919:, was married to Barchuq. Their submission was perhaps unexpected, as the presence of the Mongol armies in the region might have had such submission as a goal in addition to pursuing Genghis's rivals. The Uyghur contributed administrative and linguistic expertise to Mongols, in exchange for their military protection. Because they submitted voluntarily, they were granted vassal status. Barchuq was allowed to operate independently, and his kingdom contributed 18,000 troops to the Western campaigns, including the conquest of Qara Khitai, Khwarazm, and Western Xia, and possibly participating in the
323:
298:
1147:, a message seeking trade and greeted him as his neighbor: "I am master of the lands of the rising sun while you rule those of the setting sun. Let us conclude a firm treaty of friendship and peace." or he said "I am Khan of the lands of the rising sun while you are sultan those of the setting sun: Let us conclude a firm agreement of friendship and peace."
915:, was chafing at the increasing demands from Qara Khitai and killed both the Merkit envoys sent to him as well as the viceroy of the Qara Khitai. In 1209, Barchuq voluntarily joined the Mongol Empire, making the Uyghurs one of the first Turkic groups to do so. To solidify the alliance, Al Altun, the youngest daughter of Genghis Khan and his chief consort
950:, married a daughter of Jochi. He commanded an unknown number of soldiers. Because the Karluks submitted voluntarily like the Uyghur, their military was allowed to operate as an auxiliary without integrating into the main, atomized army. By 1218, the Mongol Empire controlled all of what is present-day Xinjiang.
1154:
refused to receive the mission and had all 450 of them killed, with permission from the Sultan. Upon hearing of this atrocity months later, Genghis Khan flew into a rage and used the incident as a pretext for invasion. The Mongol invasion of
Central Asia however would entail the utter destruction of
984:
allies who survived fled to what is now northern
Kazakhstan. Jebe and Subutai pursued and defeated them. At this juncture, Jebe and Subutai did not attempt to incorporate the Qangli into the empire. Having completed their destruction of the Merkit, they returned home. The independent nomadic tribes
1155:
the
Khwarezmid Empire along with the massacre of much of the civilian population of the region. According to Juvaini, the Mongols ordered only one round of slaughter in Khwarezm and Transoxiana, but systematically exterminated a particularly large portion of the people of the cities of
390:
856:, met the Merkits and Naimans at a branch of the Irtysh. The Merkit commander Toqto'a was killed in action, and many of his soldiers drowned in the river attempting to flee.
2347:
383:
2275:
1561:
Sher F, Rahman A. An
Account of the QarlĆ«q/QarlĆ«gh Turks in HazÄra. Putaj Humanities & Social Sciences. 2016;23(2):261-267. Accessed October 27, 2023.
959:
946:
married a junior daughter of
Genghis Khan, who possibly went by the name Töre or Tolai. Arslan commanded six thousand men. Another Karluk leader, Ozar of
920:
247:
376:
2342:
895:
The initial contact with, and legacy of, the Mongol Empire with
Central Asia was peaceful and not destructive, as the empire's nearest neighbors in
3218:
1562:
1461:
Guanda, Zhang, and
Xijiang, Rong. âA Concise History of the Turfan Oasis and Its Exploration.â Asia Major, vol. 11, no. 2, 1998, pp. 13â36. JSTOR,
2681:
17:
270:
2825:
666:
2593:
2585:
1134:
459:
433:
779:
and by 1221 all the territories of the former
Khwarazmian Empire. In 1236, the Mongols defeated the eastern portions of Cumania and
3286:
2072:
2833:
671:
2889:
2038:
1980:
1949:
1928:
1897:
1754:
1723:
1696:
1631:
1604:
1497:
1401:
1342:
1295:
1249:
791:
691:
1883:
3301:
3296:
2916:
2865:
2841:
2640:
2606:
2290:
1079:
686:
676:
519:
464:
2624:
2577:
1022:
900:
509:
428:
2658:
2873:
2801:
2785:
1849:
1816:
1787:
1446:
660:
615:
610:
3291:
2857:
2817:
1159:. This earned the Mongols a reputation for bloodthirsty ferocity that would mark the remainder of their campaigns.
