59:
2623:"The fall of Multan laid the Indus valley at the feet of the conqueror. The tribes came in, 'ringing bells and beating drums and dancing,' in token of welcome. The Hindu rulers had oppressed them heavily, and the Jats and Meds and other tribes were on the side of the invaders. The work of conquest, as often happened in India, was thus aided by the disunion of the inhabitants, and jealousies of race and creed conspired to help the Muslims. To such suppliants, Mohammad Qasim gave the liberal terms that the Arabs usually offered to all but inveterate foes. He imposed the customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct, and spared the people's lands and lives. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples,' he proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the Christians, the synagogues of the Jews, and the altars of the Magians.'" Stanley Lane-Poole,
735:
1054:) without fighting. One-fifth of the war booty including slaves were remitted to al-Hajjaj and the Caliph. The conquest of these towns was accomplished with relative ease; however, Dahir's armies being prepared on the other side of the Indus had not yet been confronted. In preparation to meet them, Muhammad returned to Nerun to resupply and receive reinforcements sent by al-Hajjaj. Camped on the east bank of the Indus, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim sent emissaries and bargained with the river Jats and boatmen. Upon securing the aid of Mokah Basayah, "the King of the island of Bet", Muhammad crossed over the river where he was joined by the forces of the
1792:
104:
1666:(however Baghdad had not yet been built and the actual capital was Damascus). The account relates that they then tricked the Caliph into believing that ibn Qasim had violated them before sending them on and as a result of this subterfuge, ibn Qasim was wrapped and stitched in oxen hides, and sent to Syria, which resulted in his death en route from suffocation. This narrative attributes their motive for this subterfuge to securing vengeance for their father's death. Upon discovering this subterfuge, the Caliph is recorded to have been filled with remorse and ordered the sisters buried alive in a wall.
1362:
1275:
779:
943:
886:
1458:
1076:. Usually after a siege of a few weeks or months the Arabs gained a city through the intervention of heads of mercantile houses with whom subsequent treaties and agreements would be settled. After battles all fighting men were executed and their wives and children enslaved in considerable numbers and the usual fifth of the booty and slaves were sent to al-Hajjaj. The general populace was encouraged to carry on with their trades and taxes and tributes settled.
5859:
5869:
299:
3694:
1753:
religion. Citations of towns taken either violently or bloodlessly, reading back into Arab Sindh information belonging to a later date and dubious accounts such as those of the forcible circumcision of
Brahmins at Debal or Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's consideration of Hindu sentiment in forbidding the slaughter of cows are used as examples for one particular view or the other.
1724:
proclaimed, 'shall be inviolate, like the churches of the
Christians, the synagogues of the Jews and altars of the Magians'. In the same text, however, it is mentioned that "Occasional desecration of Hindu fanes took place... but such demonstrations were probably rare sops to the official conscience...", as destruction of temples and civilian massacres still took place.
1198:. At one point, he was actually berated by Al-Hajjaj for being too lenient. Meanwhile, the common folk were often pardoned and encouraged to continue working; Al-Hajjaj ordered that this option not be granted to any inhabitant of Debal, yet Muhammad ibn al-Qasim still bestowed it upon certain groups and individuals.
1731:
has been attributed to early historians such as Elliot, Cousens, Majumdar and Vaidya. They hold the view that the conversion of Sindh was necessitated. Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's numerical inferiority is said to explain any instances of apparent religious toleration, with the destruction of temples seen
1189:
Where resistance was strong, prolonged, and intensive, often resulting in considerable Arab casualties, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's response was dramatic, inflicting 6,000 deaths at Aror (Rohri), between 6,000 and 26,000 at
Brahmanabad, 4,000 at Iskalandah (Uch), and 6,000 at Multan. Conversely, in areas
2830:(Quran 9:29) “Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.”
1756:
Some historians strike a middle ground, saying that
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was torn between the political expediency of making peace with the Hindus and Buddhists; having to call upon non-Muslims to serve under him as part of his mandate to administer newly conquered land; and orthodoxy by refraining
1537:– a historian of Islam in South and South East Asia, "Muhammad bin Qasim first asserts the superiority of Islam over the polytheists by committing a taboo (killing a cow) and publicly soiling the idol (giving the cow meat as an offering)" before allowing the temple to continue as a place of worship.
1747:
perceptions of Islam, Hinduism and
Buddhism are also reflected in this debate. The period of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's rule has been called by U.T. Thakkur "the darkest period in Sindh history", with the records speaking of massive forced conversions, temple destruction, slaughters and genocides; the
904:
These Arabs were imprisoned later on by
Governor Deebal Partaab Raye. A letter written by an Arab girl named Nahed who escaped from the prison of Partab Raye asked Hajjaj Bin Yusuf for help. When Hajjaj asked Dahir for the release of prisoners and compensation, the latter refused on the ground that
1738:
has been attributed to Thomas W. Arnold and modern Muslim historians such as Habib and
Qureishi. They believe that the conquest was largely peaceful, and the conversion entirely so, and that the Arab forces enacted liberal, generous and tolerant policies. These historians mention the "praiseworthy
1723:
His conquest, as described by
Stanley Lane-Poole, in Medieval India (Published in 1970 by Haskell House Publishers Ltd), was "liberal". He imposed the customary poll tax, took hostages for good conduct and spared peoples' lives and lands. He even left their shrines undesecrated: 'The temples;' he
712:
was arrested by
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim on the orders of Al-Hajjaj and demanded that he curse Ali on the threat of punishment. Atiyya refused to curse Ali and was punished. While Maclean doesn't give the details of the punishment, early historians like Ibn Hajar Al-asqalani and Tabari record that he
1752:
are seen as being compelled by religious stricture to conquer and forcibly convert Sindh, but on the other hand, they can be seen as being respectful and tolerant of non-Muslims as part of their religious duty, with conversion being facilitated by the vitality, equality and morals of the
Islamic
990:
Hajjaj had put more care and planning into this campaign than the second campaign. Al-Hajjaj gave Muhammad ibn al-Qasim command of the expedition between 708 and 711, when he was only 15–17 years old, apparently because two previous Umayyad commanders had not been successful in punishing Sindh's
1675:
After Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's departure, the next appointed Arab governor died on arrival. Dahir's son recaptured Brahmanabad and c. 720, he was granted pardon and included in the administration in return for converting to Islam. Soon, however, he recanted and split off when the Umayyads were
1630:
Muhammad was killed due to a family feud with the governor of Iraq. Sulayman was hostile toward Muhammad because apparently, he had followed the order of Hajjaj to declare Sulayman's right of succession void in all territories conquered by him. When Muhammad received the news of the death of
1383:
After the conquest, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's task was to set up an administrative structure for a stable Muslim state that incorporated a newly conquered alien land, inhabited by non-Muslims. He adopted a conciliatory policy, asking for acceptance of Muslim rule by the natives in return for
636:, in 692, and two years later was appointed the viceroy of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate. Following his promotion, al-Hajjaj became a patron of the Thaqif and appointed several members to important posts in Iraq and its dependencies. Muhammad's father was appointed the deputy governor of
1444:
During his administration, Hindus and Buddhists were inducted into the administration as trusted advisors and governors. A Hindu, Kaksa, was at one point the second most important member of his administration. Dahir's prime minister and various chieftains were also incorporated into the
663:, the provincial capital of Iraq founded by al-Hajjaj in 702. Muhammad's time in Basra, a military and intellectual centre of the Islamic world at the time, may have widened Muhammad's career horizons, while at Wasit he was likely educated and trained under al-Hajjaj's patronage.
1163:), with the choice governing their treatment upon capture. The capture of towns was usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among the enemy, who were then extended special privileges and material rewards. There were two types of such treaties, "
1568:
on payment of jizya. In the Arab settlers controlled areas of Sindh and Multan, conversion to Islam occurred only slowly, not on a massive scale. Majority of the population continued to remain Hindu who had to pay the jizya imposed by the Muslim state.
1194:, such as Armabil, Nirun, and Aror, resistance was light and few casualties occurred. Sulh appeared to be Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's preferred mode of conquest, the method used for more than 60% of the towns and tribes recorded by al-Baladhuri and the
1156:
The Arabs' first concern was to facilitate the conquest of Sindh with the fewest casualties while also trying to preserve the economic infrastructure. Towns were given two options: submit to Islamic authority peacefully or be attacked by force
692:
is said to have been revived by Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. He built a royal villa in the city and a military camp at a short distance from it. He was also given the task of subjugating the area to the south of Shiraz, and the distant area of
1049:
and upon the orders of al-Hajjaj, he exacted retribution on Debal by giving no quarter to its residents or priests and destroying its great temple. From Debal, the Arab army then marched north-east taking towns such as Nerun and Sadusan
2449:
But this version of the story is almost absent and not accepted by many historians, because Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Sindh to punish the then ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir who captured some Muslim women, and to release them he attacked
1420:) were settled and hostages taken — occasionally this also meant the custodians of temples. Non-Muslim natives were excused from military service and from payment of the religiously mandated tax system levied upon Muslims called
1516:
Lane-Poole writes that, "as a rule Muslim government was at once tolerant and economic". The preference of collection of jizya over the conversion to Islam is a major economic motivator. Hindus and Buddhists who were classified as
1037:
as well as other irregulars who heard of the Arab successes in Sindh. When Muhammad ibn al-Qasim passed through the Makran desert while raising his forces, he had to subdue the restive towns of Fannazbur and Arman Belah
2359:
S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press
1764:
While Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's warring was clearly at times brutal, he is supposed to have said of Hinduism that 'the idol temple is similar to the churches of the Christians, (to the synagogues) of the Jews and to the
2758:. "Kaksa took precedence in the army before all the nobles and commanders. He collected the revenue of the country and the treasury was placed under his seal. He assisted Muhammad Kásim in all of his undertakings..."
