4269:
speaking with other employees within one's company about a superior, a
Japanese person will use vocabulary and inflections of the honorific register to refer to the in-group superior and their speech and actions. When speaking to a person from another company (i.e., a member of an out-group), however, a Japanese person will use the plain or the humble register to refer to the speech and actions of their in-group superiors. In short, the register used in Japanese to refer to the person, speech, or actions of any particular individual varies depending on the relationship (either in-group or out-group) between the speaker and listener, as well as depending on the relative status of the speaker, listener, and third-person referents.
2566:
2184:
2713:
6203:
500:
109:
5581:
5012:
1126:
2048:
5035:, with Japanese names represented by characters used for their meanings and not their sounds. Later, during the 7th century AD, the Chinese-sounding phoneme principle was used to write pure Japanese poetry and prose, but some Japanese words were still written with characters for their meaning and not the original Chinese sound. This was the beginning of Japanese as a written language in its own right. By this time, the Japanese language was already very distinct from the
881:
11554:
6500:
9807:
1645:
5976:
8407:
8424:
6504:
11543:
5962:
4843:
76:
5537:) since the 1990s. As of 2015, more than 3.6 million people studied the language worldwide, primarily in East and Southeast Asia. Nearly one million Chinese, 745,000 Indonesians, 556,000 South Koreans and 357,000 Australians studied Japanese in lower and higher educational institutions. Between 2012 and 2015, considerable growth of learners originated in
6114:順帝昇明二年,倭王武遣使上表曰:封國偏遠,作藩于外,自昔祖禰,躬擐甲冑,跋渉山川,不遑寧處。東征毛人五十國,西服衆夷六十六國,渡平海北九十五國,王道融泰,廓土遐畿,累葉朝宗,不愆于歳。臣雖下愚,忝胤先緒,驅率所統,歸崇天極,道逕百濟,裝治船舫,而句驪無道,圖欲見吞,掠抄邊隸,虔劉不已,毎致稽滯,以失良風。雖曰進路,或通或不。臣亡考濟實忿寇讎,壅塞天路,控弦百萬,義聲感激,方欲大舉,奄喪父兄,使垂成之功,不獲一簣。居在諒闇,不動兵甲,是以偃息未捷。至今欲練甲治兵,申父兄之志,義士虎賁,文武效功,白刃交前,亦所不顧。若以帝德覆載,摧此強敵,克靖方難,無替前功。竊自假開府儀同三司,其餘咸各假授,以勸忠節。詔除武使持節督倭、新羅、任那、加羅、秦韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王。至齊建元中,及梁武帝時,并來朝貢。
3092:"the one before me") may refer to a listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations.
1954:, Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in the world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as
5104:
in
Japanese) is used to a certain extent, such as for imported acronyms and to transcribe Japanese names and in other instances where non-Japanese speakers need to know how to pronounce a word (such as "ramen" at a restaurant). Arabic numerals are much more common than the kanji numerals when used in
4648:
are words derived from
Chinese roots that were first created and used by the Japanese, and only later borrowed into Chinese and other East Asian languages. As a result, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese share a large common corpus of vocabulary in the same way many Greek- and Latin-derived
4189:
The
Japanese language can express differing levels of social status. The differences in social position are determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, or even psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). The person in the lower position is
2899:
While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an
4268:
suffix ("Mr", "Mrs", "Miss", or "Mx") is an example of honorific language. It is not used to talk about oneself or when talking about someone from one's company to an external person, since the company is the speaker's in-group. When speaking directly to one's superior in one's company or when
4263:
The difference between honorific and humble speech is particularly pronounced in the
Japanese language. Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and their group. For example, the
5119:
Historically, attempts to limit the number of kanji in use commenced in the mid-19th century, but government did not intervene until after Japan's defeat in the Second World War. During the post-war occupation (and influenced by the views of some U.S. officials), various schemes including the
5080:
Hiragana and katakana were first simplified from kanji, and hiragana, emerging somewhere around the 9th century, was mainly used by women. Hiragana was seen as an informal language, whereas katakana and kanji were considered more formal and were typically used by men and in official settings.
2924:) (literally, "explaining gave" with a benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means " explained to ". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action.
4190:
expected to use a polite form of speech, whereas the other person might use a plainer form. Strangers will also speak to each other politely. Japanese children rarely use polite speech until they are teens, at which point they are expected to begin speaking in a more adult manner.
6752:
6554:
5189:
are used for words without kanji representation, for words no longer written in kanji, for replacement of rare kanji that may be unfamiliar to intended readers, and also following kanji to show conjugational endings. Because of the way verbs (and adjectives) in
Japanese are
1878:
family; not only is each language unintelligible to
Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese.
5194:, kanji alone cannot fully convey Japanese tense and mood, as kanji cannot be subject to variation when written without losing their meaning. For this reason, hiragana are appended to kanji to show verb and adjective conjugations. Hiragana used in this way are called
1348:
in 1853, the flow of loanwords from
European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example,
1629:
over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust
Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home.
2900:
action: "down" to indicate the out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example,
5599:
4563:
words are typically perceived as somewhat formal or academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. Indeed, it is generally fair to say that an
English word derived from Latin/French roots typically corresponds to a Sino-Japanese word in Japanese, whereas an
2548:, which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence
5065:) were used to write either words borrowed from Chinese, or Japanese words with the same or similar meanings. Chinese characters were also used to write grammatical elements; these were simplified, and eventually became two moraic scripts:
5172:, criteria for inclusion were often arbitrary and led to many common and popular characters being disapproved for use. Under popular pressure and following a court decision holding the exclusion of common characters unlawful, the list of
6748:
6550:
2032:
2664:
to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as the two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a
3438:"to study", etc.) and has been productive in creating modern slang words. Japanese also has a huge number of compound verbs to express concepts that are described in English using a verb and an adverbial particle (e.g.
5513:
Many major universities throughout the world provide Japanese language courses, and a number of secondary and even primary schools worldwide offer courses in the language. This is a significant increase from before
5597:
4700:, "physical contact"), although coined by compounding English roots, are nonsensical in most non-Japanese contexts; exceptions exist in nearby languages such as Korean however, which often use words such as
2829:, commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase,
5945:
Subete no ningen wa, umarenagara ni shite jiyū de ari, katsu, songen to kenri to ni tsuite byōdō de aru. Ningen wa, risei to ryōshin to o sazukerarete ori, tagai ni dōhō no seishin o motte kōdō shinakereba
6765:
The traditional Palauan language, particularly the dialect spoken by the people of Angaur State, shall be the language of the State of Angaur. Palauan, English and Japanese shall be the official languages.
3023:
The choice of words used as pronouns is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as
2034:
3245:
Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have the same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle
6609:
2790:, the only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with
4385:
The original language of Japan, or at least the original language of a certain population that was ancestral to a significant portion of the historical and present Japanese nation, was the so-called
5176:
was substantially extended from 92 in 1951 (the year it was first decreed) to 983 in 2004. Furthermore, families whose names are not on these lists were permitted to continue using the older forms.
5598:
501:
110:
6948:
6355:
4304:
when referring to the friend of someone of higher status (though mothers often use this form to refer to their children's friends). On the other hand, a polite speaker may sometimes refer to
2567:
5168:(an appendix of additional characters for names) are approved for registering personal names. Names containing unapproved characters are denied registration. However, as with the list of
5147:), specifies the 1,006 simple characters a child is to learn by the end of sixth grade. Children continue to study another 1,130 characters in junior high school, covering in total 2,136
2930:
also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English:
1361:("camera"). Due to the large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between and , and and , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords.
6644:
2185:
1625:
and English as an official language of the state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the
854:. Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from
5525:
International interest in the Japanese language dates from the 19th century but has become more prevalent following Japan's economic bubble of the 1980s and the global popularity of
3191:. Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through the addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as
6727:
4996:
in AD 478. After the ruin of Baekje, Japan invited scholars from China to learn more of the Chinese writing system. Japanese emperors gave an official rank to Chinese scholars (
7686:
2010:. None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support.
5202:
above or beside a kanji to show the proper reading. This is done to facilitate learning, as well as to clarify particularly old or obscure (or sometimes invented) readings.
4618:(Japanese-made Chinese words). Many of these were then imported into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese via their kanji in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For example,
6894:
562:
Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial
5949:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
6990:
2033:
6529:
1575:
3218:
to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the
2017:
formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as a distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages.
7715:
5556:
The Japanese government provides standardized tests to measure spoken and written comprehension of Japanese for second language learners; the most prominent is the
5461:
In the 1990s, the traditional feminine speech patterns and stereotyped behaviors were challenged, and a popular culture of “naughty” teenage girls emerged, called
3095:
Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it is appropriate to use
6835:
6627:
5590:
2833:
is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages, is often called a
1344:. However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of
3290:"Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning the topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention:
6458:
4649:
words – both inherited or borrowed into European languages, or modern coinages from Greek or Latin roots – are shared among modern European languages – see
3686:
in Modern Japanese are few in number, and unlike the other words, are limited to directly modifying nouns. They never predicate sentences. Examples include
3395:-adjectives and verbs can carry tense in Japanese. Two additional common verbs are used to indicate existence ("there is") or, in some contexts, property:
7404:
5135:
Japanese students begin to learn kanji from their first year at elementary school. A guideline created by the Japanese Ministry of Education, the list of
4292:
is affixed to words of Chinese derivation. In some cases, the prefix has become a fixed part of the word, and is included even in regular speech, such as
9667:
6475:
6952:
4171:"It is Mx Ikeda who is forty-two years old." This is a reply to an implicit or explicit question, such as "who in this group is forty-two years old?"
4129:
in Japanese cannot be derived from the English language as such, because the distinction between sentence topic and subject is not made there. While
6331:
11588:
5478:, sometimes referenced in English-language materials as “kogal”. Their rebellious behaviors, deviant language usage, the particular make-up called
5081:
However, because of hiragana's accessibility, more and more people began using it. Eventually, by the 10th century, hiragana was used by everyone.
7769:
7196:
2621:
of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant, a glide
11250:
9518:
7850:
4614:
In the Meiji era, the Japanese also coined many neologisms using Chinese roots and morphology to translate European concepts; these are known as
1404:
2884:) " did !". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below), a single adjective can be a complete sentence:
2837:, which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence
2002:. Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or the proposed larger Altaic family, or to various
11603:
2742:
927:, dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese,
7341:
6401:
5219:; katakana are primarily used to write foreign words, plant and animal names, and for emphasis. For example, "Australia" has been adapted as
4435:
language"). In addition to words from this original language, present-day Japanese includes a number of words that were either borrowed from
4296:'cooked rice; meal.' Such a construction often indicates deference to either the item's owner or to the object itself. For example, the word
4186:
Japanese has an extensive grammatical system to express politeness and formality. This reflects the hierarchical nature of Japanese society.
6642:
10045:
9714:
7425:
3000:"servant"). This is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish
7744:
7383:
6217:
1508:, "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of the two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same.
1415:
residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in
842:, is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the
11120:
10591:
9761:
8461:
7985:
Kuno, Susumu. (1976). "Subject, theme, and the speaker's empathy: A re-examination of relativization phenomena", in Charles N. Li (Ed.),
7901:
6719:
9513:
3356:
verb form is used for a variety of purposes: either progressive or perfect aspect (see above); combining verbs in a temporal sequence (
5495:, and the fashion became objects of focus in the mainstream media. Although kogal slang was not appreciated by older generations, the
1301:
Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include
7682:
7291:
7260:
7164:
6447:
5054:, a syllabic script which used Chinese characters for their sounds in order to transcribe the words of Japanese speech mora by mora.
4133:
indicates the topic, which the rest of the sentence describes or acts upon, it carries the implication that the subject indicated by
2476:
1543:
is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It is the version of Japanese discussed in this article.
1902:
is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the
7578:
6666:
4801:
5084:
Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese
2156:
is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a
1220:
missionaries; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the
6886:
6606:
1926:
540:
7135:
6436:
3020:). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom.
825:
10318:
9140:
1390:
7933:
7422:"What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands"
6974:
1393:
learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese.
1212:, respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the
1204:
Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the
10893:
10407:
8347:
8220:
8112:
8084:
7961:
7927:
7895:
7870:
7866:
7511:
7473:
7056:
6984:
6976:
Japanese Language: Learn the Fascinating History and Evolution of the Language Along With Many Useful Japanese Grammar Points
6931:
6349:
5570:
5050:, which was written in AD 712. Japanese writers then started to use Chinese characters to write Japanese in a style known as
10767:
8226:
7517:
7479:
6525:
6048:
5077:. Some scholars claim that Manyogana originated from Baekje, but this hypothesis is denied by mainstream Japanese scholars.
1882:
The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of
11004:
5942:すべて の 人間 は、 生まれながら に して 自由 で あり、 かつ、 尊厳 と 権利 と に ついて 平等 で ある。 人間 は、 理性 と 良心 と を 授けられて おり、 互い に 同胞 の 精神 を もって 行動 しなければ ならない。
1943:. As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a
1369:
Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during
7547:
6696:
5499:
continued to create terms and expressions. Kogal culture also changed Japanese norms of gender and the Japanese language.
11063:
9135:
8395:
7708:
5155:
has been revised several times, but the total number of officially sanctioned characters has remained largely unchanged.
4580:
2513:
2433:
2381:
457:
7830:
Chafe, William L. (1976). Giveness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In C. Li (Ed.),
6302:
Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「国語仮名遣研究史上の一発見―石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について」『帝国文学』26–11(1949)『文字及び仮名遣の研究(橋本進吉博士著作集 第3冊)』(岩波書店)。
11387:
11011:
6828:
6778:
5557:
7043:. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 294. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 141–156.
6625:
6044:
2912:) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means " explained to ". Similarly,
709:, with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned.
11026:
10790:
8619:
8318:
8195:
8180:
8172:
8157:
8146:
8130:
8068:
8042:
8020:
8016:
7994:
7979:
7839:
7362:
7321:
2764:
9848:
9020:
4711:
The popularity of many Japanese cultural exports has made some native Japanese words familiar in English, including
2735:
11583:
11083:
10994:
10038:
9726:
9445:
7220:
6244:
2439:
2387:
6455:
1059:
Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle
11145:
11021:
10853:
10342:
10331:
9754:
9399:
9394:
8920:
8454:
6009:
3195:, but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as
3159:) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a
447:
17:
8413:
11090:
9568:
7400:
7070:
5252:
3383:, but often takes on other roles, including a marker for tense, when the verb is conjugated into its past form
10708:
10848:
10402:
9409:
9125:
6479:
6088:
6034:
2553:
437:
353:
8271:
A text-book of colloquial Japanese: based on the Lehrbuch der japanischen umgangssprache by Dr. Rudolf Lange
7922:. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science / 4. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
6803:
371:
11031:
10843:
10390:
9540:
9379:
8938:
8626:
7789:
Frenette, Brad. "Around the world in 80 megabytes: Ipod as tour guide: The popularity of travel podcasts",
5453:
is more gentle, polite, refined, indirect, modest, and exclamatory, and often accompanied by raised pitch.