985:
that the
Mongols had encountered in Central Asia and Eastern Europe may have been at least part of the impetus for
656:
645:
635:
3281:
2881:
2809:
2715:
2551:
953:
649:
641:
567:
1563:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=137259571&site=eds-live&scope=site
887:
fled south to Qara Khitai. The Merkit might have accompanied him briefly, but soon made their way further west.
2932:
2777:
2689:
2614:
2285:
625:
563:
514:
504:
476:
400:
976:, likely joined in force with a Uyghur army, met the Merkit at the Chem River, in what is present-day western
3262:
2988:
2959:
2849:
2332:
2305:
2300:
681:
2769:
2567:
2310:
2295:
1203:
630:
536:
2940:
2908:
2759:
2707:
2559:
2065:
1044:
1040:
592:
557:
481:
454:
449:
2030:
849:
2793:
2751:
2734:
2668:
2648:
2632:
2394:
1237:
994:
780:
601:
587:
541:
531:
526:
1972:
1889:
499:
1684:
759:
sent an expedition to pursue rivals who had fled to the region and threatened his new empire. The
2699:
1191:
1144:
696:
573:
308:
2337:
2058:
312:
1908:
1841:
1779:
1229:
1109:, and the Karluks appealed to Genghis Khan for help. In 1216, Genghis dispatched his general
954:
Destruction of the MerkitâQangli alliance (circa 1209-1219) and invasion of the
Kipchak (1236)
3080:
3024:
2357:
2024:
1965:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-YĂŒan Period (1200-1300)
1960:
1939:
1770:
Biran, Michal. (2005). "Chapter 3 â The Fall: between the Khwarazm Shah and the Mongolians".
1740:
1713:
1621:
1596:
The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan Rescued His Empire
1594:
1483:
1387:
1332:
1833:
1771:
2980:
2972:
2452:
943:
935:
825:
813:
280:
8:
3228:
2182:
1075:
in 1141. However, their power was shattered in 1211 through the combined actions of the
1064:
1052:
182:
173:
113:
107:
2104:
2011:
1992:"Early Mongol Expansion in Western Siberia and Turkestan (1207-1219): a Reconstruction"
828:
in 1204. Temujin defeated the alliance, and the surviving Merkit and Naimans fled into
752:
3050:
2382:
2322:
1836:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
1774:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
2417:
2034:
2003:
1976:
1945:
1924:
1893:
1845:
1834:
1812:
1805:
1783:
1772:
1750:
1719:
1692:
1627:
1600:
1493:
1442:
1435:
1397:
1338:
1291:
1245:
1140:
1106:
947:
912:
275:
1180:
John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", February 6, 2007. Page 180.
2964:
2924:
2377:
1916:
1156:
1072:
848:
and given the name Genghis Khan. In either late 1208 or early 1209, as part of the
471:
261:
39:
1076:
3058:
1285:
1002:
973:
829:
236:
620:
368:
2327:
998:
899:
tenured their submission to the Mongols voluntarily. After their defeat at the
896:
841:
720:
550:
3071:
3045:
1485:
Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea
986:
964:
At some point likely between 1209 and 1219, most likely 1217 or 1218, General
212:
3275:
3132:
3063:
2370:
2188:
2081:
2007:
1920:
1032:
845:
728:
322:
297:
207:
148:
3127:
1048:
3032:
2472:
2389:
2365:
2280:
2214:
2137:
2117:
1287:
The Mongol Conquests: The Military Operations of Genghis Khan and SĂŒbe'etei
1091:
1083:
1068:
1063:. They dominated Central Asia in the 12th century after they defeated the
1036:
1010:
805:
756:
732:
197:
66:
2477:
1715:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
1539:
1482:
Toops, Stanley W. (2013-11-12). Walcott, Susan M.; Johnson, Corey (eds.).
