Mississippi Delta - Knowledge

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Migration was the effect of the migration of a workforce, not its cause. It was not until the mid-1940s that the doctrine of White supremacy demanded that Blacks be displaced. By that time, Lemann writes, Delta Whites feared socio-political changes that might be forced on the Delta by the Roosevelt Democratic coalition and the pressure of returning WWII veterans; the Delta was three-quarters Black, so their voting potential was huge. As Delta native Aaron Henry, who was born in 1922, put it, "They wished we’d go back to Africa, but Chicago was close enough."

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and White, were drawn to the area. By the end of the century, two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta were Black. But, the extended low price of cotton had caused many to go deeply into debt, and gradually they had to sell off their lands, as they had a harder time getting credit than did White farmers. From 1910 to 1920, the first and second generations of African Americans after slavery lost their stake in the land. They had to resort to

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Lemann wrote, "it was undeniable that the economic opportunity was vastly greater; that moment in the Black rural South was one of the few in American history when virtually every member of a large class of people was guaranteed an immediate quadrupling of income, at least, by simply relocating to a place that was only a long day’s journey away."

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in Mississippi were active against Republicans and blacks, sometimes using violence to suppress their voting for state candidates. But many blacks continued to be elected to local offices, and there was a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists that briefly gained state power in the late

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Following the Civil War, 90 percent of the bottomlands in Mississippi were still undeveloped. The state attracted thousands of migrants to its frontier. They could trade their labor in clearing the land to eventually purchase it from their sale of lumber. Tens of thousands of new settlers, both Black

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Plantations before the war were generally developed on ridges near the rivers, which were used for transportation of products to market. Most of the territory of Mississippi was still considered wilderness, needing substantial new population. These areas were covered in a heavy dense growth of trees,

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Nicholas Lemann notes the onset of the Great Migration coincided with the passage of immigration restrictions that throttled the supply of immigrants who had been willing to take the worst of the jobs of the industrial North, which was relatively free of the suffocating breadth of Jim Crow. Further,

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By the early 19th century, cotton had become the Delta's premier crop, for which there was high international demand. Mills in New England and New York also demanded cotton for their industry, and New York City was closely tied to the cotton trade. Many southern planters traveled so frequently there

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settlers, supported by extensive families, had begun the back-breaking process of clearing the land to establish farms. European settlers in the region attempted to enslave local Native Americans for labor, though this proved unsuccessful as they frequently escaped. By the 18th century, the settlers

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families migrated to the state between the 1900s and 1930s. Most of these immigrants worked to leave the fields, becoming merchants in the small rural towns. As these have declined, along with other Delta residents ethnic Chinese have moved to cities or other states. Their descendants represent most

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Gussow (2010) examines the conflict between blues musicians and Black ministers in the region between 1920 and 1942. The ministers condemned blues music as "devil's music". In response, some blues musicians satirized preachers in their music, as for example in the song, "He Calls That Religion", by

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This system of oppression was maintained with violence and economic boycotts into the years of increasing activism for civil rights, as blacks worked to regain their constitutional rights as citizens. The Delta counties were sites of fierce and violent resistance to change, with blacks murdered for

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instead as a source of labor. In the early years of European colonization, enslaved African laborers brought critical knowledge and techniques for the cultivation and processing of both rice and indigo. Hundreds of thousands of Africans were captured, sold and transported as slaves from West Africa

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The land is flat and contains some of the most fertile soil in the world. It is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing approximately 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. On the east, it is bounded by bluffs extending beyond

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During the years of segregation, public school systems did not know how to classify the minority Chinese students, initially requiring them to attend schools with blacks. Their socioeconomic status affected their classification and, as their parents became merchants and filed legal suits, in some

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music centering around the dish. While their most common filling is pork they differ from the traditional tamale in that they are made from corn meal rather than masa and boiled rather than steamed. Today the dish is associated mainly with African American chefs despite originating from different

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A large cultural influence in the region is its history of hunting and fishing. Hunting in the Delta is primarily for game such as whitetail deer, wild turkey, and waterfowl, along with many small game species (squirrel, rabbit, dove, quail, raccoon, etc.) For many years, the hunting and fishing

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Since the late 20th century, lower Delta agriculture has increasingly been dominated by families and nonresident corporate entities that hold large landholdings. Their operations are heavily mechanized with low labor costs. Such farm entities are capital-intensive, where hundreds and thousands of

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and Japan expanded the demand for the Delta region's farm products. As the mechanization of agriculture continued, women left fieldwork and went into service work, while the men drove tractors and worked on the farms. From the 1960s through the 1990s, thousands of small farms and dwellings in the

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Delta politics was dominated by Democrats during the post-Civil War era, though areas of resistance from blacks and whites remained throughout the era. Some of these Southern Democrats resorted to using fraud, violence, and intimidation to regain control of the state legislature in the late 19th

