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its maximum over the contralateral precentral hand area is still smaller. Thus, it takes great care to see these potentials: exact triggering by the real onset of movement is important, which is especially difficult preceding speech movements. Furthermore, artifacts due to head-, eye-, lid-, mouth-movements and respiration have to be eliminated before averaging because such artifacts may be of a magnitude which makes it difficult to render them negligible even after hundreds of sweeps. In the case of eye movements eye muscle potentials have to be distinguished from cerebral potentials. In some cases animal experiments were necessary to clarify the origin of potentials such as the R-wave. Therefore, it took many years until some of the other laboratories were able to confirm the details of
Kornhuber & Deecke's results. In addition to the finger or eye movements as mentioned above, the BP has been recorded accompanying willful movements of the wrist, arm, shoulder, hip, knee, foot and toes. It was also recorded prior to speaking, writing and also swallowing.
261:) designed to predict their movements in real-time from observations of their EEG activity (the BP). They aimed to determine the exact time at which cancellation (veto) of movements was not possible anymore (the point of no return). The computer was trained to predict by means of the BP when a proband would move. The point of no return was at 200 ms before the movement. However, even after that, when a pedal was already set in motion, the subjects were able to reschedule their action by not completing the already started behavior. The authors pointed out in their report that cancellation of self-initiated movements had already been reported by Libet in 1985. Thus, the new achievement was a more precise determination of the point of no return.
181:
years; it was believed that freedom is an illusion. The tradition of behaviourism and
Freudism was deterministic. While will and volition were frequently leading concepts in psychological research papers before and after the first world war and even during the second war, after the end of the second world war this declined, and by the mid-sixties these key words completely disappeared and were abolished in the thesaurus of the American Psychological Association. The BP is an electrical sign of participation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) prior to volitional movement, which starts activity prior to the primary motor area. The BP has precipitated a worldwide discussion about
88:(his doctoral student) went for lunch to the 'Gasthaus zum Schwanen' at the foot of the Schlossberg hill in Freiburg. Sitting alone in the beautiful garden they discussed their frustration with the passive brain research prevailing worldwide and their desire to investigate self-initiated action of the brain and the will. Consequently, they decided to look for cerebral potentials in man related to volitional acts and to take voluntary movement as their research paradigm.
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prior to volitional movement or action, as well as the cingulate motor area (CMA). This is now called âanterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC)â. Recently it has been shown by integrating simultaneously acquired EEG and fMRI that SMA and aMCC have strong reciprocal connections that act to sustain each otherâs activity, and that this interaction is mediated during movement preparation according to the
Bereitschaftspotential amplitude.
167:(CNV). The CNV also composes two waves; the initial wave (i.e., O wave) and the terminal wave (i.e., E wave). The terminal CNV has similar characteristics as the BP and many researchers have claimed that the BP and the terminal CNV are the same component. At least there is a consensus that both indicate a preparation of the brain for a following behavior.
273:(BCI) applications; this signal feature can be identified from scalp recording (even from single-trial measurements) and interpreted for various uses, for example control of computer displays or control of peripheral motor units in spinal cord injuries. The most important BCI application is the 'mental' steering of artificial limbs in amputees.
