Gallican Rite - Knowledge

1822:. Duchesne points out that "the Gallican Liturgy in the features which distinguish it from the Roman, betrays all the characteristics of the Eastern Orthodox liturgies," and that "some of its formularies are to be found word for word in the Greek Orthodox texts which were in use in the Churches of the Syro-Byzantine Rite either in the fourth century or somewhat later," and infers from this that, "the Gallican Liturgy is an Oriental liturgy, introduced into the West towards the middle of the fourth century." Duchesne does not, however, note that in certain other important peculiarities the Gallican Liturgy agrees with the Roman where the latter differs from the Oriental. Controverting the third or Roman theory of origin, he stresses that 109: 1551: 2925:, in the 9th century, mentions that at Lyon there were no canticles except from the Psalms, no hymns written by poets, and no lessons except from Scripture. Mabillon says that though in his day Lyon agreed with Rome in many things, especially in the distribution of the Psalter, and admitted lessons from the Acts of the Saints, there were still no hymns except at Complin, and he mentions a similar rule as to hymns at Vienne. But the 767 Council of Tours canon 23 allowed the use of the Ambrosian hymns. Though the Psalter of the second recension of 1530: 84: 1967:

and spread thence to the countries under direct Roman influence, or whether it originated elsewhere and was adopted by Rome, there is no means of knowing. The adoption must have happened when liturgies were in rather a fluid state. The Gallicans may have carried to an extreme the changes begun at Rome, and may have retained some archaic features which had been later dropped by Rome. During the 4th century – it has been conjectured that it was in the papacy of

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were in many respects gradual. Of the three theories of origin, the Ephesine may be dismissed as practically disproved. To both of the other two the same objection may be urged, that they are largely founded on conjecture and on the critical examination of documents of a much later date than the periods to which the conjectures relate. But at present there is little else to go upon. It may be well to mention also a theory put forward by W. C. Bishop in

3562: 5302: 4514: 1570: 1702:, enough of an independent history to require separate treatment, so that though it will be necessary to allude to both by way of illustration, this article will be devoted primarily to the rite once used in what is now France. Of the origin of the Gallican Rite there are three principal theories, between two of which the controversy is not yet settled. These theories may be termed: the Ephesine, the Ambrosian, and the Roman. 5314: 36: 1540: 3200:

a varied end, and the collect (but not the Bidding Prayer), and the anointing of the hands with its formula are in the modern Roman Pontifical, but with very large additions. The consecration of bishops began, after an election, with a presentation and recognition, neither of which is in the modern Pontifical. Then followed a long Bidding Prayer, also not adopted in the Roman Rite, and the Consecration Prayer

1520: 5326: 1678:, until the middle or end of the 8th century. There is no information before the 5th century and very little then; and throughout the whole period there was, to judge by existing documents and descriptions, so much diversity that, though the general outlines of the rite were of the same pattern, the name must not be taken to imply more than a very moderate amount of homogeneity. The Rite of 3204:, part of which is embodied in the Preface in the Leonine and Gregorian Sacramentaries, and in the present Pontifical. During this prayer two bishops held the Book of the Gospels over the candidate, and all the bishops laid their hands on his head. Then followed the anointing of the hands, but apparently not of the head as in the modern rite, with a formula which is not in the Roman books. 3587: 3138:. That is to say, a mixed form which does not agree with the more or less contemporary Roman form in the Leonine and Gregorian Sacramentaries, though it contains some Roman prayers, is found in these two books, and it may reasonably be inferred that the differences are of Gallican origin. Moreover, extracts relating to ceremonial are given with them from the 2311:) and several pairs of Bidding Prayers and Collects, the former having the title "Exhortatio" or "Exhortatio Matutina". The Mai fragments begin with part of a Bidding Prayer and contain a fragment of a Contestatio, with that title, and fragments of other prayers, two of which have the title "Post Nomina", and two others which seem to be prayers 2410:. There are eighty-one numbered sections, of which the last is the first prayer of "Missa Romensif cottidiana", with which the manuscript breaks off. The details of Masses in this book are given in the section of the present article on the liturgical year. Masses are all Gallican as to order, but many of the actual prayers are Roman. 2812:." The meaning of manicationes and of the whole statement is obscure. In September there were fourteen psalms, two under each antiphon; in October twenty-four psalms, three to each antiphon; and from December to Easter thirty psalms, three to each antiphon. Caesarius orders six psalms at Prime with the hymn " 3199:

acclamation in Byzantine ordinations. The Bidding Prayer and collect which follow are both in the present Roman Pontifical, though separated by much additional matter. The ordination of priests was of the same type as that of deacons, with the addition of the anointing of the hands. The address, with

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made up Vespers, combining the twelfth hour of the Divine Office (that is, of the recitation of the Psalter with its accompaniments) with a service for what, without any intention of levity, one may call "lighting-up time". The Ambrosian and Mozarabic Vespers are constructed on this principle, and so

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are from a manuscript at Autun. There appears to be no reason to doubt that they are genuine. They contain mystical interpretations of the ceremonies of the Mass and of other services. Duchesne says of the descriptions, on which the interpretations are based, that "We may reconstruct from the letters

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between 784 and 791 sent to Charlemagne at his own request a copy of what was considered to be the Gregorian Sacramentary, but which certainly represented the Roman use of the end of the 8th century. This book, which was far from complete, was edited and supplemented by the addition of a large amount

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The above are all that exist as directly Gallican sources, but much information may also be gleaned from the books of the transition period, which, though substantially Roman, were much edited with Germanic tendencies and contained a large amount which was of a Gallican rather than a Roman type. The

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for July 1908, to the effect that the Gallican Liturgy was not introduced into Gaul from anywhere but was the original liturgy of that country, apparently invented and developed there. He speaks of an original independence of Rome (of course liturgically only) followed by later borrowings. This does

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There is curiously little information on this point, and it is not possible to reconstruct the Gallican Divine Office from the scanty allusions that exist. It seems probable that there was considerable diversity in various times and places, though councils, both in Gaul and Hispania, tried to bring

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The Latin liturgical rites have been described as undergoing three phases, which may be called for want of better names the Gallican, the Ambrosian, and the Roman stages. The holders of the theory no doubt recognize that the demarcation between these stages is rather vague, and that the alterations

1966:

These variations from the Eastern usages are of an early date, and it is inferred from them, and from other considerations more historical than liturgical, that a liturgy with these peculiarities was the common property of Gaul, Hispania, and Italy. Whether, as is most likely, it originated in Rome

1951:, for which, though of course the fact is found there, there is no verbal Scriptural warrant. The Mozarabic of today uses the Pauline words, and no Gallican Recital of the Institution remains in full; but in both the prayer that follows is called (with alternative nomenclature in the Gallican) post- 2947:

is known as the "Roman", it does not seem that the Gallican Psalter was used even in Gaul until a comparatively later date, though it spread thence over nearly all the West. At present the Mozarabic and Ambrosian Psalters are variants of the "Roman", with peculiarities of their own. Probably the

1979:, and second part, the Mass of the Faithful, was no longer needed, and therefore the want was felt of a position with some meaning to it for the sign of Christian unity. The long and diffuse prayers were made into the short and crisp collects of the Roman type. It was then that the variable post- 1854:

The third theory is perhaps rather complicated to state without danger of misrepresentation, and has not been so definitely stated as the other two by any one writer. It is held in part by Milanese liturgists and by many others whose opinion is of weight. In order to state it clearly it will be

2333:), described by Delisle, is a manuscript dating from the end of the 7th, or the early part of the 8th. Only a fragment, it begins with a Mass for the feast of Germanus of Auxerre, after which come prayers for the Blessing of Virgins and Widows, two Advent Masses, the Christmas Eve Mass, the 2980:(555–576), and by a comparison of these with the extant sacramentaries, not only of Gaul but of the Celtic Rite, with the Irish tracts on the Mass, with the books of the still existing Mozarabic Rite, and with the descriptions of the Hispanic Mass given by 2500:

in our knowledge of the Gallican Rite may reasonably be conjecturally filled up from the Mozarabic books, which even in their present form are those of substantially the same rite. There are also liturgical allusions in certain 5th and 6th century writers:

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In the Western rites – whether Hispano-Gallican, Ambrosian, or Roman – a very large proportion of the priest's part varies according to the day, and these variations are so numerous in the Gallican Rite that the fixed part, even of the Prayer of the