4181:
2676:, which is not represented in moraic writing; for example ("chopsticks") and ("bridge") are both spelled
2419:
2411:
2366:
2272:
2141:
706:
8383:
2622:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2177:
1594:
still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1053:
1049:
11598:
11593:
10654:
10031:
9903:
9826:
9273:
9253:
9057:
9010:
6580:
6058:
5508:
4911:
4556:
3048:, hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word
2783:
2460:
2448:
2093:
1987:
1883:
1250:. Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending -
654:
5449:). In addition to these specific differences, expressions and pitch can also be different. For example,
11578:
11280:
10950:
10823:
10795:
10579:
10311:
10280:
9863:
9747:
9389:
8447:
8212:
7765:
7188:
5191:
4453:), entered the language from the 5th century onwards by contact with Chinese culture. According to the
3476:
3215:
2661:
2506:
2322:
2309:
2102:
9263:
11460:
11174:
11056:
11016:
10938:
10888:
10750:
10720:
10639:
10537:
10412:
10397:
9674:
9652:
9440:
7128:"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal"
6585:
4772:
2725:
2607:
2425:
2372:
2222:
2116:
1979:
1557:
686:
7648:
MILLER, LAURA (2004). "Those Naughty Teenage Girls: Japanese Kogals, Slang, and Media Assessments".
7622:
Okamono, Shigeko (2021). "Japanese Language and Gender Research: The Last Thirty Years and Beyond".
6202:
5488:
5471:
3376:
2642:
919:
method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the
11275:
11186:
10984:
10967:
10873:
10858:
10762:
10730:
10703:
10231:
9709:
9647:
9637:
9601:
9499:
9450:
9374:
9349:
8958:
6063:
5526:
5288:
5271:
4993:
4511:
4441:
4325:
2834:
2729:
2721:
2161:
2003:
1657:
1163:
790:
571:
431:
10106:
9843:
9015:
7337:
6390:
6341:
3360:"I'll eat breakfast and leave at once"), simple commands, conditional statements and permissions (
2860:
Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of a sentence need not be stated and
1516:
is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the
11150:
11078:
11068:
10945:
10878:
10677:
9933:
9093:
4813:
2787:
2339:
2328:
2315:
1991:
1983:
1967:
1680:
1222:
1095:(the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) →
931:, and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period, the Old Japanese sections are written in
713:
670:
642:
287:
249:
7421:
7379:
6923:
6917:
6784:(Report). Tokyo, Japan: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 85–86
6228:
1590:
gradually extended its influence and the two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s.
945:
630:
11135:
10972:
10883:
10863:
10584:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10285:
10275:
10236:
9110:
7740:
4981:
4944:
2746:
2125:
2007:
1676:
835:
626:
548:
9294:
7885:
6318:
1403:, with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian
1044:
apparently was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in
907:
around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in
11503:
11435:
11425:
11327:
11265:
11231:
11201:
11130:
10955:
10923:
10475:
10304:
10012:
9995:
9591:
9480:
8953:
8499:
8489:
8338:
8255:(English ed.). The Kaneko Press, North Japan College, Sendai: Methodist Publishing House
5999:
4963:
4148:"As for Mx Ikeda, they are forty-two years old." Others in the group may also be of that age.
3682:
Both inflect, though they do not show the full range of conjugation found in true verbs. The
3160:
2673:
2264:
2257:
1951:
1653:
1120:
1104:
1045:
804:) is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The
650:
607:
579:
206:
196:
10562:
6254:
5257:
Depending on the speakers’ gender, different linguistic features might be used. The typical
11518:
11260:
10999:
10960:
10868:
10828:
10445:
10169:
10136:
10007:
9988:
9858:
9642:
9465:
9369:
9243:
9045:
8980:
8494:
7433:
6068:
6024:
5605:
Recording of the first article of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Japanese.
4939:
4918:
4826:
3576:
2826:
2345:
1871:
1840:
1270:); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g.
1199:
662:
583:
201:
8357:
7283:
7256:
7157:
6444:
5383:
3115:
is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status.
1898:
as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand the languages.
8:
11508:
11440:
11430:
11313:
11191:
11073:
11043:
10740:
10242:
10226:
10221:
10131:
9691:
9573:
9545:
9460:
9040:
7674:
6949:"Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues"
6796:
6014:
4956:
4929:
4906:
4894:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4572:
4466:
4157:
3647:
3454:
3199:
may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as
2603:
2404:
2357:
2292:
1783:
1688:
1310:
702:
10096:
9796:
8985:
7846:
7570:
6660:
944:
Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct
536:
11450:
11362:
11285:
11238:
11211:
11206:
11155:
10928:
10838:
10811:
10682:
10634:
10612:
10557:
10530:
10211:
10101:
10054:
10000:
9975:
9817:
9721:
9662:
9583:
9470:
9404:
9289:
9002:
8744:
8306:
7237:
6222:
6039:
6029:
5058:
5036:
4934:
4923:
4889:
4862:
4650:
3778:
3223:
2791:
2609:
2283:
2217:
2212:
2157:
2026:
1936:
1863:
1712:
1708:
1626:
1167:
1152:
1080:
859:
839:
746:
717:
698:
678:
674:
658:
552:
532:
257:
8990:
8826:
8775:
1909:
Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to
1684:
422:
404:
11372:
11270:
11216:
10907:
10664:
10649:
10547:
10375:
10174:
10146:
10126:
10116:
10073:
9946:
9918:
9889:
9884:
9789:
9770:
9550:
9485:
9455:
9258:
9077:
9062:
9035:
9030:
8968:
8906:
8881:
8816:
8690:
8528:
8518:
8509:
8343:
8314:
8216:
8191:
8176:
8168:
8153:
8142:
8126:
8108:
8080:
8064:
8038:
8035:
Origins of the Japanese language: Lectures in Japan during the academic year, 1977–78
8012:
7990:
7975:
7957:
7953:
7923:
7891:
7874:
7862:
7835:
7507:
7469:
7317:
7127:
7062:
7052:
6980:
6927:
6433:
6345:
5519:
5032:
4596:
2927:
2798:
2596:
2244:
2229:
1899:
1875:
1748:
1719:, which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all
1704:
1700:
1692:
1639:
1517:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1456:
1396:
1322:
1148:
1135:
1048:, though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for
908:
900:
887:
863:
805:
690:
682:
666:
591:
525:
521:
509:
494:
417:
228:
165:
103:
31:
8734:
8533:
5164:
4439:
or constructed from Chinese roots following Chinese patterns. These words, known as
4240:) (humble language) often employ many special honorific and humble alternate verbs:
4068:
for the topic. It can co-exist with the case markers listed above, and it overrides
453:
11513:
11352:
11305:
11290:
11226:
11108:
11051:
10933:
10552:
10357:
10347:
10216:
10206:
10201:
10194:
10141:
9941:
9679:
9657:
9435:
9231:
9072:
8874:
8864:
8859:
8847:
8700:
8636:
8592:
8333:
7657:
7229:
7044:
6337:
6336:. The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91.
6004:
5994:
5304:
4989:
4817:
4608:
4436:
2934:
The amazed he ran down the street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun)
2849:) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is
2702:
2593:
2468:
2239:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1944:
1932:
1622:
1582:. The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary.
1209:
813:
556:
409:
275:
10480:
9200:
8795:
8739:
8577:
932:
11377:
11347:
11342:
11255:
11221:
11140:
10833:
10725:
10644:
10624:
10525:
10385:
10189:
10121:
9923:
9835:
9704:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9067:
8840:
8751:
8651:
8612:
8607:
8568:
8548:
8288:
8269:
8250:
8206:
8202:
8060:
7917:
7854:
7690:
7501:
7463:
7429:
7408:
7387:
7366:
7345:
6648:
6631:
6613:
6462:
6451:
6440:
5981:
5143:
5128:
5122:
4901:
4884:
4751:
4604:
4600:
4023:
3798:
3009:
2251:
2234:
2014:
1999:
1959:
1832:
1773:
1768:
1720:
1205:
1183:
893:
809:
694:
513:
413:
294:
157:
133:
10450:
8833:
6398:
Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association
5366:
5137:
1856:
847:
11557:
11493:
11445:
11402:
11295:
11196:
10574:
10380:
10151:
10111:
9868:
9853:
9699:
9050:
9025:
8948:
8928:
8901:
8852:
8804:
8768:
8722:
8666:
8661:
8641:
7661:
7539:
6692:
6391:"Documenting phonological change: A comparison of two Japanese phonemic splits"
5560:(JLPT), which features five levels of exams. The JLPT is offered twice a year.
5332:
5317:
5011:
4584:
2592:
The "r" of the Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an
2303:
1995:
1955:
1940:
1903:
1852:
1778:
1753:
1679:, a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding
1337:
911:, although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the
673:
are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no
544:
239:
7609:
Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology : Cultural Models and Real People
3123:
Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun
1836:
11572:
11455:
11367:
11356:
11125:
10989:
10745:
10259:
10091:
9970:
9490:
9236:
9215:
8933:
8785:
8729:
8597:
8587:
8563:
8553:
8543:
7859:
Dictionary of Languages: the Definitive Reference to More than 400 Languages.
7791:
7678:
7437:
7066:
6164:宝亀九年 十二月庚寅。玄蕃頭従五位上袁晋卿賜姓清村宿禰。晋卿唐人也。天平七年随我朝使帰朝。時年十八九。学得文選爾雅音。為大学音博士。於後。歴大学頭安房守。
6159:
6019:
5158:
As for kanji for personal names, the circumstances are somewhat complicated.
5120:
complete abolition of kanji and exclusive use of rōmaji were considered. The
5008:) and spread the use of Chinese characters during the 7th and 8th centuries.
4857:
4523:
4408:
4387:
4321:
3955:
2606:. The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced
2599:
2075:
1917:, and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration.
1867:
1844:
1758:
1606:
is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although
1436:
1408:
851:
328:
186:
137:
10698:
10470:
2872:
by itself would mean " are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence:
1610:
grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect.
1411:) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of
11547:
11523:
11466:
11332:
11160:
10979:
10504:
10492:
10487:
10465:
10460:
10455:
9983:
9475:
9304:
8869:
8763:
8707:
8676:
8671:
8484:
7048:
6218:"Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People"
6109:
5967:
5515:
5097:
4951:
4662:("made-in-Japan English") has become a prominent phenomenon. Words such as
4515:
3774:
3333:) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are
2864:
may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above,
2618:
2153:
1891:
1887:
1788:
1732:
1724:
1696:
1595:
1452:
1370:
1171:
1159:
1144:
875:
855:
843:
749:
scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters:
634:
567:
563:
191:
10715:
10542:
7878:
7358:
6190:
4491:) account for 8.8%, and the remaining 8.3% constitute hybridized words or
2047:
1715:). The survey was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244
586:(1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of
388:
10735:
10499:
9530:
8758:
6887:"Exclusive: From Internment Camp to MacArthur's Aide in Rebuilding Japan"
6142:
6125:
5550:
4834:
4615:
4599:
and the reopening of Japan in the 19th century, words were borrowed from
4565:
4519:
3840:
2196:
2087:
2070:
2052:
1448:
1386:
1217:
736:
638:
10569:
1125:
11392:
10757:
10659:
10607:
10520:
9806:
9559:
9525:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9205:
6195:
6080:
6052:
5614:
5534:
4658:
4592:
4432:
4213:
2964:
This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as
2666:
2626:
2133:
2080:
1914:
1763:
1743:
1661:
1644:
1444:
1329:
1187:
646:
619:
7241:
5438:
5421:
5404:
5349:
2169:
11482:
10785:
10629:
10619:
10179:
10023:
9339:
9268:
9248:
9190:
7808:
Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese I: Inflection.
5538:
5216:
5195:
5093:
5074:
4539:
4193:
3163:) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g.
2545:
2494:
2110:
1910:
1669:
1586:
was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then
1432:
1424:
1420:
742:
575:
559:, but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance.
397:
381:
363:
345:
9739:
9210:
9195:
8439:
8378:
7444:("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"),
7036:
4334:
There are three main sources of words in the Japanese language: the
1286:, though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting
880:
9504:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9102:
8943:
7233:
7218:
Vance, Timothy J. (April 1993). "Are Japanese Particles Clitics?".
6865:
Yamagiwa, Joseph K. (1967). "On Dialect Intelligibility in Japan".
5975:
5542:
5211:
5199:
5185:
5089:
5085:
5070:
5066:
5024:
5020:
4731:
4552:, a type of fish) are well-known examples of words of Ainu origin.
4544:
4531:
4479:
4329:
2173:
2165:
1602:, although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language).
1536:
772:
752:
615:
610:
period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of
587:
465:
316:
269:
265:
11476:
9619:
7819:
Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese II: Syntax.
7189:"Kanji and Homophones Part I – Does Japanese have too few sounds?"
5105:
counting, but kanji numerals are still used in compounds, such as
11488:
11415:
11410:
10296:
10184:
9596:
9535:
9152:
6075:
5989:
5546:
4792:
4768:
4747:
4735:
4507:
4411:
words"), which in scholarly contexts is sometimes referred to as
2861:
2817:("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by the particle
1874:), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the
1716:
1535:
from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see
1213:
461:
38:
7096:
6468:
5016:
4988:
before the 5th century AD. Using this script, the Japanese king
4522:
words. A small number of words have come into Japanese from the
3411:), for inanimate and animate things, respectively. For example,
11498:
11420:
11397:
11382:
11337:
10671:
9614:
9147:
9115:
7703:
7701:
7699:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6665:(in Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors.
6425:
5132:(kanji for general use) scheme arose as a compromise solution.
5045:
4985:
4796:
4776:
4739:
4588:
4549:
4288:
is generally used for words of native Japanese origin, whereas
4276:
in the Japanese language may be made polite by the addition of
3873:
3714:
3286:) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker:
2614:, in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects.
1895:
1614:
1440:
1428:
1412:
1400:
1374:
1345:
1036:
has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo
922:
914:
904:
611:
595:
8248:
6476:"IBGE traça perfil dos imigrantes – Imigração – Made in Japan"
4842:
4510:
origin in Japanese, with Japanese having a rich collection of
3274:) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle
2577:; however, now and are distinct, as evidenced by words like
11472:
11322:
11318:
10327:
9609:
9157:
9120:
8389:
8328:
Vovin, Alexander (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language".
8293:(revised English ed.). Tokyo: Methodist publishing house
8274:(revised English ed.). Tokyo: Methodist publishing house
8077:
Is Japanese Related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?
7436:, Centre for the Pacific Islands, 7–10 February 2005; citing
6429:
5530:
5062:
4784:
4743:
4723:
4719:
4713:
3230:
in English. For others that represent a change of state, the
3183:). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus
1848:
1665:
1618:
1382:
1378:
1341:
1155:, which remained in common use until the early 20th century.
