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relevant aspects of the environment are not correctly represented in the brain, then the organism's behaviour cannot be appropriate. Without these representations our ability to understand spoken language, for example, would be seriously impaired. Cognitive neuroscience has consequently emphasised the importance of understanding brain mechanisms of sensory information processing, that is, the sensory prerequisites of cognition. Most of the data obtained, unfortunately, do not allow the objective measurement of the accuracy of these stimulus representations. In addition, recent cognitive neuroscience seems to have succeeded in extracting such a measure, however. This is the mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of the event-related potential (ERP), first reported by Näätänen, Gaillard, and Mäntysalo (1978). An in-depth review of MMN research can be found in Näätänen (1992) while other recent reviews also provide information on the generator mechanisms of MMN, its magnetic counterpart, MMNm (Näätänen, Ilmoniemi & Alho, 1994), and its clinical applicability.
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synthesised instrumental tones, or in the spectral component of tone timbre. Also the temporal order reversals elicit an MMN when successive sound elements differ either in frequency, intensity, or duration. The MMN is not elicited by stimuli with deviant stimulus parameters when they are presented without the intervening standards. Thus, the MMN has been suggested to reflect change detection when a memory trace representing the constant standard stimulus and the neural code of the stimulus with deviant parameter(s) are discrepant.
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suggest that a major problem underlying the reading deficit in dyslexia might be an inability of the dyslexics' auditory cortex to adequately model complex sound patterns with fast temporal variation. According to the results of an ongoing study, MMN might also be used in the evaluation of auditory perception deficits in aphasia.
80:, or location. The MMN can be elicited regardless of whether someone is paying attention to the sequence. During auditory sequences, a person can be reading or watching a silent subtitled movie, yet still show a clear MMN. In the case of visual stimuli, the MMN occurs after an infrequent change in a repetitive sequence of images.
240:
The mainstream "memory trace" interpretation of MMN is that it is elicited in response to violations of simple rules governing the properties of information. It is thought to arise from violation of an automatically formed, short-term neural model or memory trace of physical or abstract environmental
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While the results obtained thus far seem encouraging, several steps need to be taken before the MMN can be used as a clinical tool in patient treatment. A focus of research in the late 1990s aimed to tackle some of the key signal-analysis problems encountered in development of clinical use of MMN and
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The MMN data can be understood as providing evidence that stimulus features are separately analysed and stored in the vicinity of auditory cortex (for a discussion, please see the theory section below). The close resemblance of the behaviour of the MMN to that of the previously behaviourally observed
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An alternative "fresh afferent" interpretation is that there are no memory neuronal elements, but the sensory afferent neuronal elements that are tuned to properties of the standard stimulation respond less vigorously upon repeated stimulation. Thus when a deviant activates a distinct new population
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Alzheimer's patients demonstrate decreased amplitude of MMN, especially with long inter-stimulus intervals; this is thought to reflect reduced span of auditory sensory memory. Parkinsonian patients do demonstrate a similar deficit pattern, whereas alcoholism would appear to enhance the MMN response.
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The experimental evidence suggests that the auditory sensory memory index MMN provides sensory data for attentional processes, and, in essence, governs certain aspects of attentive information processing. This is evident in the finding that the latency of the MMN determines the timing of behavioural
244:
Integral to this memory trace view is that there are: i) a population of sensory afferent neuronal elements that respond to sound, and; ii) a separate population of memory neuronal elements that build a neural model of standard stimulation and respond more vigorously when the incoming stimulation
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A 2010 study found that MMN durations were reduced in a group of schizophrenia patients who later went on to have psychotic episodes, suggesting that MMN durations may predict future psychosis. Recent research advocates for the use of MMN in clinical intervention, because MMN can predict treatment
219:
MMN, which is elicited irrespective of attention, provides an objective means for evaluating possible auditory discrimination and sensory-memory anomalies in such clinical groups as dyslexics and patients with aphasia, who have a multitude of symptoms including attentional problems. Recent results
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is the deviant or oddball stimulus, and will elicit an MMN response. The mismatch negativity occurs even if the subject is not consciously paying attention to the stimuli. Processing of sensory stimulus features is essential for humans in determining their responses and actions. If behaviourally
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responses to changes in the auditory environment. Furthermore, even individual differences in discrimination ability can be probed with the MMN. The MMN is a component of the chain of brain events causing attention switches to changes in the environment. Attentional instructions also affect MMN.