3198:
3147:
3107:
3076:
2177:
1122:
1028:
989:
to launch a western campaign in 1235. In 1236, the westward expansion of
931:
872:
860:
836:. Temujin's victory against the alliance consolidated his control of the
748:
257:
70:
2015:
1991:
3243:
3152:
2502:
2487:
2224:
1462:
1143:, Genghis Khan had originally sent the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire,
1118:
1114:
977:
1523:
3112:
3102:
2467:
2447:
2442:
2401:
1968:
1746:
1489:
1393:
1060:
990:
492:
442:
62:
1433:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 4 â The Uighur Kingdom of Qocho".
1098:. Kuchlug was given shelter by the Qara Khiitai, but he usurped the
890:
3238:
2457:
2317:
2199:
1410:
1241:
1151:
1006:
981:
939:
876:
801:
785:
776:
772:
724:
317:
916:
903:, the surviving Merkit, led by Qudu, fled to the territory of the
871:. After the Uyghurs allied with the Mongols, they fled west, past
844:
tribes in the region. In 1206, he was elected the khan of the new
3208:
3203:
3193:
3178:
2482:
2437:
2432:
2219:
2209:
2147:
1803:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 6 â Seljukids and Ghazvanids".
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1099:
1095:
1087:
965:
927:
904:
884:
880:
864:
859:
The Merkits and Naimans who survived the battle regrouped at the
837:
821:
817:
809:
768:
760:
744:
740:
292:
222:
177:
168:
158:
119:
101:
91:
2050:
863:
but were again defeated. The surviving Merkit fled first to the
771:
submitted voluntarily to the Mongol Empire and married into the
363:
Most soldiers killed, 1.7 million killed (25% of the population)
3188:
3162:
3157:
2492:
2462:
2422:
2172:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2112:
1056:
868:
833:
797:
736:
716:
164:
97:
1567:
852:, a Mongol expedition commanded by Genghis Khan's oldest son,
3233:
3213:
3142:
3122:
3117:
3097:
3037:
2204:
2194:
2142:
908:
853:
764:
252:
232:
217:
202:
154:
87:
2618:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
1117:, Kuchlug fled, but was killed in 1218 after his capture in
993:, the son of Jochi, smashed into the Kipchaks, beginning an
3183:
3137:
2497:
2427:
1113:
to pursue Kuchlug. The Mongols defeated the Qara Khitai at
1110:
969:
227:
3223:
968:
was dispatched to deal with the Merkit survivors and he,
1311:
1309:
1307:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1363:
1258:
942:, also voluntarily submitted to the Mongols. The ruler
997:, and incorporated the Kipchak lands in Central Asia,
2348:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1304:
1689:
The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire 2 Volumes
1640:
1506:
727:
plateau in 1206. Smaller military operations of the
1664:
1652:
1804:
1434:
930:, a Turkic confederation the area of the southern
751:. These were followed by a major campaign against
2343:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
891:Submission of the Uyghurs and Karluks (1209-1211)
398:
3273:
1802:
1432:
1351:
786:Destruction of the MerkitâNaiman alliance (1209)
133:Mongol Empire gains control most of Central Asia
2763:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
1039:(907â1125) who were driven out of China by the
755:. Expansion into Central Asia began in 1209 as
1831:
1769:
1290:. Havertown: Casemate Publishers. p. 99.
1234:The Mongol Empire : A Historical Encyclopedia
2066:
1047:. In 1124 some Khitans moved westward under
384:
2246:
1623:The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
980:, and destroyed them. The Merkit and Qangli
1881:
1691:. Cambridge University Press. p. 840.
1592:
1580:
1549:
1529:
2073:
2059:
1915:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 790â798.
1718:. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
1016:
391:
377:
1911:. In May, Timothy; Michael, Hope (eds.).
1885:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
1135:Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
1128:
1909:"The Mongols in the Eyes of the Uyghurs"
1687:. In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.).
1682:
1626:. Harvard University Press. p. 47.
1619:
1283:
832:, where they eventually gathered at the
775:. By 1218 the Mongols controlled all of
27:Series of military campaigns (1209â1236)
1840:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1778:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1711:
237:
14:
3274:
2693:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2652:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1389:Central Asia In Historical Perspective
735:included the destruction of surviving
715:occurred after the unification of the
3012:
2523:
2245:
2092:
2054:
1989:
1958:
1941:The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire
1937:
1906:
1670:
1658:
1545:
1533:
1517:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1420:
1416:
1369:
1334:The Mongol Conquests in World History
1315:
1284:Sverdrup, Carl Fredrik (2017-05-04).