1130:
937:
826:
Japanese writing system § History of the Japanese script
723:
603:
517:
323:
253:
123:
82:
7741:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Japanese (Nihongo)"
7696:
6853:
6454:). However, very few Japanese speakers were recorded in the
1321:"Standard Japanese" redirects here. For other dialects, see
9167:
6922:. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp.
6804:"1958 Census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands"
6777:
Long, Daniel; Imamura, Keisuke; Tmodrang, Masaharu (2013).
5258:
4788:
4780:
4727:
4273:
1478:
of the country. There is a form of the language considered
1443:, where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and
1435:, where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry), the
1416:
1332:(which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese, the
261:
8208:
Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin
8098:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119.
7442:
Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite
3309:
Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example,
3211:"friend" is considered singular, although plural in form.
2942:
grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese:
948:. Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of
464:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
75:
8430:
7683:"Sotomayor, Denzel Washington, GE CEO Speak to Graduates"
6575:
5231:), and "supermarket" has been adapted and shortened into
1990:. At the fringe, some linguists have suggested a link to
599:
8379:
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
7432:
First International Small Island Cultures Conference at
6526:"Japanese – Source Census 2000, Summary File 3, STP 258"
6424:
Japanese is listed as one of the official languages of
6284:
6260:
5198:. Hiragana can also be written in a superscript called
2660:
The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and
1162:
developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of
7004:
6607:
The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia – Google Books
6272:
5522:
were able to read, write and understand the language.
2584:
2578:
2557:
2013:
Other theories view the Japanese language as an early
1633:
1262:), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out (
1166:. These included phonemic length distinction for both
794:
770:
750:
86:
7709:"Survey Report on Japanese-Language Education Abroad"
7108:
5027:
in the center and Romanized equivalents at the bottom
1851:
dialect in particular is associated with comedy (see
618:
from European languages increased significantly, and
566:
texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the
9978:
7016:
6576:"Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data"
6478:. Madeinjapan.uol.com.br. 2008-06-21. Archived from
5957:
4980:
Literacy was introduced to Japan in the form of the
4681:, "to be in a rut", "to have a one-track mind") and
6776:
2693:, and are only differentiated by the tone contour.
516:. It has around 120 million speakers, primarily in
8096:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
7221:Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese
6227:
5246:
4559:in Japanese. Like Latin-derived words in English,
4503:) that draw elements from more than one language.
3773:The grammatical function of nouns is indicated by
3379:verb. It corresponds approximately to the English
3337:-adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g.
1186:. This had the effect of changing Japanese into a
850:inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern
37:"Nihongo" redirects here. Not to be confused with
7915:
7084:
6720:"Opening up to difference: The dialect dialectic"
6250:
4708:(remote control) in the same way as in Japanese.
4568:would best be translated by a Yamato equivalent.
4137:is not unique, or may be part of a larger group.
3238:means "They have come (and are still here)", but
1835:in mountain villages or isolated islands such as
1103:conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in
11570:
8048:Mizutani, Osamu; & Mizutani, Nobuko (1987).
6946:
3575:adjectives, which are followed by a form of the
2734:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1886:, a writing style that was prevalent during the
1328:Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the
1147:, from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the
7947:
7102:
6940:
6551:"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table"
5479:
5462:
5429:
5412:
5395:
5374:
5357:
5340:
5339:for men) and sentence-final particles (such as
5323:
5279:
5262:
4634:
4619:
3135:) may refer to a single book or several books;
2684:
1652:Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of
1573:
1555:
1528:
941:for their phonetic as well as semantic values.
721:
485:
8053:
8005:
7989:(pp. 417–444). New York: Academic Press.
7693:C-SPAN (US). 30 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-30
7499:
7461:
6162:
6146:
6129:
6049:words derived from Japanese in other languages
5486:
5469:
5436:
5419:
5402:
5381:
5364:
5347:
5330:
5315:
5286:
5269:
5237:
5225:
5107:
5088:into Japanese and a number of native Japanese
5043:
5003:
4997:
4757:
4686:
4667:
4641:
4626:
4497:
4485:
4459:
4447:
4425:
4417:
4401:
4393:
4376:
4364:
4352:
4340:
4234:
4222:
4206:
4082:
4058:
4032:
4012:
3984:
3964:
3944:
3918:
3881:
3849:
3829:
3807:
3787:
3760:
3730:
3668:
3656:
3623:
3606:
3591:
3562:
3547:
3534:
3515:
3504:
3493:
3485:
3462:
3343:
3327:
3321:) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes
3315:
3300:
3280:
3268:
3256:
3234:form indicates a perfect aspect. For example,
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3101:
3086:
3078:
3054:
3042:
3030:
2994:
2982:
2970:
2948:
2918:
2906:
2890:
2878:
2843:
2807:
2678:
2652:
2646:
2636:
2630:
1648:Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages
1567:
1549:
1522:
1501:
1488:
1158:During this time, Japanese underwent numerous
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
920:
912:
885:
799:
784:
778:
764:
758:
730:
479:
64:
56:
10312:
10039:
9755:
8455:
8287:Rudolf Lange (1907). Christopher Noss (ed.).
8268:Rudolf Lange (1903). Christopher Noss (ed.).
7158:"Does Japanese have an Austronesian stratum?"
6112:
3222:form indicates a continuous (or progressive)
3118:
2556:and realized phonetically as , approximately
1143:Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the
8286:
8267:
7834:(pp. 25–56). New York: Academic Press.
6616:. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-07.
4583:in the 16th century, followed by words from
4555:Words of different origins occupy different
3175:, usually written with an iteration mark as
1290:"good morning"; this ending is also seen in
1071:("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern
8330:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
8037:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
7948:Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Hirano, Umeyo (1978).
7284:"Yamato Kotoba: The REAL Japanese Language"
6131:持統五年 九月己巳朔壬申。賜音博士大唐続守言。薩弘恪。書博士百済末士善信、銀人二十両。
3391:(polite). This comes into use because only
2794:that identify their grammatical functions.
1894:. The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by
1731:Intelligibility to students from Tokyo and
1672:inventories, although this is less common.
1226:). Among other sound changes, the sequence
846:), replacing the languages of the original
10319:
10305:
10046:
10032:
9762:
9748:
8462:
8448:
7883:
7540:"How did katakana and hiragana originate?"
7450:Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan
6821:
6314:
6290:
6266:
4841:
4611:. Today most borrowings are from English.
4506:There are also a great number of words of
3912:is more commonly used for the lative case.
3430:) is often used to make verbs from nouns (
1847:are spoken or known by many Japanese, and
1687:) to students from Greater Tokyo were the
1664:, and particle usage. Some even differ in
1364:
838:, the common ancestor of the Japanese and
74:
8337:
8141:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8136:
7890:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7259:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
7155:
7114:
7037:"Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system"
6972:
6829:"2005 Census of Population & Housing"
6342:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.003.0003
5303:are different in various ways, including
3876:case, indicating a motion to a location.
3453:There are three types of adjectives (see
2765:Learn how and when to remove this message
1399:(the largest of which are to be found in
1389:, and various Pacific islands, locals in
1111:remains in intentionally archaic speech.
8074:
7810:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7022:
7010:
6864:
6751:. Pacific Digital Library. Article XII.
6330:Labrune, Laurence (2012). "Consonants".
5126:("common use kanji"), originally called
5010:
4802:list of English words of Japanese origin
4473:comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary,
4101:, sushi is good." The nominative marker
2046:
2030:
1643:
1309:("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from
1124:
1114:
879:
11589:Languages attested from the 8th century
10592:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
8249:Rudolf Lange, Christopher Noss (1903).
8167:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
8165:An introduction to Japanese linguistics
8030:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
7766:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
7621:
7606:
7537:
6915:
6717:
6503:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from
6329:
3615:, also called true adjectives, such as
3107:, "teacher"), but inappropriate to use
2957:Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta.
1927:Classification of the Japonic languages
1890:, but began to decline during the late
1407:data, more than the 1.2 million of the
1193:
633:-timed language with relatively simple
541:attempts to group the Japonic languages
458:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
11571:
10053:
8339:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277
8305:
8102:
7972:The structure of the Japanese language
7647:
7281:
6885:Stuky, Natalie-Kyoko (8 August 2015).
6755:from the original on 24 September 2015
6310:
6308:
6278:
5042:An example of this mixed style is the
4477:make up 33.8%, other foreign words or
2544:Some Japanese consonants have several
1564:was different from colloquial language
1546:Formerly, standard Japanese in writing
1178:) and labial consonant clusters (e.g.
10300:
10027:
9769:
9743:
8469:
8443:
8327:
8201:
8093:
7861:New York: Columbia University Press.
7643:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7581:from the original on 19 November 2016
7217:
7090:
7034:
6884:
6883:See the comments of George Kizaki in
6809:. The Office of the High Commissioner
6749:"Constitution of the State of Angaur"
6741:
6686:
6684:
6669:from the original on 25 December 2018
5591:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5571:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5057:Over time, a writing system evolved.
3147:) can mean "person" or "people", and
3064:. Similarly, different words such as
2782:Japanese word order is classified as
2777:
2056:
2051:The vowels of Standard Japanese on a
1859:are associated with typical farmers.
1254:begins to reduce onto the verb (e.g.
952:for each of the morae now pronounced
531:The Japonic family also includes the
493:
102:
8396:
8384:Japanese Language Student's Handbook
8313:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
8190:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
8188:The handbook of Japanese linguistics
8002:Handbook of modern Japanese grammar:
7919:Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects
7916:Frellesvig, B.; Whitman, J. (2008).
7611:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7568:
7311:
7254:
6897:from the original on 18 October 2015
6388:
6215:
5278:and the one used by males is called
4117:Note: The subtle difference between
3502:"to be hot") which can become past (
2868:would mean " noses are long", while
2706:
1839:, whose dialects are descended from
1427:(especially in the eastern states),
892:, the oldest anthology of classical
665:of words, and sentence structure is
649:length, and a lexically significant
574:entered the language, affecting the
7721:from the original on 7 January 2019
6947:Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014).
6834:. Bureau of Budget & Planning.
6690:
6305:
5502:
4248:in polite form, but is replaced by
4212:) (polite language) is commonly an
1634:Dialects and mutual intelligibility
1381:, as well as partial occupation of
520:, the only country where it is the
24:
10768:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
10326:
9805:
8290:A text-book of colloquial Japanese
8252:A Text-book of Colloquial Japanese
8242:
7887:A history of the Japanese language
7650:Journal of Linguistic Anthropology
7634:
7593:
7263:from the original on July 20, 2009
6973:Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2011-12-20).
6841:from the original on 24 April 2014
6681:
6184:
5579:
5558:Japanese Language Proficiency Test
3532:adjective, which can become past (
1862:The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in
1691:dialect (in the deep mountains of
1495:, meaning "standard Japanese", or
1462:
1316:
1242:is reintroduced from Chinese; and
705:are also conjugated. Japanese has
25:
11615:
10635:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)
8372:
8186:Tsujimura, Natsuko (Ed.) (1999).
8094:Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese".
7338:Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan
6951:. The Japan Times. Archived from
5518:; in 1940, only 65 Americans not
4807:
2528:
2512:
2505:
2475:
2459:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2410:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2344:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2291:
2282:
2271:
2263:
2256:
2140:
2124:
2115:
2101:
2092:
1920:
1373:, through Japanese annexation of
1353:(short for "personal computer"),
1282:, where modern Japanese just has
508:is the principal language of the
11553:
11552:
11541:
8422:
8405:
8000:McClain, Yoko Matsuoka. (1981).
7550:from the original on 5 July 2017
7199:from the original on 18 May 2021
6699:from the original on 2 July 2017
6693:"What is Japanese pitch accent?"
6588:from the original on 1 July 2021
6201:
5974:
5960:
5613:Problems playing this file? See
5595:
5141:("education kanji", a subset of
5031:At first, the Japanese wrote in
2797:The basic sentence structure is
2711:
2197:compressed rather than protruded
2164:, a repeated vowel character in
1935:family, which also includes the
1855:). Dialects of Tōhoku and North
1067:) is preserved in words such as
862:with the Ryukyuan languages and
543:with other families such as the
8311:A reference grammar of Japanese
8229:from the original on 2020-08-23
8075:Robbeets, Martine Irma (2005).
7936:from the original on 2022-03-27
7904:from the original on 2022-03-27
7783:
7772:from the original on 2021-03-16
7758:
7747:from the original on 2022-01-07
7733:
7668:
7615:
7562:
7531:
7520:from the original on 2021-04-15
7493:
7482:from the original on 2020-12-09
7455:
7414:
7393:
7372:
7351:
7330:
7305:
7294:from the original on 2016-05-31
7275:
7248:
7211:
7181:
7170:from the original on 2021-11-03
7149:
7138:from the original on 2019-02-19
7120:
7073:from the original on 2022-03-27
7028:
6993:from the original on 2021-11-15
6966:
6909:
6877:
6770:
6730:from the original on 2020-06-17
6711:
6653:
6636:
6619:
6600:
6568:
6557:from the original on 2013-12-03
6543:
6532:from the original on 2012-12-21
6518:
6493:
6418:
6407:from the original on 2019-12-12
6382:
6369:
6358:from the original on 2021-10-27
6153:
6136:
6119:
6103:
6010:Japanese language and computers
5563:
5247:Gender in the Japanese language
4156:often means the subject is the
3358:Asagohan o tabete sugu dekakeru
2853:"elephant", and the subject is
2625:and either the first part of a
2534:
1613:The 1982 state constitution of
1336:standard Japanese had been the
869:
570:(794–1185), extensive waves of
11121:Agriculture, forestry, fishing
7801:
6779:The Japanese Language in Palau
6389:Hall, Kathleen Currie (2013).
6323:
6296:
6209:
6148:持統六年 十二月辛酉朔甲戌。賜音博士続守言。薩弘恪水田人四町
6113:
5456:
5253:Gender differences in Japanese
5215:, like hiragana, constitute a
5073:which were developed based on
4571:Incorporating vocabulary from
4518:for physical sounds, and more
2152:Japanese has five vowels, and
1346:Japan's self-imposed isolation
1107:)); and the genitive particle
1056:before the end of the period.
707:a complex system of honorifics
612:Japan's self-imposed isolation
13:
1:
11604:Subject–object–verb languages
8137:Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990).
8105:A History of Writing in Japan
8050:How to be polite in Japanese:
6718:Pulvers, Roger (2006-05-23).
6251:Frellesvig & Whitman 2008
6216:Wade, Nicholas (4 May 2011).
6173:
6089:History of writing in Vietnam
6055:, Knowledge's sibling project
6035:Japanese Sign Language family
5096:: hiragana and katakana. The
4315:
4175:
3781:. These include for example:
2202:
1397:Japanese emigrant communities
830:
535:and the variously classified
9885:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
9606:Kanji pronunciation sources
9380:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
8183:(pbk). Upper Level Textbooks
8125:. New York: Academic Press.
8121:Shibamoto, Janet S. (1985).
8103:Seeley, Christopher (1991).
8079:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
7974:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7500:Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2007).
7462:Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2002).
7282:Koichi (13 September 2011).
6553:. 2.statcan.ca. 2010-06-10.