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MMN is evoked by an infrequently presented stimulus ("deviant"), differing from the frequently-occurring stimuli ("standards") in one or several physical parameters like duration, intensity, or frequency. In addition, it is generated by a change in spectrally complex stimuli like phonemes, in
215:
The MMN has been documented in a number of studies to disclose neuropathological changes. Presently, the accumulated body of evidence suggests that while the MMN offers unique opportunities to basic research of the information processing of a healthy brain, it might be useful in tapping
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perception, to test whether or not these participants neurologically distinguish between certain kinds of sounds. The MMN response has been used to study how fetuses and newborns discriminate speech sounds. In addition to these kinds of studies focusing on
228:
challenges still remain. Nevertheless, as it stands, clinical research employing the MMN has already produced significant knowledge on the CNS functional changes related to cognitive decline in the aforementioned clinical disorders.
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The MMN is a response to a deviant within a sequence of otherwise regular stimuli; thus, in an experimental setting, it is produced when stimuli are presented in a many-to-one ratio; for example, in a sequence of sounds
1683:
Hochberger, William C.; Joshi, Yash B.; Thomas, Michael L.; Zhang, Wendy; Bismark, Andrew W.; Treichler, Emily B. H.; Tarasenko, Melissa; Nungaray, John; Sprock, Joyce; Cardoso, Lauren; Swerdlow, Neal (February 2019).
1602:
147:. The amplitude and latency of the MMN is related to how different the deviant stimulus is from the standard. Large deviances elicit MMN at earlier latencies. For very large deviances, the MMN can even overlap the
198:"echoic" memory system strongly suggests that the MMN provides a non-invasive, objective, task-independently measurable physiological correlate of stimulus-feature representations in auditory sensory memory.
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processing. Some of these studies have attempted to directly test the automaticity of the MMN, providing converging evidence for the understanding of the MMN as a task-independent and automatic response.
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Woldorff MG, Hillyard SA, Gallen CC, Hampson SR, Bloom FE (May 1998). "Magnetoencephalographic recordings demonstrate attentional modulation of mismatch-related neural activity in human auditory cortex".
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Campbell T, Winkler I, Kujala T (July 2007). "N1 and the mismatch negativity are spatiotemporally distinct ERP components: disruption of immediate memory by auditory distraction can be related to N1".
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As kindred phenomena have been elicited with speech stimuli, under passive conditions that require very little active attention to the sound, a version of MMN has been frequently used in studies of
135:
The auditory MMN can occur in response to deviance in pitch, intensity, or duration. The auditory MMN is a fronto-central negative potential with sources in the primary and non-primary
800:
Rosburg T, Trautner P, Dietl T, Korzyukov OA, Boutros NN, Schaller C, et al. (April 2005). "Subdural recordings of the mismatch negativity (MMN) in patients with focal epilepsy".
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This latter, seemingly contradictory, finding could be explained by hyperexcitability of CNS neurones resulting from neuroadaptive changes taking place during a heavy drinking bout.
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Draganova R, Eswaran H, Murphy P, Huotilainen M, Lowery C, Preissl H (November 2005). "Sound frequency change detection in fetuses and newborns, a magnetoencephalographic study".
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The visual MMN can occur in response to deviance in such aspects as color, size, or duration. The visual MMN is an occipital negative potential with sources in the primary
986:
Phillips C, Pellathy T, Marantz A, Yellin E, Wexler K, Poeppel D, et al. (November 2000). "Auditory cortex accesses phonological categories: an MEG mismatch study".
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of neuronal elements that is tuned to the different properties of the deviant rather than the standard, these fresh afferents respond more vigorously, eliciting an MMN.
1300:
PulvermĂĽller F, Shtyrov Y, Hasting AS, Carlyon RP (March 2008). "Syntax as a reflex: neurophysiological evidence for early automaticity of grammatical processing".