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who investigated the laws of motion of the universe with metal balls on an inclined plane". The interest was even greater in psychology and philosophy because volition is traditionally associated with human freedom (cf. Kornhuber 1984). The spirit of the time, however, was hostile to freedom in those
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The magnetoencephalographic (MEG) equivalent of the
Bereitschaftspotential (BP), 'Bereitschafts(magnetic)field' (BF), or readiness field (RF) was first recorded in Hal Weinberg's laboratory at Simon Fraser University Burnaby B.C. Canada in 1982. It was confirmed that the early component, BP 1 or BF1,
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Note that the BP has two components, the early one (BP1) lasting from about â1.2 to â0.5; the late component (BP2) from â0.5 to shortly before 0 sec. The pre-motion positivity is even smaller, and the motor-potential which starts about fifty to sixty milliseconds before the onset of movement and has
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As said above, the activity of the SMA generates the early component of the
Bereitschaftspotential (BP1 or BP early). The SMA has the starting function of the movement or action. The role of the SMA was further substantiated by Cunnington et al. 2003, showing that SMA proper and pre-SMA are active
565:
Grözinger, B.; Kornhuber, H.H.; Kriebel, J.; Szirtes, J.; Westphal, K.T.P. (1980). The
Bereitschaftspotential preceding the act of speaking. Also an analysis of artifacts. pp 798â804 in Kornhuber H.H., Deecke L., eds., Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials,
103:
of self-initiated movements (fast finger flexions) on tape and analyzed the cerebral potentials preceding movements time-reversed with the start of the movement as the trigger, literally turning the tape over for analysis since they had no reversal playback or programmable computer. A potential
137:
of the right index finger. The vertical line indicates the instant of triggering t = 0 (first activity in the EMG of the agonist muscle). Recording positions are left precentral (L prec, C3), right precentral (R prec, C4), mid-parietal (Pz); these are unipolar recordings with linked ears as
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reference. The difference between the BP in C3 and in C4 is displayed in the lowest graph (L/R prec). Superimposed are the results of eight experiments as obtained in the same subject (B.L.) on different days. see Deecke, L.; Grözinger, B.; Kornhuber H.H. (1976)
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of the EEG; only by averaging, relating the electrical potentials to the onset of the movement it becomes apparent. Figure shows the typical slow shifts of the cortical DC potential, called
Bereitschaftspotential, preceding volitional, rapid
175:
The
Bereitschaftspotential was received with great interest by the scientific community, as reflected by Sir John Eccles's comment: "There is a delightful parallel between these impressively simple experiments and the experiments of
778:
Kornhuber, H.H. (1984). Von der
Freiheit pp 83â112 in Lindauer M, Schöpf A, eds., Wie erkennt der Mensch die Welt? Grundlagen des Erkennens, FĂŒhlens und Handelns. Geistes und Naturwissenschaftler im Dialog. Ernst Klett
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in Berlin (Germany) determined the time window after the BP in which an intended motion could possibly be cancelled upon command. The authors tested whether human volunteers could win a "duel" against a BCI
121:
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Walter, W.G; Cooper, R.; Aldridge, V.J.; McCallum, W.C.; Winter, A.L. (1964). "Contingent
Negative Variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain".
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Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Deecke L, Moser E (2003). "The preparation and readiness for voluntary movement: a high-field event-related fMRI study of the Bereitschafts-BOLD response".
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The possibility to do research on electrical brain potentials preceding voluntary movements came with the advent of the 'computer of average transients' (CAT computer), invented by
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in the initiation of our movements; though, since subjects were able to prevent intended movement at the last moment, we do have the ability to veto these actions ("free won't").
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respectively was generated by the supplementary motor area (SMA), including the pre-SMA, while the late component, BP2 or BF2, was generated by the primary motor area, MI.
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preceding human voluntary movement was discovered and published in the same year. After detailed investigation and control experiments such as passive finger movements the
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Kornhuber, H.H.; Deecke, L. (1964). "HirnpotentialĂ€nderungen beim Menschen vor und nach WillkĂŒrbewegungen, dargestellt mit Magnetbandspeicherung und RĂŒckwĂ€rtsanalyse".
99:(EEG) little is to be seen preceding actions, except of an inconstant diminution of the α- (or Ό-) rhythm. The young researchers stored the electroencephalogram and
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Schultze-Kraft, Matthias; Birman, Daniel; Rusconi, Marco; Allefeld, Carsten; Görgen, Kai; DÀhne, Sven; Blankertz, Benjamin; Haynes, John-Dylan (26 January 2016).
208:
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Deecke, L; Kornhuber, H.H. (1978). "An electrical sign of participation of the mesial "supplementary" motor cortex in human voluntary finger movement".
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are interested in this, as are system analysis, operations research, and epistemology (e.g. the Smith predictor has been suggested in the discussion).
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Deecke, L.; Kornhuber, H.H. (2003). Human freedom, reasoned will, and the brain. The Bereitschaftspotential story. In: M Jahanshahi, M Hallett (Eds.)
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Negative Slow Waves as Indices of Anticipation: The Bereitschaftspotential, the Contingent Negative Variation, and the Stimulus-Preceding Negativity
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Negative Slow Waves as Indices of Anticipation: The Bereitschaftspotential, the Contingent Negative Variation, and the Stimulus-Preceding Negativity
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Huckabee, M.L.; Deecke, L.; Cannito, M.P.; Gould, H.J.; Mayr, W. Cortical control mechanisms in volitional swallowing: the Bereitschaftspotential.