1264:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
792:Battle of Irtysh River (13th century)
372:
86:Peaceful and voluntary submission of
2524:
2276:Administrative divisions and vassals
1738:
1463:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41645540
1385:
1326:
1324:
1279:
1277:
1230:"Irtysh River, Battle of the (1209)"
1192:"The Mongol Empire in World History"
1105:Kuchlug attacked the Karluk city of
2543:
2022:
1882:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018-07-18).
1646:
1373:
1357:
1330:
1268:
1227:
1189:
24:
1705:
1468:
1337:. Reaktion Books. pp. 40â41.
1210:
1023:Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
800:had a long-standing feud with the
25:
3313:
2080:
1866:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
1321:
1274:
816:. They joined with the forces of
1963:. In Rachewiltz, Igor de (ed.).
1593:Weatherford, Jack (2011-03-01).
806:Temujin, the future Genghis Khan
713:Mongol campaigns in Central Asia
321:
296:
2093:
1858:
1825:
1796:
1763:
1732:
1683:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2023-07-31).
1676:
1613:
1586:
1555:
1455:
1426:
1379:
33:Mongol invasion of Central Asia
18:Mongol conquest of Central Asia
3287:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
1892:: Cambridge University Press.
1875:
1811:. Cambridge University Press.
1739:Mote, Victor L. (2018-02-07).
1620:Favereau, Marie (2021-04-20).
1441:. Cambridge University Press.
1183:
1174:
1055:(Western Liao) between in the
1051:âs leadership and created the
13:
1:
3263:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2960:Division of the Mongol Empire
1938:Buell, Paul D. (2010-02-12).
1712:Forsyth, James (1994-09-08).
1386:Manz, Beatrice (2018-02-19).
1162:
1204:University of Illinois Press
1009:, which became known as the
743:(which involved forays into
7:
2210:Manghit / Mangudai
1685:"20: The Mongols in Europe"
1331:May, Timothy (2013-02-15).
1228:May, Timothy (2016-11-07).
923:against surviving Merkit.
10:
3318:
3302:1220s in the Mongol Empire
3297:1210s in the Mongol Empire
3013:
2989:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2031:Edinburgh University Press
1907:Brose, Michael C. (2022).
1132:
1020:
957:
789:
781:swept into Eastern Europe.
655:Hungary and Croatia (
3260:
3171:
3090:
3023:
3019:
3008:
2952:
2901:
2804:(1223 / 1236â40)
2750:
2727:
2710:(1257 / 1284â88)
2680:
2605:
2550:
2539:
2519:
2410:
2356:
2333:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2268:
2264:
2241:
2156:
2103:
2099:
2088:
1238:Santa Barbara, California
1232:. In May, Timothy (ed.).
1190:May, Timothy (May 2008).
824:to oppose Temujin in the
808:, belonged. They and the
640:Poland and Bohemia (
607:
600:
581:
549:
491:
441:
420:
415:
410:
351:
335:
188:
141:
45:
37:
32:
1973:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
1921:10.4324/9781315165172-63
1890:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1465:. Accessed 27 Oct. 2023.
1167:
3292:History of Central Asia
2286:Invasions and conquests
2205:Paiza / Gerege
1996:Central Asiatic Journal
1990:Buell, Paul D. (1992).
1959:Buell, Paul D. (1993).
1832:Biran, Michal. (2005).
1807:A history of Inner Asia
1437:A history of Inner Asia
1196:World History Connected
1145:Sultan Muhammad Aladdin
1017:Qara Khitai (1216â1218)
96:Destruction of remnant
3282:13th-century conflicts
2943:(1260 / 1301)
2671:(1274 / 1281)
2338:Franco-Mongol alliance
1129:Khwarezmia (1219â1221)
1090:prince in flight from
911:. However, the ruler,
747:) and the conquest of
313:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
189:Commanders and leaders
2023:May, Timothy (2018).