6178:
4975:
4228:) (respectful language) and
4182:Honorific speech in Japanese
3513:"it was hot"), or negative (
3442:"to fly out, to flee", from
3419:" haven't got a good idea".
2020:
1931:Japanese is a member of the
1723:students who grew up in the
1621:, names Japanese along with
7:
10709:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
10655:Abolition of the han system
9715:Speculative fiction writers
9274:Transcription into Japanese
8332:. Oxford University Press.
8163:Tsujimura, Natsuko (1996).
7884:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010).
7506:(in Japanese). Shogakukan.
7468:(in Japanese). Shogakukan.
7103:Kindaichi & Hirano 1978
6867:Anthropological Linguistics
6581:United States Census Bureau
6059:Classical Japanese language
5953:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5906:
5898:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5762:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5509:Japanese language education
5480:
5463:
5430:
5413:
5396:
5375:
5358:
5341:
5324:
5280:
5263:
5205:
5179:
5044:
4635:
4620:
2685:
2585:
2579:
2558:
1574:
1556:
1529:
1174:, palatal consonants (e.g.
1079:("to be audible") retain a
1032:
921:
913:
903:was imported to Japan from
886:
795:
771:
769:, 'simple characters') and
751:
722:
486:
87:
65:
10:
11620:
8633:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
8213:University of Hawaii Press
8011:. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press.
7714:. Japan Foundation. 2015.
7662:10.1525/jlin.2004.14.2.225
5506:
5261:used by females is called
5250:
4811:
4581:borrowings from Portuguese
4319:
4179:
3958:, or nominalizing phrases.
3119:Inflection and conjugation
3036:, literally "private") or
2988:"that side, yonder"), and
2803:Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu
2700:
2696:
2024:
1924:
1870:(administratively part of
1637:
1320:
1197:
1118:
873:
823:
819:
555:, and the now-discredited
36:
29:
11536:
11304:
11182:
11173:
11116:
11107:
11042:
10919:
10915:
10906:
10819:
10810:
10778:
10721:Japan during World War II
10691:
10600:
10538:Mongol invasions of Japan
10513:
10438:
10365:
10356:
10338:
10268:
10252:
10162:
10084:
10061:
9963:
9932:
9911:
9902:
9877:
9834:
9825:
9816:
9803:
9777:
9690:
9630:
9582:
9424:
9282:
9224:
9166:
9101:
9092:
9001:
8976:
8967:
8919:
8892:
8815:
8689:
8517:
8508:
8477:
8386:(archived 2 January 2010)
8123:Japanese women's language
8054:
8006:
7607:Okamoto, Shigeko (2004).
7035:Vovin, Alexander (2008).
6916:Coulmas, Florian (1989).
6630:October 19, 2014, at the
6333:The Phonology of Japanese
6163:
6147:
6130:
5487:
5470:
5437:
5420:
5403:
5382:
5365:
5348:
5331:
5316:
5287:
5270:
5238:
5226:
5108:
5015:Table of Kana (including
5004:
4998:
4758:
4687:
4668:
4656:In the past few decades,
4642:
4627:
4498:
4486:
4460:
4448:
4426:
4418:
4402:
4394:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4235:
4223:
4207:
4083:
4059:
4033:
4013:
3985:
3965:
3945:
3919:
3882:
3850:
3830:
3808:
3788:
3761:
3731:
3669:
3657:
3624:
3607:
3592:
3563:
3548:
3535:
3516:
3505:
3494:
3486:
3475:adjectives, which have a
3463:
3349:) "I did not eat bread".
3344:
3328:
3316:
3306:) "(What's your) name?".
3301:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3242:means "They are eating".
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3102:
3087:
3079:
3055:
3043:
3031:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2949:
2919:
2907:
2891:
2879:
2844:
2808:
2679:
2672:Japanese also includes a
2653:
2647:
2641:, represented as Q) or a
2637:
2631:
2527:
2042:
2004:Southeast Asian languages
1568:
1550:
1523:
1502:
1489:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
800:
789:, 'partial characters').
785:
779:
765:
759:
731:
653:. Word order is normally
480:
444:
430:
395:
379:
361:
343:
338:
307:Official language in
305:
300:
284:
236:
221:
179:
154:
144:
129:
119:
97:
73:
57:
53:
48:
10995:House of Representatives
10791:2019 imperial transition
10763:Great Hanshin earthquake
10731:Second Sino-Japanese War
10704:Japan during World War I
10163:Non-Indigenous languages
9500:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
8959:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
7677:commencement address at
7502:
7464:
7313:
6661:
6096:
6064:Romanization of Japanese
5527:Japanese popular culture
4994:Emperor Shun of Liu Song
4992:presented a petition to
4326:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
4252:in honorific speech and
3872:It is also used for the
3650:sentences. For example,
3450:"to put out, to emit").
3226:, similar to the suffix
3207:"we/us", while the word
3060:"oneself", "myself") or
3012:) grace") or Portuguese
2959:(grammatically correct)
2835:topic-prominent language
2720:This section includes a
2583:"Western-style tea" and
2172:succeeding the vowel in
1294:"congratulations", from
671:Sentence-final particles
620:words from English roots
572:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
30:Not to be confused with
27:Language spoken in Japan
11584:Agglutinative languages
10678:First Sino-Japanese War
9446:Godan and ichidan verbs
9264:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
7845:Dalby, Andrew. (2004).
7257:"The Japanese Language"
5151:. The official list of
4814:Japanese writing system
4300:'friend,' would become
3364:"May I go out?"), etc.
3250:is added. For example,
2788:Indo-European languages
2749:more precise citations.
2199:, or simply unrounded.
1992:Indo-European languages
1365:Geographic distribution
1223:Arte da Lingoa de Iapam
812:, but also traditional
714:Japanese writing system
539:. There have been many
510:Japonic language family
150:120 million (2020)
11146:Science and technology
10585:Council of Five Elders
10580:Azuchi–Momoyama period
9810:
8198:. Readings/Anthologies
8139:The languages of Japan
7795:, 2006-05-13, p. WP14.
7049:10.1075/cilt.294.11vov
6396:. In Luo, Shan (ed.).
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5871:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5584:
5028:
4982:Chinese writing system
4173:
4150:
3771:
3741:
3680:
3294:"(What about) this?";
2962:
2936:
2060:
2039:
1677:mutual intelligibility
1649:
1562:, "literary language")
1140:
1075:("to be visible") and
1063:(superseded by modern
901:Chinese writing system
896:
446:This article contains
11091:Deputy Prime Minister
10476:Asuka Kiyomihara Code
10013:Early Modern Japanese
9996:Early Middle Japanese
9809:
9551:Court lady language (
9021:Southern Amami Ōshima
8954:Yilan Creole Japanese
8028:The Japanese language
7970:Kuno, Susumu (1973).
7950:The Japanese Language
7538:Burlock, Ben (2017).
6979:. Tuttle Publishing.
6647:July 1, 2012, at the
6501:"American FactFinder"
6000:Japanese dictionaries
5583:
5305:first-person pronouns
5014:
4162:
4139:
3757:
3727:
3652:
3262:) "It is OK" becomes
2944:
2932:
2657:, represented as N).
2050:
2037:
1952:Martine Irma Robbeets
1647:
1598:are still written in
1471:in Japan, but is the
1340:, especially that of
1139:from the 11th century
1128:
1121:Early Middle Japanese
1115:Early Middle Japanese
1105:Early Modern Japanese
1046:Early Middle Japanese
883:
824:Further information:
614:in 1853, the flow of
608:Early Modern Japanese
580:Early Middle Japanese
207:Early Modern Japanese
197:Early Middle Japanese
11000:House of Councillors
10894:World Heritage Sites
10085:Indigenous languages
10008:Late Middle Japanese
9989:Eastern Old Japanese
9370:Small Kana Extension
8981:Eastern Old Japanese
8620:Northern Izu Islands
8033:Miller, Roy (1980).
8026:Miller, Roy (1967).
7569:Ager, Simon (2017).
7434:Kagoshima University
7348:Asia Society Museum.
6379:, Weatherhill, 1998.
6069:Hepburn romanization
6025:Japanese punctuation
4455:Shinsen Kokugo Jiten
4312:to show politeness.
4072:and (in most cases)
3717:, by following with
3446:"to fly, to jump" +
1841:Eastern Old Japanese
1200:Late Middle Japanese
1194:Late Middle Japanese
1099:(all verbs with the
1052:, which merges with
663:grammatical function
584:Late Middle Japanese
202:Late Middle Japanese
11017:Self-Defense Forces
8921:Pidgins and creoles
8358:"Japanese Language"
7827:, pp. 200–248.
7675:Beate Sirota Gordon
7624:Gender and Language
7571:"Japanese Hiragana"
7420:Heinrich, Patrick.
7312:金田一京, ed. (2001).
7255:Miyagawa, Shigeru.
6919:Language Adaptation
6662:法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」
6377:English in Japanese
6015:Japanese literature
5520:of Japanese descent
4467:Japanese dictionary
3600:"a strange person".
3543:"it was not hot").
3455:Japanese adjectives
2928:Japanese "pronouns"
2839:Zō wa hana ga nagai
2784:subject–object–verb
2604:lateral approximant
2064:
1837:Hachijō-jima island
1736:
1234:, in contrast with
703:Japanese adjectives
681:, and there are no
655:subject–object–verb
622:have proliferated.
590:. The basis of the
85:for Japanese (read
11599:Languages of Palau
11594:Languages of Japan
11151:Telecommunications
10683:Russo-Japanese War
10613:Tokugawa shogunate
10563:Nanboku-chō period
10558:Ashikaga shogunate
10531:Kamakura shogunate
10055:Languages of Japan
10001:Classical Japanese
9976:Peninsular Japonic
9811:
9722:Classical Japanese
9569:Gender differences
9405:Extended shinjitai
7853:2022-03-27 at the
7816:, pp. 97–130.
7768:. United Nations.
7743:. United Nations.
7689:2011-06-23 at the
7465:韓国人の日本偽史―日本人はビックリ!
7428:2011-05-16 at the
7407:2016-03-04 at the
7386:2009-05-01 at the
7365:2012-05-10 at the
7344:2016-03-03 at the
7195:. 8 January 2017.
7156:Ann Kumar (1996).
6612:2020-01-14 at the
6461:2008-02-16 at the
6450:2021-02-03 at the
6445:CIA World Factbook
6439:2007-10-01 at the
6223:The New York Times
6040:Japanesepod101.com
6030:Japanese profanity
5585:
5059:Chinese characters
5037:Ryukyuan languages
5029:
4651:classical compound
4573:European languages
4260:in humble speech.
3665:"The rice is hot."
3524:"it is not hot").
3422:The verb "to do" (
3111:. This is because
2778:Sentence structure
2722:list of references
2627:geminate consonant
2063:
2061:
2040:
2027:Japanese phonology
1937:Ryukyuan languages
1884:Classical Japanese
1843:. Dialects of the
1730:
1713:Okayama Prefecture
1681:Ryūkyūan languages
1650:
1627:South Seas Mandate
1457:Province of Laguna
1357:("internet"), and
1153:Classical Japanese
1141:
897:
840:Ryukyuan languages
741:, with two unique
718:Chinese characters
675:grammatical number
588:European loanwords
533:Ryukyuan languages
258:Chinese characters
11579:Japanese language
11566:
11565:
11532:
11531:
11281:Sexual minorities
11169:
11168:
11103:
11102:
11099:
11098:
11012:Political parties
10951:Foreign relations
10902:
10901:
10806:
10805:
10796:COVID-19 pandemic
10665:Satsuma Rebellion
10650:Meiji Restoration
10548:Kenmu Restoration
10408:Foreign relations
10294:
10293:
10281:Amami Oshima Sign
10062:National language
10021:
10020:
9959:
9958:
9955:
9954:
9898:
9897:
9790:Japanese dialects
9771:Japonic languages
9737:
9736:
9441:Verb conjugations
9420:
9419:
9088:
9087:
8969:Japonic languages
8915:
8914:
8907:Okinawan Japanese
8471:Japanese language
8349:978-0-19-938465-5
8307:Martin, Samuel E.
8222:978-0-8248-3278-0
8114:978-90-04-09081-1
8107:. Leiden: BRILL.
8086:978-3-447-05247-4
7987:Subject and topic
7963:978-0-8048-1579-6
7954:Tuttle Publishing
7929:978-90-272-4809-1
7897:978-0-521-65320-6
7871:978-0-231-11569-8
7867:978-0-231-11568-1
7832:Subject and topic
7513:978-4-09-387703-9
7475:978-4-09-402716-7
7411:JapanVisitor.com.
7193:Kuwashii Japanese
7105:, pp. 30–31.
7058:978-90-272-4809-1
6986:978-1-4629-0266-8
6933:978-0-521-36255-9
6351:978-0-19-954583-4
6281:, pp. 25–31.
6199:(27th ed., 2024)
5600:
5568:Article 1 of the
5116:("unification").
5033:Classical Chinese
4973:
4972:
4597:Meiji Restoration
4160:of the sentence.
4095:sushi ga ii desu.
3739:"become strange",
3415:"There's a cat",
3339:Pan o tabenakatta
3288:Dōshite konai-no?
3004:(contracted from
2955:Transliteration:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2589:"social status".
2542:
2541:
2150:
2149:
2035:
1988:Malayo-Polynesian
1900:Okinawan Japanese
1829:
1828:
1705:Kagoshima dialect
1701:Toyama Prefecture
1693:Nagano Prefecture
1640:Japanese dialects
1518:Meiji Restoration
1476:national language
1451:(particularly in
1323:Japanese dialects
1164:Chinese loanwords
1149:literary standard
1136:The Tale of Genji
909:Classical Chinese
864:Japanese dialects
526:Japanese diaspora
524:, and within the
522:national language
495:[ɲihoŋɡo]
472:
471:
454:rendering support
450:phonetic symbols.
408: excluding
229:Japanese dialects
104:[ɲihoŋɡo]
32:Javanese language
16:(Redirected from
11611:
11556:
11555:
11548:Japan portal
11546:
11545:
11544:
11461:National symbols
11180:
11179:
11114:
11113:
10917:
10916:
10913:
10912:
10817:
10816:
10751:Economic miracle
10553:Muromachi period
10363:
10362:
10321:
10314:
10307:
10298:
10297:
10253:Creole languages
10048:
10041:
10034:
10025:
10024:
9980:
9909:
9908:
9832:
9831:
9823:
9822:
9764:
9757:
9750:
9741:
9740:
9680:Polivanov system
9541:Honorific speech
9436:Japanese grammar
9099:
9098:
8974:
8973:
8515:
8514:
8464:
8457:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8431:Japanese edition
8427:
8426:
8425:
8418:
8410:
8409:
8408:
8398:
8368:
8366:
8365:
8353:
8341:
8324:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8203:Vovin, Alexander
8152:
8133:. Graduate Level
8118:
8099:
8090:
8058:
8057:
8056:
8010:
8009:
8008:
7967:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7912:
7910:
7909:
7796:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7720:
7713:
7705:
7694:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7645:
7632:
7631:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7604:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7459:
7453:
7418:
7412:
7401:History of Japan
7397:
7391:
7376:
7370:
7355:
7349:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7169:
7162:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7094:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6862:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6760:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6688:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6657:
6651:
6640:
6634:
6623:
6617:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6512:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6472:
6466:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6395:
6386:
6380:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6327:
6321:
6312:
6303:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6231:
6226:. Archived from
6213:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6188:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6107:
6005:Japanese exonyms
5995:Culture of Japan
5984:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5602:
5601:
5582:
5549:(38.7%) and the
5503:Non-native study
5494:
5492:
5491:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5266:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5049:
5007:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4845:
4822:
4821:
4818:Japanese Braille
4762:
4761:
4760:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4566:Anglo-Saxon word
4502:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:or infrequently
4398:
4397:
4396:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4169:yonjū-ni sai da.