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The view that mechanization sparked the Great Migration—both Black and White—has been challenged by two of the most prominent recent chroniclers of the event. Isabel Wilkerson characterizes the migration as a flight for freedom from the political terror of lynchings and the hardening of Jim Crow

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brought with them elements of Italian cuisine to the region, and possibly most importantly, elements of Southern Italian music such as the mandolin, which became a part of the music of the Mississippi Delta Blues. Mexican immigrants to the Mississippi Delta greatly influenced the cuisine of the

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In this view, Southern Blacks were the agents of the Great Migration and not passive objects. Instead, they actively fled oppression and sought freedom, especially in the years between World War I and World War II. A slow mechanization of Delta agriculture during the first phase of the Great

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in the late 18th century made profitable the cultivation of short-staple cotton. This type could not be grown in the upland areas of the South, leading to the rapid development of King Cotton throughout what became known as the Deep South. The demand for labor drove the domestic

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Sharecropping and tenant farming replaced the slave-dependent plantation system. African American families retained some autonomy, rather than working on gangs of laborers. As many were illiterate, they were often taken advantage of by the planters' accounting. The number of

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years of the 1930s and later that large-scale farm mechanization came to the region. The mechanization of agriculture and the availability of domestic work outside the Delta spurred the migration of Delta residents from the region. Farming was unable to absorb the available

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Planters needed workers and recruited Italians and Chinese workers in the 19th century to satisfy demand. They quickly moved out of field labor, saving money as communities in order to establish themselves as merchants, often in the small rural towns.

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called for secession of New York City because of its close business ties to the South. Eventually the city joined the state in supporting the war, but immigrants resented having to fight when the wealthy could buy their way out of military service.

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and White migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, Black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta.

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The sharecropping and tenant system, with each family making its own decisions, inhibited the use of progressive agricultural techniques in the region. In the late 19th century, the clearing and drainage of wetlands, especially in

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As the agricultural economy does not support many jobs or businesses, the region has attempted to diversify. Lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans have been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers.

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broadly is found sold and cooked throughout the Delta. The region's large African American population and historical roots make this cuisine of the Delta's truly endemic food traditions. Many dishes such as

1179:. It is up for debate as to their origins, but it is strongly suggested they arrived in the Delta with migrant Mexican laborers in the early twentieth century and are attested to around that time period in 2623: 1886: 1961: 1187:

Fried Catfish is a staple of the Mississippi Delta. There exist a number of catfish farms throughout the region which supply fresh and local fish to kitchens across the Delta. The meal consists of

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In the 21st century, about one-third of Mississippi's African American population resides in the Delta, which has many black-majority state legislative districts. Much of the Delta is included in

539:. By this time, slavery had long been established as a racial caste. African Americans for generations worked the commodity plantations, which they made extremely profitable. In the opinion of 2053: 2941:

McCoyer, Michael. "'Rough Men in "the Toughest Places I Ever Seen': The Construction and Ramifications of Black Masculine Identity in the Mississippi Delta's Levee Camps, 1900-1935,"

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The Delta is 200 miles (320 km) long and 87 miles (140 km) across at its widest point, encompassing about 4,415,000 acres (17,870 km), or, almost 7,000 square miles of

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to northern cities, beginning before World War I, seriously depleted Black communities and churches, but the musicians sparked off each other in the industrial cities, with blues in

1566: 202:, created by regular flooding of the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers over thousands of years. The climate is humid subtropical, with short mild winters, and long, hot and wet summers. 2236: 908:. The lyrics accused Black ministers of engaging in and fomenting sinful behavior. The Black residents were poor, and the musicians and ministers competed for their money. The 105:

dependent on the labor of people they enslaved, who composed the vast majority of the population in these counties well before the Civil War, often twice the number of whites.

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began to leave the land and move to towns and cities. Tens of thousands of Black laborers left the Jim Crow south for better opportunities in the Northeast and Midwest in the

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of the ethnic Asian residents of the Delta recorded in censuses. While many descendants of the Delta Chinese have left the Delta, their population has increased in the state.

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trying to register to vote or to use public facilities. African Americans were not able to exercise their constitutional rights again until well after their successes in the

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duck sauce introduced by the Hoover family in the mid-20th century. The sauce is usually served with meat such as locally hunted duck or steak. It is unique to the Delta.

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rose in the region at the time of settling accounts, and researchers have also found a correlation of lynchings to years that were poor economically for the region.

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for business that they had favorite hotels. From 1822 cotton-related exports comprised half of all exports from the port of New York City. In 1861 Democratic mayor

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have also attracted visitors in the regional tourism economy. The Delta is one of the top waterfowl destinations in the world because it is in the middle of the

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Comparing cotton's preeminence then to that of oil today, Historian Sven Beckert called the Delta "a kind of Saudi Arabia of the early nineteenth century."

