124:
1614:
2336:
2811:
2821:
274:
36:
2348:
77:
1894:
240:. However, since the neuron is an electrochemical machine, it is difficult to isolate electrical events from the metabolic and molecular processes that cause them. Thus, neurophysiologists currently utilise tools from chemistry (calcium imaging), physics (functional magnetic resonance imaging,
694:, the classical neurophysiology patient, had his brain pierced by an iron tamping rod in a blasting accident. He became an excellent case study in the connection between the prefrontal cortex and behavior, decision making and consequences. In 1849,
468:, which revolutionized the study of anatomy. In this book, he described the pineal gland and what he believed the function was, and was able to draw the corpus striatum which is made up of the basal ganglia and the internal capsule. In 1549,
478:. This book was devoted to neurological diseases, and discussed symptoms, as well as ideas from Galen and other Greek, Roman and Arabic authors. It also looked into the anatomy and specific functions of different areas. In 1550,
2615:
365:, and theorized that it had its origins in the brain. Hippocrates also theorized that the brain was involved in sensation, and that it was where intelligence was derived from. Hippocrates, as well as most
995:
576:, Pennsylvania. The asylum intended to give not only medical treatment to those mentally ill, but also provide with caretakers and comfortable living conditions. In 1755,
2600:
213:
function rather than nervous system architecture. This area aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of neurological diseases. Historically, it has been dominated by
98:
2779:
2610:
593:
260:
word ÎœÎ”áżŠÏÎżÎœ meaning "nerve" and physiology meaning knowledge about the function of living systems (ÏÏÏÎčÏ meaning "nature" and -λογία meaning "knowledge").
2857:
2530:
474:
1026:
1371:
911:
Swanson, LW. Neuroanatomical terminology : a lexicon of classical origins and historical foundations. Oxford
University Press, 2014. England
385:
theorized that there were divisions in vestibular processing in the brain, as well as deducing from observation that sensation was located there.
709:
While these are not all the developments in neurophysiology before 1849, these developments were significant to the study of the brain and body.
1112:
585:
2786:
2769:
2580:
2256:
970:
634:. Phrenology was the faulty science of looking at head shape to determine different aspects of personality and brain function. In 1811,
2535:
1564:
1278:
85:
2850:
1249:"An Account of the Asylum for the Insane, Established by the Society of Friends, near Frankford, in the Vicinity of Philadelphia"
1728:
2540:
855:
813:
784:
241:
2386:
1432:
337:
In the early B.C. years, most studies were of different natural sedatives like alcohol and poppy plants. In 1700 B.C., the
2590:
2843:
2575:
2550:
1263:
221:(the electroencephalogram, EEG) to the cellular (intracellular recording of the properties of single neurons), such as
3020:
3015:
2236:
1527:
1230:
916:
321:
185:
167:
145:
63:
17:
303:
138:
2898:
2565:
2545:
295:
49:
527:. He mistakenly believed that it was the "soul" of the brain, and believed it was where thoughts formed. In 1658,
2969:
2774:
2570:
2419:
615:
353:. This papyrus looked at different case studies about injuries to different parts of the body, most notably the
2676:
2646:
2605:
1557:
764:
299:
635:
2671:
2620:
2555:
2352:
2077:
1633:
1471:
Jeffery G (October 2001). "Architecture of the optic chiasm and the mechanisms that sculpt its development".
682:. These cells, which cover the axons of the neurons in the brain, are named Schwann cells after him. In 1843
424:
2231:
2052:
1638:
1395:
Brink A (December 1979). "Depression and loss: a theme in Robert Burton's 'Anatomy of melancholy' (1621)".
2271:
723:
547:
1937:
2585:
1798:
1721:
1379:
1298:
743:
464:
801:
2764:
2661:
2656:
2429:
2424:
2266:
2241:
2110:
1550:
1119:
581:
515:
1322:
Pestronk A (March 1988). "The first neurology book. De
Cerebri Morbis...(1549) by Jason Pratensis".
603:
studied the cerebellum intensely, and published a book solely based on its function and appearance.