2543:, and one at the Abbey of Saint Gall. The manuscripts are of the early 8th century. The groundwork is Roman, with Gallican additions and modifications. Evidence for the Gallican rites of ordination and some other matters is derived from this book. 3276:

Peyron believed the fragment was written in the 7th century and Hammond suspected that the Peyron fragment was from the same manuscript as the Mai fragment; nevertheless, according to Hammond, the fragments belong to the Gallican type liturgies

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The later history of the Gallican rite is obscure and filled with liturgical anarchy. France had no clear capital; Toledo occasionally tried to impose liturgical law, but only over Visigothic areas, and without much success. The Councils of

2374:), described by Delisle, is a manuscript dating from the end of the 7th century and once belonging to the Petau Library. The name is due to a 15th-century note at the beginning of the book, and hence it has been attributed by Tommasi and 3068:, both of which are incomplete, along with a few details in the second Letter of Germanus of Paris. The forms given in the Stowe Missal and the Bobbio Missal are too much Romanized to well illustrate the Gallican Rite. The form given in 1999:. This reform, possibly through the influence of Ambrose, was adopted at Milan, but not in Gaul and Hispania. At a still later period, during the 5th and 6th centuries, changes were again made at Rome, principally attributed to 1855:

necessary to point out first certain details in which all the Latin liturgical rites agree with one another in differing from the Eastern, and in this we speak only of the Mass, which is of far more importance than either the

2436:, it has been attributed to Paris. It contains the Prophetical Lessons, epistles, and Gospels for the year from Christmas Eve onwards. At the end are the lessons of a few special Masses, for the burial of a bishop, for the 3091:

ceremonies which are mixed with the Baptismal service in the two books are not very characteristic. The couplets of invitatory and collect which occur in the Roman Good Friday service are given with verbal variations in

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There are many manuscripts of the Gregorian Sacramentary. It represents the sacramentary sent by Adrian I to Charlemagne, after it had been rearranged and supplemented by Gelasian and Gallican editions in France.

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The ancient liturgies of the Gallican Church: now first collected with an introductory dissertation, notes, and various readings, together with parallel passages from the Roman, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic

3043:. and probably fixed would be the priest's devotions at Communion. Most of these are very short and only the most important passage wanting is the one fixed passage in the Prayer of Consecration, the 1838:) as "foreign importations" and did not recognize in them the ancient usage of his own Church, and he thinks it hard to explain why the African Church should have accepted the Roman reforms, while 2988:, gave a very full account constructed on this basis, though some will differ from him in his supplying certain details from Ambrosian books, and in his claiming the Bobbio Missal Sacramentary as 1635:, which comprised the majority use of most of Western Christianity for the greater part of the 1st millennium AD. The rites first developed in the early centuries as the Syriac-Greek rites of 2999:

is, therefore, of less importance than it would be in, for instance, the Roman Mass or the Ambrosian Mass. Thus the fixed parts of the service would only be: (a) the three Canticles, (b) the

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intercessory prayers, and they occur in a form borrowed later from the Gallican in the ordination services, but in general the invitation to prayer is reduced to its lowest terms in the word

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of matter derived from the Gallican books and from the Roman book known as the Gelasian Sacramentary, which had been gradually supplanting the Gallican. It is probable that the editor was

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not seem to exclude the idea that Rome and the West may have had the germ of the Western Rite in common. Again the theory is conjectural and is only very slightly stated in the article.

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Jenner's analysis shows that the Gallican Mass contained a very small number of fixed elements and that nearly the whole service was variable according to the day. The absence of an

2127:, Charlemagne's principal liturgical advisor. Copies were distributed throughout Charlemagne's empire, and this "composite liturgy", as Duchesne describes, "from its source in the 1947:) and date the Institution by the betrayal, and of the less important anaphoras, most either use the same expression or paraphrase it. The Western liturgies date from the Passion, 3761: 2131:

spread throughout all the churches of the Frankish Empire and at length, finding its way to Rome gradually supplanted there the ancient use." More than half a century later, when

1877:, as in the Syro-Jacobite Rite, or on certain days, as in Byzantine and East Syrian, but they are complete in themselves and do not contain passages appropriate to the day. The 2748:

But the application of these names is sometimes obscure. It is not quite clear whether Nocturns and Lauds were not joined together as Matins; Caesarius speaks of Prima, while

2228: 2808:" are ordered. This evidently means twelve psalms, two under each antiphon. In August there seem to have been no psalms, because there were festivals and Masses of saints. " 2684:

19-year-cycle, the Gallican Church continued to use the 532-year-cycle, until the end of the 8th or beginning of the 9th century. Lent began with the first Sunday, not with

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There is a short passage which throws a little light upon the Lyon use of the end of the 5th century in an account of the Council of Lyon in 499. The council, assembled by

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speculates that some of these represent originally Gallican liturgies with Roman elements introduced, while evaluating others, such as the Gelasian Sacramentary and the

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as the key-day for Advent Sunday, so that, as at present in the Mozarabic and Ambrosian Rites, there were six Sundays of Advent (but only two Advent Masses survive in

1971:(366–384) – liturgical reforms were made at Rome: the position of the Great Intercession and of the Pax were altered, the latter perhaps because the form of the 2135:

wished to see what the ancient Gallican Rite had been like, it was necessary to import Hispanic priests to celebrate it in his presence. Subsequently, with the

2864:". The rules of Caesarius and Aurelian both speak of two nocturns with lessons, which include on the feasts of martyrs lessons from their passions. They order 3253: 2677: 1846:

is not really Roman, but Gallican, much Romanized at a later period, and that the Gubbio variations of which Innocent I complained were borrowed from Milan.

4895: 2964:, may well have known about some of these of his own knowledge; but through the 7th century there are indications of adoption of the Roman or the Monastic 3185:

and towel to subdeacons. Bidding Prayers and all are in the Roman Pontifical of today. In the ordination of deacons there is a form which is found in the

5250: 4277: 2984:. One may arrive at a fairly clear and general idea of the service, though there exists no Gallican Ordinary of the Mass and no Antiphoner. Duchesne, in 2701:

about some uniformity. The principal authorities are the Councils of Agde (506) and Tours (567) and allusions in the writings of Gregory of Tours and

4218: 3788: 3572: 1598: 1446: 1180: 2357:, are Gallican in order with many Roman prayers. The Good Friday prayers are, with a few verbal variations, exactly as those in the Roman Missal. 2275: 1987:

were altered into a fixed Canon of a type similar to the Roman Canon of today, though perhaps this Canon began with the clause which now reads "

2456:". This lectionary is purely Gallican with no apparent Roman influence. The manuscript has not been printed in its entirety, but Mabillon, in 4549: 986: 2960:

and the Ambrosian, all of which seem to have been going on then. The unknown writer, though his opinion is of no value on the origin of the

5009: 3832: 3169:, were very short, and consisted simply of the delivery of the instruments: keys to the porters; books of lectors and exorcists; cruets to 1130: 1463: 446: 2187:

There are no manuscripts of the Gallican Rite earlier than the later part of the 7th century, though the descriptions in the letters of

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services of the Gallican Rite do not occur in any of the avowedly Gallican books. They are found in the Gelasian Sacramentary and the

3863: 531: 4789: 2688:. There is a not very intelligible passage in the canons of the Council of Tours to the effect that all through August there were " 1473: 623: 1867:

The Eastern Eucharists of whatever rite are marked by the invariability of the priest's part. There are, it is true, alternative

1376: 2015:. These later reforms were not adopted at Milan which retained the books of the first reform, which are now known as Ambrosian. 1913:

embodying the suggestions of the Bidding Prayer, addressed to God. These Bidding Prayers have survived in the Roman Rite in the

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are the chief authorities on this point, and to these may be added some information to be gathered from the regulations of the

3873: 3868: 3678: 2705:. The general arrangement and nomenclature were very similar to those of the Celtic Rite. There were two principal services, 1591: 422: 4680: 4020: 2680:

532-year-cycle in 457, the Gallican Church, unlike the Celts, did the same; but when, in 525, the Roman Church adopted the

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depended, of course, on Easter. When the Roman Church altered the Easter computation from the old 84-year-cycle to the new

1694:. It was so nearly allied to the Gallican Rite that the term Hispano-Gallican is often applied to the two. But the Iberian 1453: 4883: 4871: 4749: 3817: 2557:(Vat. Reg. Lat. 257) is a fragment of a sacramentary similar to the Gelasian Sacramentary, though not identical with it. 2292: 2073:

Throughout this period, there was a slow process of Romanization in the Gallican rite, accelerated in the 8th century by

1125: 653: 3240:, which may be presumed to have borrowed from it. A 9th century commentary on the ritual of a dedication, attributed by 1944: 4608: 3837: 1636: 1426: 1140: 4542: 3804: 3784: 3709: 3667: 2800:, with Alleluia (presumably as Antiphon). For Matins there is a curious arrangement which reminds one of that in the 1640: 1543: 1493: 1421: 1406: 1105: 172: 2349:, Good Friday and Easter Sunday ceremonies and the baptismal service, Masses for the Sundays after Easter up to the 1901:, is strangely little. Certain varying prayers of the Hispano-Gallican Rite have a tendency to fall into couples, a 5351: 4668: 3822: 3618:

The ancient liturgy of Antioch and other liturgical fragments: being an appendix to "Liturgies Eastern and Western"

3096:; in both, however, there are other prayers of a similar type and prayers for some of the Hours of Good Friday and 1940: 1788: 1584: 1523: 1436: 1337: 1120: 911: 732: 648: 470: 326: 283: 143: 17: 2178:

of the French dioceses in the 17th to mid-19th centuries. These have nothing to do with the ancient Gallican Rite.

1795:(Lyon), was the principal centre of Gallican development. He lays great stress on the incontestable importance of 5346: 5223: 4686: 4624: 4615: 4025: 3842: 1800: 1503: 1411: 1135: 154: 57: 5079: 4698: 4306: 2904: 1718:, was once very popular among Anglican scholars. According to it the Gallican Rite went back to one brought to 1498: 763: 556: 239: 150: 122: 2303:(Preface) with other prayers of Gallican type. The Bunsen fragment contains part of a Mass for the Dead (post- 5356: 5238: 4674: 3716:

Describes Rose's research (quoting him extensively) into early Gallican, monasticism, missions, worship, etc.

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Christian worship: its origin and evolution : a study of the Latin liturgy up to the time of Charlemagne

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but has not been adopted in the Roman Rite, the recognition by the people, after an address, with the cry of

1651: 1381: 1351: 1151: 751: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2613:

It is probable that there were many variations in different times and places, and that the influence of the

2062:(581, 623) made attempts at imposing liturgical consistency, but only at a local level. In the 7th century, 1674:

The Gallican Rite was used from before the 5th century, and likely prior to the Diocletian reform in AD 293

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instead of the Gallican, or to mix them up, a tendency which was resisted at times by provincial councils.

2233: 1441: 1416: 1346: 808: 306: 3753: 2593: 1799:(Milan) as the capital of the Western Roman Empire from 286 to 402 and of the Church of Milan in the late 3890: 2584: 2280: 1711: 1533: 1468: 1458: 1371: 1069: 696: 613: 546: 387: 5269: 5292: 4161: 2493: 1356: 108: 2601: 2238:(760–781). It contains eleven Masses of purely Gallican type, one of which is a Mass for the feast of 5245: 4439: 3812: 3228:

was exclusively funerary and contained little else but the deposition of the relics, as shown in the

1366: 1342: 589: 321: 2204: 4742: 4692: 4446: 3140: 1834:, spoke of usages which Duchesne recognizes as Gallican (e.g. the position of the Diptychs and the 1513: 1261: 1064: 976: 951: 873: 701: 628: 436: 259: 92: 3658:. Translated by Charles Underhill Quinn. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 3216:

does not occur in the recognized Gallican books and from prayers in the Gelasian Sacramentary and

3013:(d) the Dismissal, (e) the priest's prayers at the Offertory, (f) the Great Intercession, (g) the 2948:

decadence of the Gallican Divine Office was very gradual. In an 8th-century manuscript tract, the

2517:, and some information may be gathered from the decrees of the Gallican councils mentioned above. 1751: 4993: 4662: 4619: 4206: 3602:. Translated by M. L. McClure (5th ed.). London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 2977: 2930: 2128: 1976: 1905:, or invitation to pray, sometimes of considerable length and often partaking of the nature of a 961: 746: 113: 3659: 3286:

The Bunsen fragments belong to the Gallican type liturgies classification, according to Hammond.

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manuscript are the other authorities from which Duchesne derives his details. The order of the

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once read "Fac nobis hanc oblationem". This may have been introduced by a short, variable post-

1666:. Ireland is also known to have had a form of this Gallican Liturgy mixed with Celtic customs. 1628: 1574: 1188: 455: 966: 5279: 4814: 4732: 4591: 3577: 2530: 2287: 2082: 1771: 921: 768: 677: 618: 608: 536: 517: 503: 244: 205: 195: 49: 4628: 3616: 2664:

a large space is given to the services of the two days before Easter, and in the latter the

54:. It may be out of date, or may reflect the point of view of the Catholic Church as of 1913. 5228: 4988: 4769: 4759: 4727: 4201: 4122: 4042: 3934: 3912: 3827: 3590:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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to the end of the 11th century, and lingered as an archaeological survival in chapels at

1555: 716: 429: 404: 359: 5055: 4965: 4953: 4930: 4794: 4704: 4646: 4047: 3652: 2981: 2702: 2606: 2510: 2502: 2383: 2220: 2055: 1868: 1804: 1156: 1029: 896: 686: 551: 526: 508: 249: 217: 210: 177: 2656:

has a Mass for the feast of Germanus of Auxerre before the two Advent Masses. In both

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Much side light is thrown on the Gallican Rite by the Celtic books, especially by the

4494: 3732: 3705: 3684: 3663: 3630: 3603: 3233: 3149: 2681: 2506: 2140: 2047: 2039: 1679: 1616: 1039: 793: 598: 575: 498: 394: 343: 160: 3241: 5087: 4876: 4852: 4804: 4719: 4489: 4472: 4457: 4314: 4144: 4030: 3792: 3746: 3622: 3257: 3028: 2912: 2884: 2648:, the Luxeuil has Commons of bishops and deacons for a number of other Masses, and 2514: 2425: 2188: 2132: 2101: 2051: 1936: 1831: 1682:

was used from the 5th century in Roman provinces within the Roman civil diocese of

1332: 1291: 1281: 1271: 1059: 946: 906: 783: 691: 603: 488: 311: 227: 165: 2820:"; six psalms at Terce, Sext, and None, with an antiphon, a hymn, a lesson, and a 2460:, gives references to all the lessons and the beginnings and endings of the text. 5155: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5050: 5044: 4980: 4900: 4467: 4382: 4339: 4329: 4324: 4282: 4272: 4193: 4057: 3972: 3954: 3929: 3796: 2714: 2589: 2429: 2346: 2043: 2004: 1856: 1823: 1811: 1755: 1659: 1431: 1276: 1208: 1203: 1094: 868: 798: 568: 479: 264: 100: 2792:. The distribution of the Psalter is not known. The Council of Tours orders six 1975:

of the catechumens was disused, and the distinction between the first part, the

5330: 5137: 5107: 5092: 5034: 5024: 4959: 4942: 4784: 4484: 4477: 4364: 4334: 4319: 4262: 4252: 4085: 3858: 3728: 3597: 3186: 3101: 2989: 2730: 2692:", but this is not borne out by the existing sacramentaries or the Lectionary. 2673: 2124: 2012: 2008: 1968: 1902: 1843: 1784: 1739: 1695: 1307: 1286: 1249: 1239: 1166: 1161: 1074: 1002: 825: 773: 658: 633: 563: 377: 232: 4637: 3692: 2617:

brought about gradual assimilation to Rome. The year, as is usual, began with

2242:, but the others do not specify any festival. One Mass is written entirely in 5340: 5318: 5029: 4912: 4834: 4774: 4737: 4462: 4257: 4075: 3901: 3736: 3688: 3607: 3591: 3566: 3174: 2685: 2489: 2433: 2399: 2375: 2119: 1835: 1819: 1759: 1687: 1655: 1624: 1302: 1244: 1007: 991: 847: 842: 711: 706: 45: 3721: 3634: 1963:

in the Gallican Masses, so that it is clear that this form existed in both.

