458:
457:
456:
455:
450:
443:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
422:
418:
417:
411:
408:
407:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
365:
364:
361:
358:
357:Around 50,000+
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:Around 100,000
342:
338:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
326:
315:
305:
303:
289:
287:
286:
283:
278:
273:
268:
255:
250:
245:
242:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
161:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
123:
122:
116:
110:
104:
94:
79:
75:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3313:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3263:
3258:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Chagatai Khan
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3006:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:Latin Empire
2839:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:Northern Yuan
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Imperial Seal
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2188:Pax Mongolica
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Mongol Empire
2075:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:(1/2): 1â32.
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1850:0-521-84226-3
1846:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1819:
1817:0-521-65704-0
1813:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1788:0-521-84226-3
1784:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1672:, p. 26.
1671:
1666:
1660:, p. 26.
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1447:0-521-65704-0
1443:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1359:, p. 58.
1358:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1149:However, the
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:According to
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:, a fugitive
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:KhwÄrezm-Shah
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
960:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:In 1211, the
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:Mongol Empire
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
782:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Mongol Empire
725:
721:
717:
713:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
602:
598:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
567:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
490:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
463:
459:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
444:
442:
438:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
419:
414:
409:
404:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
371:
362:
359:
356:
355:
350:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
327:
324:
319:
316:
314:
310:
307:
306:
304:
301:
299:
294:
290:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
265:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
243:
240:
234:
231:
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226:
224:
221:
219:
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193:
192:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
160:
156:
151:
150:
149:Mongol Empire
146:
145:
140:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
115:
111:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
85:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3032:Genghis Khan
2801:Kievan Rus'
2779:(1237â1300s)
2771:(1237â1300s)
2615:Western Xia
2577:Qara Khitai
2410:Major cities
2389:Golden Horde
2365:Yuan dynasty
2252:Organization
2186:
2137:Khong Tayiji
2046:
2024:
1998:
1994:
1963:
1939:
1911:
1883:
1864:
1859:
1834:
1826:
1805:
1797:
1772:
1764:
1740:
1733:
1713:
1706:
1687:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1621:
1614:
1594:
1587:
1556:
1540:
1524:
1483:
1456:
1435:
1427:
1411:
1387:
1380:
1364:
1352:
1332:
1285:
1259:
1232:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1148:
1137:
1103:
1091:Genghis Khan
1068:Ahmed Sanjar
1064:Great Seljuk
1036:Liao Dynasty
1025:
1010:Golden Horde
962:
924:
893:
866:approaching
857:
811:opposed the
794:
756:Genghis Khan
732:Central Asia
711:
710:
676:Latin Empire
542:Nizari state
521:Western Asia
441:Central Asia
440:
291:
271:Sorkin-shara
263:
198:Genghis Khan
163:
152:and vassals:
147:
142:Belligerents
118:Conquest of
81:
67:Central Asia
38:Part of the
3107:Sartaq Khan
3076:Kublai Khan
3071:Möngke Khan
3045:Ăgedei Khan
3024:Great Khans
2990:(1314â1318)
2982:(1268â1301)
2934:(1260â1323)
2918:(1253â1256)
2901:Middle East
2795:(1238â1239)
2736:(1221â1327)
2595:(1219â1256)
2587:(1219â1221)
2569:(1264â1308)
2561:(1207-1308)
2427:Azov (Azaq)
2093:Terminology
1875:Works cited
1122:Afghanistan
1044:Jin dynasty
1028:Qara Khitai
986:Ăgedei Khan
943:Arslan Khan
906:kingdom of
872:Qara Khitai
748:Qara Khitai
479:Eastern Xia
469:Western Xia
448:Qara Khitai
347:40,000+ men
328:Temur Meliq
281:Arslan Khan
128:Territorial
71:Afghanistan
3275:Categories
3243:Nogai Khan
3127:Ăzbeg Khan
3058:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
2952:Civil wars
2940:Palestine
2849:Lithuania
2769:Circassia
2502:Xacitarxan
2487:Soltaniyeh
2224:Darughachi
1670:Buell 1992
1658:Buell 2010
1545:Brose 2022
1533:Brose 2022
1517:Brose 2022
1420:Brose 2022
1416:Buell 1993
1369:Buell 2010
1315:Buell 1992
1264:Buell 1992
1162:References
1118:Badakhshan
1114:Balasaghun
1056:Semirechye
977:Kazakhstan
625:Durdzuketi
610:Kievan Rus
3112:Orda Khan
3102:Batu Khan
2966:(1260â64)
2910:(1241â43)
2908:Anatolia
2883:(1287â88)
2875:(1285â86)
2867:(1264â65)
2859:(1259â60)
2851:(1258â59)
2827:(1241â42)
2819:(1241â42)
2811:(1240â41)
2787:(1229â36)
2777:Chechnya
2717:(1300â02)
2681:Southeast
2660:(1253â56)
2642:(1235â79)
2634:(1231â60)
2626:(1211â34)
2579:(1216â18)
2567:Sakhalin
2527:Campaigns
2477:Saray-JĂŒk
2467:Samarkand
2442:Karakorum
2401:Ilkhanate
2159:Political
2007:0008-9192
1968:Wiesbaden
1867:, p. 120.
1746:Routledge
1598:. Crown.