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Deecke, L; Weinberg, H.; Brickett, P. (1982). "Magnetic fields of the human brain accompanying voluntary movement. Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld".
84:(then docent and chief physician at the department of neurology, head Professor Richard Jung, university hospital Freiburg im Breisgau) and
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than the subject's reported conscious awareness that "now he or she feels the desire to make a movement." Libet concludes that we have no
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406:"HirnpotentialĂ€nderungen bei WillkĂŒrbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale"
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Deecke, L.; Grözinger, B.; Kornhuber, H.H. (1976). "Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory".
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438:"Brain potential changes in voluntary and passive movements in humans: readiness potential and reafferent potentials"
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Williamson, Victoria J.; McDonald, Claire; Deutsch, Diana; Griffiths, Timothy D.; Stewart, Lauren (1 January 2010).
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Lavazza, Andrea; De Caro, Mario (2009). "Not so Fast. On Some Bold Neuroscientific Claims Concerning Human Agency".
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of the brain leading up to voluntary muscle movement. The BP is a manifestation of cortical contribution to the pre-
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Heckhausen, H. (1987). Perspektiven einer Psychologie des Wollens. pp 121â142 in Heckhausen, H. et al., eds.,
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954:"Reciprocal interactions of the SMA and cingulate cortex sustain pre-movement activity for voluntary actions"
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Movement selection, preparation, and the decision to act: neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates
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1181:"BCI competition 2003-data set IV: An algorithm based on CSSD and FDA for classifying single-trial EEG"
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Libet, B (1985). "Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action".
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Deecke L, Kornhuber (1978). "supplementary" motor cortex in human voluntary finger movements".
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Kornhuber, H.H.; Deecke, L. (1990). Readiness for movement â The Bereitschaftspotential-Story,
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To jump or not to jump â The Bereitschaftspotential required to jump into 192-meter abyss
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PflĂŒgers Archiv fĂŒr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere
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of volitional movement. It was first recorded and reported in 1964 by
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Tutorials in Event Related Potential Research: Endogenous Components
185:(cf. the closing chapter in the book "The Bereitschaftspotential").
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http://www.cmds.canterbury.ac.nz/documents/huckabee_swallowing.pdf
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Cornelis H. M. Brunia, Geert J. M. van Boxtel, Koen B. E. Böcker:
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The Bereitschaftspotential: Movement-Related Cortical Potentials
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The Bereitschaftspotential, movement-related cortical potentials
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Wang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.; Gao, X.; Gao, S.; Yang, F. (2004).
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The Bereitschaftspotential, movement-related cortical potentials
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1073:"Faster decline of pitch memory over time in congenital amusia"
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Sensory and motor aspects of the contingent negative variation
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and the BP e.g. and found that the BP started about 0.35 sec
1122:"The point of no return in vetoing self-initiated movements"
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The Will and Its Brain: An Appraisal of Reasoned Free Will
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Jenseits des Rubikon: Der Wille in den Humanwissenschaften
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The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components
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The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components
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studied the relationship between conscious experience of
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The discovery of the contingent negative variation (CNV)
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firing. Researchers attempting to develop non-intrusive
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http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/rao/shenoy_rao05.pdf
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An interesting use of the Bereitschaftspotential is in
1292:. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York 2003,
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153:(ERP) component had earlier been discovered by the
1400:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
1236:. In: Steven J. Luck, Emily S. Kappenman (Eds.):
744:. In: Steven J. Luck, Emily S. Kappenman (Eds.):
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128:The BP is ten to hundred times smaller than the
1126:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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442:PflĂŒgers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology
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249:These studies have provoked widespread debate.
1303:Nann M, Cohen LG, Deecke L & Soekadar SR:
1288:. In: Marjan Jahanshahi, Mark Hallett (Eds.):
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952:Nguyen VT, Breakspear M, Cunnington R (2014).