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Remnants of the region's agrarian heritage are scattered along the highways and byways of the lower Delta. Larger communities have survived by fostering

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is related in part to economics, as few African American parents in the poor region can pay to send their children to private schools. Suzanne Eckes of

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As of 2005, the majority of students in public schools in the Mississippi Delta are Black, and the majority of private school students are White. This

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The Mississippi Delta received waves of immigration from three areas which have provided many of America's immigrants: China, Mexico, and Italy. The

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had lives marked by poverty and hardship but they expressed their struggles in music that became the beat, rhythm and songs of cities and a nation.

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The majority of residents in several counties in the region are still Black, although more than 400,000 African Americans left the state during the

2076: 1534: 1518: 2606: 190:. The shifting river delta at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast lies some 300 miles south of this area, and is referred to as the 1201:

arrived to the Delta as it did in many different parts of the United States, with Chinese immigrants arriving around the turn of the century.

5373: 2357: 2718: 2375: 2048: 1896: 2405: 531:, which became the fourth largest city in the country by 1840. Other slaves were transported downriver from slave markets at Memphis and 3240: 3193: 294: 2973: 101:(1861–1865). The region attracted many speculators who developed land along the riverfronts for cotton plantations; they became wealthy 5442: 3338: 3311: 305: 2698: 2645: 2217: 5163: 5084: 4538: 4533: 3391: 2814: 2177: 1715: 840: 125: 79:

rivers. The region has been called "The Most Southern Place on Earth" ("Southern" in the sense of "characteristic of its region, the

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restrictions on Black freedom: "They did what human beings looking for freedom, throughout history, have often done. They left."

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areas they gained entrance for their children to White schools, before the schools were integrated beginning in the late 1960s.

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Chinese immigrants began settling in Bolivar County and other Delta counties as plantation workers in the 1870s, though most

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To prevent this from happening again, in 1890 the Mississippi state legislature passed a new constitution which effectively

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and others were mostly removed west of the Mississippi River, and European-American settlement expanded at a rapid rate in

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Cotton Kingdom of the New South: A History of the Yazoo Mississippi Delta from Reconstruction to the Twentieth Century.

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Mississippi Delta, leading to the development of one of the Deltas most famous culinary inventions, the Delta-style

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Gussow, Adam. "Heaven and Hell Parties: Ministers, Bluesmen, and Black Youth in the Mississippi Delta, 1920–1942,"

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and tenant farming to survive. Their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the

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No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta.

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From the late 1930s through the 1950s, the Delta enjoyed an agriculture boom, as wartime needs followed by

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The Delta is strongly associated as the place where several genres of popular music originated, including

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in the first half of the 20th century, moving to Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western industrial cities.

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As the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slowly constructed, most of the delta's

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Becoming Southern: The Evolution of a Way of Life, Warren County and Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1770–1860.

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filets which are breaded and fried. Many sides exist for the dish and are nonessential. One such side,

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and, more significantly, highways, have left the river cities struggling for new roles and businesses.

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After redemption: Jim Crow and the transformation of African American religion in the Delta, 1875-1915

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magazine said that MSP "has long cast its shadow over the Mississippi Delta, including my hometown of

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A typical meal of fried catfish filets paired with hushpuppies, pinto beans, cornbread, and hot sauce.

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Gardner, Justin, and Nolan, Tom. "An Agricultural Economist's Perspective on the Mississippi Delta,"

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Catfish dream : Ed Scott's fight for his family farm and racial justice in the Mississippi Delta

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in Mississippi has boosted the Delta's economy, particularly in the areas of Tunica and Vicksburg.

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industry in the South, many parts suppliers have opened facilities in the Delta (as well as on the

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Justin Gardner and Tom Nolan, "An Agricultural Economist's Perspective on the Mississippi Delta",

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This article is about the geographic region of the U.S. state of Mississippi. For other uses, see

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Crossroads at Clarksdale: The Black Freedom Struggle in the Mississippi Delta After World War II.

2715: 2224:, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012 1829: 1421: 1376: 1276: 1261: 1256: 784: 349: 191: 121: 20: 3429: 2523: 2397: 2371: 5299: 4520: 4145: 3665: 3645: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3525: 3495: 3447: 3356: 3276: 3266: 3205: 3163: 3150: 1881: 1833: 1764: 1747: 1739: 1733: 1574: 1438: 1366: 1341: 1301: 1296: 1281: 1266: 715: 396: 80: 2955:

Nelson, Lawrence J. "Welfare Capitalism on a Mississippi Plantation in the Great Depression,"

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side of the Mississippi River, another area of high poverty). The 1990s state legalization of

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in the state. In the next three decades, most blacks lost their lands due to tight credit and

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Delta Blues: The Life and Times of the Mississippi Masters Who Revolutionized American Music.