4146:yonjū-ni sai da.
4109:is hidden under
4090:
4089:
4088:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:will (you) eat?"
4040:
4039:
4038:
4017:
4016:
4015:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3864:"Please give it
3857:
3856:
3855:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3743:and by changing
3735:
3734:
3733:
3698:"so-called" and
3677:"He's strange."
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3632:"that mountain".
3628:
3627:
3626:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3417:Ii kangae-ga nai
3375:(polite) is the
3348:
3347:
3346:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3197:Tanaka-san-tachi
3182:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:, more formally
3083:
3082:
3081:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2896:) " jealous !".
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2745:this section by
2736:inline citations
2715:
2714:
2707:
2703:Japanese grammar
2692:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2613:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2537:
2531:
2516:
2509:
2479:
2463:
2451:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2348:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2295:
2286:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2144:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2096:
2065:
2062:
2036:
1945:language isolate
1933:Japonic language
1833:language islands
1737:
1729:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1467:Japanese has no
1288:o-hayō gozaimasu
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1210:Muromachi period
1184:closed syllables
1055:
1051:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
986:
981:
980:
975:
974:
969:
968:
963:
962:
957:
956:
926:
918:
891:
884:A page from the
814:Chinese numerals
803:
802:
798:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
740:
734:
733:
727:
689:, primarily for
592:standard dialect
537:Hachijō language
507:
505:
504:
503:
497:
491:
483:
482:
440:
426: Japanesic
425:
407:
391:
384:
375:
374:
366:
357:
356:
348:
290:
276:Japanese Braille
242:
160:
115:
114:
113:
112:
106:
90:
78:
68:
62:
61:
60:
59:
46:
45:
21:
11619:
11618:
11614:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11542:
11540:
11528:
11348:Class S (genre)
11300:
11276:Sex trafficking
11251:Life expectancy
11187:Anti-monarchism
11165:
11095:
11038:
11005:List of members
10985:Law enforcement
10898:
10802:
10774:
10726:Mukden Incident
10687:
10645:Meiji oligarchy
10625:Empire of Japan
10596:
10526:Kamakura period
10509:
10434:
10352:
10334:
10325:
10295:
10290:
10264:
10248:
10232:Zainichi Korean
10158:
10080:
10057:
10052:
10022:
10017:
9951:
9928:
9894:
9873:
9812:
9801:
9773:
9768:
9738:
9733:
9686:
9631:Transliteration
9626:
9602:Sound symbolism
9578:
9560:Role language (
9519:from Portuguese
9451:Irregular verbs
9429:
9427:
9416:
9365:Kana Supplement
9360:Kana Extended-B
9355:Kana Extended-A
9278:
9254:Historical kana
9220:
9162:
9141:by stroke count
9132:Kanji radicals
9126:by stroke count
9084:
8997:
8963:
8939:Hawaiian Creole
8911:
8888:
8811:
8685:
8504:
8473:
8468:
8438:
8428:
8423:
8421:
8417:from Wiktionary
8411:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8397:sister projects
8394:at Knowledge's
8375:
8363:
8361:
8356:
8350:
8321:
8296:
8294:
8277:
8275:
8258:
8256:
8245:
8243:Further reading
8240:
8232:
8230:
8223:
8149:
8115:
8087:
8061:The Japan Times
8052:
8004:
7964:
7939:
7937:
7930:
7907:
7905:
7898:
7855:Wayback Machine
7804:
7799:
7788:
7784:
7775:
7773:
7764:
7763:
7759:
7750:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7697:
7691:Wayback Machine
7681:, 14 May 2011.
7673:
7669:
7646:
7635:
7620:
7616:
7605:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7567:
7563:
7553:
7551:
7536:
7532:
7523:
7521:
7514:
7504:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7483:
7476:
7466:
7460:
7456:
7452:), Vols. 26/27.
7430:Wayback Machine
7419:
7415:
7409:Wayback Machine
7398:
7394:
7388:Wayback Machine
7377:
7373:
7369:JapanGuide.com.
7367:Wayback Machine
7356:
7352:
7346:Wayback Machine
7335:
7331:
7324:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7297:
7295:
7280:
7276:
7266:
7264:
7253:
7249:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7141:
7139:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7113:
7109:
7101:
7097:
7089:
7085:
7076:
7074:
7059:
7033:
7029:
7021:
7017:
7009:
7005:
6996:
6994:
6987:
6971:
6967:
6958:
6956:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6914:
6910:
6900:
6898:
6891:The Daily Beast
6882:
6878:
6863:
6854:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6771:
6758:
6756:
6747:
6746:
6742:
6733:
6731:
6724:The Japan Times
6716:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6695:. Ben Bullock.
6689:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6649:Wayback Machine
6641:
6637:
6632:Wayback Machine
6624:
6620:
6614:Wayback Machine
6605:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6560:
6558:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6535:
6533:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6510:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6485:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6463:Wayback Machine
6452:Wayback Machine
6441:Wayback Machine
6423:
6419:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6374:
6370:
6361:
6359:
6352:
6328:
6324:
6315:Frellesvig 2010
6313:
6306:
6301:
6297:
6291:Frellesvig 2010
6289:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6267:Frellesvig 2010
6265:
6261:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6214:
6210:
6200:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6158:
6154:
6141:
6137:
6124:
6120:
6108:
6104:
6099:
5982:Language portal
5980:
5973:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5951:
5940:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5637:
5629:
5620:
5619:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5586:
5580:
5566:
5511:
5505:
5484:
5467:
5459:
5434:
5417:
5400:
5379:
5362:
5345:
5328:
5284:
5267:
5255:
5249:
5236:
5224:
5208:
5182:
5106:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4853:
4820:
4812:Main articles:
4810:
4756:
4685:
4666:
4639:
4624:
4587:during Japan's
4512:sound symbolism
4496:
4484:
4457:
4446:
4424:
4416:
4400:
4392:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4332:
4320:Main articles:
4318:
4233:
4221:
4205:
4184:
4178:
4081:
4057:
4031:
4024:accusative case
4011:
3983:
3963:
3943:
3917:
3880:
3848:
3828:
3806:
3799:nominative case
3786:
3759:
3751:in the case of
3729:
3721:in the case of
3679:
3675:Kare wa hen da.
3667:
3666:
3663:Gohan ga atsui.
3655:
3622:
3605:
3590:
3583:. For example,
3561:
3546:
3533:
3514:
3503:
3492:
3484:
3461:
3362:Dekakete-mo ii?
3342:
3326:
3314:
3299:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3121:
3100:
3085:
3077:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3010:majestic plural
2993:
2981:
2969:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2917:
2905:
2902:oshiete moratta
2889:
2877:
2842:
2831:Tanaka-san desu
2806:
2801:. For example,
2780:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2740:
2726:related reading
2716:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2689:
2677:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2224:
2205:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2055:. Adapted from
2045:
2038:Spoken Japanese
2031:
2029:
2023:
2015:creole language
1929:
1923:
1831:There are some
1774:Maniwa, Okayama
1769:Kanagi, Shimane
1721:Keio University
1685:Tōhoku dialects
1656:, inflectional
1642:
1636:
1565:
1547:
1520:
1499:
1486:
1469:official status
1465:
1463:Official status
1431:(especially in
1391:those countries
1367:
1326:
1319:
1317:Modern Japanese
1206:Kamakura period
1202:
1196:
1129:A 12th-century
1123:
1117:
1043:
1039:
894:Japanese poetry
878:
872:
833:
828:
822:
810:Arabic numerals
728:
625:Japanese is an
602:region (modern
594:moved from the
514:Japanese people
499:
498:
477:
452:Without proper
436:
421:
420:
403:
387:
380:
370:
369:
362:
352:
351:
344:
334:
326:
308:
301:Official status
295:Signed Japanese
291:
286:
280:
243:
238:
217:
182:
175:
161:
158:Language family
156:
147:
146:Native speakers
108:
107:
101:
93:
92:
55:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Modern Japanese
15:
12:
11:
5:
11617:
11607:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11550:
11537:
11534:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11491:
11486:
11479:
11470:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11448:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11405:
11403:Henohenomoheji
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11370:
11365:
11360:
11350:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11316:
11310:
11308:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11183:
11177:
11171:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11117:
11111:
11105:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11094:
11093:
11088:
11087:
11086:
11079:Prime Minister
11076:
11071:
11069:Foreign policy
11066:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11048:
11046:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11036:
11035:
11034:
11029:
11024:
11014:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10965:
10964:
10963:
10953:
10948:
10946:Imperial House
10943:
10942:
10941:
10931:
10926:
10920:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10854:Extreme points
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10820:
10814:
10808:
10807:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10793:
10782:
10780:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10765:
10755:
10754:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10713:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10695:
10693:
10689:
10688:
10686:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10669:
10668:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10594:
10589:
10588:
10587:
10582:
10575:Sengoku period
10572:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10560:
10550:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10523:
10517:
10515:
10514:Post-Classical
10511:
10510:
10508:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10496:
10495:
10485:
10484:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10442:
10440:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10378:
10369:
10367:
10360:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10350:
10345:
10339:
10336:
10335:
10324:
10323:
10316:
10309:
10301:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10272:
10270:
10269:Sign languages
10266:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10256:
10254:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10246:
10240:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10198:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10172:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10099:
10094:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10077:
10076:
10065:
10063:
10059:
10058:
10051:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10028:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10004:
10003:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9981:
9973:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9938:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9921:
9915:
9913:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9887:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9849:Southern Amami
9846:
9840:
9838:
9829:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9799:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9781:
9779:
9775:
9774:
9767:
9766:
9759:
9752:
9744:
9735:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9707:
9702:
9696:
9694:
9688:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9634:
9632:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9588:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9577:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9557:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9502:
9497:
9491:Native words (
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9430:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9414:
9413:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9344:
9343:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9228:
9226:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9172:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9118:
9113:
9107:
9105:
9096:
9094:Writing system
9090:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9007:
9005:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8983:
8977:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8949:Pseudo-Chinese
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8929:Bamboo English
8925:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8902:Amami Japanese
8898:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8856:
8855:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8823:
8821:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8697:
8695:
8687:
8686:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8681:
8680:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8639:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8616:
8615:
8610:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8575:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8531:
8525:
8523:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8467:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8444:
8437:
8436:
8419:
8390:
8388:
8387:
8381:
8374:
8373:External links
8371:
8370:
8369:
8354:
8348:
8325:
8319:
8303:
8284:
8265:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8221:
8199:
8184:
8161:
8147:
8134:
8119:
8113:
8100:
8091:
8085:
8072:
8046:
8031:
8024:
7998:
7983:
7968:
7962:
7945:
7928:
7913:
7896:
7881:
7843:
7828:
7817:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7782:
7757:
7732:
7695:
7667:
7656:(2): 225–247.
7633:
7614:
7592:
7561:
7544:sci.lang.japan
7530:
7512:
7492:
7474:
7454:
7413:
7392:
7371:
7350:
7329:
7322:
7304:
7274:
7247:
7234:10.2307/489122
7210:
7180:
7148:
7119:
7115:Shibatani 1990
7107:
7095:
7083:
7057:
7041:Proto-Japanese
7027:
7015:
7003:
6985:
6965:
6939:
6932:
6908:
6876:
6873:(1): 4, 5, 18.
6852:
6820:
6795:
6769:
6740:
6710:
6691:Bullock, Ben.