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PulvermĂĽller F, Shtyrov Y, Hasting AS, Carlyon RP (March 2008). "Syntax as a reflex: neurophysiological evidence for early automaticity of grammatical processing".
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Hasting AS, Kotz SA, Friederici AD (March 2007). "Setting the stage for automatic syntax processing: the mismatch negativity as an indicator of syntactic priming".
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PulvermĂĽller F, Shtyrov Y (2007). "The mismatch negativity as an objective tool for studying higher language functions". In Meyer AS, Wheeldon LR, Krott A (eds.).
104:
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Hasting AS, Winkler I, Kotz SA (March 2008). "Early differential processing of verbs and nouns in the human brain as indexed by event-related brain potentials".
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Dittmann-Balcar A, Thienel R, Schall U (December 1999). "Attention-dependent allocation of auditory processing resources as measured by mismatch negativity".
1394:
Woldorff MG, Hackley SA, Hillyard SA (January 1991). "The effects of channel-selective attention on the mismatch negativity wave elicited by deviant tones".
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regularities. However, other than MMN, there is no other neurophysiological evidence for the formation of the memory representation of those regularities.
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Näätänen R, Paavilainen P, Rinne T, Alho K (December 2007). "The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review".
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Bodatsch M, Ruhrmann S, Wagner M, MĂĽller R, Schultze-Lutter F, Frommann I, et al. (May 2011). "Prediction of psychosis by mismatch negativity".
1979:
1343:
Tiitinen H, May P, Reinikainen K, Näätänen R (November 1994). "Attentive novelty detection in humans is governed by pre-attentive sensory memory".
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The first report of a visual MMN was in 1990 by Rainer Cammer. For a history of the development of the visual MMN, see Pazo-Alvarez et al. (2003).
1686:"Neurophysiologic measures of target engagement predict response to auditory-based cognitive training in treatment refractory schizophrenia"
679:
Alho K (February 1995). "Cerebral generators of mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) elicited by sound changes".
2002:
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PulvermĂĽller F, Shtyrov Y (September 2003). "Automatic processing of grammar in the human brain as revealed by the mismatch negativity".
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64:. The (v)MMN occurs after an infrequent change in a repetitive sequence of stimuli (sometimes the entire sequence is called an
1132:
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655:
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1972:
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Jääskeläinen IP, Ahveninen J, Belliveau JW, Raij T, Sams M (December 2007). "Short-term plasticity in auditory cognition".
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Näätänen R, Ilmoniemi RJ, Alho K (September 1994). "Magnetoencephalography in studies of human cognitive brain function".
2027:
524:
Näätänen R, Gaillard AW, Mäntysalo S (July 1978). "Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted".
68:.) For example, a rare deviant (d) stimulus can be interspersed among a series of frequent standard (s) stimuli (e.g.,
837:"Convergent evidence for hierarchical prediction networks from human electrocorticography and magnetoencephalography"
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Näätänen R, Winkler I (November 1999). "The concept of auditory stimulus representation in cognitive neuroscience".
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Näätänen R, Paavilainen P, Tiitinen H, Jiang D, Alho K (September 1993). "Attention and mismatch negativity".
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and a typical latency of 150-250 ms after the onset of the deviant stimulus. Sources could also include the
72:...). In hearing, a deviant sound can differ from the standards in one or more perceptual features such as
2289:
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1819:
Jääskeläinen IP, Ahveninen J, Bonmassar G, Dale AM, Ilmoniemi RJ, Levänen S, et al. (April 2004).
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Näätänen R, Alho K (1995). "Mismatch negativity--a unique measure of sensory processing in audition".
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Blenkmann AO, Collavini S, Lubell J, Llorens A, Funderud I, Ivanovic J, et al. (December 2019).
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1552:"Task instructions modulate the attentional mode affecting the auditory MMN and the semantic N400"
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36:(ERP) to an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli. It arises from electrical activity in the
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Pazo-Alvarez P, Cadaveira F, Amenedo E (July 2003). "MMN in the visual modality: a review".
2012:
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Phillips HN, Blenkmann A, Hughes LE, Kochen S, Bekinschtein TA, Rowe JB (September 2016).
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response for patients with schizophrenia in the context of pro-cognitive therapeutics.