2545: 1794: 1649: 1590: 1336: 1321: 1286: 1246: 864: 536: 509: 137: 2626:. University of Mississippi Medical Center. p. 'Mississippi Food Traditions' Poster PDF 524:. In the areas of greatest cotton cultivation, whites were far outnumbered by their slaves. 3605: 3575: 3530: 3515: 3510: 3500: 3475: 3442: 3261: 3220: 3140: 3103: 2804:

The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity.

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The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity

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acres are used to produce market-driven crops such as cotton, sugar, rice, and soybeans.

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Fifty Years After Brown: The Fight for Equality in Mississippi’s Delta Schools Continues

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At times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, notably in

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This Delta, This Land: An Environmental History of the Yazoo-Mississippi Floodplain.

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Eckes, Suzanne E. "The Perceived Barriers to Integration in the Mississippi Delta,"

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Delta Wings Festival and MS State Duck Calling & Duck Gumbo Championships (Drew)

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Roberts, Sam (December 26, 2010). "New York Doesn't Care to Remember the Civil War"

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Vivian Wu Wong, "Somewhere between White and Black: The Chinese in Mississippi"

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Many slaves were transported to Delta towns by riverboat from slave markets in

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Steamboats and the Cotton Economy: River Trade in the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta.

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Chopsticks in the Land of Cotton: Lives of Mississippi Delta Chinese Grocers.

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segregation that exists in the Mississippi Delta region is somewhat unique."

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The Warmth of Other Suns : The Epic Story of America's Great Migration

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Second edition. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.

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in the 18th century. Sugar and rice production were centered in southern

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The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America

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Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta

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of Delta farms that reduced the need for labor, displaced whites and

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Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta.

2705:". Mississippi Department of Corrections. Retrieved on May 21, 2010. 1956: 769: 338: 5158: 4675: 4216: 3065:

American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta.

2018:". Mississippi Valley State University. Retrieved on April 5, 2012. 1473: 745: 711: 595: 87: 64: 3048:"Flatlands in the Outlands: Photographs from the Delta and Bayou," 602:, increased lands available for tenant farming and sharecropping. 83:"), because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history. 5274: 5203: 5173: 5126: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5060: 5055: 5045: 4891: 4876: 4861: 4834: 4819: 4775: 4770: 4730: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4528: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4415: 4395: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4355: 4320: 1632: 1626: 1614: 1188: 913: 719: 631: 517: 468: 2750: 2127:"Italians in the Delta: The Evolution of an Unusual Immigration" 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4799: 4794: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 3058:

Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta After the Civil War

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Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War

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During the 1920s and 1930s, in the aftermath of the increasing

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The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife

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of 1830 extinguished Native American claims to these lands.

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were introduced to the region by European settlers from the

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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.

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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

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segregation in schools exists throughout the country, the

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Mississippi Delta Blues and Heritage Festival (Greenville)

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The Delta includes all or part of the following counties:

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Confederacy of Silence: A True Tale of the New Old South.

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Give My Poor Heart Ease: Voices of the Mississippi Blues.

2149:"Mexicans and Mexican Americans in the Mississippi Delta" 2037:, v10, n4, pp33–36, Summer 1996, accessed October 1, 2013 1235:, and others are associated with soul food in the Delta. 3002:

Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son.

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A Social and Economic Portrait of the Mississippi Delta

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Following is a list of various festivals in the Delta:

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Demand for cotton remained high until well after the

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remained undeveloped, even after the Civil War. Both

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Revised edition. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1988.

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Delta region were absorbed by large corporate-owned

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Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.

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High Cotton: Four Seasons in the Mississippi Delta.