1742:Siberia: Worlds Apart
1080:ÊżAlÄÊŸ ad-DÄ«n Muáž„ammad
790:Further information:
352:Casualties and losses
2834:Serbia and Bulgaria
1031:(Black Khitan) were
936:Tarbagatai Mountains
901:Battle of the Irtysh
883:. The Naiman leader
826:Battle of Chakirmaut
814:rise of Genghis Khan
401:Mongol invasions and
3081:Khagans of the Yuan
2810:Poland and Bohemia
2586:Khwarazmian Empire
2311:Society and economy
1944:. Scarecrow Press.
1864:Ratchnevsky, Paul.
1423:, pp. 932â933.
1102:'s throne in 1211.
1053:Qara Khitai Khanate
850:conquest of Siberia
767:and leaders of the
672:Bulgaria and Serbia
309:Ala ad-Din Muhammad
183:Khwarazmian dynasty
174:Qara Khitai Khanate
114:Khwarazmian dynasty
108:Qara Khitai Khanate
2826:Holy Roman Empire
2281:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1583:, p. 122-123.
1552:, p. 120-121.
1396:. pp. 27â28.
995:invasion of Europe
960:Battle of the Chem
921:Battle of the Chem
106:Annexation of the
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2981:KaiduâKublai war
2973:BerkeâHulagu war
2965:Toluid Civil War
2746:
2745:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2318:House of Borjigin
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2040:978-0-7486-4237-3
2026:The Mongol Empire
1982:978-3-447-03339-8
1961:"SĂŒbÈ«tai Ba'atur"
1951:978-1-4617-2036-2
1930:978-1-351-67631-1
1899:978-1-108-63662-9
1756:978-0-429-96588-3
1725:978-0-521-47771-0
1698:978-1-009-30197-8
1649:, pp. 58â59.
1633:978-0-674-24421-4
1606:978-0-307-40716-0
1499:978-1-135-07875-1
1403:978-0-429-97033-7
1344:978-1-86189-971-2
1318:, pp. 25â26.
1297:978-1-913118-22-8
1251:979-8-216-11905-0
1152:Governor of Otrar
913:Barchuq Art Tegin
897:Eastern Turkestan
709:
708:
704:
703:
667:Holy Roman Empire
367:
366:
360:60,000-70,000 men
276:Barchuq Art Tegin
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
3309:
3067:
3054:
3051:Töregene Khatun
3041:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3009:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2738:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2672:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2571:
2563:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2521:
2520:
2483:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2473:Sarai Batu/Berke
2378:Chagatai Khanate
2266:
2265:
2243:
2242:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2019:
1986:
1955:
1934:
1913:The Mongol World
1903:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1777:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1581:Broadbridge 2018
1578:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1550:Broadbridge 2018
1543:
1537:
1530:Broadbridge 2018
1527:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1479:
1466:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1225:
1208:
1207:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1073:Battle of Qatwan
687:Byzantine Thrace
413:
412:
405:
393:
386:
379:
370:
369:
325:
300:
266:
239:
112:Conquest of the
47:
46:
40:Mongol conquests
30:
29:
21:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3248:
3167:
3086:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2786:Volga Bulgaria
2779:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2742:
2736:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2641:Southern China
2634:
2626:
2625:Northern China
2617:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2569:
2561:
2535:
2534:
2507:
2406:
2383:House of Ăgedei
2352:
2323:House of Ăgedei
2291:Destructiveness
2260:
2259:
2229:
2166:
2152:
2095:
2084:
2079:
2048:
2041:
1983:
1952:
1931:
1900:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:, p. 933;
1544:
1540:
1532:, p. 119;
1528:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1480:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1282:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:. p. 382.
1226:
1211:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1137:
1131:
1082:(1200â20), and
1025:
1019:
1003:Western Siberia
962:
956:
893:
830:Western Siberia
794:
788:
773:imperial family
710:
705:
582:Other invasions
406:
402:
399:
397:
341:100,000-150,000
331:
311:
288:
262:
176:
171:
157:
153:
129:
82:Mongol victory
73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:Oghul Qaimish
3061:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Mongol Armenia
2325:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2020:
1987:
1981:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1904:
1898:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1850:
1824:
1817:
1795:
1788:
1762:
1755:
1749:. p. 38.