5160: 5132: 5062: 4754: 4598: 4566: 4558: 4387: 4359: 4289: 4229: 4183: 4178: 4166: 3885: 3880: 3783: 3162: 3097: 3019: 2934: 2810:

Toto Augusto manicationes fiant, quia festivitates sunt et missae sanctorum

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period, which are all that are left, contain many Roman elements. The 1913

1898: 1815: 1803:, and conjectures that a liturgy of Oriental origin, introduced perhaps by 1766: 1727: 1632: 1401: 1218: 1213: 1084: 1079: 901: 879: 778: 722: 316: 137: 1742:. The idea originated partly in a statement in the 8th-century tract in a 83: 5218: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5165: 5150: 5145: 4864: 4847: 4799: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4392: 4377: 4372: 4134: 4102: 4097: 4070: 3907: 2941: 2109: 2078: 1914: 1699: 956: 741: 382: 296: 254: 222: 3236:

manuscript, the Gallican Rite resembled more closely that of the modern

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There are three extant manuscripts of the Gelasian Sacramentary, one at

1765:. This theory "may be dismissed as practically disproved," according to 5039: 4920: 4267: 4139: 4117: 4112: 3917: 3615:

Hammond, Charles E. (1879). "Fragments of ancient Gallican liturgies".

3237: 3131: 2892: 2866: 2816:", two lessons, one from the old and one from the New Testament, and a 2428:, but because among its very few saints' days it contains the feast of 2420: 2387: 2271: 2216: 2212: 2100:(742–66). The Roman chant was introduced about 760, and by a decree of 2097: 2063: 2000: 1873: 1796: 1743: 1675: 1198: 926: 916: 668: 643: 412: 5067: 4294: 3166: 3088: 2645: 2243: 2224: 1827: 1691: 1223: 663: 580: 541: 460: 2540: 2424:(Luxeuil) is a 7th-century manuscript discovered by Mabillon in the 4888: 4842: 4779: 4603: 4587: 4513: 4080: 4015: 3998: 3984: 3895: 3565: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 3110: 2880: 2742: 2391: 2379: 2350: 2191:(555–76) take one back another century. The known manuscripts are: 2175: 2074: 1886: 1882: 1792: 1735: 1731: 1683: 1569: 1327: 1034: 1022: 887: 399: 291: 5301: 4936: 4925: 4764: 4151: 4107: 4035: 3978: 3538: 3170: 3005: 2922: 2899:. Then psalms were sung and a lesson was read from the prophets ( 2734: 2710: 2622: 2342: 2160: 2136: 2067: 1910: 1878: 1839: 1723: 1110: 1017: 1012: 863: 372: 2856:

Caesarius mentions a blessing given by the bishop at the end of

2386:. Duchesne, judging by the inclusion of Masses for the feast of 2299:. The Peyron fragment contains part of what looks like a Lenten 2262:

The Peyron, Mai, and Bunsen fragments are disjointed palimpsest

4947: 4527: 4173: 4156: 4065: 3990: 3942: 3704:. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. pp. 701–716. 3650:

Bouyer, Louis (1968) . "The Gallican and Mozarabic Eucharist".

3155:

The ceremonial contained therein agrees with that described in

2976:

The chief authorities for the Gallican Mass are the letters of

2926: 2706: 2641: 2618: 2445: 2403: 2267: 2168: 2164: 1919: 1906: 1762: 3654:

Eucharist: theology and spirituality of the eucharistic prayer

2089:, as Roman liturgies with Gallican additions and adaptations. 3960: 3948: 3178: 2793: 2722: 2395: 2251: 2227:. The manuscript, which is late 7th century, had belonged to 1890: 1808: 1644: 833: 803: 465: 3329:

For the full list of variables, in the Reichenau fragments,

3193:

This is used for priests and bishops also, for example, the

3148:, but now known to be a Gallican decree "promulgated in the 1818:, Mediolanum, to the Roman provinces in Gaul, Hispania, and 4595: 3966: 3182: 2726: 2093: 1719: 133: 2637:

and the Luxeuil Lectionary both begin with Christmas Eve.

1664:

which had a few early centers of Christianity in the south

3380:

Bibliothèque nationale de France. Manuscript. Latin 974.

2929:, now used in all the churches of the Roman Rite except 2118:

in 789, the Gallican chant was abolished in its favour.

3526: 3060:

The authorities for the Gallican Baptismal Service are

2862:

cumque expleto Lucernario benedictionem populo dedisset

2832:" of the Ambrosian Rite), two antiphons, a hymn, and a 2804:. Normally in summer (apparently from Easter to July) " 3700:

Hieromonk Damascene (2003). "Western Orthodox Roots".

2143:, the Gallican rite was the official form of liturgy. 1881:

of course vary with the day in all rites, and varying

5290: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 2870:

to be sung at Lauds and during the Paschal days, and

2398:. Masses are numbered, the manuscript beginning with 2353:

Mass, where the manuscript breaks off. Masses, as in

2291:

at Milan, and those fragments which are an eponym of

2011:; these three popes are the eponyms of three varying 1862: 1787:

puts forward in place of the Ephesine. He holds that

1654:. By the 5th century, it was well established in the 3683:. Translated by Catherine M. Antony. London: Sands. 3514: 3502: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 2828:

a "Psalmus Directaneus", whatever that may be (cf. "

2402:

which is numbered III. Probably there were once two

2257: 5251:

Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions

3699: 3389:For the order of the consecration of a church, see 2463: 1859:or the occasional services in determining origins. 1842:himself a Roman, refused them. He assumes that the 3741:Contains reconstructions from several manuscripts. 3651: 3316:For a reconstructed order of a Gallican Mass, see 3122:. There is no blessing of the new fire in either. 3114:and its Preface nearly exactly as in the Roman, a 2840:, eighteen psalms, an antiphon, hymn, lesson, and 2610:, as to the Gallican practice in the 6th century. 2146: 1931:Another Western peculiarity is in the form of the 1750:) to such an origin, and partly in a statement of 3581:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3407: 44:This article incorporates unedited text from the 5338: 3720:Neale, John M.; Forbes, George H., eds. (1855). 3152:towards the end of the 5th century" (Duchesne). 2182: 3207: 2937:, is known as the "Gallican", while the older, 2903:,), more psalms and a lesson from the Gospels, 1991:", but according to the pseudo-Ambrosian tract 3220:. Duchesne's analysis of both rites shows, in 2889:feast of Just. The vigil was kept at his tomb. 4543: 3769: 3104:consists of a Bidding Prayer and collect (in 2844:. From this it seems as though the office of 2077:. Nearly all the Gallican books of the later 1758:(664) respecting the Johannine origin of the 1592: 3677:Cabrol, Fernand (1934). "The Mass in Gaul". 3295:For a list of liturgical year variations in 3027:(j) the Recital of the Institution, (k) the 2171:. This was only a variant of the Roman Rite. 3719: 2318: 4550: 4536: 3776: 3762: 3050: 1710:The Ephesine theory, first put forward by 1599: 1585: 107: 3864:Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts 2560: 2155:has also been applied to two other uses: 1935:. The principal Eastern liturgies follow 1746:, which refers the Service of the Gauls ( 3702:Father Seraphim Rose: his life and works 3595: 3548: 3532: 3055: 2625:days a week during Advent and mentioned 2524: 2448:is ordained, when a priest is blessed, " 614:Outside the Church there is no salvation 3614: 3520: 3508: 2876:sung on Sundays and greater festivals. 2764:, while Aurelian distinguishes between 1909:, addressed to the congregation, and a 1893:; but the priest's part remains fixed. 14: 5339: 4245: 3676: 3649: 3570: 3544: 3496: 3390: 3368: 3351: 3334: 3317: 3304: 2945:now used in St. Peter's Basilica only, 2621:. The Council of Mâcon arranged three 2582:, and the Gallican adaptations of the 2569: 2194: 447:Realms beyond the States of the Church 4531: 3874:Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom 3869:Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great 3757: 3727:(in Latin and English). Burntisland: 3125: 2413: 2018: 1669: 4021:Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament 3161:by Isidore of Seville. The forms of 2695: 2546: 2469:The Letters of St. Germanus of Paris 2341:and other ceremonies preparatory to 2209:Mémoire sur d'anciens Sacramentaires 1519: 58:broader and more recent perspectives 29: 27:Historical form of Christian liturgy 2733:; and probably two night services, 2521:principal of these are as follows. 2496:may also be of service, while most 2360: 2293:Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen 1778: 1539: 24: 4609:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 3643: 3333:, and Germanus's description, see 3116:Collectio post benedictionem cerei 2891:This began with a lesson from the 2756:; Caesarius distinguishes between 2604:(581), and from Gregory of Tours' 2066:'s missionaries likely introduced 1926: 1863:Invariability of the Priest's part 1705: 25: 5368: 3575:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2258:Peyron, Mai, and Bunsen Fragments 2092:The Roman Liturgy was adopted at 1814:from 355 to 374, spread from the 5324: 5312: 5300: 5275: 5274: 4557: 4512: 3585: 3560: 3076:has a much fuller form with the 2690:festivitates et missae sanctorum 2640:Both books also have Commons of 2464:Letters of St. Germanus of Paris 2032: 1941:First Epistle to the Corinthians 1783:The second theory is that which 1568: 1549: 1538: 1529: 1528: 1518: 1509: 1508: 912:Catechism of the Catholic Church 82: 34: 5224:Latin Church in the Middle East 3383: 3374: 3357: 3009:, etc., at the Gospel, (c) the 2672:are given at great length. The 2479: 2159:a French use introduced by the 2147:Other uses of the name Gallican 1849: 1643:and were first translated into 56:It should be edited to reflect 3340: 3323: 3310: 3289: 3280: 3270: 3031:. Possibly fixed would be the 1959:" come at the end of the post- 1734:, who had received it through 1619:and other ritual practices in 240:History of the Catholic Church 13: 1: 3680:The Mass of the Western Rites 3400: 3363:For the baptismal service in 3346:For the baptismal service in 3248:, and the 8th or 9th century 3144:, formerly attributed to the 2853:is the Byzantine Hesperinos. 2183:Manuscripts and other sources 1652:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul 4128:Divine Worship: Daily Office 3750:(London: A.R. Mowbray, 1958) 3208:The Consecration of a church 2806:sex antiphonae binis psalmis 2266:. Those fragments which are 2229:John II, Bishop of Constance 7: 3621:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3120:Collectio post hymnum cerri 2971: 2615:Martyrologium Hieronymianum 2585:Martyrologium Hieronymianum 2440:, when a bishop preaches, " 2394:(d. 680), attributes it to 2246:verse, except for the post- 697:Infallibility of the Church 10: 5373: 4519:Catholic Church portal 4162:Divine Worship: The Missal 3226:Roman Rite of Consecration 3224:, that at a time when the 3158:De Officiis Ecclesiasticis 3146:Fourth Council of Carthage 2986:Origines du Culte chrétien 2952:is distinguished from the 2528: 2494:Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite 2211:. They were discovered by 1631:that developed within the 1575:Catholic Church portal 5264: 5246:Eastern Catholic Churches 5211: 5125: 5078: 5017: 5004: 4979: 4911: 4833: 4718: 4655: 4580: 4565: 4509: 4438: 4352: 4305: 4228: 4217: 4192: 4056: 4009:Other liturgical services 4008: 3928: 3851: 3803: 3744:Porter, William Stevens. 3596:Duchesne, Louis (1919) . 2814:Fulgentis auctor aetheris 2713:; and four Lesser Hours, 2594:Fourth Council of Orléans 1949:Qui pridie quam pateretur 3957:(first hour of daylight) 3263: 3214:Consecration of a church 3141:Statuta Ecclesia Antiqua 2911:, and a lesson from the 2574:The Luxeuil Lectionary, 2492:. A comparison with the 2327:Missale Gallicanum Vetus 2320:Missale Gallicanum Vetus 1889:, etc., are sung by the 1647:in various parts of the 1615:is a historical form of 1262:Eastern Catholic liturgy 1065:Eastern Catholic liturgy 874:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate 260:Four Marks of the Church 5352:Christianity in Francia 4994:Liturgical use of Latin 4620:Pierbattista Pizzaballa 4207:Liturgical use of Latin 3571:Jenner, Henry (1909). " 3072:is the least complete. 3051:The Occasional Services 2978:Saint Germanus of Paris 2652:has six Sunday Masses. 2602:Second Council of Mâcon 2450:in profectione itineris 2442:et plebs decimas reddat 1977:Mass of the Catechumens 1556:Vatican City portal 982:Philosophy of canon law 702:Mystical Body of Christ 5347:Latin liturgical rites 5256:Western Rite Orthodoxy 4896:Santiago de Compostela 4825:1983 Code of Canon Law 4800:Protestant Reformation 4743:Historical development 3987:(Anglican Use Vespers) 3250:Angoulême Sacramentary 3100:. The Blessing of the 2873:Gloria in excelsis Deo 2802:Rule of St. Columbanus 2782:Initium Noctis Paschae 2561:Gregorian Sacramentary 2438:dedication of a church 2205:Léopold Victor Delisle 2070:elements to the rite. 1871:which are used either 1629:Latin liturgical rites 5270:Doctors of the Church 4733:History of the papacy 4592:Patriarch of the West 4058:Liturgical literature 3993:(West Syriac Vespers) 3852:Eucharistic liturgies 3833:Anointing of the Sick 3578:Catholic Encyclopedia 3056:The Baptismal Service 2790:ad Duodeciman Paschae 2531:Gelasian Sacramentary 2525:Gelasian Sacramentary 2458:De Liturgia Gallicana 2288:Biblioteca Ambrosiana 2083:Catholic Encyclopedia 1826:(416) in a letter to 1772:Catholic Encyclopedia 1752:Colmán of Lindisfarne 1698:has, like the allied 1623:. It is not a single 1131:Anointing of the Sick 922:Apostolic exhortation 619:Infused righteousness 537:Immaculate Conception 245:History of the papacy 50:Catholic Encyclopedia 5357:Catholic terminology 4989:Ecclesiastical Latin 4760:Early African church 4728:Apostolic succession 4202:Ecclesiastical Latin 4123:Liturgy of the Hours 4043:Liturgy of the Hours 3913:Pontifical High Mass 3045:Words of Institution 2997:Ordinary of the Mass 2992:rather than Celtic. 