1489:Routledge
1393:Routledge
1060:Chu River
1004:into his
990:Batu Khan
933:, in the
724:Mongolian
681:Lithuania
630:Circassia
571:invasions
559:Palestine
527:Caucassus
403:conquests
208:Chaghatai
63:Xianjiang
53:1209â1236
3238:Boroldai
3218:Khubilai
3198:Bo'orchu
3171:Military
3065:(regent)
3052:(regent)
3039:(regent)
2924:Baghdad
2873:Hungary
2817:Hungary
2760:Georgia
2707:Vietnam
2559:Siberia
2457:Maragheh
2357:Khanates
2305:Religion
2300:Military
2249:Politics
2199:Kurultai
2162:Military
2015:41927806
1646:May 2018
1373:May 2018
1357:May 2018
1268:May 2018
1241:ABC-CLIO
1156:Khorasan
1058:and the
1040:Jurchens
1006:appanage
973:Tuqachar
939:Xinjiang
876:Kipchaks
801:Borjigin
776:Xinjiang
762:kingdom
752:Khwarazm
532:Anatolia
508:Sakhalin
453:Khwarezm
336:Strength
318:Inalchuq
258:Bo'orchu
248:Khubilai
90:and the
58:Location
3208:Boroqul
3203:Guo Kan
3193:Negudar
3178:Subutai
3078: (
2916:Alamut
2889:Serbia
2881:Poland
2865:Thrace
2857:Poland
2793:Alania
2658:Yunnan
2593:Persia
2551:Central
2530:Battles
2437:Bolghar
2432:Bukhara
2417:Almalik
2219:Kheshig
2147:Tarkhan
1140:Juvaini
1106:Almaliq
1099:Gurkhan
1095:Mongols
1083:KĂŒchlĂŒg
1070:at the
1066:leader
1042:of the
1034:of the
1032:Khitans
981:Kipchak
965:Subutai
947:Almaliq
927:Karluks
884:Kuchlug
880:Cumania
864:Uyghurs
821:Toghrul
817:Jamukha
809:Naimans
768:Karluks
744:Cumania
740:Naimans
696:Gazaria
620:Cumania
592:Vietnam
587:Siberia
549:Baghdad
293:Kuchlug
264:†
235: (
223:Subutai
178:Cumania
169:Naimans
159:Karluks
130:changes
120:Cumania
102:Naimans
92:Karluks
3188:Muqali
3162:Ghazan
3157:Arghun
3147:Hulegu
3037:Tolui
3013:People
2974:(1262)
2932:Syria
2926:(1258)
2891:(1291)
2843:(1242)
2835:(1242)
2751:Europe
2734:India
2715:Burma
2701:(1293)
2690:Burma
2668:Japan
2649:Tibet
2632:Korea
2492:Tabriz
2462:Qarshi
2422:Avarga
2268:Topics
2172:Jarlig
2132:Jinong
2127:Khanum
2122:Khatun
2112:Khagan
2104:Titles
2036:
2013:
2005:
1978:
1947:
1926:
1895:
1847:
1814:
1785:
1752:
1721:
1694:
1629:
1602:
1495:
1444:
1399:
1340:
1293:
1247:
1087:Naiman
1000:, and
971:, and
904:Uyghur
868:Turpan
841:Turkic
837:Mongol
833:Irtysh
797:Merkit
760:Uyghur
736:Merkit
720:Turkic
716:Mongol
691:Serbia
660:Second
645:Second
635:Alania
601:Europe
554:Levant
537:Persia
432:Second
320:
295:
260:
244:Mukali
213:Ăgedei
165:Merkit
98:Merkit
78:Result
3233:Kadan
3228:Bayan
3213:Jelme
3152:Abaqa
3142:Kebek
3122:Toqta
3117:Berke
3097:Jochi
3090:Khans
2727:South
2699:Java
2452:Majar
2394:Wings
2214:TĂŒmen
2194:Yassa
2177:Ărtöö
2142:Noyan
2011:JSTOR
1843:â85.
1781:â90.
1201:(2).
1167:Notes
916:Börte
908:Qocho
853:Jochi
764:Qocho
656:First
649:Third
641:First
577:India
569:Other
513:Tibet
503:Korea
498:Japan
462:China
427:First
421:Burma
253:Qasar
233:Jelme
218:Tolui
203:Jochi
167:and
155:Qocho
88:Qocho
3183:Jebe
3137:Duwa
2606:East
2543:Asia
2497:Ukek
2447:Dadu
2255:Life
2182:Orda
2117:Khan
2034:ISBN
2003:ISSN
1976:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1845:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1110:Jebe
1026:The
969:Jebe
839:and
819:and
795:The
738:and
718:and
582:Java
484:Song
416:Asia
302:Qudu
285:Ozar
228:Jebe
100:and
50:Date
3223:Aju
1916:doi
1120:in
1093:âs
931:Ili
878:of
860:Chu
730:in
474:Jin
238:POW
3277::
2032:.
2028:.
2009:.
1999:36
1997:.
1993:.
1974:.
1970::
1966:.
1922:.
1887:.
1841:84
1779:60
1744:.
1568:^
1507:^
1487:.
1469:^
1391:.
1371:;
1322:^
1305:^
1275:^
1266:;
1239::
1235:.
1211:^
1197:.
1193:.
1124:.
1012:.
658:,
647:,
643:,
69:,
65:,
3082:)
2073:e
2066:t
2059:v
2042:.
2017:.
1984:.
1953:.
1932:.
1918::
1901:.
1853:.
1820:.
1791:.
1758:.
1727:.
1700:.
1635:.
1608:.
1501:.
1450:.
1405:.
1375:.
1346:.
1299:.
1270:.
1253:.
1205:.
1199:5
662:)
651:)
392:e
385:t
378:v
241:)
20:)
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