1731:
1724:
1704:
1697:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1632:
1612:
1605:
1585:
1566:
1554:
1538:
1536:, p. 933.
1522:
1520:, p. 933.
1505:
1498:
1492:. p. 56.
1467:
1454:
1447:
1425:
1419:, p. 15;
1409:
1402:
1378:
1362:
1350:
1343:
1320:
1303:
1296:
1273:
1257:
1250:
1209:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1133:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1049:Yeh-lĂŒ Ta-shih
1021:Main article:
1018:
1015:
999:Eastern Europe
958:Main article:
955:
952:
938:and northern
892:
889:
875:to the Qangli
804:clan to which
787:
784:
723:tribes on the
707:
706:
702:
701:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
653:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
616:Volga Bulgaria
613:
605:
604:
598:
597:
596:
595:
590:
583:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
560:
553:
551:Southeast Asia
547:
546:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
495:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
474:
469:
468:
467:
457:
452:
445:
439:
438:
437:
436:
431:
424:
418:
417:
411:
408:
407:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
365:
364:
361:
358:
357:Around 50,000+
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
344:Around 100,000
342:
338:
337:
333:
332:
330:
329:
326:
315:
305:
303:
289:
287:
286:
283:
278:
273:
268:
255:
250:
245:
242:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
161:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
123:
122:
116:
110:
104:
94:
79:
75:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3314:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3264:
3259:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Chagatai Khan
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:Latin Empire
2840:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:Northern Yuan
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2296:Imperial Seal
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:Pax Mongolica
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:Mongol Empire
2076:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:(1/2): 1â32.
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1851:0-521-84226-3
1847:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1820:
1818:0-521-65704-0
1814:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1789:0-521-84226-3
1785:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1673:, p. 26.
1672:
1667:
1661:, p. 26.
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1450:
1448:0-521-65704-0
1444:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1360:, p. 58.
1359:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1150:However, the
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:According to
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:, a fugitive
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:KhwÄrezm-Shah
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
961:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:In 1211, the
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
846:Mongol Empire
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
783:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Mongol Empire
726:
722:
718:
714:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
662:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
606:
603:
599:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
580:
575:
572:
569:
565:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
552:
548:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
494:
490:
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