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471:"Musical scale properties are automatically processed in the human auditory cortex"
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Kujala T, Myllyviita K, Tervaniemi M, Alho K, Kallio J, Näätänen R (March 2000).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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and a typical latency of 150-250 ms after the onset of the deviant stimulus.
155:
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886:"Auditory deviance detection in the human insula: An intracranial EEG study"
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Cortex; A Journal
Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
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Cortex; A Journal
Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
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103:, A. W. K. Gaillard, and S. Mäntysalo at the Institute for Perception,
45:
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1821:"Human posterior auditory cortex gates novel sounds to consciousness"
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A third view is that the sensory afferents are the memory neurons.
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at the
Cognitive Brain Research Unit at the University of Helsinki
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Brattico E, Tervaniemi M, Näätänen R, Peretz I (October 2006).
176:
1600:
1342:
1467:"Mismatch negativity (MMN) is altered by directing attention"
1428:
985:
834:
799:
559:
Cammann R (1990). "Is there no MMN in the visual modality?".
37:
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Developmental psychophysiology: theory, systems, and methods
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1119:. Advances in Behavioural Brain Science. pp. 217–242.
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385:"Visual mismatch negativity: A predictive coding view"
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Specific experimental studies include the following:
940:
721:
87:(EEG); MMF or MMNM refer to the mismatch response in
1464:
175:
processing, some research has implicated the MMN in
1550:Erlbeck H, KĂĽbler A, Kotchoubey B, Veser S (2014).
1217:
1114:
2003:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
1180:
1887:(Ph.D. thesis). Hebrew University. Archived from
1038:
70:s s s s s s s s s d s s s s s s d s s s d s s s s
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1987:
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519:
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515:
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1117:Automaticity and Control in Language Processing
383:Stefanics, G; Kremláček, J; Czigler, I (2014).
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245:violates that neural model, eliciting an MMN.
192:
183:
1973:
630:
512:
1543:
1508:
764:
1458:
1422:
1387:
99:The auditory MMN was discovered in 1978 by
52:, but has most frequently been studied for
2234:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
1980:
1966:
1881:Neuronal Adaptation in Cat Auditory Cortex
1877:
1854:
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1717:
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1567:
1043:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
999:
962:
909:
860:
767:The International Journal of Neuroscience
410:
400:
1465:Oades RD, Dittmann-Balcar A (May 1995).
643:
558:
210:
83:MMN refers to the mismatch response in
2247:
1961:
202:Relationship to attentional processes
60:, in which case it is abbreviated to
1183:The European Journal of Neuroscience
678:
2089:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
2028:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
216:neurodegenerative changes as well.
161:
40:and is studied within the field of
13:
1408:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb03384.x
1039:Schmidt LA, Segalowitz SJ (2008).
448:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02067.x
125:s s s s s s s d s s s s d s s s...
117:
14:
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1952:Mismatch Negativity (MMN) summary
1945:
1146:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
988:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
1529:10.1097/00001756-199912160-00005
1486:10.1097/00001756-199505300-00028
1195:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06103.x
1086:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.011
955:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00529.x
693:10.1097/00003446-199502000-00004
1898:
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1556:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
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979:
934:
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389:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
298:Lateralized readiness potential
2023:Somatosensory evoked potential
1654:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.057
715:
672:
650:. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum.
587:
552:
490:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.023
462:
427:
358:Somatosensory evoked potential
283:Early left anterior negativity
1:
2219:Difference due to memory (Dm)
1878:Ulanovsky N (February 2004).