2931:St. Peter's Basilica 2454:lectiones cotidianae 2223:, in the library of 2219:manuscript from the 1955:and the catchwords " 1933:Words of Institution 1649:Western Roman Empire 1621:Western Christianity 1474:the Age of Discovery 1464:Sex and gender roles 1454:Role in civilization 1447:in the United States 1090:Liturgy of the Hours 624:Invincible ignorance 494:Crucifixion of Jesus 302:College of Cardinals 270:Apostolic succession 114:St. Peter's Basilica 5199:Pre-Tridentine Mass 4810:Counter-Reformation 4572:order of precedence 4426:Pre-Tridentine Mass 4194:Liturgical language 3303:, and Luxeuil, see 3254:Celtic Consecration 3246:Remigius of Auxerre 3202:Deus omnium honorum 2796:at Sext and twelve 2678:Victorius Aquitaine 2570:The Liturgical Year 2382:, which was in the 2297:Abbey of Saint Gall 2240:Germanus of Auxerre 2201:Reichenau Fragments 2195:Reichenau Fragments 2115:Admonitio generalis 2106:Mayor of the Palace 1716:Origines Liturgicae 1656:Roman civil diocese 1627:but rather several 1487:Links and resources 547:Perpetual virginity 518:Blessed Virgin Mary 405:Divinum illud munus 307:Ecumenical councils 250:Ecumenical councils 5056:Extraordinary form 4966:Isidore of Seville 4954:Augustine of Hippo 4931:Hilary of Poitiers 4647:Francesco Moraglia 4629:Filipe Neri Ferrão 4278:Extraordinary Form 3695:on 6 January 2009. 3126:Ordination Service 3023:dialogue, (i) the 2982:Isidore of Seville 2939:a revision of the 2703:Caesarius of Arles 2607:Historia Francorum 2511:Caesarius of Arles 2503:Hilary of Poitiers 2414:Luxeuil Lectionary 2384:Visigothic Kingdom 2295:were found at the 2285:were found in the 2221:Abbey of Reichenau 2019:Summary of origins 1670:History and origin 1030:Christian humanism 927:Epistula Encyclica 687:College of Bishops 395:Consubstantialitas 218:Early Christianity 5288: 5287: 5207: 5206: 5121: 5120: 4975: 4974: 4714: 4713: 4525: 4524: 4505: 4504: 4434: 4433: 4348: 4347: 3981:(sunset/evening) 3747:The Gallican Rite 3573:The Gallican Rite 3260:is very similar. 3234:Saint-Amand Abbey 3222:Christian worship 3218:Missale Francorum 3150:province of Arles 3136:Missale Francorum 3082:expositio symboli 3017:formula, (h) the 2739:ad initium noctis 2696:The Divine Office 2682:Dionysius Exiguus 2666:expositio symboli 2555:Missale Francorum 2548:Missale Francorum 2513:, and especially 2507:Sulpicius Severus 2390:and the feast of 2335:expositio symboli 2203:are described in 2141:Kingdom of Sicily 2087:Missale Francorum 1617:Christian liturgy 1609: 1608: 1450: 1040:Neo-scholasticism 816: 815: 794:Seven deadly sins 717:Perfect community 599:Baptism of desire 499:Harrowing of Hell 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 5364: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5304: 5296: 5278: 5277: 5088:Benedictine Rite 5076: 5075: 5015: 5014: 5006:Liturgical rites 4831: 4830: 4805:Council of Trent 4790:Age of Discovery 4770:East–West Schism 4578: 4577: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4516: 4490:East Syriac Rite 4458:Alexandrian Rite 4447:Eastern Catholic 4440:Eastern Catholic 4315:Benedictine Rite 4303: 4302: 4243: 4242: 4237:liturgical rites 4226: 4225: 4145:Roman Pontifical 4001:(end of the day) 3935:Liturgical hours 3778: 3771: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3740: 3715: 3696: 3691:. Archived from 3673: 3657: 3638: 3611: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3564: 3563: 3552: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3258:An Leabhar Breac 3078:traditio symboli 2958:Cursus Scottorum 2954:Cursus Romanorum 2946: 2913:Pauline epistles 2890: 2885:king of Burgundy 2830:Psalmus Directus 2670:traditio symboli 2627:St. Martin's Day 2598:Council of Tours 2580:Missale Gallicum 2576:Missale Gothicum 2515:Gregory of Tours 2426:Abbey of Luxeuil 2368:Missale Gothicum 2362:Missale Gothicum 2339:traditio symboli 2284: 2237: 2189:Germain of Paris 2133:Charles the Bald 2102:Pepin of Herstal 2026:Church Quarterly 1939:'s words in the 1937:Paul the Apostle 1832:bishop of Gubbio 1779:Ambrosian theory 1601: 1594: 1587: 1573: 1572: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1542: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1444: 1362:Relations with: 1333:Anti-Catholicism 947:Cardinal Virtues 907:Athanasian Creed 784:Hypostatic union 692:Deposit of faith 604:Baptism of blood 489:Passion of Jesus 355: 354: 322:Eastern Churches 312:Episcopal polity 140: 111: 86: 79: 78: 70: 67: 61: 38: 37: 30: 21: 18:Missale Gothicum 5372: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5299: 5291: 5289: 5284: 5260: 5203: 5193:Missa Venatoria 5117: 5113:Norbertine Rite 5103:Cistercian Rite 5098:Carthusian Rite 5074: 5051:Tridentine Mass 5047:(Ordinary form) 5045:Mass of Paul VI 5010:Liturgical days 5008: 5000: 4971: 4907: 4829: 4710: 4651: 4612: 4569: 4561: 4556: 4526: 4521: 4511: 4501: 4468:Antiochene Rite 4448: 4444: 4441: 4430: 4420:Missa Venatoria 4344: 4340:Norbertine Rite 4330:Cistercian Rite 4325:Carthusian Rite 4301: 4283:Tridentine Mass 4273:Mass of Paul VI 4236: 4232: 4220: 4213: 4188: 4052: 4004: 3951:(early morning) 3933: 3930:Canonical hours 3924: 3847: 3799: 3797:Catholic Church 3782: 3712: 3670: 3646: 3644:Further reading 3641: 3627:2027/hvd.ah51jq 3586: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3362: 3358: 3345: 3341: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277:classification. 3275: 3271: 3266: 3210: 3128: 3058: 3053: 2974: 2950:Cursus Gallorum 2938: 2888: 2887:, began on the 2778:Vespera Paschae 2698: 2674:moveable feasts 2590:Council of Agde 2572: 2563: 2551: 2533: 2527: 2482: 2474:Ordo Gallicanus 2466: 2430:Saint Genevieve 2416: 2365: 2347:Maundy Thursday 2323: 2278: 2260: 2231: 2197: 2185: 2149: 2129:Imperial chapel 2096:in the time of 2035: 2021: 2005:Pope Gelasius I 1989:Quam oblationem 1929: 1927:The Institution 1865: 1857:canonical hours 1852: 1824:Pope Innocent I 1812:bishop of Milan 1781: 1756:Synod of Whitby 1748:Cursus Gallorum 1708: 1706:Ephesine theory 1672: 1625:liturgical rite 1605: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1396: 1395:Societal issues 1388: 1387: 1386: 1322: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1298: 1267: 1257: 1256: 1230: 1204:Post-Vatican II 1194: 1183: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1147: 1101: 1095:Liturgical year 1054: 1046: 1045: 1044: 997: 977:Social teaching 962:Catholic ethics 941: 933: 932: 931: 897:Apostles' Creed 869:Sixtine Vulgate 828: 818: 817: 799:Beatific vision 733:Other teachings 654:Moral influence 480:Paschal mystery 352: 351: 333: 332: 331: 286: 276: 275: 274: 265:One true church 190: 182: 132: 117: 101:Catholic Church 71: 65: 62: 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5370: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5334: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5140: 5138:Aquileian Rite 5135: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5108:Dominican Rite 5105: 5100: 5095: 5093:Carmelite Rite 5090: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5037: 5035:Mozarabic Rite 5032: 5027: 5025:Ambrosian Rite 5021: 5019: 5012: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4963: 4960:Pope Gregory I 4957: 4951: 4945: 4943:Pope Damasus I 4940: 4934: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4913:Church Fathers 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4839: 4837: 4835:Apostolic sees 4828: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785:Western Schism 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4681:Constantinople 4678: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4487: 4485:Byzantine Rite 4482: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4365:Aquileian Rite 4362: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4335:Dominican Rite 4332: 4327: 4322: 4320:Carmelite Rite 4317: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4265: 4263:Mozarabic Rite 4260: 4255: 4253:Ambrosian Rite 4249: 4247: 4240: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4086:Roman Breviary 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3859:Divine Liturgy 3855: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3742: 3729:Pitsligo Press 3717: 3710: 3697: 3674: 3668: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3612: 3583: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551:, p. 408. 3537: 3535:, p. 149. 