3018:New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1960. 3009:After Freedom: A Cultural Study in the Deep South. 2830:Enclave: Vicksburg and Her Plantations, 1863-1870. 2215:"King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade" 2096:Lotus Among the Magnolias: The Mississippi Chinese 1195:, is common to fried catfish plates in the Delta. 1007:Mainstream Arts & Crafts Festival (Greenville) 16:Northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi 2398:"Mississippi Delta's Economy, Way of Life Fading" 2296: 2168: 2166: 2046: 5419: 3080:http://southernspaces.org/2004/mississippi-delta 2849:vol. 74, no. 2 (Spring 2005), pp. 159–173. 2077:The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White 1940:"Bioregional Approach to Southern HistorySaikku" 1675:, based in Jackson, covers events in the Delta. 1466: 1384: 2624:"Food for Thought Culinary Health Care Program" 1414:, within the Mississippi Delta. John Buntin of 3032:Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2005. 2980:. Rural School and Community Trust, Feb. 2004. 2943:International Labor and Working-Class History, 2786:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967. 2731:. July 27, 2010. Retrieved on August 13, 2010. 2163: 1114:Mighty Mississippi Music Festival (Greenville) 1087:Delta State University Pig Pickin' (Cleveland) 947:Stafford's Lawn Mower Mardi Gras Parade (Drew) 609: 535:. Still others were transported by sea in the 198:. Rather, the Mississippi Delta is part of an 55:, is the distinctive northwest section of the 4153: 3111: 2914:vol. 41, no. 3 (Dec. 2010), pp. 186–203. 980:Crosstie Arts & Jazz Festival (Cleveland) 39:Mississippi Delta – green line marks boundary 2912:Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, 2891:Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies, 2664: 2472:"借金問題ナビゲーター｜自己破産しか方法はないのか？ – 借金問題の悩みを解決する方法" 1897:Undiscovered Genius of the Mississippi Delta 1108:The King Biscuit Blues Festival (Helena, AR) 444:has been the mainstay of the Delta economy. 124:passed a new state constitution effectively 3025:New York: Atria/Simon & Schuster, 2002. 2839:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937. 2345:Arkansas Review: A Journal of Delta Studies 2203:Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 2190:Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 2174:Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835 1060:Sunflower River Blues Festival (Clarksdale) 959:Italian Festival of Mississippi (Cleveland) 798:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4160: 4146: 3118: 3104: 2886:New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009. 2708: 2605:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2339: 2337: 2232: 2230: 1147:Roy Martin Delta Band Festival (Greenwood) 1084:Gateway To The Delta Festival (Charleston) 1075:Delta Air and Balloon Festival (Greenwood) 678:, and the smallest Delta communities have 2358:"Delta Stories: How Delta Became "Delta"" 2267: 2124: 1955: 1687:US 49 runs through the Mississippi Delta. 1028:B.B. King Homecoming Festival (Indianola) 818:Learn how and when to remove this message 423:Learn how and when to remove this message 182:Despite the name, this region is not the 3125: 2952:New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 2907:New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. 2806:New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 2347:, August 2009, Vol. 40 Issue 2, pp 80–89 2003: 2001: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1902:Mississippi Delta National Heritage Area 1682: 1388: 1163: 759: 467:Early agriculture also included limited 295:Mississippi's 2nd congressional district 169: 97:-growing areas in the nation before the 34: 2945:Issue 69 (Spring 2006), pp. 57–80. 2482:from the original on September 24, 2017 2334: 2252: 2227: 1501: 1204:Hoover Sauce is a twist on traditional 1048:First Friday Jazz Festival (Greenville) 1004:River to the Rails Festival (Greenwood) 944:Mississippi River Marathon (Greenville) 5420: 2959:vol. 50 (May 1984), pp. 225–250. 2570: 2305: 2026: 2024: 1175:are a Delta-endemic derivation of the 1135:Electroacoustic Juke Joint (Cleveland) 1117:Delta Hot Tamale Festival (Greenville) 5356:List of radio stations in Mississippi 4141: 3099: 2761:from the original on October 18, 2017 2683:Mississippi Department of Corrections 2618: 2616: 1998: 1976: 1964:from the original on October 15, 2017 1937: 1933: 1931: 1647:The Northern Delta is also served by 1449: 1401:Mississippi Department of Corrections 132:. African Americans had to resort to 2893:vol. 40, no. 2 (2009), 40#2 pp 80–89 1506: 1238: 931: 796:adding citations to reliable sources 763: 361:adding citations to reliable sources 332: 5351:List of radio stations in Tennessee 2969:Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1999. 2931:Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 1979. 2837:Caste and Class in a Southern Town. 2021: 1461:Mississippi Delta Community College 1444:Mississippi Valley State University 1081:Charleston Day Reunion (Charleston) 178:of the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers 13: 5361:List of radio stations in Arkansas 2865:Ferris, William and Glenn Hinson. 