1232:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00261-1
608:10.1016/s0301-0511(03)00049-8
561:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
369:
273:Contingent negative variation
2018:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
1989:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1755:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.026
902:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.002
853:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.001
736:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90048-5
647:Attention and brain function
538:10.1016/0001-6918(78)90006-9
7:
2013:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1798:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.826
1314:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.05.002
1269:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.05.002
255:
193:Vs. auditory sensory memory
184:For basic stimulus features
10:
2306:
1919:10.1016/j.tins.2007.09.003
1158:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.386
94:
2206:
2148:
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1995:
1702:10.1038/s41386-018-0256-9
1619:10.1111/1469-8986.3720262
1444:10.1017/s0048577298961601
1010:10.1162/08989290051137567
779:10.3109/00207459508986107
573:10.1017/s0140525x00078420
235:
1743:Clinical Neurophysiology
1569:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00654
402:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00666
288:Error-related negativity
278:Difference due to memory
32:) is a component of the
2140:Late positive component
2008:Event-related potential
1907:Trends in Neurosciences
1846:10.1073/pnas.0303760101
1690:Neuropsychopharmacology
724:Trends in Neurosciences
293:Late positive component
34:event-related potential
2260:Electroencephalography
2255:Cognitive neuroscience
2049:Bereitschaftspotential
1786:Psychological Bulletin
263:Bereitschaftspotential
141:inferior frontal gyrus
89:magnetoencephalography
85:electroencephalography
48:. It can occur in any
42:cognitive neuroscience
1642:Biological Psychiatry
1125:10.4324/9780203968512
596:Biological Psychology
814:10.1093/brain/awh442
211:In clinical research
2193:Sensorimotor rhythm
2150:Neural oscillations
2094:Mismatch negativity
1837:2004PNAS..101.6809J
1357:1994Natur.372...90T
644:Näätänen R (1992).
353:P600 (neuroscience)
348:P300 (neuroscience)
18:mismatch negativity
1302:Brain and Language
1257:Brain and Language
2290:Dyslexia research
2265:Evoked potentials
2242:
2241:
2136:(late positivity)
2038:Evoked potentials
1134:978-0-203-96851-2
1050:978-0-511-49979-1
657:978-0-8058-0984-8
526:Acta Psychologica
2297:
2275:Neurolinguistics
2224:Oddball paradigm
1982:
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1894:on 11 June 2016.
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943:Psychophysiology
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808:(Pt 4): 819–28.
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162:Neurolinguistics
66:oddball sequence
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2280:Neuropsychology
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2202:
2144:
2032:
1991:
1986:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1831:(17): 6809–14.
1817:
1813:
1782:
1778:
1749:(12): 2544–90.
1739:
1735:
1681:
1677:
1638:
1634:
1599:
1595:
1548:
1544:
1523:(18): 3749–53.
1513:
1509:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1427:
1423:
1392:
1388:
1341:
1337:
1298:
1294:
1139:
1135:
1113:
1109:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1037:
1033:
1001:10.1.1.201.5797
984:
980:
939:
935:
882:
878:
833:
829:
798:
794:
773:(1–4): 317–37.
763:
759:
720:
716:
681:Ear and Hearing
677:
673:
658:
642:
631:
592:
588:
557:
553:
522:
513:
473:
467:
463:
432:
428:
381:
377:
372:
367:
258:
238:
213:
204:
195:
186:
168:neurolinguistic
164:
137:auditory cortex
120:
118:Characteristics
109:The Netherlands
97:
12:
11:
5:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1946:External links
1944:
1941:
1940:
1913:(12): 653–61.
1897:
1870:
1811:
1776:
1733:
1696:(3): 606–612.
1675:
1648:(10): 959–66.
1632:
1593:
1542:
1507:
1480:(8): 1187–90.
1457:
1421:
1386:
1351:(6501): 90–2.
1335:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1252:
1215:
1178:
1152:(3): 386–400.
1133:
1107:
1064:
1049:
1031:
994:(6): 1038–55.
978:
933:
876:
827:
792:
757:
714:
671:
656:
629:
602:(3): 199–236.
586:
567:(2): 234–235.
551:
511:
478:Brain Research
461:
426:
374:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
257:
254:
237:
234:
212:
209:
203:
200:
194:
191:
185:
182:
163:
160:
145:insular cortex
119:
116:
101:Risto Näätänen
96:
93:
50:sensory system
26:mismatch field
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2302:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Sleep spindle
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:Related tests
1994:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1792:(6): 826–59.
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:(3): 283–92.
1437:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:(3): 244–53.
1307:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:(3): 244–53.
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:(1): 159–72.
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:(6): 1561–5.
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:(2): 354–61.
1079:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
982:
974:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
949:(4): 530–40.