1388:
law over the people of the region; however, Hindus were allowed to rule their villages and settle their disputes according to their own laws, and traditional hierarchical institutions, including the village headmen
1384:
non-interference in their religious practice, so long as the natives paid their taxes and tribute. In return, the state provided protection to non-Muslim from any foreign attacks and enemies. He established Islamic
666:
Al-Hajjaj was highly fond of Muhammad, and considered him prestigious enough to marry his sister Zaynab, though she preferred the older Thaqafite al-Hakam ibn Ayyub ibn al-Hakam, to whom she was ultimately wed. The
1563:
occurred, given the social dynamics of areas of Sindh conquered by Muslim, the spread of Islam was slow and took centuries. No mass conversions to Islam took place and some temples escaped destruction such as the
1021:; non-Arab, Muslim freedmen) from Iraq. At the borders of Sindh he was joined by an advance guard and six thousand camel cavalry and later, reinforcements from the governor of Makran were transferred directly to
1657:
and Parimal Devi, who had been taken captive during the campaign. Upon capture their mother had been made a slave of ibn Qasim himself, while the two sisters had been sent on as presents to the Caliph for his
671:
refers to Muhammad at the age of 17 as "the noblest Thaqafite of his time". In the summation of Baloch, "Muhammad grew up under favourable conditions into an able, energetic and cultured lad of fine tastes".
1584:. The latter took revenge against the generals and officials who had been close to al-Hajjaj. Sulayman owed political support to al-Hajjaj's opponents and so recalled both of al-Hajjaj's successful generals
708:, which almost brought down the rule of al-Hajjaj. An aged supporter of rebels and a Shia notable of the time, a disciple of the companion of Jabir ibn Abd Allah al-Ansari and a famous narrator of Hadith,
3174:
770:
al-Kindi in 660 AD near Damascus. Under the Umayyads (661–750 AD), many Shias sought asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of those refugees.
1819:". This approach would prove critical to the way Muslim rulers ruled in India over the next centuries. Coastal trade and a Muslim colony in Sindh allowed for cultural exchanges and the arrival of
912:(new non-Arab converts) who were usually allied with Al-Hajjaj's political opponents and thus were frequently forced to participate in battles on the frontier of the Umayyad Caliphate, such as
2839:(Sahih Bukhari Volume 4 Chapter 88) Narrated Ibn Umar that the Prophet said, "My livelihood is under the shade of my spear, and he who disobeys my orders will be humiliated by paying Jizya."
766:. Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fasayl' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Makran in the year 658. Sayfi was one of the seven shias who were beheaded alongside
684:
in modern Iran, where he was asked to subjugate a group of Kurds. After the successful completion of the mission, he was appointed as the governor of Fars. He likely succeeded his uncle
1274:
1218:. This is attributed to having resulted in support being provided by Buddhists and inclusion of rebel soldiers serving as valuable infantry in his cavalry-heavy force from the Jat and
1065:) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was met by Dahir's forces and the eastern Jats in battle. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim took control of Sindh.
648:
also indicates Muhammad had a similar-aged brother named Sulb and Arabic sources indicate he had a much younger brother named al-Hajjaj, who served as an Umayyad commander during the
1799:
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's presence and rule was very brief. His conquest for the Umayyads brought Sindh into the orbit of the Muslim world. After the conquest of Sindh, he adopted the
1748:
people of Sindh, described as inherently pacifist due to their Hindu/Buddhist religious inclinations, had to adjust to the conditions of "barbarian inroad". On one extreme, the
1720:
There is controversy regarding the conquest and subsequent conversion of Sindh. This is usually voiced in two antagonistic perspectives viewing Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's actions.
1222:. Brahman, Buddhist, Greek, and Arab testimony however can be found that attests towards amicable relations between the adherents of the two religions up to the 7th century.
1642:. Salih, whose brother was executed by al-Hajjaj, tortured Muhammad and his relatives to death. The account of his death by al-Baladhuri is brief compared to the one in the
1529:
paid by Muslims. Contrastingly preferential treatment was given to a small number of people who were converted to Islam by "exempting them from Jizya in lieu of paying the
1708:
state. The Arab conquest remained checked in what is now the south of Pakistan for three centuries by powerful Hindu monarchs to the north and east until the arrival of
1249:
The Samanis being persuaded to submit and not take up arms because the majority of the population was Buddhist who were dissatisfied with their rulers, who were Hindu.
7558:
58:
6741:
613:
Muhammad belonged to the Abu Aqil family of the Banu Awf, one of the two principal branches of the Thaqif. The Abu Aqil family gained prestige with the rise of
1761:
upon the native Sindhis and permitting them to participate in his administration, but treating them as "non-citizens" (i.e. in the Caliphate, but not of it).
842:. Muslim sources insist that it was these persistent activities along increasingly important Indian trade routes by Debal pirates and others which forced the
7512:
7468:
3802:
2750:
1533:". Muhammad ibn al-Qasim fixed the Zakat at 10% of the agricultural produce. have to pay the mandatory jizya. "In Al-Biruni's narrative", according to
4600:
7517:
1083:) in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, was a major gain for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms during
3047:
End of ‘Imad-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Conqueror of Sind by S.M. Jaffar - Quarterly Islamic Culture, Hyderabad Deccan, Vol.19 Jan 1945
1892:, is the major naval special operations base for the Amphibious Special Operations Forces in the Pakistan Navy named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
1600:, who was once imprisoned and tortured by al-Hajjaj, as the governor of Fars, Kirman, Makran, and Sind; he immediately placed Muhammad in chains.
5216:
999:
by maintaining close contact with Muhammad ibn al-Qasim in the form of regular reports for which purpose special messengers were deputed between
474:(d. 892) contains a few pages on the conquest of Sind and Muhammad's person, while biographical information is limited to a passage in a work by
1692:
period, c. 870, the local emirs shook off all allegiance to the caliphs and by the 10th century the region was split into two separate states,
3447:
460:
Information about Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the Arab conquest of Sind in the medieval Arabic sources is limited, compared to the contemporary
103:
5350:
1369:
2852:
2350:
S. A. A. Rizvi, "A socio-intellectual History of Isna Ashari Shi'is in India", Volo. 1, pp. 138, Mar'ifat Publishing House, Canberra (1986).
4720:
705:
617:, the paternal first cousin of Muhammad's father al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam. Al-Hajjaj was made a commander by the Umayyad caliph
4498:
1910:
4997:
3298:
1177:(surrender/ peace)". Among towns and fortresses that were captured through force of arms, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim performed executions of
377:(and Punjab, part of ancient Sindh), inaugurating the Umayyad campaigns in India. His military exploits led to the establishment of the
7573:
7105:
7072:
6530:
4729:
4645:
5277:
995:
for his failure to prevent pirates from disrupting Muslim shipping off the coast of Sindh. Al-Hajjaj superintended this campaign from
6357:
4655:
3726:
934:, who upon receipt of reports of it being an inhospitable and poor land, had stopped further expeditionary ventures into the region.
402:
5826:
5801:
4549:
4443:
4303:
2914:
1432:, being heavier on the upper classes and light for the poor. In addition, three percent of government revenue was allocated to the
6440:
6372:
5076:
4884:
4367:
1631:
al-Hajjaj he returned to Aror. Muhammad was later arrested under the orders of the Caliph by the replacement governor of Sindh,
6283:
6202:
5071:
4992:
4148:
1757:
from seeking the co-operation of "infidels". It is contended that he may have struck a middle ground, conferring the status of
31:
7588:
5816:
5766:
5049:
4807:
4607:
4510:
4403:
3570:
3505:
3482:
2956:
2534:
2283:
2258:
2206:
1142:(combatants); arrest their sons and daughters for hostages and imprison them. Whoever does not fight against us...grant them
579:. The tribe produced effective commanders associated with early Arab military operations against the Indian subcontinent: in
7522:
6756:
6746:
4747:
4595:
2313:
History of al-Tabari Vol. 39, pp. 228, under "Those Who Died in the Year 111", State University of New York Press, (1998).
7330:
7018:
6950:
6761:
6632:
6062:
5970:
5153:
4862:
4650:
4273:
4122:
3698:
3556:
3468:
1111:
in the early 8th century. After the failure of further expeditions on Kathiawar, the Arab chroniclers conceded that the
7598:
7437:
7350:
7305:
6425:
6311:
6095:
5272:
4705:
4433:
17:
758:. During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of Sindh had come under influence of Islam and some even participated in the
7496:
7345:
7335:
7325:
7320:
7310:
7300:
6700:
6334:
6207:
5905:
5791:
5680:
4438:
3677:
3660:
3641:
3604:
3590:
3387:
3285:
3264:
3137:
3104:
2671:
2302:
2232:
1677:
640:, though his career was otherwise undistinguished. According to a letter between Muhammad and al-Hajjaj cited by the
1953:
during this time flowed to the east of Nerun, but a 10th-century earthquake caused the river to change to its course
1572:
It has been reported that Muhammad ibn al-Qasim met with Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali, a daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib.
7553:
7340:
7315:
7295:
6794:
6644:
6247:
6242:
6212:
5735:
4889:
4850:
4532:
4527:
4483:
4418:
4191:
4203:
870:, thus providing grounds to the rising power of the Umayyad Caliphate that enabled them to gain a foothold in the
655:
No information is provided by the Arabic sources about Muhammad's childhood and adolescence. The modern historian
7391:
7270:
6547:
6316:
5710:
5226:
5163:
5111:
4515:
4377:
4362:
4163:
3517:, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006.