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1274:. University Press of America, Lanham MD USA
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207:which attempt to predict general patterns of
124:Typical recording of a Bereitschaftspotential
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723:. North Holland Publishing, Amsterdam 1983,
719:. In: A.W.K. Gaillard and W. Ritter (Eds.):
32:for "readiness potential"), also called the
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1631:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
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404:Kornhuber, Hans H.; Deecke, LĂŒder (1965).
1347:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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163:in 1962 and published in 1964. It is the
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1259:. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
1255:. In: M Jahanshahi, M Hallett (Eds.):
848:. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
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1240:. Oxford University Press, USA 2012,
1000:
748:. Oxford University Press, USA 2012,
1251:Deecke, L.; Kornhuber, H.H. (2003).
1486:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
1425:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
1307:. Scientific Reports (2019) 9:2243
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44:), is a measure of activity in the
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765:Eccles, J.C.; Zeier, H. (1980)
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506:PflĂŒgers Arch Eur J Physiologie
436:Kornhuber HH, Deecke L (2016).
319:Lateralized readiness potential
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1420:Somatosensory evoked potential
1270:Kornhuber HH; Deecke L (2012)
970:10.1523/jneurosci.2571-14.2014
701:Current Contents Life Sciences
689:
486:Current Contents Life Sciences
379:Somatosensory evoked potential
299:Early left anterior negativity
1:
1616:Difference due to memory (Dm)
923:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00291-x
390:
289:Contingent negative variation
199:are used in combination with
165:contingent negative variation
1415:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
1386:Electroencephalography (EEG)
880:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90561-9
816:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90561-9
566:behaviour and clinical use.
472:(accessed October 21, 2016).
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230:experiments in the 1980s,
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1050:10.1007/s12152-009-9053-9
1015:10.1017/s0140525x00044903
491:: 14. (Citation Classic)
455:10.1007/s00424-016-1852-3
228:neuroscience of free will
216:brainâcomputer interfaces
1662:Brainâcomputer interface
1349:Medical Subject Headings
1200:10.1109/tbme.2004.826697
434:; Englisch translation:
309:Error-related negativity
294:Difference due to memory
271:brainâcomputer interface
259:brainâcomputer interface
252:In 2016, a group around
50:supplementary motor area
1657:History of neuroscience
1537:Late positive component
1405:Event-related potential
1147:10.1073/pnas.1513569112
314:Late positive component
151:event-related potential
1672:Electroencephalography
1446:Bereitschaftspotential
1345:Bereitschaftspotential
575:, Amsterdam, Elsevier.
125:
110:Bereitschaftspotential
80:In the spring of 1964
66:University of Freiburg
22:Bereitschaftspotential
123:
82:Hans Helmut Kornhuber
58:Hans Helmut Kornhuber
1652:Somatic motor system
97:electroencephalogram
1590:Sensorimotor rhythm
1547:Neural oscillations
1491:Mismatch negativity
1300:, pp. 249â268.
1138:2016PNAS..113.1080S
964:(49): 16397â16407.
792:. Springer, Berlin.
659:1964Natur.203..380W
369:P300 (neuroscience)
324:Mismatch negativity
209:Motor Intent Neuron
161:William Grey Walter
38:readiness potential
34:pre-motor potential
1338:2005-03-04 at the
1326:2005-05-05 at the
1248:, p. 189-207.
769:. ZĂŒrich, Kindler.
703:21, May 27, 1985,
616:10.1007/bf00239582
537:10.1007/bf00336013
422:10.1007/BF00412364
201:Bayesian inference
126:
1677:Evoked potentials
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1533:(late positivity)
1435:Evoked potentials
1280:978-0-7618-5862-1
1267:pp. 283â320.
729:978-0-444-86551-9
653:(4943): 380â384.
254:John-Dylan Haynes
212:Action Potentials
205:Bayesian networks
158:neurophysiologist
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448:(7): 1115â24.
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232:Benjamin Libet
223:
220:
172:
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117:
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108:with the term
101:electromyogram
93:Manfred Clynes
77:
74:
54:motor planning
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1689:
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1667:Motor control
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1585:Sleep spindle
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1393:Related tests
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854:0-306-47407-7
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829:
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821:
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813:
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785:
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756:, p. 189-207.
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754:0-19-537414-2
751:
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730:
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718:
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531:(2): 99â119.