6680:
6652:
6635:
6618:
6599:
6567:
6542:
6517:
6492:
6467:
6417:
6381:
6375:Miura, Akira,
6368:
6350:
6322:
6304:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6243:
6208:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6152:
6135:
6118:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6056:
6045:Japanese words
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5971:
5955:
5952:
5934:
5926:
5918:
5910:
5902:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5846:
5838:
5830:
5822:
5814:
5806:
5798:
5790:
5782:
5774:
5766:
5758:
5750:
5742:
5734:
5726:
5718:
5710:
5702:
5694:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5662:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5610:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5565:
5562:
5507:Main article:
5504:
5501:
5458:
5455:
5322:for women and
5251:Main article:
5248:
5245:
5207:
5204:
5181:
5178:
5174:jinmeiyō kanji
5165:jinmeiyō kanji
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4809:
4808:Writing system
4806:
4646:, "chemistry")
4589:long isolation
4317:
4314:
4180:Main article:
4177:
4174:
4115:
4114:
4078:
4077:
4053:
4052:
4028:
4027:
4007:
4006:
3981:
3960:
3959:
3939:
3938:
3933:"Won't you go
3914:
3913:
3902:
3901:
3896:"I want to go
3870:
3869:
3845:
3844:
3824:
3823:
3803:
3802:
3777:, also called
3653:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3541:atsuku nakatta
3426:, polite form
3352:The so-called
3187:usually means
3120:
3117:
3006:vuestra merced
2950:驚いた彼は道を走っていった。
2945:
2786:. Unlike many
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2730:external links
2719:
2717:
2710:
2701:Main article:
2698:
2695:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2525:Special moras
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2437:) (
2429:
2416:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2385:) (
2377:
2370:) (
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2044:
2041:
2025:Main article:
2022:
2019:
1941:Ryukyu Islands
1939:spoken in the
1925:Main article:
1922:
1921:Classification
1919:
1904:Ryukyu Islands
1853:Kansai dialect
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Kagoshima City
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Tatsuta, Aichi
1751:
1746:
1741:
1638:Main article:
1635:
1632:
1464:
1461:
1366:
1363:
1338:Kansai dialect
1318:
1315:
1305:("bread") and
1198:Main article:
1195:
1192:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1041:
1037:
874:Main article:
871:
868:
832:
829:
821:
818:
806:numeral system
643:phonemic vowel
598:region to the
512:spoken by the
470:
469:
456:, you may see
442:
441:
434:
428:
427:
401:
393:
392:
385:
377:
376:
367:
359:
358:
349:
341:
340:
339:Language codes
336:
335:
333:
332:
321:
311:
309:
306:
303:
302:
298:
297:
292:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
273:
246:
244:
240:Writing system
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
223:
219:
218:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
185:
183:
180:
177:
176:
174:
173:
164:
162:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
131:
127:
126:
121:
120:Native to
117:
116:
99:
95:
94:
80:
79:
71:
70:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11616:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11559:
11551:
11549:
11539:
11538:
11535:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11484:
11480:
11478:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11468:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11358:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11320:
11317:
11315:
11312:
11311:
11309:
11307:
11303:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11240:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11136:Manufacturing
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11092:
11089:
11085:
11082:
11081:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11064:Fiscal policy
11062:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11019:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10990:National Diet
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10974:
10973:Supreme Court
10971:
10970:
10969:
10966:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10905:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10777:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10756:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10714:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10690:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10673:
10670:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10632:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10614:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10606:
10605:
10603:
10599:
10593:
10590:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10577:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10486:
10482:
10481:Hakuhō period
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10468:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10437:
10429:
10428:Imperial Navy
10426:
10424:
10423:Imperial Army
10421:
10419:
10416:
10415:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10382:
10379:
10377:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10364:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10322:
10317:
10315:
10310:
10308:
10303:
10302:
10299:
10287:
10286:Miyakubo Sign
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10260:Bonin English
10258:
10257:
10255:
10251:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10237:Sakhalin Ainu
10235:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10220:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10161:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10092:Hokkaido Ainu
10090:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10075:
10072:
10071:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10060:
10056:
10049:
10044:
10042:
10037:
10035:
10030:
10029:
10026:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10002:
9999:
9998:
9997:
9994:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9971:Proto-Japonic
9969:
9968:
9966:
9962:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9934:Macro-Yaeyama
9931:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9916:
9914:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9901:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9882:
9880:
9876:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9815:
9808:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9765:
9760:
9758:
9753:
9751:
9746:
9745:
9742:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9716:
9713:
9712:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9697:
9695:
9693:
9689:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9675:Cyrillization
9673:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9663:Wāpuro rōmaji
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9494:
9493:yamato kotoba
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9481:Counter words
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9423:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9217:
9216:Kana ligature
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9111:Script reform
9109:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8966:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8934:Bonin English
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8803:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8721:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8478:Earlier forms
8476:
8472:
8465:
8460:
8458:
8453:
8451:
8446:
8445:
8442:
8433:
8432:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8393:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8322:
8320:0-300-01813-4
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8292:
8291:
8285:
8273:
8272:
8266:
8254:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8200:
8197:
8196:0-631-20504-7
8193:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8181:0-631-19856-3
8178:
8174:
8173:0-631-19855-5
8170:
8166:
8162:
8159:
8158:0-521-36918-5
8155:
8150:
8148:0-521-36070-6
8144:
8140:
8135:
8132:
8131:0-12-640030-X
8128:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8078:
8073:
8070:
8069:4-7890-0338-8
8066:
8062:
8051:
8047:
8044:
8043:0-295-95766-2
8040:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8021:0-89346-149-0
8018:
8017:4-590-00570-0
8014:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7995:0-12-447350-4
7992:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7980:0-262-11049-0
7977:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7935:
7931:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7914:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7840:0-12-447350-4
7837:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7794:
7793:
7792:National Post
7786:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7717:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7679:Mills College
7676:
7671:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7610:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7534:
7519:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7496:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7467:
7458:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7438:Shiro Hattori
7435:
7431:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7325:
7323:4-09-501407-5
7319:
7308:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7262:
7258:
7251:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7092:
7087:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7023:Robbeets 2005
7019:
7013:, p. 20.
7012:
7011:Robbeets 2005
7007:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6969:
6955:on 2019-01-07
6954:
6950:
6943:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6912:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6880:
6872:
6868:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6837:
6830:
6824:
6805:
6799:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6698:
6694:
6687:
6685:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6603:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6571:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6531:
6527:
6521:
6507:on 2020-02-12
6506:
6502:
6496:
6482:on 2012-11-19
6481:
6477:
6471:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6372:
6357:
6353:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6311:
6309:
6299:
6293:, p. 24.
6292:
6287:
6280:
6275:
6269:, p. 11.
6268:
6263:
6256:
6252:
6247:
6232:on 2022-01-03
6230:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6161:
6160:Shoku Nihongi
6156:
6144:
6139:
6127:
6122:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6020:Japanese name
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5972:
5969:
5958:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5916:
5913:
5908:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5892:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5788:
5785:
5780:
5777:
5772:
5769:
5764:
5761:
5756:
5753:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5713:
5708:
5705:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5657:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5641:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5625:
5618:
5616:
5592:
5575:
5574:in Japanese:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5500:
5498:
5490:
5482:
5473:
5465:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5423:
5415:
5406:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5368:
5360:
5351:
5343:
5334:
5326:
5319:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5290:
5282:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5244:
5234:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4637:
4631:, "politics")
4622:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:, began with
4578:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4524:Ainu language
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4494:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4414:
4410:
4390:
4389:
4388:yamato kotoba
4383:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4336:yamato kotoba
4331:
4327:
4323:
4322:Yamato kotoba
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:as a prefix.
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4244:"go" becomes
4243:
4231:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:(literally) "
4096:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:genitive case
3953:
3952:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3862:agete kudasai
3861:
3860:Tanaka-san ni
3853:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:postpositions
3770:
3769:"become hot".
3768:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3676:
3664:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3501:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3336:
3324:
3323:Pan o tabenai
3312:
3307:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3277:
3265:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3203:"people" and
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3093:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2914:oshiete ageta
2903:
2897:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2866:hana ga nagai
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2800:
2799:topic–comment
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2769:
2766:
2758:
2755:November 2013
2748:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2687:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2645:in the coda (
2644:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2571:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:, especially
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:Tibeto-Burman
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:According to
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:Amami Islands
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1845:Kansai region
1842:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Kumamoto City
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:United States
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:United States
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1034:
951:
947:
942:
940:
939:
935:, which uses
934:
930:
925:
924:
917:
916:
910:
906:
902:
895:
890:
889:
882:
877:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:Ainu language
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Proto-Japonic
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
797:
792:
775:
774:
755:
754:
748:
744:
738:
726:
725:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
667:topic–comment
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:agglutinative
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
496:
490:
489:
476:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
443:
439:
435:
433:
429:
424:
419:
415:
411:
406:
402:
400:
399:
394:
390:
386:
383:
378:
373:
368:
365:
360:
355:
350:
347:
342:
337:
330:
329:Angaur Island
325:
322:
319:
318:
313:
312:
310:
304:
299:
296:
293:
289:
283:
277:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Mixed scripts
248:
247:
245:
241:
235:
230:
226:
225:
224:
220:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:Proto-Japonic
184:
178:
172:
169:
168:
167:
163:
159:
153:
149:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
111:
105:
100:
98:Pronunciation
96:
89:
84:
77:
72:
67:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
11504:Tea ceremony
11481:
11475: /
11467:No-pan kissa
11465:
11436:Martial arts
11426:LGBT culture
11328:Architecture
11321: /
11266:Prostitution
11243:
11232:Homelessness
11202:Demographics
11126:Central bank
10956:Human rights
10924:Constitution
10779:Contemporary
10601:Early Modern
10505:Heian period
10493:Monmu period
10488:Taika Reform
10466:Asuka period
10461:Kofun period
10456:Yayoi period
10451:Jōmon period
10107:Amami Ōshima
10068:
9984:Old Japanese
9784:
9668:In Esperanto
9638:Romanization
9592:Pitch accent
9574:Dictionaries
9561:
9553:nyōbō kotoba
9552:
9506:
9505:Loan words (
9492:
9476:Topic marker
9390:ARIB STD B24
9136:by frequency
9016:Amami Ōshima
8893:
8882:
8841:
8827:
8817:
8805:
8792:East San'in
8776:
8752:
8723:
8701:
8691:
8627:
8578:
8534:
8519:
8500:Early Modern
8490:Early Middle
8470:
8434:of Knowledge
8429:
8412:
8391:
8362:. Retrieved
8329:
8310:
8295:. Retrieved
8289:
8276:. Retrieved
8270:
8257:. Retrieved
8251:
8231:. Retrieved
8207:
8187:
8164:
8138:
8122:
8104:
8095:
8076:
8049:
8034:
8027:
8001:
7986:
7971:
7949:
7938:. Retrieved
7918:
7906:. Retrieved
7886:
7858:
7831:
7824:
7820:
7813:
7809:
7790:
7785:
7774:. Retrieved
7760:
7749:. Retrieved
7735:
7723:. Retrieved
7670:
7653:
7649:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7608:
7583:. Retrieved
7574:
7564:
7552:. Retrieved
7543:
7533:
7522:. Retrieved
7503:韓vs日「偽史ワールド」
7495:
7484:. Retrieved
7457:
7449:
7446:Gengo kenkyu
7445:
7441:
7416:
7395:
7390:MSN Encarta.
7374:
7353:
7332:
7307:
7296:. Retrieved
7287:
7277:
7265:. Retrieved
7250:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7192:
7183:
7172:. Retrieved
7151:
7140:. Retrieved
7132:ResearchGate
7131:
7122:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7075:. Retrieved
7040:
7030:
7018:
7006:
6995:. Retrieved
6975:
6968:
6957:. Retrieved
6953:the original
6942:
6918:
6911:
6899:. Retrieved
6890:
6879:
6870:
6866:
6843:. Retrieved
6823:
6811:. Retrieved
6798:
6786:. Retrieved
6772:
6764:
6757:. Retrieved
6743:
6732:. Retrieved
6723:
6713:
6701:. Retrieved
6671:. Retrieved
6655:
6638:
6621:
6602:
6590:. Retrieved
6579:
6570:
6559:. Retrieved
6545:
6534:. Retrieved
6520:
6509:. Retrieved
6505:the original
6495:
6484:. Retrieved
6480:the original
6470:
6420:
6409:. Retrieved
6397:
6384:
6376:
6371:
6360:. Retrieved
6332:
6325:
6298:
6286:
6274:
6262:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6229:the original
6221:
6211:
6194:
6186:
6155:
6138:
6121:
6110:Book of Song
6105:
5968:Japan portal
5948:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5843:sazukerarete
5612:
5569:
5567:
5564:Example text
5555:
5524:
5516:World War II
5512:
5496:
5460:
5450:
5446:
5391:
5312:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5256:
5232:
5220:
5210:
5209:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5138:kyōiku kanji
5136:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5101:
5098:Latin script
5083:
5079:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5030:
4984:, by way of
4979:
4767:
4763:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4613:
4576:
4570:
4560:
4554:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4516:onomatopoeia
4505:
4492:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4454:
4440:
4431:, i.e. the "
4412:
4386:
4384:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4333:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4214:inflectional
4201:
4199:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4045:tabemasu ka?
4042:
4041:
4034:
4018:
4010:
4002:
4001:"(I) like go
3999:ga suki desu
3996:
3995:Sukī-ni iku
3994:
3987:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3950:
3942:
3935:to the party
3934:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3908:
3906:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3871:
3866:to Mx Tanaka
3865:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3835:
3827:
3822:"He did it."
3817:
3816:
3809:
3793:
3785:
3772:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3674:
3662:
3654:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3629:
3616:
3612:
3597:
3584:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3556:"a hot day".
3553:
3540:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3510:
3499:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3322:
3311:Pan o taberu
3310:
3308:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3172:
3161:counter word
3148:
3136:
3124:
3122:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3094:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2963:
2956:
2946:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2913:
2901:
2898:
2886:Urayamashii!
2885:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2761:
2752:
2741:Please help
2733:
2674:pitch accent
2671:
2659:
2643:moraic nasal
2619:phonotactics
2616:
2591:
2543:
2423:
2343:
2326:
2313:
2154:vowel length
2151:
2012:
2008:Austronesian
1994:, including
1949:
1930:
1908:
1892:Meiji period
1888:Heian period
1881:
1861:
1830:
1789:Himi, Toyama
1784:Kiso, Nagano
1749:Ōgata, Kōchi
1733:Kanto region
1725:Kanto region
1711:dialect (in
1699:dialect (in
1675:In terms of
1674:
1654:pitch accent
1651:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:World War II
1591:
1587:
1583:
1545:
1540:
1513:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1453:Davao Region
1439:(notably in
1395:
1371:World War II
1368:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1333:
1327:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:for earlier
1263:
1259:
1258:for earlier
1255:
1251:
1246:merges with
1221:
1203:
1179:
1175:
1160:phonological
1157:
1145:Heian period
1142:
1134:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:mediopassive
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
949:
943:
936:
928:
898:
876:Old Japanese
870:Old Japanese
856:Old Japanese
844:Yayoi period
834:
808:uses mostly
791:Latin script
739:characters')
711:
685:. Verbs are
661:marking the
651:pitch-accent
635:phonotactics
624:
568:Heian period
564:Old Japanese
561:
549:Austronesian
530:
528:worldwide.
487:
474:
473:
445:
432:Linguasphere
396:
315:
288:Signed forms
192:Old Japanese
170:
43:
11519:Video games
11261:Pornography
10869:Prefectures
10849:Environment
10844:Earthquakes
10829:Archipelago
10736:Pacific War
10692:Late Modern
10500:Nara period
10446:Paleolithic
10137:Tokunoshima
9859:Tokunoshima
9648:Nihon-shiki
9531:Wasei-kango
9466:Possessives
9426:Grammar and
9259:Modern kana
9244:Punctuation
9225:Orthography
9046:Tokunoshima
8658:Gifu-Aichi
8628:Tōkai–Tōsan
8495:Late Middle
8414:Definitions
7802:Works cited
7267:January 16,
7228:(1): 3–33.
6528:. Mla.org.
6456:2005 census
6279:Seeley 1991
6145:Chapter 30:
6143:Nihon shoki
6128:Chapter 30:
6126:Nihon shoki
5923:shinakereba
5659:umarenagara
5551:Philippines
5535:video games
5457:Kogal slang
5094:syllabaries
4835:Calligraphy
4683:sukinshippu
4616:wasei kango
4595:. With the
4308:'water' as
4302:o-tomodachi
4152:Absence of
3841:dative case
3767:atsuku naru
3737:hen ni naru
3702:"amazing".
3598:hen na hito
3528:is also an
3491:) (such as
3477:conjugating
3436:benkyō suru
3434:"to cook",
3413:Neko ga iru
3296:O-namae wa?
3018:vossa mercê
2821:. The verb
2747:introducing
2669:consonant.
2662:assimilates
2554:palatalized
2057:Okada (1999
2053:vowel chart
1980:Ural-Altaic
1795:Percentage
1530:meiji ishin
1449:Philippines
1447:), and the
1387:Philippines
1101:shimo-nidan
1030:(ro). (The
743:syllabaries
720:, known as
460:instead of
181:Early forms
11573:Categories
11509:Television
11431:Literature
11393:Hikikomori
11314:Aesthetics
11192:Censorship
11074:Ministries
11044:Government
10758:Heisei era
10741:Occupation
10699:Taishō era
10660:Boshin War
10640:Government
10608:Edo period
10521:Genpei War
10471:Taihō Code
10243:Kuril Ainu
10227:Vietnamese
10222:Indonesian
10170:Portuguese
10132:Okinoerabu
9864:Okinoerabu
9692:Literature
9562:yakuwarigo
9546:Honorifics
9526:Wasei-eigo
9514:from Dutch
9461:Adjectives
9428:vocabulary
9206:Hentaigana
9201:Man'yōgana
9041:Okinoerabu
8745:Okuyoshino
8364:2009-05-13
8233:2015-10-18
7940:2022-03-26
7908:2021-11-17
7847:"Japanese"
7776:2022-01-07
7751:2022-01-07
7630:(2): 277–.