473:
470:
466:
463:
462:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
414:
409:
404:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
371:
362:
359:
356:
355:
350:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
327:
324:
319:
316:
314:
310:
307:
306:
304:
301:
299:
294:
290:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
265:
259:
256:
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187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
160:
156:
151:
150:
149:Mongol Empire
146:
145:
140:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
115:
111:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
93:
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84:
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80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3033:Genghis Khan
2802:Kievan Rus'
2780:(1237â1300s)
2772:(1237â1300s)
2616:Western Xia
2578:Qara Khitai
2411:Major cities
2390:Golden Horde
2366:Yuan dynasty
2253:Organization
2187:
2138:Khong Tayiji
2047:
2025:
1999:
1995:
1964:
1940:
1912:
1884:
1865:
1860:
1835:
1827:
1806:
1798:
1773:
1765:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1707:
1688:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1622:
1615:
1595:
1588:
1557:
1541:
1525:
1484:
1457:
1436:
1428:
1412:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1353:
1333:
1286:
1260:
1233:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1176:
1149:
1138:
1104:
1092:Genghis Khan
1069:Ahmed Sanjar
1065:Great Seljuk
1037:Liao Dynasty
1026:
1011:Golden Horde
963:
925:
894:
867:approaching
858:
812:opposed the
795:
757:Genghis Khan
733:Central Asia
712:
711:
677:Latin Empire
465:Nizari state
422:Central Asia
421:
291:
271:Sorkin-shara
263:
198:Genghis Khan
163:
152:and vassals:
147:
142:Belligerents
118:Conquest of
81:
67:Central Asia
38:Part of the
3108:Sartaq Khan
3077:Kublai Khan
3072:Möngke Khan
3046:Ăgedei Khan
3025:Great Khans
2991:(1314â1318)
2983:(1268â1301)
2935:(1260â1323)
2919:(1253â1256)
2902:Middle East
2796:(1238â1239)
2737:(1221â1327)
2596:(1219â1256)
2588:(1219â1221)
2570:(1264â1308)
2562:(1207-1308)
2428:Azov (Azaq)
2094:Terminology
1876:Works cited
1123:Afghanistan
1045:Jin dynasty
1029:Qara Khitai
987:Ăgedei Khan
944:Arslan Khan
907:kingdom of
873:Qara Khitai
749:Qara Khitai
515:Eastern Xia
505:Western Xia
429:Qara Khitai
347:40,000+ men
328:Temur Meliq
281:Arslan Khan
128:Territorial
71:Afghanistan
3276:Categories
3244:Nogai Khan
3128:Ăzbeg Khan
3059:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
2953:Civil wars
2941:Palestine
2850:Lithuania
2770:Circassia
2503:Xacitarxan
2488:Soltaniyeh
2225:Darughachi
1671:Buell 1992
1659:Buell 2010
1546:Brose 2022
1534:Brose 2022
1518:Brose 2022
1421:Brose 2022
1417:Buell 1993
1370:Buell 2010
1316:Buell 1992
1265:Buell 1992
1163:References
1119:Badakhshan
1115:Balasaghun
1057:Semirechye
978:Kazakhstan
626:Durdzuketi
611:Kievan Rus
3113:Orda Khan
3103:Batu Khan
2967:(1260â64)
2911:(1241â43)
2909:Anatolia
2884:(1287â88)
2876:(1285â86)
2868:(1264â65)
2860:(1259â60)
2852:(1258â59)
2828:(1241â42)
2820:(1241â42)
2812:(1240â41)
2788:(1229â36)
2778:Chechnya
2718:(1300â02)
2682:Southeast
2661:(1253â56)
2643:(1235â79)
2635:(1231â60)
2627:(1211â34)
2580:(1216â18)
2568:Sakhalin
2528:Campaigns
2478:Saray-JĂŒk
2468:Samarkand
2443:Karakorum
2402:Ilkhanate
2160:Political
2008:0008-9192
1969:Wiesbaden
1868:, p. 120.
1747:Routledge
1599:. Crown.
1490:Routledge
1394:Routledge
1061:Chu River
1005:into his
991:Batu Khan
934:, in the
725:Mongolian
682:Lithuania
631:Circassia
493:East Asia
482:Palestine