2812:
Habib Tiliouine, Richard J. Estes, 2016, "The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies", Springer, page 338.
2429:, Presented at the Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion, Gonzaga University, May 2006.
1632:
1072:, were captured alongside other in-between towns with only light Muslim casualties. Multan was a key site in the
3531:
1544:, was created to oversee the secular governors. The native hereditary elites were reappointed with the title of
436:
throughout the region, serving as governor of Sindh from 712 until his death in 715. After his last conquest of
7098:
5771:
5660:
5203:
5054:
5034:
5024:
4987:
4894:
4408:
4298:
3621:
2983:
Mohammad Yunus, Aradhana Parmar, 2003, "South Asia: A Historical Narrative", Oxford University Press, page 123.
2922:
2705:
461:
1635:, who worked under the new military governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, and the new fiscal governor, the
1206:
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's success has been partly ascribed to Dahir being an unpopular Hindu king ruling over a
502:
purportedly derives from accounts by the descendants of the Arab soldiers of the 8th-century conquest, namely
7265:
6940:
6731:
6367:
6222:
5796:
5745:
5665:
5529:
5377:
5198:
5096:
4797:
4712:
4382:
3719:
2661:
1905:
685:
429:
6085:
1680:
killed Jaisiah and recaptured the territory before his successors once again struggled to hold and keep it.
1469:
6904:
6435:
6415:
6382:
6362:
6232:
5776:
5640:
5635:
5325:
5312:
5242:
5158:
5126:
5106:
4919:
4662:
4505:
4488:
4372:
4258:
4112:
4086:
4059:
1915:
1084:
5221:
4278:
3328:
838:
region of al-Hind, inhabited mostly by semi-nomadic tribes whose activities disturbed much of the Western
7613:
7249:
7191:
7155:
7122:
7013:
6924:
6726:
6599:
6306:
6237:
5811:
5806:
5750:
5725:
5670:
5630:
5262:
5064:
4879:
4874:
4835:
4774:
4428:
4293:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4117:
2789:
The Jats, Their Role and contribution to the socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North-West India
2695:
1930:
1859:
905:
he had no control over those. Al-Hajjaj sent Muhammad ibn al-Qasim for action against the Sindh in 711.
734:
7578:
7067:
6945:
6751:
6690:
6301:
5685:
5524:
5406:
4845:
4812:
4667:
4638:
4542:
4413:
4387:
4283:
4158:
4044:
4019:
2821:
John Powell, 2010, "Weapons & Warfare: Warfare : culture and concepts", Salem Press, page 884.
1700:
on the upper Indus, both were the major Arab principalities in South Asia, which were soon captured by
1777:). This 'seems to be the earliest statement justifying the inclusion of the Hindus in the category of
7593:
7442:
7221:
7175:
7091:
6736:
6227:
5781:
5730:
5700:
5469:
5267:
5191:
5002:
4757:
4752:
4268:
4186:
4168:
4064:
3782:
3633:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam
3613:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam
3547:
3455:
1593:
1581:
1312:
1265:
894:
893:
Also cited as a reason for this campaign was the policy of providing refuge to Sassanids fleeing the
576:
1791:
1580:
Al-Hajjaj died in 714, followed a year later by Caliph al-Walid I, who was succeeded by his brother
7603:
7234:
7165:
7145:
6685:
6660:
6455:
6430:
6047:
5955:
5831:
5720:
5517:
5456:
5441:
5426:
5384:
5136:
4857:
4830:
4467:
4178:
4003:
3854:
3807:
3712:
1881:
681:
489:
378:
374:
313:
121:
7033:
6675:
6670:
6500:
6410:
5625:
5474:
5389:
5101:
5019:
5007:
4867:
4769:
4054:
4024:
3403:
2891:
2873:
2650:. (1900). Translated from the Persian by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Karachi: Commissioners Press.
1639:
656:
633:
629:
618:
2663:
The Evolution of the Artillery in India: From the Battle of Plassey (1757) to the Revolt of 1857
1134:
The military strategy had been outlined by Al-Hajjaj in a letter sent to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim:
924:. An actual push into the region had been out of favour as an Arab policy since the time of the
7608:
7447:
6987:
6680:
6377:
6326:
6012:
5507:
5401:
5372:
5143:
5012:
4685:
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4288:
4127:
4034:
3988:
3915:
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1888:
is a multi-use stadium named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. The Pakistan Naval Station Qasim, or
875:
649:
572:
5786:
3667:
2946:
2524:
2194:
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to be a "historical romance" and "a late and doubtful source" for information about Muhammad.
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Pakistan, the cultural heritage by Aḥmad Shujāʻ Pāshā Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, Page 43
2648:
The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest
1693:
1597:
1055:
166:
5821:
3493:
2248:
1783:, leading Muhammad to be viewed by many modern Muslims as a paragon of religious tolerance.
1739:
conduct of Arab Muslims" and attribute their actions to a "superior civilizational complex".
713:
was flogged by 400 lashes and his head and beard shaved for humiliation and that he fled to
7563:
7421:
7406:
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6705:
6637:
6589:
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5985:
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5431:
5396:
5362:
5121:
5088:
4784:
4450:
4423:
4107:
4102:
3993:
3422:(September–December 1965). "Muḥammad ibn Qāsim ath-Thaqafī and the Arab Conquest of Sind".
3406:(October 1953). "Muhammad ibn al-Qasim: A Study of His Family Background and Personality".
1925:
1616:
1565:
1181:(fighting men) as part of his military strategy, whose surviving dependants were enslaved.
591:
3178:, p. 169, authored by Manan Ahmed Asif, published by Oxford University Press, 19-Sep-2016.
1607:
which is a part of the modern-day Iraq. Some sources say that his body was transferred to
8:
7568:
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7285:
7280:
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4969:
4840:
4628:
4493:
4354:
4329:
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3749:
1920:
1839:
851:
614:
567:, members of the Thaqif gradually attained high military and administrative ranks in the
386:
243:
97:
4520:
2755:
1838:
intensified as Sindh became the "hinge of the Indian Ocean Trade and overland passway."
1622:
There are two different accounts regarding the details of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's fate:
7135:
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5148:
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4697:
4081:
3829:
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3431:
3419:
3257:
The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750-1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama
1863:
1812:
1585:
1361:
747:
709:
568:
515:
1815:", allowing them religious freedom as long as they continued to pay the tax known as "
7150:
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2952:
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2701:
2667:
2530:
2298:
2279:
2254:
2228:
2202:
1843:
1830:, which remained an important port until the 12th century, commercial links with the
1592:(Central Asia), and Muhammad. He also appointed the son of the distinguished general
1549:
1374:
1344:
1112:
1100:
1007:. The army which departed from Shiraz under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim consisted of 6,000
846:
to subjugate the area, in order to control the seaports and maritime routes of which
787:
704:
Fars might have also had at this time some of the rebels leftover from the revolt of
607:
421:
370:
303:
64:
1653:
narrates a tale in which Muhammad's demise is attributed to the daughters of Dahir,
7244:
7239:
7130:
7114:
6909:
6853:
6604:
6557:
6450:
6445:
6197:
6170:
6150:
6135:
6120:
5891:
5436:
5257:
4934:
4334:
4039:
3539:
2993:
Shoeb, Robina (2016). "Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman".
2865:
2439:
Shoeb, Robina (2016). "Female Sufism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Bibi Pak Daman".
1851:
1709:
1534:
1337:
1108:
1087:. The Arabs attempted to invade India but they were defeated by North Indian kings
1039:
1029:(catapults). The army that eventually captured Sindh would later be swelled by the
982:
931:
413:
76:
3164:
by Stanley Lane-Poole, Published by Haskell House Publishers Ltd. NY 1970. Page 10
492:. A detailed account of Muhammad's conquest of Sind and his death is found in the
7491:
7463:
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6387:
6042:
5945:
5872:
5715:
5208:
4822:
3925:
3814:
3631:
3611:
3581:
3535:
3353:
2908:
2904:
2322:
Ibn Hajar al-‘Asqalani, "Tahdhib al-Tahdhib", Volume 7, pp 226, narrator no. 413.
2222:
1873:
1560:
1429:
1282:
1104:
1068:
Soon the capitals of the other provinces, Brahmanabad, Alor (Battle of Aror) and
953:
759:
484:
466:
342:
1407:
was stationed with a troop of cavalry to manage each town on a hereditary basis
778:
432:. From 708 to 711, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim led the Sindh conquest. He established
381:, and the takeover of the region from the Sindhi Brahman dynasty and its ruler,
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6577:
6567:
6495:
6490:
6420:
6080:
6052:
5590:
5411:
3973:
3940:
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3910:
3839:
3543:
3463:
3451:
1893:
1553:
1092:
1073:
1046:
587:
323:
318:
2297:
Maclean, Derryl N. (1989), Religion and Society in Arab Sind, BRILL, pp. 126,
7537:
7366:
7201:
6992:
6914:
6858:
6843:
6838:
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6002:
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4929:
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3963:
3849:
3824:
3787:
1289:
1230:
1211:
1008:
942:
898:
475:
1872:, Pakistan's second major port, is named in honor of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
889:
The Umayyad Caliphate on the eve of the invasions of Spain and Sindh in 710.
7486:
7416:
7411:
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6475:
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3514:
2426:
1831:
1770:
1766:
1749:
1627:
1545:
1353:
1219:
1143:
885:
839:
796:(a tribe of Scythians living in Sindh) and others. The Meds had engaged in
792:
767:
659:
holds that Muhammad most likely grew up partly in Ta'if and then Basra and
471:
205:
1795:
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim Mosque in Sukkur, Pakistan, dedicated to the leader.