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27:
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1611:10-20 system
1575:Theta rhythm
1445:
1304:
1289:
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1271:
1256:
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1237:
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1191:
1187:
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1080:
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1031:
1006:
1002:
996:
961:
957:
947:
914:
910:
904:
871:
867:
861:
856:pp. 283â320.
845:
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766:
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695:Ray Cooper:
691:
650:
646:
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607:
603:
597:
589:
586:Brain Topogr
585:
580:
572:
567:
561:
528:
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413:
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268:
265:Applications
251:
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239:
225:
191:
187:
174:
148:
144:
140:
127:
109:
90:
86:LĂŒder Deecke
79:
62:LĂŒder Deecke
46:motor cortex
41:
37:
33:
25:
21:
15:
1501:C1 & P1
1038:Neuroethics
525:Biol Cybern
1646:Categories
1570:Delta wave
1565:Gamma wave
1555:Alpha wave
1497:Positivity
1442:Negativity
958:J Neurosci
911:NeuroImage
779:Stuttgart.
391:References
1580:K-complex
1560:Beta wave
1461:Visual N1
1284:Wise SP:
1083:: 15â22.
1058:144467757
1044:: 23â41.
868:Brain Res
804:Brain Res
384:Visual N1
284:C1 and P1
244:free will
183:free will
116:Mechanism
76:Discovery
18:neurology
1336:Archived
1324:Archived
1216:17398997
1208:15188883
1166:26668390
1107:20689638
988:25471577
939:13419573
931:14527600
896:43904948
832:43904948
683:26808780
675:14197376
632:29091048
553:30078847
464:27392465
430:41483856
416:: 1â17.
277:See also
236:volition
171:Outcomes
135:flexions
130:α-rhythm
1595:Mu wave
1157:4743787
1134:Bibcode
1098:2916665
1023:6965339
979:6608485
655:Bibcode
624:7140885
240:earlier
155:British
70:Germany
64:at the
1626:EEGLAB
1604:Topics
1351:(MeSH)
1296:
1278:
1263:
1244:
1214:
1206:
1164:
1154:
1105:
1095:
1056:
1021:
986:
976:
937:
929:
894:
888:728816
886:
852:
830:
824:728816
822:
752:
727:
699:, In:
681:
673:
647:Nature
630:
622:
551:
545:949512
543:
462:
428:
30:German
20:, the
1212:S2CID
1184:(PDF)
1054:S2CID
1019:S2CID
935:S2CID
892:S2CID
828:S2CID
679:S2CID
628:S2CID
549:S2CID
512:: 52.
426:S2CID
1531:P600
1516:P300
1511:P200
1481:N400
1476:N2pc
1471:N200
1466:N170
1456:N100
1451:ELAN
1294:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1204:PMID
1162:PMID
1103:PMID
984:PMID
927:PMID
884:PMID
850:ISBN
820:PMID
750:ISBN
725:ISBN
671:PMID
620:PMID
541:PMID
460:PMID
374:P600
364:P200
349:N400
344:N200
339:N170
334:N100
329:N2pc
197:EMGs
195:and
193:EEGs
60:and
48:and
1526:P3b
1521:P3a
1506:P50
1196:doi
1152:PMC
1142:doi
1130:113
1093:PMC
1085:doi
1046:doi
1011:doi
974:PMC
966:doi
919:doi
876:doi
872:159
812:doi
808:159
705:PDF
663:doi
651:203
612:doi
533:doi
510:281
493:PDF
470:PDF
450:doi
446:468
418:doi
414:284
359:P3b
354:P3a
68:in
36:or
24:or
16:In
1648::
1210:.
1202:.
1192:51
1190:.
1186:.
1160:.
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1101:.
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608:48
606:.
590:16
588:.
573:54
547:.
539:.
529:23
527:.
508:.
489:33
477:^
468:,
458:.
444:.
440:.
424:.
412:.
408:.
42:RP
26:BP
1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
1218:.
1198::
1168:.
1144::
1136::
1109:.
1087::
1081:6
1060:.
1048::
1042:3
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1013::
1007:8
990:.
968::
941:.
921::
898:.
878::
834:.
814::
685:.
665::
657::
634:.
614::
555:.
535::
466:.
452::
432:.
420::
257:(
40:(
28:(
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