7524:2020-08-23
7486:2020-08-23
7298:2016-03-26
7174:2017-09-28
7142:2019-03-28
7091:Vovin 2010
7077:2017-12-20
6997:2020-11-12
6959:2019-10-24
6734:2020-06-17
6673:9 November
6561:2012-11-20
6536:2012-11-20
6511:2013-02-01
6486:2012-11-20
6411:2019-06-01
6362:2021-10-14
6317:, p.
6253:, p.
6196:Ethnologue
6174:References
6081:Yojijukugo
6053:Wiktionary
5615:media help
5221:Ōsutoraria
5192:conjugated
5170:jōyō kanji
5160:Jōyō kanji
5153:jōyō kanji
5149:jōyō kanji
5144:jōyō kanji
5129:tōyō kanji
5123:jōyō kanji
5092:; and two
5052:man'yōgana
4945:Vietnamese
4804:for more.
4764:jinrikisha
4659:wasei-eigo
4593:Edo period
4423:or rarely
4316:Vocabulary
4176:Politeness
4165:Ikeda-san
4142:Ikeda-san
4093:Watashi wa
3974:watashi no
3931:ikanai ka?
3723:keiyōdōshi
3707:keiyōdōshi
3644:keiyōdōshi
3587:(strange)
3579:, usually
3569:keiyōdōshi
3522:atsuku nai
3432:ryōri suru
3407:(negative
3399:(negative
3345:パンを食べなかった。
3264:ii desu-ka
3240:tabete iru
3216:conjugated
3214:Verbs are
3185:Tanaka-san
2809:こちらは田中さんです
2667:homorganic
2546:allophones
2203:Consonants
1915:mass media
1764:Osaka City
1744:Kyoto City
1662:vocabulary
1658:morphology
1445:California
1330:Edo period
1311:Portuguese
1230:merges to
1218:Franciscan
1190:language.
1188:mora-timed
1168:consonants
1133:scroll of
933:Man'yōgana
860:comparison
831:Prehistory
697:, but not
687:conjugated
639:pure vowel
11483:Otokonoko
11451:Mythology
11363:Festivals
11286:Sexuality
11239:Languages
11212:Etiquette
11207:Education
11156:Transport
10968:Judiciary
10929:Elections
10839:Districts
10824:Addresses
10812:Geography
10786:Reiwa era
10716:Shōwa era
10630:Meiji era
10620:Bakumatsu
10543:Genkō War
10403:Education
10366:Overviews
10212:Esperanto
10180:Cantonese
9584:Phonology
9471:Particles
9410:Half/Full
9340:Shift JIS
9269:Yotsugana
9249:Kanazukai
9191:Okurigana
9103:Logograms
8715:Shiramine
8560:Southern
8540:Northern
8059:. Tokyo:
7879:474656178
7725:6 January
7440:. (1954)
7067:0304-0763
6901:4 October
6434:Ethnologe
6179:Citations
5553:(54.4%).
5545:(34.1%),
5541:(20.5%),
5539:Australia
5529:(such as
5307:(such as
5217:syllabary
5196:okurigana
5090:morphemes
5086:loanwords
5075:Manyogana
4964:Mongolian
4852:By script
4557:registers
4540:sea otter
4298:tomodachi
4250:irassharu
4194:uchi-soto
4099:As for me
3905:However,
3779:particles
3684:rentaishi
3648:predicate
3613:rentaishi
3511:atsukatta
3387:(plain),
3371:(plain),
3367:The word
3209:tomodachi
3189:Mx Tanaka
3038:watakushi
3008:, "your (
2976:"lord"),
2792:particles
2495:Semivowel
2405:Fricative
2358:Affricate
2021:Phonology
1998:, and to
1984:Mon–Khmer
1911:education
1872:Kagoshima
1670:consonant
1433:Vancouver
1425:Australia
1421:Argentina
1355:intānetto
1024:(yo) and
888:Man'yōshū
716:combines
659:particles
647:consonant
616:loanwords
606:) in the
576:phonology
418:Kagoshima
398:Glottolog
382:ISO 639-3
364:ISO 639-2
346:ISO 639-1
130:Ethnicity
11558:Category
11373:Folklore
11271:Religion
11244:Japanese
11217:Gambling
11027:Maritime
10908:Politics
10889:Villages
10570:Ōnin War
10413:Military
10398:Economic
10332:articles
10276:Nihonshu
10195:Mandarin
10147:Yonaguni
10127:Okinawan
10117:Kunigami
10102:Ryukyuan
10074:Variants
10069:Japanese
9947:Yonaguni
9919:Miyakoan
9912:Miyakoan
9904:Southern
9890:Okinawan
9878:Okinawan
9827:Northern
9818:Ryukyuan
9785:Japanese
9778:Japanese
9507:gairaigo
9486:Numerals
9456:Pronouns
9395:Enclosed
9375:Katakana
9350:Hiragana
9346:Unicode
9301:ISO/IEC
9283:Encoding
9186:Furigana
9181:Katakana
9176:Hiragana
9078:Yonaguni
9058:Southern
9036:Okinawan
9031:Kunigami
9011:Northern
9003:Ryukyuan
8944:Kyowa-go
8875:Tsushima
8865:Nagasaki
8860:Kumamoto
8848:Chikuzen
8712:Kanazawa
8702:Hokuriku
8637:Shizuoka
8604:Eastern
8593:Kanagawa
8584:Western
8529:Hokkaidō
8510:Dialects
8392:Japanese
8309:(1975).
8227:Archived
8205:(2010).
8007:口語日本文法便覧
7934:Archived
7902:Archived
7851:Archived
7821:Language
7770:Archived
7745:Archived
7716:Archived
7687:Archived
7579:Archived
7575:Omniglot
7548:Archived
7518:Archived
7480:Archived
7426:Archived
7405:Archived
7384:Archived
7363:Archived
7342:Archived
7292:Archived
7261:Archived
7197:Archived
7165:Archived
7136:Archived
7071:Archived
6991:Archived
6895:Archived
6845:4 August
6836:Archived
6813:22 March
6788:July 11,
6759:4 August
6753:Archived
6728:Archived
6697:Archived
6667:Archived
6645:Archived
6628:Archived
6610:Archived
6586:Archived
6555:Archived
6530:Archived
6459:Archived
6448:Archived
6437:Archived
6402:Archived
6356:Archived
6191:Japanese
5954:See also
5946:naranai.
5931:naranai.
5543:Thailand
5447:danseigo
5301:danseigo
5281:danseigo
5212:Katakana
5206:Katakana
5200:furigana
5186:Hiragana
5180:Hiragana
5071:katakana
5067:hiragana
5025:Katakana
5021:Hiragana
4940:Japanese
4919:Georgian
4902:Cyrillic
4827:a series
4825:Part of
4773:sayonara
4752:rickshaw
4732:kamikaze
4702:skinship
4664:wanpatān
4577:gairaigo
4545:shishamo
4532:reindeer
4520:abstract
4493:konshugo
4480:gairaigo
4407:, i.e. "
4372:gairaigo
4330:Gairaigo
4218:sonkeigo
4216:system,
4202:teineigo
4200:Whereas
4087:寿司がいいです。
4022:for the
4005:skiing."
3976:kamera "
3954:for the
3898:to Japan
3892:Nihon ni
3839:for the
3797:for the
3753:keiyōshi
3711:keiyōshi
3700:taishita
3694:"this",
3640:keiyōshi
3630:ano yama
3554:atsui hi
3469:keiyōshi
3440:tobidasu
3329:パンを食べない。
3292:Kore wa?
3236:kite iru
3205:wareware
3201:hitobito
3173:hitobito
2938:But one
2862:pronouns
2857:"nose".
2223:Alveolo-
2218:Alveolar
2213:Bilabial
2174:katakana
2166:hiragana
1866:and the
1740:Dialect
1717:phonemes
1707:and the
1541:Hyōjungo
1537:Yamanote
1514:kyōtsūgo
1510:Hyōjungo
1497:kyōtsūgo
1484:hyōjungo
1480:standard
1473:de facto
1455:and the
1334:de facto
1296:medetaku
1292:o-medetō
1208:and the
1093:kikoyuru
1083:suffix -
773:katakana
753:hiragana
683:articles
641:system,
553:Koreanic
475:Japanese
466:Help:IPA
438:45-CAA-a
423:japa1256
405:nucl1643
317:de facto
270:Katakana
266:Hiragana
222:Dialects
171:Japanese
134:Japanese
49:Japanese
11514:Theatre
11489:Origami
11416:Irezumi
11411:Ikebana
11378:Gardens
11353:Cuisine
11306:Culture
11291:Smoking
11227:Housing
11175:Society
11109:Economy
11052:Cabinet
10934:Emperor
10874:Regions
10859:Islands
10746:Postwar
10674:(noble)
10439:Ancient
10386:Shoguns
10358:History
10348:Outline
10217:Turkish
10207:Russian
10202:English
10190:Hoochew
10185:Hokkien
10175:Chinese
10142:Yaeyama
10097:Hachijō
9964:History
9942:Yaeyama
9797:Hachijō
9710:Writers
9643:Hepburn
9597:Rendaku
9536:Engrish
9232:Braille
9153:Ryakuji
9073:Yaeyama
8991:grammar
8986:Hachijō
8883:Satsugū
8842:Hichiku
8828:Hōnichi
8782:San'yō
8777:Chūgoku
8753:Shikoku
8692:Western
8652:Nagaoka
8648:Echigo
8613:Tochigi
8608:Ibaraki
8569:Nairiku
8549:Tsugaru
8520:Eastern
8297:1 March
8278:1 March
8259:1 March
8175:(hbk);
7585:26 July
7554:26 July
7380:Pottery
7316:. 小学館.
6703:17 July
6428:state,
6085:Other:
6076:Rendaku
5990:Aizuchi
5891:seishin
5819:ryōshin
5547:Vietnam
5497:kogyaru
5481:ganguro
5464:kogyaru
5451:joseigo
5392:joseigo
5376:kashira
5309:watashi
5297:Joseigo
5264:joseigo
5227:オーストラリア
4999:続守言/薩弘恪
4976:History
4957:Western
4930:Chinese
4926:-based
4907:Serbian
4895:Tibetan
4885:Brahmic
4878:Persian
4873:Turkish
4868:Islamic
4793:tsunami
4769:samurai
4748:origami
4736:karaoke
4706:rimokon
4679:pattern
4609:English
4591:of the
4528:Tonakai
4514:, both
4508:mimetic
4437:Chinese
4370:); and
4246:ikimasu
4230:kenjōgo
4107:watashi
3980:camera"
3854:あげて下さい。
3818:Kare ga
3715:adverbs
3696:iwayuru
3690:"big",
3619:"that"
3479:ending
3428:shimasu
3389:deshita
3317:パンを食べる。
3252:ii desu
3232:-te iru
3220:-te iru
3026:watashi
2980:"you" (
2968:"you" (
2908:教えてもらった
2815:kochira
2743:improve
2697:Grammar
2597:central
2245:Glottal
2230:Palatal
2225:palatal
2170:chōonpu
2168:, or a
2076:Central
1964:Chinese
1876:Japonic
1864:Okinawa
1735:(1967)
1703:), the
1695:), the
1623:Palauan
1533:, 1868)
1351:pasokon
1268:shiroki
1182:), and
1097:kikoeru
1077:kikoeru
1069:matsuge
820:History
488:Nihongo
462:Unicode
414:Tsugaru
410:Hachijo
314:Japan (
166:Japonic
88:nihongo
66:Nihongo
39:Nihonga
11499:Shinto
11421:Kawaii
11398:Hanami
11383:Geisha
11343:Cinema
11338:Bonsai
11256:People
11222:Health
11141:Energy
11022:Ground
10879:Rivers
10834:Cities
10672:Kazoku
10372:Lists
10330:
10122:Miyako
9924:Tarama
9705:Poetry
9653:Kunrei
9615:Kan-on
9386:Other
9295:EUC-JP
9211:Sōgana
9196:Gojūon
9148:Kokuji
9116:Kanbun
9068:Tarama
9063:Miyako
8853:Hakata
8818:Kyūshū
8806:Umpaku
8769:Sanuki
8735:Banshū
8724:Kansai
8667:Mikawa
8662:Nagoya
8642:Narada
8535:Tōhoku
8346:
8317:
8219:
8194:
8179:
8171:
8160:(pbk).
8156:
8145:
8129:
8111:
8083:
8067:
8055:日本語の敬語
8041:
8015:
7993:
7978:
7960:
7926:
7894:
7877:
7865:
7838:
7510:
7472:
7320:
7314:新選国語辞典
7288:Tofugu
7242:489122
7240:
7203:28 May
7065:
7055:
6983:
6930:
6592:8 July
6426:Angaur
6348:
5938:
5787:Ningen
5755:tsuite
5715:songen
5707:katsu,
5656:生まれながら
5643:ningen
5627:Subete
5313:atashi
5114:tōitsu
5102:rōmaji
5046:Kojiki
4986:Baekje
4935:Korean
4890:Indian
4863:Arabic
4858:Arabic
4800:. See
4797:tycoon
4777:Sudoku
4755:(from
4740:karate
4692:(<
4688:スキンシップ
4673:(<
4669:ワンパターン
4636:kagaku
4633:, and
4607:, and
4605:French
4601:German
4542:) and
4461:新選国語辞典
4409:Yamato
4328:, and
4310:o-mizu
4254:ukagau
4105:after
4043:Nani o
4037:食べますか。
3990:が好きです。
3986:スキーに行く
3929:pātī e
3923:行かないか。
3921:パーティーへ
3894:ikitai
3874:lative
3820:yatta.
3688:ookina
3658:ご飯が熱い。
3577:copula
3536:暑くなかった
3403:) and
3377:copula
3270:いいですか。
3224:aspect
3193:-tachi
3097:sensei
3072:, and
3040:(also
3016:(from
2920:教えてあげた
2874:Yatta!
2845:象は鼻が長い
2827:copula
2602:and a
2594:apical
2569:listen
2469:Liquid
2240:Uvular
2187:listen
2162:rōmaji
2158:macron
2059::117).