3525: 3513: 3501: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3382: 3373: 3356: 3339: 3322: 3309: 3288: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3242:Edmond Martène 3230:Ordines Romani 3209: 3206: 3187:Byzantine Rite 3127: 3124: 3102:Paschal Candle 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 2973: 2970: 2697: 2694: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2550: 2545: 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2481: 2478: 2465: 2462: 2415: 2412: 2406:Masses, as in 2364: 2359: 2322: 2317: 2259: 2256: 2196: 2193: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2172: 2148: 2145: 2125:Alcuin of York 2034: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2013:sacramentaries 2009:Pope Gregory I 1993:De Sacramentis 1969:Pope Damasus I 1928: 1925: 1903:Bidding Prayer 1864: 1861: 1851: 1848: 1844:Ambrosian Rite 1785:Louis Duchesne 1780: 1777: 1740:John of Patmos 1712:William Palmer 1707: 1704: 1696:Mozarabic Rite 1671: 1668: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1546: 1536: 1526: 1516: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1195: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1167:Biblical canon 1164: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1075:Divine Liturgy 1072: 1067: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1005: 1003:Augustinianism 995: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 892: 891: 890: 885: 884: 883: 876: 871: 858: 857: 856:Official Bible 853: 852: 851: 850: 845: 837: 836: 830: 829: 824: 823: 820: 819: 814: 813: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 789:Predestination 786: 781: 776: 774:Amillennialism 771: 766: 761: 760: 759: 749: 744: 736: 735: 729: 728: 727: 726: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 681: 680: 674: 673: 672: 671: 666: 661: 659:Sanctification 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 634:Means of grace 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 593: 592: 586: 585: 584: 583: 578: 573: 572: 571: 561: 560: 559: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 521: 520: 514: 513: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 483: 482: 476: 475: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 450: 449: 443: 442: 441: 440: 433: 426: 416: 415: 409: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 368: 367: 366: 365: 353: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 338: 335: 334: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 236: 235: 230: 225: 215: 214: 213: 208: 203: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 168: 163: 158: 147: 146: 141: 129: 126: 125: 119: 118: 116:, Vatican City 112: 104: 103: 97: 96: 88: 87: 73: 72: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5369: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5281: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5179:Missa Nautica 5176: 5174: 5173:Gallican Rite 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5030:Rite of Braga 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Scholasticism 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4750:First Martyrs 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738:Papal primacy 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4567:Patriarchates 4564: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4463:Armenian Rite 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4406:Missa Nautica 4403: 4401: 4400:Gallican Rite 4398: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Rite of Braga 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Book of hours 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3902:Missa Cantata 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3711:1-887904-07-7 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3669:0-268-00498-6 3665: 3661: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3592:public domain 3584: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3567:public domain 3559: 3558: 3550: 3549:Duchesne 1919 3546: 3541: 3534: 3533:Duchesne 1919 3529: 3523:, p. 53. 3522: 3517: 3511:, p. 51. 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3392: 3391:Jenner (1909) 3386: 3377: 3370: 3369:Jenner (1909) 3366: 3360: 3353: 3352:Jenner (1909) 3349: 3343: 3336: 3335:Jenner (1909) 3332: 3326: 3319: 3318:Jenner (1909) 3313: 3306: 3305:Jenner (1909) 3302: 3298: 3292: 3283: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3259: 3256:given in the 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:Confractorium 3030: 3029:Lord's Prayer 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Matthew 11:21 2902: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2850:ad Duodecimam 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838:ad Duodecimam 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2798:ad Duodecimam 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766:ad Duodeciman 2763: 2762:ad Duodeciman 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2686:Ash Wednesday 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Bobbio Missal 2487: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:Germain Morin 2431: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:Christmas Eve 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Jean Mabillon 2373: 2369: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2277: 2276:Amedeo Peyron 2273: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215:in 1850 in a 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2177: 2174:the reformed 2173: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2120:Pope Adrian I 2117: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033:Later history 2030: 2027: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1760:Quartodeciman 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613:Gallican Rite 1602: 1597: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1537: 1535: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Homosexuality 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382:Protestantism 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1321:Miscellaneous 1318: 1317: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1189:Latin liturgy 1187: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1049: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008:Scholasticism 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 993: 992:Virtue ethics 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 937: 936: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 889: 886: 882: 881: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 855: 854: 849: 848:New Testament 846: 844: 843:Old Testament 841: 840: 839: 838: 835: 832: 831: 827: 822: 821: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 738: 737: 734: 731: 730: 725: 724: 720: 718: 715: 713: 712:People of God 710: 708: 707:Papal primacy 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 679: 676: 675: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 629:Justification 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 595: 594: 591: 588: 587: 582: 579: 577: 574: 570: 567: 566: 565: 562: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 523: 522: 519: 516: 515: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 485: 484: 481: 478: 477: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 448: 445: 444: 439: 438: 434: 432: 431: 427: 425: 424: 420: 419: 418: 417: 414: 411: 410: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 374: 371: 370: 369: 364: 363: 362: 361: 357: 356: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 336: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 285: 280: 279: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 193: 186: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 167: 164: 162: 159: 156: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 124: 121: 120: 115: 110: 106: 105: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 59: 53: 52: 51: 47: 46:public-domain 41: 32: 31: 19: 5307:Christianity 5239:Titular sees 5191: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5156:Hereford Use 5133:African Rite 5063:Anglican Use 4755:Great Church 4602: 4559:Latin Church 4418: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4383:Hereford Use 4360:African Rite 4290:Anglican Use 4230:Latin Church 4184:Sacramentary 4179:Roman Ritual 4167:Roman Missal 3975:(ninth hour) 3963:(third hour) 3900: 3886:Holy Qurbono 3881:Holy Qurbana 3818:Confirmation 3745: 3722: 3701: 3693:the original 3679: 3653: 3617: 3598: 3576: 3540: 3528: 3521:Hammond 1879 3516: 3509:Hammond 1879 3504: 3385: 3376: 3364: 3359: 3347: 3342: 3330: 3325: 3312: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3282: 3272: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3201: 3194: 3190: 3165:, including 3163:minor orders 3156: 3154: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3098:Easter Vigil 3093: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020:Sursum corda 3018: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2985: 2975: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2935:Vatican City 2921: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2718: 2699: 2689: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2614: 2612: 