644:, Muhammad's mother was a certain Habibat al-Uzma (Habiba the Great). The
7396:
7386:
7196:
7140:
7041:
6919:
6873:
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6525:
6278:
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6160:
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5320:
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4173:
4029:
3983:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3494:"From Mongols to Mughals : Hindu–Muslim relations in medieval India"
2770:. English translation by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg. Delhi Reprint, 1979.
1950:
1835:
1775:
mā al-budd illā ka-kanāʾis al-naṣārā wa ’l-yahūd wa-buyūt nīrān al-madjūs
1612:
1589:
1321:
1296:
1215:
1096:
1088:
957:
921:
843:
698:
511:
449:
444:, in modern Iraq, though some sources record that his body was buried in
409:
401:
to have successfully captured Indian land, which marked the beginning of
3435:
1457:
7376:
6878:
6392:
6252:
6145:
6140:
6100:
6007:
5930:
5695:
5416:
4339:
4324:
4198:
3905:
3515:
From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries
2427:
From Mongols to Mughals: Religious violence in India 9th-18th centuries
1869:
1804:
1654:
1246:
Religion, i.e. the widespread belief in the prophecy of Muslim success.
1234:
1045:
The first town assaulted in Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's Sindh campaign was
1034:
992:
494:
428:, he was assigned as the governor of Fars, likely succeeding his uncle
382:
142:
6535:
6175:
1889:
1855:
1732:
as a reflection of the more basic, religiously motivated intolerance.
1305:
863:
827:
809:
688:, a brother of al-Hajjaj, who was previously a governor. The city of
571:
and played important command and economic roles during and after the
479:
3704:
3067:
2700:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e).
1439:
5545:
3875:
3834:
3777:
3735:
1701:
1433:
1207:
1116:
925:
835:
801:
714:
549:
7211:
7170:
5914:
5705:
3772:
1877:
1808:
1744:
1705:
1689:
1663:
1330:
967:
862:
in one of their raids had kidnapped Muslim women travelling from
814:
606:. The tribe's power continued to increase with the advent of the
603:
398:
6772:
2910:
Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates
2250:
Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City
6803:
5597:
3693:
1885:
1800:
1779:
1758:
1697:
1608:
1518:
1489:
1416:
1398:
1385:
1080:
1069:
1051:
1013:
928:
909:
871:
867:
818:
and now were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at
805:
797:
751:
694:
689:
557:
445:
437:
433:
425:
93:
72:
790:
interest in the region was galvanised by the operation of the
6955:
5935:
2785:
Passages in the Chachnama, Zainul-Akhbar And Tarikh-i-Baihaqi
2070:
1880:(Sindh, Pakistan), named in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
1866:
is observed in Pakistan, in honour of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
1847:
1827:
1816:
1659:
1604:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1425:
1421:
1062:
1042:), both of which had previously been conquered by the Arabs.
1022:
1004:
1000:
917:
913:
879:
859:
847:
831:
823:
819:
743:
680:
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's first assignment was in the province
660:
637:
599:
595:
553:
545:
441:
390:
366:
223:
198:
89:
68:
7083:
3222:
2106:
2104:
1025:(Daybul), at the mouth of the Indus, by sea along with five
5484:
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3200:
3198:
3196:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2559:
2557:
2159:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
1820:
1165:
996:
718:
594:, dispatched naval expeditions against the Indian ports of
507:
503:
440:(Punjab) he returned to Arabia where on the way he died in
417:
394:
230:
194:
5883:
1986:
1846:
started when the first Muslim put his foot on the soil of
850:
was the nucleus, as well as, the overland passage. During
746:
was established by the initial Muslim missions during the
510:
and Bhakar who claimed descent from Muhammad's tribe, the
3360:. Pakistan. Associated Press Of Pakistan. 7 November 2003
2101:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1505:
1373:
Map of the Caliphal province of Sindh, a province of the
1126:) "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
1030:
763:
755:
385:, who was subsequently decapitated with his head sent to
3234:
3193:
3096:
Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century
2590:
2554:
2116:
2058:
632:
and killed the Umayyads' chief rival for the caliphate,
3498:
The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective
2627:, 712-1764, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970. p. 9-10
2135:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
946:
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's conquest of Sindh (711-715 CE).
397:
by Arab forces, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim became the first
3380:
Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind
3092:
2010:
1967:
1552:, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim declared that the Brahmins of
498:, a 13th-century Persian text. The information in the
2224:
History of Multan: from the early period to 1849 A.D.
2171:
2147:
2853:
Indo-Persian historiography up to thirteenth century
2082:
2039:
2027:
1998:
1396:
1390:
1252:
The labouring under disabilities of the Lohana Jats.
1158:
7469:
Hyderabad Institute of Arts, Science and Technology
2751:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
2522:
1424:, the tax system levied upon them instead was the
1129:
552:, the traditional home of his Thaqif tribe, or in
3346:
1896:in Karachi is named after Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
1440:Incorporation of ruling elite into administration
1138:My ruling is given: Kill anyone belonging to the
7535:
2944:
1255:Defections from among Dahir's chiefs and nobles.
1148:(peace and safety) and settle their tribute as
7559:8th-century executions by the Umayyad Caliphate
2278:, Seoul Selection, 18 July 2016, p. 1622,
1854:in India. He is often referred to as the first
1807:which regarded Hindus, Buddhists and Jains as "
27:Umayyad general and governor of Sindh (695–715)
3524:Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, 712-1764
2979:
2977:
2951:. Harvard University Press. pp. 111–112.
1403:) were maintained. A Muslim officer called an
937:
560:. Following their general embrace of Islam in
7099:
6788:
5899:
3720:
3259:, Cambridge University Press, June 22, 2000,
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2253:, University of Washington Press, p. 4,
1603:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim died on 18 July 715 in
754:in the year 649 AD, was an early partisan of
544:. His birthplace was almost certainly in the
3599:, University of Chicago Press, May 1, 2004,
3326:
3251:
3249:
2938:
2693:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
1842:, the founder of Pakistan, claimed that the
804:shipping in the past, from the mouth of the
773:
506:(judges) and imams from the Sindi cities of
3068:"Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?"
2974:
1911:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent
265:al-Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hakam (father)
7106:
7092:
7073:List of educational institutions in Multan
6795:
6781:
6358:Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry
5906:
5892:
3727:
3713:
3585:, Brill Academic Publishers, Jan 1, 1980,
3557:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3469:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3219:by U.T. Thakkur, University of Bombay 1959
3022:
3020:
2815:
2806:
2714:
2201:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 524–525,
1360:
1259:
742:The connection between the Hindu Sind and
393:. With the capture of the then-capital of
279:
3477:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 405–406.
3442:
3246:
3240:
3228:
2986:
2630:
2455:
2129:
1823:missionaries to expand Muslim influence.
1676:embroiled in a succession crisis. Later,
1243:The concept of Jihad as a morale booster.
750:. Hakim ibn Jabala al-Abdi, who attacked
532:
6373:Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works
3418:
2915:Continuum International Publishing Group
2803:by Stanly Lane-Poole, Pub 1970, Page 10.
2529:, New Age International, pp. 343–,
2421:
2419:
2417:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2188:
2186:
2165:
2141:
2021:
1992:
1980:
1790:
1448:
1103:dynasty and by the South Indian emperor
941:
884:
777:
733:
729:
518:holds the accounts likely emerged after
478:(d. 898), a few lines in the history of
416:that is concentrated around the city of
6441:Karachi Port Trust Halt railway station
5299:
3665:
3595:Appleby, R Scott & Martin E Marty,
3329:"Distorted history of the Subcontinent"
3210:
3204:
3187:
3181:
3149:
3143:
3065:
3017:
2903:
2897:
2847:
2845:
2659:
2611:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2563:
2548:
2542:
2526:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
2516:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2338:
2246:
2220:
975: Kingdom of Sindh (c. 632– 712 CE)
14:
7536:
3529:
3402:
3301:. cybercity-online.net. Archived from
3280:, Kessinger Publishing, June 1, 2004,
2787:, Text and Translation, from the book
2177:
2153:
2110:
2095:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2033:
2004:
1619:which is part of modern-day Pakistan.
1319:
1287:
1280:
1201:
724:
408:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim belonged to the
32:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim (disambiguation)
7513:Educational institutions in Hyderabad
7087:
6776:
5887:
5298:
4967:
4570:
4228:
3747:
3734:
3708:
3322:
3320:
2992:
2864:
2523:Sailendra Nath Sen (1 January 1999),
2438:
2363:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2221:Durrani, Ashiq Muhammad Khān (1991),
2192:
2183:
1508:and forces of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim.
1335:
1310:
1303:
1229:Superior military equipment; such as
782:Map of expansion of Umayyad Caliphate
369:military commander in service of the
5217:Securities & Exchange Commission
3629:
3609:
3565:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 432.
3526:, G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York, 1970
3491:
3382:, Routledge (UK), February 1, 1997,
3132:, Routledge (UK), December 1, 2003,
3059:
3035:
3011:
2842:
2625:Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule
2584:
2569:
2510:
2498:
2394:
2388:
2376:
1452:
1351:
1328:
1294:
1079:The conquest of Sindh (and areas of
7019:Chowk Kumharanwala Level II Flyover
6633:National Academy of Performing Arts
3354:"KARACHI: Babul Islam day observed"
2687:
2660:Butalia, Romesh C. (30 July 1998).
1342:
675:
346:
280:
24:
6426:Karachi Cantonment railway station
4885:Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)
3317:
2325:
2199:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z
721:after the ruler had been changed.