2776: 2613: 2408:from the original on July 23, 2012 2378:from the original on March 2, 2009 2255:Empire of Cotton: a Global History 1928: 1782:Hilton Head Island, South Carolina 1512:Newspapers, magazines and journals 1031:Highway 61 Blues Festival (Leland) 1001:Deep Delta Festival (Rolling Fork) 831:century. Civic groups such as the 693: 28:Mississippi Delta (disambiguation) 14: 5454: 5443:River deltas of the United States 3090:Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. 2054:Southeast Review of Asian Studies 1828:route serves three Delta cities, 1678: 989:Dragon Boat Festival (Greenville) 977:Leland Crawfish Festival (Leland) 479:in the lower Mississippi. French 329:Agriculture and the Delta economy 314:Italians of the Mississippi Delta 4121: 3004:New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941. 2685:. Retrieved on January 14, 2011. 2151:. Mississippi Humanities Council 1851: 1072:September Festival (Mound Bayou) 983:Juke Joint Festival (Clarksdale) 974:World Catfish Festival (Belzoni) 768: 337: 5374:Audio from channel 6 TV station 5305:Jackson and Northwest Tennessee 2743: 2734: 2688: 2638: 2564: 2538: 2516: 2494: 2464: 2442: 2420: 2390: 2364: 2350: 2261: 2246: 2208: 2195: 2182: 2141: 2118: 2101:University Press of Mississippi 1567:Greenville Delta Democrat Times 1432: 348:needs additional citations for 288: 2105: 2087: 2065: 2040: 1913: 1483:The Journal of Negro Education 1405:Mississippi State Penitentiary 1394:Mississippi State Penitentiary 435: 1: 4679:by frequency & subchannel 3011:New York: Viking Press, 1939. 2997:New York: Viking Press, 1981. 2799:, v. 195, no. 4 (April 1999). 2791:"Traveling the Blues Highway" 1467:Primary and secondary schools 1385:Government and infrastructure 1013:Showfest (Tunica) As of 2010 626:, settling in cities such as 520:, Mississippi, Louisiana and 440:For more than two centuries, 120:In 1890, the white-dominated 3676:West Hattiesburg (Oak Grove) 2957:Journal of Southern History, 2796:National Geographic Magazine 2129:. Univsersity Of Mississippi 1907: 1559:Cleveland Bolivar Commercial 1427: 923: 165: 126:disenfranchising most blacks 7: 2701:September 27, 2011, at the 1844: 1722:Indianola Municipal Airport 1716:Cleveland Municipal Airport 971:Rivergate Festival (Tunica) 867:and gaining passage of the 841:disenfranchised most blacks 610:Mechanization and migration 486:importing enslaved Africans 10: 5459: 3000:Percy, William Alexander. 2972:Null, Elisabeth Higgins. " 2845:Journal of Negro Education 2268:Wilkerson, Isabel (2010). 2047:Thornell, John G. (2008). 1938:Mikko (October 29, 2017). 1892:Mississippi Alluvial Plain 1704:Mid Delta Regional Airport 1663:, plus several radio and 1034:Delta Jubilee (Clarksdale) 874: 843:by use of such devices as 714:. Other endeavors such as 297:, represented by Democrat 25: 18: 5288: 5262: 4784: 4674: 4654: 4547: 4519: 4310: 4181: 4170:Memphis metropolitan area 4117: 3694: 3456: 3428: 3390: 3337: 3249: 3149: 3137: 3063:Woodruff, Nan Elizabeth. 2677:December 6, 2002, at the 2306:Lemann, Nicholas (1991). 2125:Elise Mullins, Carmille. 2093:Quan, Robert Seto. 1982. 1710:Greenwood-Leflore Airport 1551:Clarksdale Press Register 1456:Coahoma Community College 1105:The Great Ruleville Roast 869:Voting Rights Act of 1965 733:Due to the growth of the 5428:Landforms of Mississippi 3070:Wilson, Charles Reagan. 2967:Mississippi Blues Today. 2450:"Rolling Fork Festivals" 2243:, accessed 10 March 2014 2083:Harvard University Press 1867:Delta Regional Authority 1698:Tunica Municipal Airport 1016:Webb Day Festival (Webb) 879: 671:reconstruction in Europe 653:settled near each other. 71:) that lies between the 19:Not to be confused with 3084:Charles Reagan Wilson, 3007:Powdermaker, Hortense. 2903:Greene, Alison Collis. 2571:Rankin, Julian (2018). 2546:"A Tale of Two Tamales" 2220:March 30, 2013, at the 2115:, Yin & Yang Press. 1422:Greenville, Mississippi 1159: 1102:Octoberfest (Cleveland) 1099:Great Delta Bear Affair 1010:Summerfest (Hollandale) 642:. It was not until the 49:Yazoo–Mississippi Delta 21:Mississippi River Delta 5438:Regions of Mississippi 5316:Cape Girardeau-Jackson 4168:Radio stations in the 4128:Mississippi portal 2789:Cobb, Charles E. Jr., 2782:Brandenfon, Robert L. 2721:April 2, 2015, at the 2253:Beckert, Sven (2014). 1882:History of Mississippi 1808:New Orleans, Louisiana 1765:Alamogordo, New Mexico 1740:Ruleville-Drew Airport 1734:Fletcher Field Airport 1688: 1575:Greenwood Commonwealth 1543:Delta Business Journal 1538:(published bi-monthly) 1439:Delta State University 1396: 1169: 588:lynchings of Black men 179: 40: 2948:Morris, Christopher. 2917:Hamlin, Francoise N. 2874:Blues From The Delta. 2755:www.TunicaAirport.com 2716:Down on Parchman Farm 2460:on February 27, 2007. 1795:Gulfport, Mississippi 1686: 1650:The Commercial Appeal 1591:The Enterprise-Tocsin 1392: 1167: 986:Riverfest (Vicksburg) 865:Civil Rights Movement 760:Political environment 537:coastwise slave trade 510:Five Civilized Tribes 492:The invention of the 173: 138:Civil Rights Movement 38: 5312:Other nearby regions 3194:Lieutenant governors 2809:Cosby, A.G. et al. 2696:MDOC QUICK REFERENCE 1728:Yazoo County Airport 1659:newspapers based in 1502:Media and publishing 792:improve this section 700:economic development 357:improve this article 321:, also known as the 130:political oppression 5400: / 3241:Tourist attractions 3072:"Mississippi Delta" 3016:Been Here And Gone. 2965:Nicholson, Robert. 