2043:Vowels
2000:Lepcha
1976:Altaic
1972:Uralic
1960:Korean
1896:UNESCO
1709:Maniwa
1615:Angaur
1441:Hawaii
1429:Canada
1413:Hawaii
1401:Brazil
1385:, the
1375:Taiwan
1359:kamera
1307:tabako
1284:hayaku
1272:hayaku
1264:shiroi
1260:yomite
1214:Jesuit
1172:vowels
1089:kikoyu
1085:yu(ru)
1040:and mo
1033:Kojiki
1018:(mo),
1012:(no),
1006:(to),
1000:(so),
994:(ko),
988:(me),
982:(he),
976:(ke),
970:(mi),
964:(hi),
958:(ki),
929:kanbun
923:Kojiki
915:kanbun
905:Baekje
796:rōmaji
747:moraic
699:person
679:gender
596:Kansai
557:Altaic
416:, and
260:) and
138:Yamato
11494:Sport
11477:Sentō
11473:Onsen
11456:Names
11446:Music
11441:Media
11407:Icons
11388:Games
11323:Manga
11319:Anime
11296:Women
11197:Crime
11131:Labor
10884:Towns
10864:Lakes
10418:Naval
10381:Clans
10343:Index
10328:Japan
10152:Yoron
10112:Kikai
9869:Yoron
9854:Kikai
9844:Amami
9836:Amami
9727:texts
9700:Books
9620:Tō-on
9610:Go-on
9237:Kanji
9158:Ateji
9121:Kanji
9051:Yoron
9026:Kikai
8894:Other
8796:Inshū
8786:Bingo
8740:Kishū
8730:Awaji
8598:Tokyo
8588:Gunma
8579:Kantō
8564:Kesen
8554:Akita
8544:Nanbu
8360:. MIT
7719:(PDF)
7712:(PDF)
7359:Kanji
7238:JSTOR
7168:(PDF)
7161:(PDF)
6839:(PDF)
6832:(PDF)
6807:(PDF)
6782:(PDF)
6430:Palau
6405:(PDF)
6394:(PDF)
6236:7 May
6097:Notes
5928:ならない。
5920:しなければ
5907:motte
5859:tagai
5840:授けられて
5803:risei
5763:byōdō
5731:kenri
5675:shite
5531:anime
5428:, or
5394:, or
5373:, or
5359:na no
5063:kanji
5023:top,
5017:Youon
4952:Latin
4924:Hanzi
4785:sushi
4744:ninja
4724:haiku
4720:futon
4714:emoji
4698:-ship
4621:seiji
4585:Dutch
4561:kango
4550:smelt
4536:rakko
4471:kango
4442:kango
4360:kango
4346:) or
4294:gohan
4274:nouns
4272:Most
4258:mairu
4158:focus
3886:行きたい。
3852:田中さんに
3713:form
3705:Both
3670:彼は変だ。
3638:Both
3571:, or
3500:atsui
3471:, or
3385:datta
3302:お名前は?
3113:anata
3109:anata
3066:anata
3002:usted
2992:"I" (
2978:anata
2892:羨ましい!
2870:nagai
2825:is a
2728:, or
2686:hashi
2612:]
2608:[
2252:Nasal
2235:Velar
2160:) in
2088:Close
2071:Front
1996:Greek
1857:Kantō
1849:Osaka
1825:4.1%
1822:13.3%
1819:17.6%
1816:24.7%
1813:24.8%
1810:26.4%
1807:38.6%
1804:44.5%
1801:45.5%
1798:67.1%
1666:vowel
1619:Palau
1608:bungo
1600:bungo
1592:Bungo
1584:Bungo
1558:bungo
1383:China
1379:Korea
1342:Kyoto
1280:hayɔɔ
1278:>
1276:hayau
1274:>
1256:yonde
1131:emaki
1073:mieru
950:kanji
946:morae
938:kanji
858:, or
848:Jōmon
724:kanji
695:voice
691:tense
657:with
604:Tokyo
518:Japan
324:Palau
254:Kanji
124:Japan
83:kanji
11368:Flag
11357:wine
11084:list
11057:list
10961:LGBT
10939:list
10391:Wars
10376:Eras
9335:0213
9330:0212
9325:0211
9320:0208
9315:0201
9311:JIS
9305:2022
9168:Kana
8870:Saga
8834:Ōita
8764:Tosa
8708:Kaga
8677:Hida
8672:Mino
8344:ISBN
8315:ISBN
8299:2012
8280:2012
8261:2012
8217:ISBN
8192:ISBN
8177:ISBN
8169:ISBN
8154:ISBN
8143:ISBN
8127:ISBN
8109:ISBN
8081:ISBN
8065:ISBN
8039:ISBN
8013:ISBN
7991:ISBN
7976:ISBN
7958:ISBN
7924:ISBN
7892:ISBN
7875:OCLC
7863:ISBN
7836:ISBN
7727:2019
7587:2017
7556:2017
7508:ISBN
7470:ISBN
7318:ISBN
7269:2011
7205:2021
7063:ISSN
7053:ISBN
6981:ISBN
6928:ISBN
6903:2015
6847:2014
6815:2024
6790:2022
6761:2014
6705:2017
6675:2012
6594:2018
6346:ISBN
6238:2011
6047:and
5915:kōdō
5875:dōhō
5851:ori,
5779:aru.
5699:ari,
5683:jiyū
5533:and
5489:ガングロ
5472:コギャル
5445:for
5390:for
5325:boku
5299:and
5259:lect
5239:スーパー
5233:sūpā
5162:and
5100:(or
5069:and
4912:Vyaz
4816:and
4789:tofu
4781:sumo
4728:judo
4704:and
4694:skin
4475:wago
4413:wago
4395:大和言葉
4348:wago
4342:大和言葉
4306:mizu
4266:-san
4192:See
4123:and
4049:What
3969:カメラ。
3812:やった。
3762:熱くなる
3732:変になる
3709:and
3692:kono
3646:may
3642:and
3564:形容動詞
3517:暑くない
3506:暑かった
3448:dasu
3444:tobu
3424:suru
3409:inai
3373:desu
3258:いいです
3137:hito
3074:omae
3070:kimi
3062:boku
3014:você
2990:boku
2966:kimi
2880:やった!
2855:hana
2823:desu
2617:The
2586:chii
2552:was
2550:/ti/
2304:Stop
2134:Open
2081:Back
1986:and
1978:(or
1956:Ainu
1697:Himi
1689:Kiso
1683:and
1668:and
1604:Kōgo
1588:kōgo
1576:kōgo
1524:明治維新
1417:Peru
1405:IBGE
1377:and
1248:/je/
1244:/we/
1236:/oː/
1232:/ɔː/
1228:/au/
1216:and
1170:and
1050:/je/
899:The
801:ローマ字
780:カタカナ
760:ひらがな
745:(or
712:The
693:and
645:and
637:, a
631:mora
545:Ainu
327:(on
262:Kana
227:See
81:The
11524:Zen
11333:Art
11161:Yen
11032:Air
10980:Law
9658:JSL
9400:EIS
9290:EUC
8759:Iyo
8485:Old
8334:doi
7857:in
7658:doi
7403:",
7382:",
7361:",
7340:",
7230:doi
7045:doi
6924:106
6338:doi
6319:184
6193:at
6051:at
5904:もって
5848:おり、
5795:wa,
5776:ある。
5752:ついて
5704:かつ、
5696:あり、
5651:wa,
5624:すべて
5384:かしら
5311:or
5289:男性語
5272:女性語
5243:).
5019:):
5005:袁晋卿
4766:),
4759:人力車
4675:one
4534:),
4499:混種語
4487:外来語
4403:大和詞
4382:).
4378:外来語
4358:);
4290:go-
4282:go-
4280:or
4256:or
4242:iku
4236:謙譲語
4224:尊敬語
4208:丁寧語
4003:ing
3884:日本に
3747:to
3625:あの山
3617:ano
3608:連体詞
3593:変な人
3585:hen
3549:暑い日
3526:nai
3464:形容詞
3457:):
3405:iru
3401:nai
3397:aru
3354:-te
3276:-no
3248:-ka
3228:ing
3125:hon
3050:ore
2984:あなた
2940:can
2813:).
2623:/j/
2600:tap
2559:chi
2536:/Q/
2530:/N/
2388:d͡ʑ
2382:t͡ɕ
2373:d͡z
2367:t͡s
2195:is
2178:/u/
2111:Mid
1982:),
1539:).
1512:or
1503:共通語
1490:標準語
1459:).
1303:pan
1298:).
1240:/p/
1180:kwa
1176:kya
1151:of
1061:tsu
1054:/e/
786:片仮名
783:or
766:平仮名
763:or
737:Han
735:, '
677:or
600:Edo
578:of
481:日本語
448:IPA
389:jpn
372:jpn
252:of
58:日本語
11575::
8342:.
8225:.
8215:.
8211:.
8063:.
8019:,
7956:.
7952:.
7932:.
7900:.
7873:;
7869:,
7849:,
7825:22
7823:,
7814:66
7812:,
7698:^
7685:,
7654:14
7652:.
7636:^
7628:15
7626:.
7595:^
7577:.
7573:.
7546:.
7542:.
7516:.
7478:.
7424:,
7290:.
7286:.
7236:.
7226:27
7224:.
7191:.
7163:.
7134:.
7130:.
7069:.
7061:.
7051:.
7039:.
6989:.
6926:.
6893:.
6889:.
6869:.
6855:^
6763:.
6726:.
6722:.
6683:^
6584:.
6578:.
6443:,
6400:.
6354:.
6344:.
6307:^
6220:.
5912:行動
5888:精神
5883:no
5872:同胞
5867:ni
5856:互い
5827:to
5816:良心
5811:to
5800:理性
5792:は、
5784:人間
5771:de
5760:平等
5747:ni
5739:to
5728:権利
5723:to
5712:尊厳
5691:de
5680:自由
5672:して
5667:ni
5648:は、
5640:人間
5635:no
5431:yo
5414:da
5411:,
5397:zo
5367:なの
5356:,
5342:wa
5295:.
5109:統一
5039:.
4990:Bu
4829:on
4795:,
4791:,
4787:,
4783:,
4779:,
4775:,
4771:,
4750:,
4746:,
4742:,
4738:,
4734:,
4730:,
4726:,
4722:,
4717:,
4696:+
4677:+
4653:.
4643:化学
4628:政治
4603:,
4575:,
4526:.
4469:,
4449:漢語
4433:Wa
4427:倭語
4419:和語
4366:漢語
4354:和語
4324:,
4286:o-
4278:o-
4197:.
4167:ga
4154:wa
4144:wa
4135:wa
4131:wa
4126:ga
4120:wa
4111:wa
4103:ga
4085:私は
4070:ga
4065:wa
4035:何を
3997:no
3978:my
3967:私の
3951:no
3937:?"
3907:へ
3900:."
3868:."
3836:ni
3810:彼が
3794:ga
3755::
3749:ku
3725::
3719:ni
3581:na
3573:na
3495:暑い
3381:be
3369:da
3179:人々
3171:,
3167:人人
3149:ki
3103:先生
3088:御前
3080:お前
3068:,
2851:zō
2819:wa
2732:,
2724:,
2680:はし
2580:tī
2533:,
2452:)
2443:)
2415:)
2391:)
2376:)
2296:)
2287:)
2276:)
2176:.
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1962:,
1958:,
1947:.
1913:,
1906:.
1727:.
1660:,
1617:,
1572:,
1569:口語
1554:,
1551:文語
1527:,
1482::
1423:,
1419:,
1313:.
1252:te
1238:;
1109:ga
1091:→
1065:no
866:.
816:.
732:漢字
701:.
669:.
629:,
582:.
551:,
547:,
492:,
484:,
412:,
354:ja
268:,
11359:)
11355:(
10320:e
10313:t
10306:v
10245:†
10239:†
10047:e
10040:t
10033:v
9979:†
9763:e
9756:t
9749:v
9564:)
9555:)
9509:)
9495:)
8463:e
8456:t
8449:v
8400::
8367:.
8352:.
8336::
8323:.
8301:.
8282:.
8263:.
8236:.
8151:.
8117:.
8089:.
8071:.
8045:.
8023:.
7997:.
7982:.
7966:.
7943:.
7911:.
7842:.
7779:.
7754:.
7729:.
7664:.
7660::
7589:.
7558:.
7527:.
7489:.
7448:(
7399:"
7378:"
7357:"
7336:"
7326:.
7301:.
7271:.
7244:.
7232::
7207:.
7177:.
7145:.
7117:.
7093:.
7080:.
7047::
7025:.
7000:.
6962:.
6936:.
6905:.
6871:9
6849:.
6817:.
6792:.
6737:.
6707:.
6677:.
6596:.
6564:.
6539:.
6514:.
6489:.
6465:.
6432:(
6414:.
6365:.
6340::
6257:.
6255:1
6240:.
5899:o
5896:を
5880:の
5864:に
5835:o
5832:を
5824:と
5808:と
5768:で
5744:に
5736:と
5720:と
5688:で
5664:に
5632:の
5617:.
5493:)
5485:(
5476:)
5468:(
5443:)
5439:よ
5435:(
5426:)
5422:だ
5418:(
5409:)
5405:ぞ
5401:(
5388:)
5380:(
5371:)
5363:(
5354:)
5350:わ
5346:(
5337:)
5333:僕
5329:(
5318:私
5293:)
5285:(
5276:)
5268:(
5235:(
5223:(
5061:(
5002:/
4640:(
4625:(
4548:(
4538:(
4530:(
4495:(
4483:(
4464:)
4458:(
4445:(
4415:(
4391:(
4374:(
4362:(
4350:(
4338:(
4232:(
4220:(
4204:(
4113:.
4076:.
4074:o
4060:は
4047:"
4026:.
4019:o
4014:を
3988:の
3946:の
3909:e
3843:.
3831:に
3801:.
3789:が
3745:i
3530:i
3487:い
3483:(
3481:i
3473:i
3393:i
3341:(
3335:i
3325:(
3313:(
3298:(
3282:の
3278:(
3266:(
3254:(
3155:木
3151:(
3143:人
3139:(
3131:本
3127:(
3099:(
3076:(
3056:俺
3052:(
3044:私
3032:私
3028:(
2996:僕
2972:君
2916:(
2904:(
2888:(
2876:(
2841:(
2805:(
2768:)
2762:(
2757:)
2753:(
2739:.
2690:)
2683:(
2654:ン
2651:/
2648:ん
2638:ッ
2635:/
2632:っ
2629:(
2610:ŋ
2575:)
2563:(
2514:w
2507:j
2477:r
2461:h
2449:ç
2446:(
2440:ʑ
2434:ɕ
2431:(
2426:z
2420:s
2412:ɸ
2409:(
2379:(
2364:(
2346:ɡ
2340:k
2329:d
2323:t
2316:b
2310:p
2293:ɴ
2290:(
2284:ŋ
2281:(
2273:ɲ
2270:(
2265:n
2258:m
2193:)
2181:(
2142:a
2126:o
2117:e
2103:ɯ
2094:i
1580:)
1566:(
1548:(
1521:(
1506:)
1500:(
1493:)
1487:(
1325:.
1087:(
1042:2
1038:1
1027:ろ
1021:よ
1015:も
1009:の
1003:と
997:そ
991:こ
985:め
979:へ
973:け
967:み
961:ひ
955:き
793:(
777:(
757:(
729:(
506:)
478:(
468:.
331:)
320:)
272:)
264:(
256:(
140:)
136:(
91:)
69:)
63:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.