482:(d. 839) and scant mention in the
448:, a semi-desert coastal region in
25:
7625:
7574:Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
6802:
3686:
3669:Religion and Society in Arab Sind
1678:Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri
6248:Karachi Water and Sewerage Board
6243:Karachi Metropolitan Corporation
6213:City District Government Karachi
5867:
5858:
5857:
4890:Pakistani Intelligence community
3692:
3582:Islam in the Indian Subcontinent
3066:Balouch, Akhtar (8 April 2014).
2697:A Historical atlas of South Asia
2694:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
1456:
1273:
1240:Troop discipline and leadership.
1058:of Bhatta and the western Jats.
339:Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī
297:
102:
57:
7271:Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
5278:Redundant Islamic economisation
3396:
3372:
3291:
3270:
3167:
3155:
3122:
3113:
3093:Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi (2010).
3086:
3050:
3041:
3029:
3005:
2965:
2880:
2858:
2851:Iqtidar Hisain Siddiqui, 2010,
2833:
2824:
2794:
2777:
2761:
2742:
2653:
2617:
2504:
2432:
2382:
2353:
2344:
2316:
2307:
2291:
2266:
2240:
2214:
1943:
1633:Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki
1214:and his kin as usurpers of the
1130:Military and political strategy
1121:
738:Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 AD)
623:
424:. After the Muslim conquest of
86:) per obverse circular legend:
6742:Non-governmental organisations
4571:
2748:H. M. Elliot and John Dowson,
1715:
1504:have recorded battles between
470:('Conquests of the Lands') by
462:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
13:
1:
7113:
6941:Bahauddin Zakariya University
6368:Karachi Nuclear Power Complex
6223:Karachi Development Authority
4229:
3327:Qasim Sodhar (17 June 2020).
2888:Legal Traditions of the World
2870:Legal Traditions of the World
1960:
1906:Jat people in Islamic history
1540:A religious Islamic office, "
686:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
580:
561:
538:
519:
430:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
109:in the year seven and ninety"
80:
7589:History of Islam in Pakistan
6905:Multan International Airport
6900:The City District Government
6436:Karachi City railway station
6416:Jinnah International Airport
6383:Pakistan Mercantile Exchange
6233:Karachi Municipal Commission
3655:, Grove Press, May 1, 2001,
3597:Fundamentalisms Comprehended
3099:. Primus Books. p. 32.
1916:Caliphate campaigns in India
1670:
897:and to Arab rebels from the
548:(western Arabia), either in
7:
7014:Yousuf Raza Gillani Flyover
6925:Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar
6600:Karachi Literature Festival
6238:Karachi Municipal Committee
5913:
5077:Water supply and sanitation
4968:
3748:
3666:MacLean, Derryl N. (1989),
3276:Federal Research Division.
2197:, in Meri, Josef W. (ed.),
1931:The Knight and the Princess
1899:
1860:Pakistan Studies curriculum
1511:
1397:
1391:
1159:
1011:cavalry and detachments of
938:Conquest of valley of Sindh
10:
7630:
7068:List of cities in Pakistan
6946:Government Emerson College
3492:Gier, Nicholas F. (2014),
3278:"Pakistan a Country Study"
2774:. Retrieved 3 October 2006
2275:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
1704:who set up an independent
1263:
586:the Thaqafite governor of
455:
134:712 – 18 July 715
29:
7599:Umayyad governors of Sind
7505:
7477:
7456:
7430:
7359:
7258:
7220:
7184:
7176:Indus Valley Civilisation
7121:
7060:
7032:
7006:
6980:
6964:
6933:
6892:
6811:
6719:
6653:
6514:
6464:
6401:
6343:
6325:
6292:
6261:
6228:Karachi Conservancy Board
6184:
6096:Defence Housing Authority
6061:
5984:
5971:Federal Capital Territory
5921:
5848:
5759:
5651:
5577:
5500:
5455:
5311:
5307:
5294:
5273:Public-private partnering
5235:
5179:
5087:
4980:
4976:
4963:
4910:
4821:
4783:
4738:
4678:
4616:
4596:National Security Council
4583:
4579:
4566:
4476:
4396:
4353:
4312:
4241:
4237:
4224:
4141:
4095:
4012:
3956:
3949:
3863:
3760:
3756:
3743:
3616:(Third ed.), Brill,
2945:Manan Ahmed Asif (2016).
2683:– via Google Books.
1786:
1684:Arab states in South Asia
1594:al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra
1266:Caliphal province of Sind
774:Umayyad interest in Sindh
403:Muslim rule in South Asia
379:Islamic province of Sindh
330:
309:
292:
287:
275:
258:
254:Sulb, al-Hajjaj (brother)
250:
238:
213:
181:
176:
172:
160:
148:
138:
127:
119:
115:
56:
48:
46:
39:
7166:Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai
7146:Indian Rebellion of 1857
6456:Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road
6431:Karachi Circular Railway
5956:1857 War of Independence
2783:Chapter by S Jabir Raza
2227:, Vanguard, p. 10,
1936:
1882:Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium
1575:
490:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
375:Muslim conquest of Sindh
268:Habibat al-Uzma (mother)
47:
7554:8th-century Arab people
6531:Cultural heritage sites
6363:Karachi Cotton Exchange
4025:Second Anglo-Afghan War
3333:Daily Times (newspaper)
2892:Oxford University Press
2874:Oxford University Press
2754:, (London, 1867-1877),
2195:"Muhammad ibn al-Qasim"
2079:, p. 244, note 11.
1876:is the largest park in
1696:on the lower Indus and
1640:Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman
1542:sadru-I-Islam al affal"
1492:chronicles such as the
1260:Administration of Sindh
710:Atiyya ibn Sa'd al-Awfi
634:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
630:Second Muslim Civil War
314:Muslim conquest of Sind
6988:Multan Cricket Stadium
6701:Military installations
6378:Karachi Stock Exchange
5258:Military economisation
4863:Enforced disappearance
4646:Provincial governments
4187:Balochistan insurgency
4045:Hindi–Urdu controversy
4035:Third Anglo-Afghan War
3989:First Anglo-Afghan War
3448:"Muḥammad b. al-Ḳāsim"
2855:, Primum Books, Delhi.
2247:Limbert, John (2004),
1796:
1225:Along with this were:
1154:
987:
890:
783:
762:and died fighting for
739:
573:early Muslim conquests
533:Origins and early life
7523:People from Hyderabad
7382:Hyderabad Expo Center
7372:Hasrat Mohani Library
7207:Kirthar National Park
7052:N-70 National Highway
7047:N-55 National Highway
7024:Nishtar Chowk Flyover
6934:Education and culture
6353:I. I. Chundrigar Road
6106:Gulberg Town, Karachi
5998:Baba and Bhit Islands
5368:Gender discrimination
4765:Federal Shariat Court
4730:Provincial assemblies
3999:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3901:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
3630:Wink, André (2002) ,
3610:Wink, André (1996) ,
3579:Schimmel, Annemarie,
2791:, Volume 2, pp. 43–52
2666:. Allied Publishers.
1794:
1521:had to pay mandatory
1488:Significant medieval
1449:Clashes with the Jats
1173:(capitulation)" and "
1152:(protected person)...
1136:
945:
899:Umayyad consolidation
888:
854:'s governorship, the
781:
737:
730:Early Muslim presence
537:Muhammad was born in
347:محمد بن القاسم الثقفي
167:Habib ibn al-Muhallab
41:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
7422:Tombs of Talpur Mirs
7392:Navalrai Clock Tower
7156:History of Hyderabad
6706:Orangi Pilot Project
6638:Karachi Arts Council
6590:Karachi Fashion Week
6218:Karachi Civic Center
6156:North Nazimabad Town
6018:Clifton Oyster Rocks
5827:World Heritage Sites
5802:Mausolea and shrines
5248:Directive investment
4550:World Heritage Sites
4484:Archaeological sites
4419:Environmental issues
4108:Monarchy of Pakistan
4103:Dominion of Pakistan
3994:First Anglo-Sikh War
3701:at Wikimedia Commons
3522:Lane-Poole, Stanley
2739:Appleby. pg. 291-292
1926:Shaikh Habib Al-Raee
1736:Voluntary conversion
1617:Hingol National Park
1566:Sun Temple of Multan
952: Desert areas (
592:Uthman ibn Abi al-As
365:18 July 715) was an
242:Zaynab (daughter of
155:Position established
122:Governor of al-Sindh
71:(minted possibly at
30:For other uses, see
7518:List of twin cities
7161:Battle of Hyderabad
6884:History of Pakistan
6869:Nawab Muzaffar Khan
6829:Alexander the Great
6727:People from Karachi
6284:Tourist attractions
6274:Karachi Safari Park
6269:Karachi Expo Center
6071:Bahria Town Karachi
5976:Timeline of Karachi
5966:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
5301:Society and Culture
5227:Trading Corporation
5035:Planning Commission
4624:National government
3530:Lecker, M. (2000).
3500:, Lexington Books,
3420:Gabrieli, Francesco
3404:Baloch, Nabi Bakhsh
3299:"Pakistan Movement"
3231:, pp. 405–406.
3130:The Shade of Swords
2876:. pp. 218–219.
2193:Asani, Ali (2006),
2168:, pp. 282–283.
2113:, pp. 245–246.
2067:, pp. 243–244.
1995:, pp. 281–282.