450:Caucassus
443:West Asia
403:conquests
208:Chaghatai
63:Xianjiang
53:1209â1236
3239:Boroldai
3219:Khubilai
3199:Bo'orchu
3172:Military
3066:(regent)
3053:(regent)
3040:(regent)
2925:Baghdad
2874:Hungary
2818:Hungary
2761:Georgia
2708:Vietnam
2560:Siberia
2458:Maragheh
2358:Khanates
2306:Religion
2301:Military
2250:Politics
2200:Kurultai
2163:Military
2016:41927806
1647:May 2018
1374:May 2018
1358:May 2018
1269:May 2018
1242:ABC-CLIO
1157:Khorasan
1059:and the
1041:Jurchens
1007:appanage
974:Tuqachar
940:Xinjiang
877:Kipchaks
802:Borjigin
777:Xinjiang
763:kingdom
753:Khwarazm
537:Sakhalin
455:Anatolia
434:Khwarezm
336:Strength
318:Inalchuq
258:Bo'orchu
248:Khubilai
90:and the
58:Location
3209:Boroqul
3204:Guo Kan
3194:Negudar
3179:Subutai
3079: (
2917:Alamut
2890:Serbia
2882:Poland
2866:Thrace
2858:Poland
2794:Alania
2659:Yunnan
2594:Persia
2552:Central
2531:Battles
2438:Bolghar
2433:Bukhara
2418:Almalik
2220:Kheshig
2148:Tarkhan
1141:Juvaini
1107:Almaliq
1100:Gurkhan
1096:Mongols
1084:KĂŒchlĂŒg
1071:at the
1067:leader
1043:of the
1035:of the
1033:Khitans
982:Kipchak
966:Subutai
948:Almaliq
928:Karluks
885:Kuchlug
881:Cumania
865:Uyghurs
822:Toghrul
818:Jamukha
810:Naimans
769:Karluks
745:Cumania
741:Naimans
697:Gazaria
621:Cumania
593:Siberia
562:Burma (
558:Vietnam
472:Baghdad
293:Kuchlug
264:†
235: (
223:Subutai
178:Cumania
169:Naimans
159:Karluks
130:changes
120:Cumania
102:Naimans
92:Karluks
3189:Muqali
3163:Ghazan
3158:Arghun
3148:Hulegu
3038:Tolui
3014:People
2975:(1262)
2933:Syria
2927:(1258)
2892:(1291)
2844:(1242)
2836:(1242)
2752:Europe
2735:India
2716:Burma
2702:(1293)
2691:Burma
2669:Japan
2650:Tibet
2633:Korea
2493:Tabriz
2463:Qarshi
2423:Avarga
2269:Topics
2173:Jarlig
2133:Jinong
2128:Khanum
2123:Khatun
2113:Khagan
2105:Titles
2037:
2014:
2006:
1979:
1948:
1927:
1896:
1848:
1815:
1786:
1753:
1722:
1695:
1630:
1603:
1496:
1445:
1400:
1341:
1294:
1248:
1088:Naiman
1001:, and
972:, and
905:Uyghur
869:Turpan
842:Turkic
838:Mongol
834:Irtysh
798:Merkit
761:Uyghur
737:Merkit
721:Turkic
717:Mongol
692:Serbia
661:Second
646:Second
636:Alania
602:Europe
568:Second
477:Levant
460:Persia
320:
295:
260:
244:Mukali
213:Ăgedei
165:Merkit
98:Merkit
78:Result
3234:Kadan
3229:Bayan
3214:Jelme
3153:Abaqa
3143:Kebek
3123:Toqta
3118:Berke
3098:Jochi
3091:Khans
2728:South
2700:Java
2453:Majar
2395:Wings
2215:TĂŒmen
2195:Yassa
2178:Ărtöö
2143:Noyan
2012:JSTOR
1844:â85.
1782:â90.
1202:(2).
1168:Notes
917:Börte
909:Qocho
854:Jochi
765:Qocho
657:First
650:Third
642:First
588:India
564:First
542:Japan
532:Korea
527:Tibet
500:China
253:Qasar
233:Jelme
218:Tolui
203:Jochi
167:and
155:Qocho
88:Qocho
3184:Jebe
3138:Duwa
2607:East
2544:Asia
2498:Ukek
2448:Dadu
2256:Life
2183:Orda
2118:Khan
2035:ISBN
2004:ISSN
1977:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1111:Jebe
1027:The
970:Jebe
840:and
820:and
796:The
739:and
719:and
574:Java
520:Song
416:Asia
302:Qudu
285:Ozar
228:Jebe
100:and
50:Date
3224:Aju
1917:doi
1121:in
1094:âs
932:Ili
879:of
861:Chu
731:in
510:Jin
238:POW
3278::
2033:.
2029:.
2010:.
2000:36
1998:.
1994:.
1975:.
1971::
1967:.
1923:.
1888:.
1842:84
1780:60
1745:.
1569:^
1508:^
1488:.
1470:^
1392:.
1372:;
1323:^
1306:^
1276:^
1267:;
1240::
1236:.
1212:^
1198:.
1194:.
1125:.
1013:.
659:,
648:,
644:,
566:,
69:,
65:,
3083:)
2074:e
2067:t
2060:v
2043:.
2018:.
1985:.
1954:.
1933:.
1919::
1902:.
1854:.
1821:.
1792:.
1759:.
1728:.
1701:.
1636:.
1609:.
1502:.
1451:.
1406:.
1376:.
1347:.
1300:.
1271:.
1254:.
1206:.
1200:5
663:)
652:)
570:)
392:e
385:t
378:v
241:)
20:)
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