948:
944:
937:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:(9): 389–95.
729:
725:
718:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
667:
663:
659:
653:
649:
648:
640:
638:
636:
634:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:(4): 313–29.
531:
527:
520:
518:
516:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:(1): 162–74.
483:
479:
472:
465:
457:
453:
449:
445:
442:(5): 436–50.
441:
437:
430:
422:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
375:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
253:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
199:
190:
181:
178:
174:
169:
159:
157:
156:visual cortex
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
126:
115:
112:
110:
106:
102:
92:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
2214:10-20 system
2178:Theta rhythm
2093:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1889:the original
1880:
1873:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1613:(2): 262–6.
1610:
1606:
1596:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1477:
1473:
1460:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1402:(1): 30–42.
1399:
1395:
1389:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1260:
1256:
1223:
1219:
1186:
1182:
1149:
1145:
1116:
1110:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1040:
1034:
991:
987:
981:
964:10138/136216
946:
942:
936:
893:
889:
879:
844:
840:
830:
805:
801:
795:
770:
766:
760:
727:
723:
717:
687:(1): 38–51.
684:
680:
674:
646:
599:
595:
589:
564:
560:
554:
529:
525:
481:
477:
464:
439:
435:
429:
395:(666): 666.
392:
388:
378:
251:
247:
243:
239:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
196:
187:
173:phonological
165:
153:
134:
128:
124:
121:
113:
98:
82:
76:, duration,
69:
65:
61:
29:
25:
21:
17:
15:
2104:C1 & P1
1517:NeuroReport
1474:NeuroReport
911:10852/75077
896:: 189–200.
847:: 192–205.
2249:Categories
2173:Delta wave
2168:Gamma wave
2158:Alpha wave
2100:Positivity
2045:Negativity
1220:NeuroImage
1074:NeuroImage
370:References
143:, and the
46:psychology
2285:Audiology
2183:K-complex
2163:Beta wave
2064:Visual N1
1710:1740-634X
1059:190792301
996:CiteSeerX
928:202749677
581:143448593
363:Visual N1
268:C1 and P1
177:syntactic
1927:17981345
1865:15096618
1806:10589304
1771:16167197
1763:17931964
1728:30377381
1670:26287894
1662:21167475
1627:10731777
1588:25221494
1537:10716203
1502:37321558
1330:13870754
1322:17624417
1285:13870754
1277:17624417
1248:27124567
1240:14527578
1211:24540547
1203:18364028
1166:17335388
1102:19794076
1094:16023867
1018:11177423
973:17532805
920:31629197
871:27389803
822:15728656
752:10224526
709:31698419
666:25832590
624:14404599
616:12853168
498:16963000
421:25278859
256:See also
78:loudness
56:and for
2270:Hearing
2198:Mu wave
1935:7660360
1833:Bibcode
1719:6333927
1579:4145469
1562:: 654.
1494:7662904
1452:9564748
1416:1886962
1381:4255887
1373:7969425
1353:Bibcode
1174:3046335
1026:8686819
862:4981429
787:7775056
744:7529443
701:7774768
506:8401429
456:8416070
412:4165279
95:History
91:(MEG).