1921:Abdullah Shah Ghazi
1840:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1729:Coercive conversion
1588:, the conqueror of
1202:Reasons for success
786:According to Wink,
725:Background on Sindh
615:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
488:(Book of songs) of
387:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
244:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
226:, Umayyad Caliphate
201:, Umayyad Caliphate
7614:Hinduism and Islam
7266:Mayor of Hyderabad
7136:Muhammad bin Qasim
6849:Muhammad bin Qasim
6834:Indo-Greek Kingdom
6696:Karachi Press Club
6625:Karachi Yacht Club
6595:Kara Film Festival
6583:Karachi United WFC
5941:Muhammad bin Qasim
5055:Telecommunications
4947:Civil Armed Forces
4895:Capital punishment
4713:National Assembly
4128:Liaquat–Nehru Pact
4065:Jinnah's 14 Points
3969:East India Company
3699:Muhammad bin Qasim
3513:Nicholas F. Gier,
3305:on 1 February 2016
3255:Markovits, Claude
3175:A Book of Conquest
2948:A Book of Conquest
2886:H. Patrick Glenn,
2587:, pp. 204–206
2501:, pp. 201–205
2425:Nicholas F. Gier,
1864:Yom-e Bab ul-Islam
1813:People of the Book
1797:
1586:Qutayba ibn Muslim
1556:were good people.
1468:. You can help by
1410:Everywhere taxes (
1395:) and chieftains (
988:
891:
784:
748:Rashidun Caliphate
740:
657:Nabi Bakhsh Baloch
650:Alid revolt of 740
590:(eastern Arabia),
575:, particularly in
525:and considers the
516:Francesco Gabrieli
514:. The Orientalist
18:Mohammad bin Qasim
7579:Pakistani Muslims
7531:
7530:
7443:Hyderabad Airport
7151:Pakistan Movement
7081:
7080:
6824:History of Punjab
6819:History of Multan
6770:
6769:
6757:Tallest buildings
6747:Parks and gardens
6620:Karachi Race Club
6615:Karachi Golf Club
6610:Karachi Boat Club
6028:Hawke's Bay Beach
5961:Pakistan Movement
5881:
5880:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5767:Botanical gardens
5716:Marathon (Lahore)
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5253:Industrialisation
5236:Policy programmes
5050:Tallest buildings
4959:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4808:Political parties
4798:Foreign relations
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4511:Natural disasters
4404:Botanical gardens
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4075:Direct Action Day
4070:Lahore Resolution
4060:Two nation theory
4050:Pakistan Movement
3803:Hellenic Pakistan
3697:Media related to
3572:978-90-04-11211-7
3507:978-0-7391-9223-8
3484:978-90-04-09419-2
3207:, pp. 31–33.
2958:978-0-674-97243-8
2866:Glenn, H. Patrick
2614:, pp. 22–29.
2566:, pp. 37–39.
2536:978-81-224-1198-0
2285:978-1-62412-076-3
2260:978-0-295-98391-2
2208:978-0-415-96692-4
1844:Pakistan movement
1550:Yohanan Friedmann
1486:
1485:
1375:Abbasid Caliphate
1210:majority who saw
1101:Gurjara-Pratihara
756:Ali ibn Abu Talib
608:Umayyad Caliphate
569:nascent Caliphate
371:Umayyad Caliphate
334:
333:
304:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
7621:
7594:History of Sindh
7131:History of Sindh
7108:
7101:
7094:
7085:
7084:
6910:Grand Trunk Road
6893:City and economy
6854:Mahmud of Ghazni
6797:
6790:
6783:
6774:
6773:
6762:Watering troughs
6691:Flora and fauna
6605:Karachi Marathon
6558:Karachi Dolphins
6451:Malir Expressway
6446:Lyari Expressway
6171:Shah Faisal Town
6151:New Karachi Town
6136:Liaquatabad Town
6121:Keamari District
5908:
5901:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5326:British heritage
5309:
5308:
5296:
5295:
5212:
5204:Investment board
5072:Water management
4978:
4977:
4965:
4964:
4716:
4701:
4693:
4663:Local government
4581:
4580:
4568:
4567:
4335:Pothohar Plateau
4239:
4238:
4226:
4225:
4113:Governor-General
4040:Aligarh Movement
3979:Sikh Confederacy
3954:
3953:
3871:Indo-Hephthalite
3811:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3744:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3682:
3653:India: A History
3646:
3626:
3576:
3552:Heinrichs, W. P.
3510:
3488:
3460:Heinrichs, W. P.
3439:
3415:
3390:
3378:Cheesman, David
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3191:
3190:, pp. 31–33
3185:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3152:, pp. 22–29
3147:
3141:
3126:
3120:
3119:Keay, pg 186-187
3117:
3111:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2905:Bennett, Clinton
2901:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2781:
2775:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2588:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2551:, pp. 37–39
2546:
2540:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2453:
2452:
2436:
2430:
2423:
2392:
2391:, pp. 51–52
2386:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1954:
1947:
1852:Gateway of Islam
1710:Mahmud of Ghazni
1535:Manan Ahmed Asif
1502:Tarikh-I-Baihaqi
1481:
1478:
1460:
1453:
1445:administration.
1402:
1394:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1162:
1125:
1123:
1109:Chalukya dynasty
985:(c.475–c.776 CE)
983:Maitraka Kingdom
980:
974:
965:
951:
932:Umar bin Khattab
812:coast, in their
717:and returned to
676:Governor of Fars
627:
625:
585:
582:
566:
563:
543:
540:
524:
521:
364:
362:
357:31 December 695–
356:
354:
348:
302:
301:
300:
288:Military service
283:
282:
234:
220:
209:
191:
189:
177:Personal details
163:
151:
132:
108:
106:
88:"In the name of
85:
82:
61:
50:
37:
36:
21:
7629:
7628:
7624:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7604:Torture victims
7534:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7501:
7492:Hyderabad Hawks
7479:
7473:
7464:Isra University
7452:
7438:Railway station
7426:
7355:
7254:
7235:Hyderabad rural
7216:
7180:
7117:
7112:
7082:
7077:
7056:
7028:
7002:
6976:
6960:
6929:
6888:
6807:
6801:
6771:
6766:
6715:
6649:
6516:
6510:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6397:
6388:Port of Karachi
6339:
6321:
6312:Medical schools
6288:
6257:
6180:
6057:
5980:
5946:Delhi Sultanate
5917:
5912:
5882:
5877:
5836:
5755:
5647:
5631:Public holidays
5573:
5496:
5451:
5303:
5282:
5263:Nationalisation
5243:Corporatisation
5231:
5210:
5175:
5154:Pharmaceuticals
5083:
5025:Fuel extraction
4972:
4951:
4906:
4875:Law enforcement
4817:
4779:
4775:District Courts
4748:Supreme Council
4734:
4714:
4699:
4690:Majlis-e-Shoora
4687:
4674:
4656:Chief Ministers
4612:
4575:
4554:
4499:weather records
4472:
4429:Protected areas
4392:
4349:
4308:
4233:
4208:
4137:
4118:Princely states
4091:
4008:
3945:
3859:
3815:Seleucid Empire
3805:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3689:
3680:
3644:
3624:
3573:
3544:Bosworth, C. E.
3508:
3485:
3452:Bosworth, C. E.
3408:Islamic Culture
3399:
3394:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:, pp. 207–
3034:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2995:Pakistan Vision
2991:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2917:. p. 163.
2902:
2898:
2894:, 2007, p. 219.
2885:
2881:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2591:
2583:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2456:
2441:Pakistan Vision
2437:
2433:
2424:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1902:
1789:
1718:
1673:
1662:in the capital
1578:
1561:proselytization
1548:. According to
1514:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1466:needs expansion
1451:
1442:
1430:progressive tax
1414:) and tribute (
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:, circa 750 CE.
1371:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1262:
1204:
1132:
1120:
1105:Vikramaditya II
986:
978:
976:
972:
970:
963:
961:
954:Registan Desert
949:
947:
940:
901:of their rule.
830:. At the time,
776:
760:Battle of Camel
732:
727:
678:
669:Kitab al-aghani
622:
583:
564:
541:
535:
522:
485:Kitab al-Aghani
467:Futuh al-Buldan
458:
360:
358:
352:
350:
322:
317:
298:
296:
271:
228:
227:
222:
218:
203:
202:
193:
192:31 December 695
187:
185:
161:
149:
133:
128:
111:
100:
83:
52:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7627:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7460:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7230:Hyderabad City
7226:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7088:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6998:Multan Sultans
6995:
6990:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6951:Air University
6948:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6723:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6578:Karachi United
6572:
6571:
6570:
6568:Karachi Zebras
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6496:Lucky One Mall
6493:
6491:Empress Market
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6421:Karachi Breeze
6418:
6413:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:Union Councils
6205:
6200:
6194:
6192:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6081:Bin Qasim Town
6078:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6053:Sandspit Beach
6050:
6048:Paradise Point
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5994:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5865:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5591:Shalwar kameez
5581:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5060:Transportation
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4984:
4982:
4981:Infrastructure
4974:
4973:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4668:Union councils
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4639:Prime Minister
4636:
4631:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:national parks
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Climate change
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4204:Liberalization
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:KPK insurgency
4189:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3840:Indo-Scythians
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Greco-Bactrian
3817:
3812:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3741:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3688:
3687:External links
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3622:
3607:
3593:
3577:
3571:
3548:van Donzel, E.
3536:Bearman, P. J.
3527:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3506:
3489:
3483:
3456:van Donzel, E.
3440:
3430:(3): 281–295.
3416:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3371:
3345:
3316:
3290:
3269:
3245:
3243:, p. 406.