2652:. November 25, 2012 2374:. RandomHouse.com. 2192:(1881), pp. 517-518 2035:Magazine of History 2014:3 June 2012 at the 1872:Far East Deep South 1825:City of New Orleans 1583:The Leland Progress 1546:(published monthly) 1407:(Parchman, MSP) in 1184:cultural foodways. 892:. The mostly Black 853:grandfather clauses 460:, and later in the 372:"Mississippi Delta" 5293:Radio stations in 5275:WILU-LP (FM 106.5) 4656:NOAA Weather Radio 3014:Ramsey, Frederic. 2934:Helferich, Gerry. 2728:Governing Magazine 2454:www.lowerdelta.org 2257:. New York: Knopf. 2241:The New York Times 2111:Jung, John. 2011. 1859:Mississippi portal 1804:Wyoming, Minnesota 1769:Brunswick, Georgia 1692:Air transportation 1689: 1672:The Clarion-Ledger 1667:also based there. 1661:Memphis, Tennessee 1602:(published weekly) 1594:(published weekly) 1586:(published weekly) 1530:(published weekly) 1522:(published weekly) 1478:racial segregation 1450:Community colleges 1397: 1170: 1111:Frog Fest (Leland) 906:Mississippi Sheiks 754:Mississippi Flyway 570:bushes and vines. 560:American Civil War 503:Indian Removal Act 489:to North America. 471:production in the 180: 99:American Civil War 47:also known as the 45:Mississippi Delta, 41: 5433:Mississippi River 5383: 5382: 4650: 4649: 4135: 4134: 3372:North Mississippi 3362:Mississippi Plain 3088:, Ann J. Adadie; 2872:Ferris, William; 2828:Currie, James T. 2584:978-0-8203-5361-6 2526:. January 1, 2005 2281:978-0-679-44432-9 1877:Finding Cleveland 1791:Piggott, Arkansas 1644: 1643: 1578:(published daily) 1570:(published daily) 1562:(published daily) 1554:(published daily) 1486:wrote, "Although 1239:Encompassed towns 1156: 1155: 1120:Delta Fest (Shaw) 828: 827: 820: 620:African Americans 600:Missouri Bootheel 433: 432: 425: 407: 206:the Yazoo River. 188:Mississippi River 122:state legislature 63:(and portions of 5450: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5376: 4517: 4516: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4126: 4125: 4124: 3382:Tennessee Valley 3367:Natchez District 3120: 3113: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3078:, 4 April 2004. 3056:Willis, John C. 3051:Southern Spaces, 3046:Scott Matthews, 3041:Southern Spaces, 3021:Rubin, Richard. 2983:Owens, Harry P. 2929:Blues Who's Who. 2896:Giggie, John M. 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2751:"Tunica Airport" 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2712: 2706: 2692: 2686: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2596: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2504:. 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Willis, 1989: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1959: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1778:Wickes, Arkansas 1599:The Tunica Times 1527:Deer Creek Pilot 1507: 1412:Sunflower County 932: 904:the blues group 823: 816: 812: 809: 803: 772: 764: 644:Great Depression 484:had switched to 428: 421: 417: 414: 408: 406: 365: 341: 333: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5418: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5365: 5309: 5284: 5258: 4780: 4678: 4670: 4658: 4646: 4543: 4515: 4306: 4177: 4166: 4136: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4113: 3864:Jefferson Davis 3690: 3452: 3424: 3400:Gulfport-Biloxi 3386: 3352:Golden Triangle 3333: 3245: 3226:State landmarks 3145: 3133: 3124: 3076:Southern Spaces 3035:Saikku, Mikko. 3028:Saikku, Mikko. 2925:Harris, Sheldon 2856:Ferris, William 2835:Dollard, John. 2802:Cobb, James C. 2779: 2777:Further reading 2774: 2764: 2762: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2723:Wayback Machine 2714:Buntin, John. " 2713: 2709: 2703:Wayback Machine 2693: 2689: 2679:Wayback Machine 2669: 2665: 2655: 2653: 2650:Arkansas Online 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2598: 2597: 2585: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2552:. June 13, 2017 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2342: 2335: 2320: 2304: 2297: 2282: 2266: 2262: 2251: 2247: 2235: 2228: 2222:Wayback Machine 2213: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2183: 2171: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2110: 2106: 2092: 2088: 2070: 2066: 2045: 2041: 2029: 2022: 2016:Wayback Machine 2006: 1999: 1990: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1957:10.18737/M7QK5T 1944:Southern Spaces 1936: 1929: 1919:James C. Cobb, 1918: 1914: 1910: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1681: 1645: 1504: 1469: 1452: 1435: 1430: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1241: 1225:black-eyed peas 1221:mashed potatoes 1162: 1157: 926: 910:Great Migration 882: 877: 824: 813: 807: 804: 789: 773: 762: 696: 694:Diversification 684:Delta Air Lines 624:Great Migration 612: 541:Jefferson Davis 438: 429: 418: 412: 409: 366: 364: 354: 342: 331: 299:Bennie Thompson 291: 279:Western Grenada 168: 145:Great Migration 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5456: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5295:West Tennessee 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5280:WSTN (AM 1410) 5277: 5272: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 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3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3458:Smaller cities 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3324:Mississippians 3321: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3169:Climate change 3161: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3086:William Ferris 3082: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3053:Dec. 12, 2011. 