2605: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2537:Vatican City 2534: 2519: 2486:Stowe Missal 2483: 2480:Celtic books 2473: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2419:The Luxeuil 2418: 2417: 2407: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2286: 2270:of Cardinal 2261: 2247: 2208: 2200: 2198: 2186: 2152: 2150: 2113: 2108:, quoted in 2091: 2086: 2072: 2036: 2025: 2022: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1930: 1918: 1899:Consecration 1895: 1872: 1866: 1853: 1850:Roman theory 1816:capital city 1782: 1770: 1767:Henry Jenner 1747: 1728:St. Pothinus 1715: 1709: 1673: 1633:Latin Church 1612: 1610: 1437:Nazi Germany 1427:Sexual abuse 1361: 1234: 1219:Anglican Use 1214:Use of Sarum 1126:Confirmation 1085:Holy Qurbono 1080:Holy Qurbana 996: 987:Philosophers 902:Nicene Creed 880:Nova Vulgata 878: 779:Original sin 723:Subsistit in 721: 678:Ecclesiology 649:Satisfaction 609:Divine grace 504:Resurrection 435: 428: 421: 358: 317:Latin Church 284:Organisation 206:Resurrection 76: 63: 48: 43: 5219:Latin cross 5186:Missa sicca 5151:Durham Rite 5146:Celtic Rite 4701:(1555–1663) 4689:(1524–1963) 4687:West Indies 4683:(1204–1964) 4677:(1098–1964) 4671:(1276–1964) 4638:Rui Valério 4625:East Indies 4473:West Syriac 4413:Missa sicca 4378:Durham Rite 4373:Celtic Rite 4135:Martyrology 4103:Gospel Book 4098:Euchologion 4071:Antiphonary 3945:(nighttime) 3908:Solemn Mass 3838:Holy Orders 3545:Jenner 1909 3497:Jenner 1909 3191:Dignus est! 3108:only), the 2942:Vetus Itala 2858:Lucernarium 2846:Lucernarium 2826:Lucernarium 2758:Lucernarium 2754:ad Secundum 2719:ad Secundum 2600:(567), and 2345:; also the 2301:Contestatio 2279: [ 2232: [ 2110:Charlemagne 2079:Merovingian 2058:(578), and 1915:Good Friday 1801:4th century 1700:Celtic Rite 1544:WikiProject 1412:Health care 1357:Monasticism 1292:East Syriac 1282:West Syriac 1272:Alexandrian 1141:Holy orders 972:Probabilism 967:Personalism 957:Natural law 769:Apologetics 742:Josephology 430:Ex Cathedra 297:Roman Curia 255:Magisterium 201:Crucifixion 66:August 2015 5341:Categories 5040:Roman Rite 4921:Tertullian 4820:Vatican II 4707:(560–1451) 4695:(560–1751) 4669:Alexandria 4268:Roman Rite 4219:Liturgical 4140:Pontifical 4118:Lectionary 4113:Horologion 4048:Procession 3918:Papal Mass 3805:Sacraments 3785:Sacraments 3401:References 3365:Gallicanum 3238:Pontifical 3132:Ordination 3074:Gallicanum 3066:Gallicanum 2917:Romans 2:4 2909:Luke 10:13 2901:Isaiah 6:9 2897:Exodus 7:3 2893:Pentateuch 2867:Magnificat 2842:capitellum 2834:capitellum 2822:capitellum 2818:capitellum 2786:Gallicanum 2776:speaks of 2752:speaks of 2750:Gallicanum 2662:Gallicanum 2654:Gallicanum 2646:Confessors 2631:Gallicanum 2472:a kind of 2444:", when a 2421:Lectionary 2408:Gallicanum 2388:Symphorian 2331:Gallicanum 2272:Angelo Mai 2217:palimpsest 2213:Franz Mone 2176:Breviaries 2098:Chrodegang 2064:Columbanus 2001:Pope Leo I 1957:Qui pridie 1874:ad libitum 1797:Mediolanum 1744:manuscript 1676:Roman Gaul 1277:Antiochene 1209:Tridentine 1106:Sacraments 940:Philosophy 917:Papal bull 669:Venial sin 644:Mortal sin 576:Apparition 552:Assumption 532:Veneration 437:Deificatio 413:Divine law 388:Holy Ghost 344:Theologies 189:Background 173:Sacraments 5161:Sarum Use 5068:Zaire Use 4815:Vatican I 4616:Jerusalem 4478:Malankara 4388:Sarum Use 4295:Zaire Use 4093:Customary 3843:Matrimony 3823:Eucharist 3793:liturgies 3737:793555941 3689:557830331 3608:844623358 3181:, basin, 3167:subdeacon 3089:Holy Week 2990:Ambrosian 2539:, one at 2250:which is 2244:hexameter 2225:Karlsruhe 2151:The name 1983:and post- 1973:dismissal 1883:antiphons 1869:anaphoras 1828:Decentius 1820:Britannia 1805:Auxentius 1692:Salamanca 1637:Jerusalem 1534:Templates 1407:Evolution 1377:Orthodoxy 1352:Ecumenism 1338:Criticism 1328:Antipopes 1308:Byzantine 1287:Malankara 1250:Mozarabic 1240:Ambrosian 1224:Zaire Use 1157:Devotions 1136:Matrimony 1121:Eucharist 764:Sexuality 664:Synergism 590:Salvation 581:Mediatrix 557:Dormition 542:Mater Dei 527:Mariology 509:Ascension 461:Purgatory 423:Decalogus 327:Canon law 211:Ascension 144:Hierarchy 5280:Category 5212:See also 5166:York Use 5142:British 4981:Language 4889:Barnabas 4860:Syracuse 4795:Humanism 4780:Crusades 4699:Ethiopia 4693:Aquileia 4665:(?−1964) 4663:Carthage 4604:cathedra 4442:Churches 4393:York Use 4369:British 4081:Breviary 4026:Exorcism 4016:Asperges 3999:Compline 3985:Evensong 3896:Low Mass 3635:23760885 3348:Gothicum 3331:Gothicum 3301:Gothicum 3297:Gallicum 3171:acolytes 3111:Exsultet 3106:Gothicum 3094:Gothicum 3070:Gothicum 3062:Gothicum 3041:Communio 3037:Trecanum 3025:Sanctus, 2972:The Mass 2881:Gundobad 2774:Gothicum 2743:Nocturns 2658:Gothicum 2650:Gothicum 2635:Gothicum 2452:", and " 2392:Leodegar 2380:Narbonne 2372:Gothicum 2355:Gothicum 2351:Rogation 2313:ad Pacem 2153:Gallican 2075:Boniface 1945:11:23–25 1887:troparia 1879:lections 1793:Lugdunum 1736:Polycarp 1732:Irenaeus 1684:Hispania 1514:Category 1504:Glossary 1442:Politics 1417:HIV/AIDS 1347:Pandeism 1303:Armenian 1235:Gallican 1035:Molinism 1023:Occamism 998:Schools 952:Just war 888:Peshitta 757:Lectures 747:Morality 400:Filioque 348:Doctrine 292:Holy See 161:Theology 155:timeline 123:Overview 93:a series 91:Part of 5331:History 5293:Portals 5268:* also 5126:Defunct 5018:Current 4937:Ambrose 4926:Cyprian 4765:Vulgate 4720:History 4675:Antioch 4656:Defunct 4599:Francis 4581:Current 4495:Malabar 4449:liturgy 4353:Defunct 4246:Current 4152:Psalter 4108:Gradual 4036:Requiem 4031:Funeral 3979:Vespers 3828:Penance 3813:Baptism 3795:of the 3569:: 3232:in the 3175:chalice 3084:, etc. 3006:Sanctus 2923:Agobard 2770:Complin 2735:Complin 2711:Vespers 2642:Martyrs 2623:fasting 2596:(541), 2592:(506), 2498:lacunae 2343:Baptism 2307:, post- 2305:Sanctus 2268:eponyms 2161:Normans 2139:in the 2137:Normans 2056:Auxerre 2054:(567), 2050:(529), 2046:(506), 2042:(465), 1997:Sanctus 1981:Sanctus 1961:Sanctus 1911:collect 1840:Ambrose 1754:at the 1724:Ephesus 1641:Antioch 1499:Outline 1469:Slavery 1459:Science 1372:Judaism 1116:Penance 1111:Baptism 1060:Liturgy 1053:Worship 1018:Scotism 1013:Thomism 864:Vulgate 373:Trinity 233:Fathers 166:Liturgy 151:History 138:Francis 5319:France 5234:Turkey 5229:Latins 5080:Orders 4948:Jerome 4643:Venice 4634:Lisbon 4601:(with 4307:Orders 4174:Tonary 4157:Missal 4066:Agpeya 3991:Ramsha 3969:(noon) 3943:Matins 3791:, and 3735: 3708: 3687: 3666: 3662:–337. 3633: 3606: 3594:: 3367:, see 3350:, see 3118:, and 3039:, and 2966:cursus 2962:cursus 2956:, the 2927:Jerome 2836:; and 2794:psalms 2784:, and 2741:, and 2729:, and 2707:Matins 2619:Advent 2541:Zürich 2446:deacon 2404:Advent 2309:Pridie 2264:leaves 2248:Pridie 2169:Sicily 2165:Apulia 2048:Vaison 2040:Vannes 2007:, and 1985:Pridie 1953:Pridie 1920:Oremus 1907:homily 1791:, not 1763:Easter 1688:Toledo 1680:Iberia 1152:Prayer 804:Saints 564:Titles 456:Heaven 378:Father 95:on the 4901:James 4884:Milan 4872:Malta 4865:Peter 4848:Peter 4705:Grado 4235:Latin 4221:rites 3973:Nones 3961:Terce 3955:Prime 3949:Lauds 3789:rites 3724:rites 3264:Notes 3196:Axios 3179:paten 3011:Prex, 2824:; at 2737:, or 2723:Terce 2717:, or 2715:Prime 2396:Autun 2283:] 2252:prose 2236:] 2163:into 2068:Irish 2060:Mâcon 2052:Tours 1891:choir 1809:Arian 1789:Milan 1769:, in 1738:from 1722:from 1645:Latin 1524:Media 1494:Index 1432:Music 1367:Islam 1343:Deism 1245:Braga 1199:Roman 1181:Rites 1162:Bible 834:Bible 826:Texts 809:Dogma 639:Merit 569:Queen 466:Limbo 223:Peter 196:Jesus 4877:Paul 4853:Paul 4843:Rome 4596:Pope 4594:'): 4588:Rome 4570:(by 3967:Sext 3891:Mass 3733:OCLC 3706:ISBN 3685:OCLC 3664:ISBN 3631:OCLC 3604:OCLC 3212:The 3183:ewer 3130:The 3087:The 3080:and 3064:and 3003:and 3001:Ajus 2848:and 2788:has 2780:and 2768:and 2760:and 2731:None 2727:Sext 2709:and 2668:and 2660:and 2644:and 2578:and 2553:The 2488:and 2337:and 2325:The 2274:and 2199:The 2167:and 2094:Metz 2044:Agde 1807:the 1730:and 1720:Lyon 1690:and 1660:Gaul 1639:and 1611:The 1070:Mass 752:Body 471:Hell 228:Paul 178:Mary 134:Pope 4607:in 3660:315 3623:hdl 3244:to 3015:Pax 2907:or 2860:, " 2633:). 2476:". 2378:to 2207:'s 2112:'s 1836:Pax 1726:by 1714:in 1658:of 1402:Art 383:Son 360:God 5343:: 4645:: 4636:: 4627:: 4618:: 4590:(' 3787:, 3731:. 3629:. 3547:; 3409:^ 3299:, 3177:, 3173:; 3047:. 3035:, 2933:, 2919:. 2915:, 2895:, 2883:, 2772:; 2745:. 2725:, 2721:, 2509:, 2505:, 2432:, 2315:. 2281:it 2254:. 2234:de 2104:, 2003:, 1923:. 1885:, 1830:, 1775:. 1662:, 136:: 5295:: 4968:* 4962:* 4956:* 4950:* 4939:* 4933:* 4611:) 4574:) 4551:e 4544:t 4537:v 4451:) 4445:( 4239:) 4233:( 3932:, 3777:e 3770:t 3763:v 3739:. 3714:. 3672:. 3637:. 3625:: 3610:. 3499:. 3393:. 3371:. 3354:. 3337:. 3320:. 3307:. 2370:( 2329:( 1943:( 1600:e 1593:t 1586:v 1449:) 1445:( 1345:/ 1264:: 1191:: 157:) 153:( 68:) 64:( 60:. 20:)

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