3241:Friedmann 1993
3233:
3229:Friedmann 1993
3221:
3217:Sindhi Culture
3209:
3192:
3180:
3166:
3162:Medieval India
3154:
3142:
3121:
3112:
3105:
3085:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2985:
2973:
2964:
2957:
2937:
2923:
2896:
2879:
2857:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2801:Medieval India
2793:
2776:
2772:Online version
2768:The Chach-Nama
2760:
2756:vol. 1, p. 203
2741:
2713:
2706:
2686:
2672:
2652:
2629:
2616:
2589:
2568:
2553:
2541:
2535:
2515:
2503:
2454:
2431:
2393:
2381:
2362:
2352:
2343:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2239:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2182:
2180:, p. 246.
2170:
2158:
2156:, p. 247.
2146:
2144:, p. 283.
2134:
2132:, p. 405.
2130:Friedmann 1993
2115:
2100:
2098:, p. 245.
2081:
2069:
2057:
2055:, p. 243.
2038:
2036:, p. 432.
2026:
2024:, p. 282.
2009:
2007:, p. 244.
1997:
1985:
1983:, p. 281.
1965:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1894:Bin Qasim Town
1874:Bagh Ibn Qasim
1788:
1785:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1714:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1647:
1577:
1574:
1513:
1510:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1461:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1279:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1203:
1200:
1131:
1128:
1124: 775–785
1093:Guhila dynasty
1085:Arab campaigns
1074:Hindu religion
977:
971:
962:
948:
939:
936:
775:
772:
731:
728:
726:
723:
706:Ibn al-Ash'ath
677:
674:
626: 685–705
534:
531:
457:
454:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:Battle of Aror
319:Siege of Debal
311:
307:
306:
294:
290:
289:
285:
284:
277:
273:
272:
270:
269:
266:
262:
260:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
240:
236:
235:
221:(aged 19)
215:
211:
210:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
125:
124:
117:
116:
113:
112:
92:, struck this
62:
54:
53:
49:محمد بن القاسم
44:
43:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7626:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7609:City founders
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7476:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7367:Bombay Bakery
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:Kotri Barrage
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7104:
7102:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7089:
7086:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6993:Multan Tigers
6991:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6915:Multan Museum
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6859:Mughal Empire
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6844:Kushan Empire
6842:
6840:
6839:Maurya Empire
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6793:
6791:
6786:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6686:Ethnic groups
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6661:Air pollution
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6645:Sports venues
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6563:Karachi Kings
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6553:Karachi Blues
6551:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6506:Zainab Market
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:Clifton Beach
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6003:Bundal Island
6001:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5886:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:Hindu temples
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Privatisation
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Stock markets
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:Chief Justice
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:Supreme Court
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4715:(lower house)
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4700:(upper house)
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:game reserves
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:Insurgencies
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:1971 Movement
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Muslim League
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3855:Indo-Sassanid
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:Indo-Parthian
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3679:90-04-08551-3
3675:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3661:0-8021-3797-0
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3643:9780391041738
3639:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3605:0-226-50888-9
3602:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:90-04-06117-7
3588:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:Bianquis, Th.
3537:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:Friedmann, Y.
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:East and West
3421:
3417:
3414:(4): 242–271.
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3388:0-7007-0470-1
3385:
3381:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3287:
3286:1-4191-3994-0
3283:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3265:0-521-62285-9
3262:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3138:0-415-32814-4
3135:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3108:
3106:9788190891806
3102:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3026:Keay, pg. 185
3023:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3001:(1): 225–229.
3000:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2971:Schimmel pg.4
2968:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2675:
2673:9788170238720
2669:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2513:, p. 131
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2385:
2379:, p. 164
2378:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2347:
2341:, p. 126
2340:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2303:90-04-08551-3
2300:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2236:
2234:9789694020457
2230:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2166:Gabrieli 1965
2162:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2142:Gabrieli 1965
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2022:Gabrieli 1965
2018:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1993:Gabrieli 1965
1989:
1982:
1981:Gabrieli 1965
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:according to
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:ahl al-dhimma
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:According to
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:Zainul-Akhbar
1495:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1464:This section
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:siege engines
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:Chach of Alor
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
969:
959:
955:
944:
935:
933:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
900:
896:
887:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:was the wild
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
789:
780:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
736:
722:
720:
716:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
673:
670:
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
628:) during the
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
578:
574:
570:
559:
555:
551:
547:
530:
528:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
344:
340:
336:
329:
325:
320:
315:
312:
308:
305:
295:
291:
286:
278:
274:
267:
264:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
229:(present-day
225:
216:
212:
207:
204:(present-day
200:
196:
184:
180:
175:
171:
168:
165:
159:
156:
153:
147:
144:
141:
137:
131:
126:
123:
118:
114:
110:
105:
99:
95:
91:
84: 715 CE
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
45:
38:
33:
19:
7584:Arab Muslims
7487:Niaz Stadium
7417:Sindh Museum
7412:Shahi Bazaar
7402:Ranikot Fort
7061:Other topics
6972:Multan Cantt
6864:Ranjit Singh
6676:Developments
6671:Demographics
6654:Other topics
6501:Meena Bazaar
6486:Dolmen Malls
6481:Bohri Bazaar
6476:Avari Hotels
6317:Universities
6126:Korangi Town
6116:Jamshed Town
6111:Gulshan Town
6023:French Beach
5853:Basic topics
5686:Field hockey
5596:
5589:
5544:
5508:Architecture
5457:Demographics
5442:Urbanisation
5427:Prostitution
5385:Human rights
5351:Institutions
4858:Human rights
4831:Constitution
4689:
4528:Subdivisions
4477:Other topics
4345:Sistan Basin
4179:Islamisation
4154:Indus Treaty
4149:1947–present
4133:Baghdad Pact
4087:Independence
3957:Pre-colonial
3900:
3788:Indo-Iranics
3783:Indus Valley
3668:
3652:
3651:Keay, John,
3632:
3612:
3596:
3580:
3562:
3555:
3523:
3497:
3474:
3467:
3427:
3423:
3411:
3407:
3397:Bibliography
3379:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3332:
3307:. Retrieved
3303:the original
3293:
3277:
3272:
3256:
3236:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3205:MacLean 1989
3188:MacLean 1989
3183:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3150:MacLean 1989
3145:
3129:
3128:Akbar, M.J,
3124:
3115:
3095:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3071:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3031:
3014:, p. 53
3007:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2967:
2947:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2887:
2882:
2869:
2860:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2749:
2744:
2696:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2662:
2655:
2647:
2624:
2619:
2612:MacLean 1989
2564:MacLean 1989
2549:MacLean 1989
2544:
2525:
2518:
2506:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2384:
2355:
2346:
2318:
2309:
2293:
2274:
2268:
2249:
2242:
2223:
2216:
2198:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2072:
2060:
2029:
2000:
1988:
1945:
1868:
1832:Persian Gulf
1825:
1798:
1778:
1774:
1771:Zoroastrians
1767:fire temples
1763:
1755:
1750:Arab Muslims
1742:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1628:al-Baladhuri
1621:
1602:
1579:
1571:
1558:
1541:
1539:
1515:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1470:adding to it
1465:
1443:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1382:
1354:TANG DYNASTY
1224:
1205:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1078:
1067:
1060:
1044:
1026:
1018:
1012:
989:
907:
903:
895:Arab advance
892:
855:
840:Indian Ocean
813:
791:
785:
768:Hujr ibn Adi
741:
703:
679:
668:
665:
654:
645:
641:
619:Abd al-Malik
612:
536:
526:
499:
493:
483:
472:al-Baladhuri
465:
459:
434:Islamic rule
407:
373:who led the
338:
337:
335:
310:Battles/wars
206:Saudi Arabia
162:Succeeded by
154:
129:
87:
7564:Banu Thaqif
7497:First Class
7448:M9 Motorway
7397:Pacco Qillo
7387:Mukhi House
7360:Attractions
7197:Indus River
7141:British Raj
7042:Abdali Road
6920:Multan Fort
6874:British Raj
6681:Environment
6526:Chaand Raat
6279:Karachi Zoo
6262:Attractions
6166:Saddar Town
6161:Orangi Town
6131:Landhi Town
6086:Cantonments
6076:Baldia Town
6038:Malir River
6033:Lyari River
5951:British Raj
5726:Paralympics
5621:Nationalism
5616:Gun culture
5475:Immigration
5321:Aurat March
5102:Agriculture
5020:Foreign aid
4988:Electricity
4813:Martial law
4770:High Courts
4686:Parliament
4679:Legislative
4516:earthquakes
4444:sanctuaries
4397:Environment
4363:Coal fields
4330:Indus Plain
4320:Arabian Sea
4174:Project-706
4030:Durand Line
4020:British Raj
3984:Sikh Empire
3881:Rai dynasty
3806: [
3473:Volume VII:
3464:Pellat, Ch.
2339:MacLean1989
2178:Baloch 1953
2154:Baloch 1953
2111:Baloch 1953
2096:Baloch 1953
2077:Baloch 1953
2065:Baloch 1953
2053:Baloch 1953
2034:Lecker 2000
2005:Baloch 1953
1951:Indus River
1836:Middle East
1716:Controversy
1688:During the
1613:Balochistan
1590:Transoxiana
1554:Brahmanabad
1525:instead of
1216:Rai dynasty
1171:ahd-e-wasiq
1089:Bappa Rawal
958:Thar Desert
922:Transoxania
876:Balochistan
699:Caspian Sea
523: 1000
512:Banu Thaqif
450:Balochistan
420:in western
410:Banu Thaqif
219:(715-07-18)
217:18 July 715
150:Preceded by
67:coinage of
7569:Chach Nama
7549:715 deaths
7544:695 births
7538:Categories
7478:Sports and
7377:Haji Rabri
7259:Government
7222:Localities
6965:Cantonment
6879:Fort Munro
6732:Cemeteries
6515:Sports and
6465:Hotels and
6393:Port Qasim
6253:K-Electric
6186:Government
6146:Malir Town
6141:Lyari Town
6101:Gadap Town
6063:Localities
6008:Cape Monze
5931:Raja Dahir
5772:Cemeteries
5711:Motorsport
5696:Gillidanda
5559:Philosophy
5540:Literature
5417:Pakistanis
5373:Healthcare
5211:(currency)
5112:Automotive
4634:Ministries
4617:Government
4573:Governance
4409:Ecoregions
4378:Oil fields
4368:Gas fields
4340:Salt Range
4325:Gwadar Bay
4299:Waterfalls
4289:Topography
4199:Kargil War
3830:Indo-Greek
3798:Achaemenid
3793:Indo-Aryan
3623:0391041738
3074:. Pakistan
2924:082645481X
2707:0226742210
2447:(1): 229.