3044: 3043:Jan. 28, 2010. 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2991:Palmer, Robert 2988: 2981: 2970: 2963: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2853: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2807: 2800: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2742: 2740:Eckes, p. 159. 2733: 2707: 2687: 2663: 2637: 2612: 2583: 2563: 2537: 2515: 2493: 2463: 2441: 2419: 2389: 2363: 2349: 2333: 2318: 2295: 2280: 2260: 2245: 2226: 2207: 2205:, pp. 160-161. 2201:Davis (1881), 2194: 2181: 2178:online edition 2162: 2140: 2117: 2104: 2086: 2064: 2039: 2020: 1997: 1975: 1927: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1814:Passenger rail 1811: 1810: 1797: 1784: 1774:U.S. Route 278 1771: 1752: 1751: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1680: 1679:Transportation 1677: 1656:The Daily News 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1587: 1579: 1571: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1539: 1535:Delta Magazine 1531: 1523: 1519:Belzoni Banner 1505: 1503: 1500: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1409:unincorporated 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 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5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5404:33.8°N 90.4°W 5375: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5270:KLCN (AM 910) 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 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2704: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2672:State Prisons 2667: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2567: 2551: 2550:www.yahoo.com 2547: 2541: 2525: 2519: 2503: 2497: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2429: 2423: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319:0-394-56004-3 2315: 2311: 2310: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2150: 2144: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1849: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:U.S. Route 61 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:U.S. Route 49 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:U.S. Route 82 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403:operates the 1402: 1395: 1391: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 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811: 801: 797: 793: 787: 786: 782: 777:This section 775: 771: 766: 765: 757: 755: 749: 747: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 691: 687: 685: 681: 677: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 654: 650: 645: 641: 640:New York City 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:mechanization 607: 603: 601: 597: 591: 589: 583: 581: 577: 576:sharecropping 571: 567: 565: 561: 556: 553: 550: 549:Fernando Wood 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 495: 490: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 427: 424: 416: 405: 402: 398: 395: 391: 388: 384: 381: 377: 374: – 373: 369: 368:Find sources: 362: 358: 352: 351: 346:This section 344: 340: 335: 334: 326: 324: 320: 315: 310: 307: 306:Delta Chinese 302: 300: 296: 286: 284: 280: 276: 275:Western Yazoo 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 207: 203: 201: 197: 195: 189: 185: 177: 172: 163: 161: 157: 152: 148: 146: 141: 139: 135: 134:sharecropping 131: 127: 123: 118: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 37: 33: 29: 22: 5385: 4313:FM frequency 4184:AM frequency 4119: 4039:Tallahatchie 3616:Olive Branch 3415:Memphis (TN) 3346: 3287:Homelessness 3272:Demographics 3214:Constitution 3139: 3089: 3075: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3040: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2984: 2977: 2966: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2810: 2803: 2794: 2783: 2763:. Retrieved 2754: 2745: 2736: 2726: 2710: 2690: 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2649: 2640: 2630:February 19, 2628:. Retrieved 2573: 2566: 2556:February 20, 2554:. Retrieved 2549: 2540: 2530:February 20, 2528:. Retrieved 2518: 2508:February 19, 2506:. Retrieved 2496: 2484:. Retrieved 2476:www.EAJJ.org 2475: 2466: 2458:the original 2453: 2444: 2432:. Retrieved 2422: 2410:. Retrieved 2401: 2392: 2380:. Retrieved 2366: 2352: 2344: 2308: 2270: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2240: 2210: 2202: 2197: 2189: 2184: 2173: 2153:. Retrieved 2143: 2131:. Retrieved 2120: 2112: 2107: 2094: 2089: 2075: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2042: 2034: 1992: 1966:. 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