54:hearing
2229:EEGLAB
2207:Topics
1933:
1925:
1863:
1856:404127
1853:
1804:
1769:
1761:
1726:
1716:
1708:
1668:
1660:
1625:
1586:
1576:
1535:
1500:
1492:
1450:
1414:
1379:
1371:
1345:Nature
1328:
1320:
1283:
1275:
1246:
1238:
1209:
1201:
1172:
1164:
1131:
1100:
1092:
1057:
1047:
1024:
1016:
998:
971:
926:
918:
869:
859:
820:
785:
750:
742:
707:
699:
664:
654:
622:
614:
579:
546:685709
544:
504:
496:
454:
419:
409:
236:Theory
127:, the
58:vision
1931:S2CID
1892:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1767:S2CID
1666:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1470:(PDF)
1377:S2CID
1326:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1244:S2CID
1207:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1098:S2CID
1022:S2CID
924:S2CID
802:Brain
748:S2CID
705:S2CID
620:S2CID
577:S2CID
502:S2CID
474:(PDF)
74:pitch
38:brain
24:) or
2134:P600
2119:P300
2114:P200
2084:N400
2079:N2pc
2074:N200
2069:N170
2059:N100
2054:ELAN
1923:PMID
1861:PMID
1802:PMID
1759:PMID
1724:PMID
1706:ISSN
1658:PMID
1623:PMID
1584:PMID
1533:PMID
1490:PMID
1448:PMID
1412:PMID
1369:PMID
1318:PMID
1273:PMID
1236:PMID
1199:PMID
1162:PMID
1129:ISBN
1090:PMID
1055:OCLC
1045:ISBN
1014:PMID
969:PMID
916:PMID
867:PMID
818:PMID
783:PMID
740:PMID
697:PMID
662:OCLC
652:ISBN
612:PMID
542:PMID
494:PMID
482:1117
452:PMID
417:PMID
343:P200
323:N400
318:N200
313:N170
308:N100
303:N2pc
149:N100
62:vMMN
44:and
16:The
2129:P3b
2124:P3a
2109:P50
1915:doi
1851:PMC
1841:doi
1829:101
1794:doi
1790:125
1751:doi
1747:118
1714:PMC
1698:doi
1650:doi
1615:doi
1574:PMC
1564:doi
1525:doi
1482:doi
1440:doi
1404:doi
1361:doi
1349:372
1310:doi
1306:104
1265:doi
1261:104
1228:doi
1191:doi
1154:doi
1121:doi
1082:doi
1006:doi
959:hdl
951:doi
906:hdl
898:doi
894:121
857:PMC
849:doi
810:doi
806:128
775:doi
732:doi
689:doi
604:doi
569:doi
534:doi
486:doi
444:doi
407:PMC
397:doi
338:P3b
333:P3a
107:in
105:TNO
30:MMF
22:MMN
2251::
1929:.
1921:.
1911:30
1909:.
1859:.
1849:.
1839:.
1827:.
1823:.
1800:.
1788:.
1765:.
1757:.
1745:.
1722:.
1712:.
1704:.
1694:44
1692:.
1688:.
1664:.
1656:.
1646:69
1644:.
1621:.
1611:37
1609:.
1605:.
1582:.
1572:.
1558:.
1554:.
1531:.
1521:10
1519:.
1496:.
1488:.
1476:.
1472:.
1446:.
1436:35
1434:.
1410:.
1400:28
1398:.
1375:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1324:.
1316:.
1304:.
1279:.
1271:.
1259:.
1242:.
1234:.
1224:20
1222:.
1205:.
1197:.
1187:27
1185:.
1168:.
1160:.
1150:19
1148:.
1127:.
1096:.
1088:.
1078:28
1076:.
1053:.
1020:.
1012:.
1004:.
992:12
990:.
967:.
957:.
947:44
945:.
922:.
914:.
904:.
892:.
888:.
865:.
855:.
845:82
843:.
839:.
816:.
804:.
781:.
771:80
769:.
746:.
738:.
728:17
726:.
703:.
695:.
685:16
683:.
660:.
632:^
618:.
610:.
600:63
598:.
575:.
565:13
563:.
540:.
530:42
528:.
514:^
500:.
492:.
480:.
476:.
450:.
440:30
438:.
415:.
405:.
391:.
387:.
151:.
111:.
1981:e
1974:t
1967:v
1937:.
1917::
1867:.
1843::
1835::
1808:.
1796::
1773:.
1753::
1730:.
1700::
1672:.
1652::
1629:.
1617::
1590:.
1566::
1560:8
1539:.
1527::
1504:.
1484::
1478:6
1454:.
1442::
1418:.
1406::
1383:.
1363::
1355::
1332:.
1312::
1287:.
1267::
1250:.
1230::
1213:.
1193::
1176:.
1156::
1137:.
1123::
1104:.
1084::
1061:.
1028:.
1008::
975:.
961::
953::
930:.
908::
900::
873:.
851::
824:.
812::
789:.
777::
754:.
734::
711:.
691::
668:.
626:.
606::
583:.
571::
548:.
536::
508:.
488::
458:.
446::
423:.
399::
393:8
129:d
28:(
20:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.