1961:References
1870:Port Qasim
1805:Sharia law
1803:school of
1655:Surya Devi
1651:Chach Nama
1644:Chach Nama
1494:Chach Nama
1477:March 2009
1315:PRATIHARAS
1235:Mongol bow
1196:Chach Nama
1185:Casualties
1179:ahl-i-harb
1140:ahl-i-harb
993:Raja Dahir
810:Sri Lankan
646:Chach Nama
642:Chach Nama
584: 636
565: 630
542: 694
527:Chach Nama
500:Chach Nama
495:Chach Nama
476:al-Ya'qubi
414:Arab tribe
383:Raja Dahir
293:Allegiance
143:Al-Walid I
63:Qasim-era
7457:Education
7431:Transport
7407:Rani Bagh
7245:Latifabad
7240:Qasimabad
7185:Geography
7115:Hyderabad
6574:Football
6536:Dabbawala
6403:Transport
6335:Hospitals
6327:Hospitals
6294:Education
6203:Elections
6176:SITE Town
5986:Geography
5797:Libraries
5787:Gurdwaras
5661:Athletics
5611:Etiquette
5578:Lifestyle
5530:Festivals
5480:Languages
5470:Ethnicity
5378:Hospitals
5358:Feudalism
5346:Education
5199:Companies
5127:Husbandry
5097:Aerospace
4942:Air force
4900:Terrorism
4803:Feudalism
4793:Elections
4651:Governors
4591:President
4538:districts
4533:provinces
4383:Volcanoes
4274:Mountains
4231:Geography
4082:Partition
4004:Rebellion
3906:Ghaznavid
3768:Stone age
3672:, BRILL,
3636:, Brill,
3561:Volume X:
3267:, pg. 34.
3036:Wink 2002
3012:Wink 2002
2585:Wink 2002
2511:Wink 2002
2499:Wink 2002
2389:Wink 2002
2377:Wink 2002
1890:PNS Qasim
1856:Pakistani
1745:polemical
1671:Aftermath
1347:CALIPHATE
1338:CHALUKYAS
1306:Maitrakas
1190:taken by
1099:, of the
1097:Nagabhata
1061:At Aror (
1027:manjaniks
882:regions.
864:Sri Lanka
828:Kathiawar
697:near the
480:al-Tabari
361:715-07-18
353:695-12-31
316:(708–711)
281:فاتح سندھ
251:Relations
188:695-12-31
130:In office
75:), dated
7250:Old City
7007:Flyovers
6711:Religion
6540:Cricket
6467:shopping
6307:Colleges
6190:Politics
5863:Category
5822:Stadiums
5777:Churches
5746:Swimming
5721:Olympics
5691:Football
5666:Baseball
5585:Clothing
5564:Textiles
5546:Mushaira
5535:Folklore
5465:Diaspora
5432:Religion
5397:Marriage
5363:Feminism
5180:Commerce
5159:Textiles
5122:Forestry
5089:Industry
4912:Military
4785:Politics
4740:Judicial
4706:Chairman
4451:Wildlife
4373:Minerals
4304:Wetlands
4259:Glaciers
4242:Features
4169:1971 War
4159:1965 War
4142:Republic
4123:1947 War
4096:Dominion
4013:Colonial
3876:Kambojas
3864:Medieval
3835:Gandhara
3778:Mehrgarh
3738:articles
3736:Pakistan
3554:(eds.).
3532:"Thakīf"
3466:(eds.).
3446:(1993).
3436:29754928
3364:31 March
3338:31 March
3309:31 March
3078:31 March
2907:(2005).
2868:(2007).
1900:See also
1834:and the
1743:Various
1702:Ismailis
1694:Mansurah
1582:Sulayman
1512:Religion
1434:Brahmins
1233:and the
1208:Buddhist
1160:anwattan
1117:al-Mahdi
926:Rashidun
836:frontier
802:Sassanid
715:Khurasan
610:in 661.
276:Nickname
7480:culture
7212:Phuleli
7192:Climate
7171:Kalhora
7123:History
6812:History
6752:Streets
6666:Cuisine
6548:women's
6518:culture
6469:centers
6345:Economy
6302:Schools
6091:Clifton
5990:Climate
5923:History
5915:Karachi
5812:Museums
5807:Mosques
5706:Kabaddi
5681:Cycling
5676:Cricket
5641:Symbols
5606:Cuisine
5569:Theatre
5341:Divorce
5336:Culture
5313:Society
5187:Banking
5171:Tourism
5117:Fishery
5107:Defence
5065:Bridges
5045:Poverty
5030:Housing
5003:Nuclear
4993:Thermal
4970:Economy
4935:Marines
4920:History
4721:Speaker
4698:Senate
4629:Cabinet
4506:Borders
4494:Climate
4489:Borders
4424:Forests
4355:Geology
4294:Valleys
4264:Islands
4254:Deserts
4249:Beaches
3974:Durrani
3941:Timurid
3926:Tughlaq
3896:Solanki
3773:Soanian
3761:Ancient
3750:History
3475:Mif–Naz
3140:pg.102.
2679:30 July
2360:(2006).
1878:Karachi
1811:" and "
1809:dhimmis
1769:of the
1706:Fatimid
1690:Abbasid
1664:Baghdad
1615:at the
1519:Dhimmis
1399:dihqans
1345:ABBASID
1331:ZUNBILS
1313:GURJARA
1283:PANDYAS
1150:dhimmah
1115:caliph
1113:Abbasid
1107:of the
1056:Thakore
1040:Lasbela
1017:(sing.
968:Zunbils
815:bawarij
808:to the
788:Umayyad
604:Bharuch
588:Bahrayn
456:Sources
259:Parents
98:al-Hind
65:Umayyad
51:
7291:NA 221
7286:NA 220
7281:NA 219
7276:NA 218
6981:Sports
6806:topics
6804:Multan
6737:Mayors
6043:Manora
5873:Portal
5760:Places
5751:Tennis
5741:Squash
5671:Boxing
5653:Sports
5598:Mehndi
5513:Cinema
5412:Naming
5407:Me Too
5209:Rupee
5149:Mining
5132:Labour
4880:Police
4543:cities
4521:floods
4388:Floods
4284:Rivers
4279:Passes
3964:Mughal
3950:Modern
3931:Sayyid
3921:Khalji
3916:Mamluk
3911:Ghurid
3850:Kushan
3825:Maurya
3808:simple
3676:
3659:
3640:
3620:
3603:
3589:
3569:
3550:&
3504:
3481:
3462:&
3434:
3386:
3288:pg.45.
3284:
3263:
3136:
3103:
2955:
2930:7 July
2921:
2704:
2670:
2533:
2450:Sindh.
2301:
2282:
2257:
2231:
2205:
1886:Multan
1850:, the
1801:Hanafi
1787:Legacy
1759:Dhimmi
1698:Multan
1609:Makran
1559:While
1490:Muslim
1417:kharaj
1386:Sharia
1324:EMPIRE
1299:SHAHIS
1290:CHOLAS
1169:" or "
1081:Punjab
1070:Multan
1052:Sehwan
1014:mawali
1009:Syrian
991:ruler
981:
979:
973:
966:
964:
950:
929:Caliph
910:mawali
872:Makran
868:Arabia
852:Hajjaj
806:Tigris
798:piracy
752:Makran
695:Jurjan
690:Shiraz
558:Medina
464:. The
446:Makran
438:Multan
426:Persia
422:Arabia
399:Muslim
343:Arabic
239:Spouse
139:Leader
94:dirham
73:Multan
7506:Lists
7351:PS 54
7346:PS 53
7341:PS 52
7336:PS 51
7331:PS 50
7326:PS 49
7321:PS 48
7316:PS 47
7311:PS 46
7306:PS 45
7301:PS 44
7296:PS 43
7034:Roads
6956:Manka
6720:Lists
6629:Arts
6544:men's
6411:Buses
6198:Mayor
5936:Debal
5817:Parks
5782:Forts
5736:Rugby
5636:Songs
5626:Flags
5554:Music
5525:Dance
5518:Films
5492:Youth
5447:Women
5402:Media
5331:Crime
5192:Banks
5144:Media
5137:Child
5008:Solar
4998:Hydro
4584:State
4461:fauna
4456:flora
4313:Areas
4269:Lakes
3886:Shahi
3810:]
3534:. In
3450:. In
3432:JSTOR
1937:Notes
1848:Sindh
1828:Debal
1826:From
1817:jizya
1660:harem
1637:mawla
1605:Mosul
1598:Yazid
1576:Death
1531:Zakat
1527:Zakat
1523:Jizya
1426:jizya
1422:Zakat
1063:Rohri
1047:Debal
1023:Debal
1019:mawla
1005:Sindh
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