564:) and how these integrated within one another. This text was also the first to use the English term
519:, which looked at the loss of important characters in one's life as leading to depression. In 1649,
415:, began to write about different surgical treatments for neurological disorders. In 1216, the first
3106:
2708:
2703:
2595:
2434:
2379:
2205:
2180:
2105:
2012:
1917:
1813:
284:
132:
2974:
2796:
2042:
1753:
1748:
1685:
1603:
510:
288:
90:
978:
638:
studied respiration in animal dissection and lesions and found the center of respiration in the
607:
3058:
3010:
2954:
2929:
2743:
2479:
2439:
2037:
2027:
1818:
1773:
1670:
1158:
655:
428:
374:
149:
1045:
2893:
2824:
2791:
2666:
2641:
2560:
2414:
2340:
2100:
2095:
1902:
1793:
1714:
996:"Bell, Magendie and the Proposals to Restrict the Use of Animals in Neurobehavioral Research"
695:
671:
647:
598:
495:
237:
233:
1282:
3063:
3038:
2718:
2713:
2459:
2449:
2409:
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2072:
1912:
1883:
1778:
1690:
847:
687:
577:
370:
55:
1508:
1452:
663:
8:
3053:
2959:
2636:
2494:
2474:
2454:
2372:
2215:
2115:
1992:
1962:
1947:
1335:
873:"FĂ©lix Vicq d'Azyr (1746-1794): early founder of neuroanatomy and royal French physician"
552:
528:
487:
451:
338:
3000:
2738:
2469:
2291:
2185:
2125:
1848:
1828:
1496:
1420:
1303:
1202:
1177:
569:
454:. In 1542, the term physiology was used for the first time by a French physician named
439:
450:
on the nervous system. He also noticed that the ventricular cavities were filled with
3043:
2990:
2814:
2810:
2698:
2464:
2210:
2145:
2120:
1972:
1932:
1680:
1598:
1488:
1412:
1372:"Chapter 5. The Corpus Striatum, Rhinencephalon, Connecting Fibers, and Diencephalon"
1339:
1226:
1207:
1100:
1018:
958:
912:
894:
851:
835:
809:
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667:
658:
distinguished between the lateral and medial geniculate bodies, as well as named the
639:
627:
435:
346:
214:
1424:
520:
400:, which is crucial to the visual system, was discovered around 100 C.E. by Marinus.
3005:
2964:
2946:
2835:
2683:
2251:
2135:
2062:
1977:
1858:
1808:
1628:
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1404:
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1090:
1010:
948:
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843:
772:
619:
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479:
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420:
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1351:
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776:
3049:
2733:
2651:
2499:
2489:
2444:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2190:
2130:
2067:
1982:
1942:
1927:
1868:
1823:
1654:
1588:
1220:
683:
675:
659:
469:
650:, which compared functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the
3081:
2867:
2728:
2514:
2509:
2276:
2246:
2175:
2150:
2140:
1987:
1967:
1957:
1843:
1763:
1408:
1248:
1014:
834:
Horwitz, Allan V.; Wakefield, Jerome C.; Lorenzo-Luaces, Lorenzo (2016-04-07).
584:
for the mentally ill, a treatment still used today in specific cases. In 1760,
392:
theorized that human thought occurred in the brain, as opposed to the heart as
366:
350:
257:
210:
2616:
Working
Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
1613:
889:
872:
419:
textbook in Europe, which included a description of the brain, was written by
244:), and molecular biology (site directed mutations) to examine brain activity.
3100:
2748:
2504:
2200:
2195:
2160:
2057:
2047:
2007:
1853:
1788:
1783:
1675:
1138:
733:
679:
623:
483:
230:
226:
1436:
2723:
2688:
2286:
2281:
2165:
1997:
1922:
1873:
1863:
1838:
1833:
1803:
1737:
1492:
1104:
953:
936:
932:
898:
728:
691:
643:
573:
561:
532:
524:
443:
397:
378:
206:
1343:
1211:
1193:
1022:
962:
431:
in
Britain) was the first hospital used exclusively for the mentally ill.
2886:
2155:
2002:
1416:
703:
651:
626:
described the role of electricity in nerves of dissected frogs. In 1808,
499:
491:
455:
358:
334:
Neurophysiology has been a subject of study since as early as 4,000 B.C.
222:
871:
Tubbs RS, Loukas M, Shoja MM, Mortazavi MM, Cohen-Gadol AA (July 2011).
2395:
2316:
2017:
1573:
1095:
1078:
631:
589:
565:
408:
202:
678:
began studying white and grey matter in the brain, and discovered the
2995:
2484:
2261:
1952:
738:
503:
393:
666:
studied and produced the first evidence of the cerebellum's role in
273:
2170:
1542:
611:
536:
447:
438:
continued his study of the human body with a wax cast of the human
362:
806:
International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
2881:
690:
demonstrated that nerves transmit signals electrically. In 1848,
416:
342:
458:, to explain bodily function in relation to the brain. In 1543,
76:
2924:
2908:
1706:
540:
412:
345:
was written. This papyrus was crucial in understanding how the
833:
771:. Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. pp. 1497â1500.
217:âthe electrical recording of neural activity ranging from the
2903:
2364:
718:
389:
382:
218:
699:
354:
1893:
2601:
Royal
Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
1378:. The Neuroscience on the Web Series. CSU. Archived from
1079:"Perspective on the vestibular cortex throughout history"
870:
1376:
CMSD 620 Neuroanatomy of Speech, Swallowing and
Language
1178:"Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620-95) and cerebral haemorrhage"
842:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 10â23.
494:, mainly focusing on its origin in the brain. In 1564,
646:
finished work on what would later become known as the
531:
studied a patient in which he believed that a broken
446:
described the effects of different diseases, such as
2865:
2611:
Taiwanese
Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1113:"Article Number: EONS : 0736 : Cerebellum"
838:. In DeRubeis, Robert J.; Strunk, Daniel R. (eds.).
2531:
American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
502:, naming it such due to its shape resemblance to a
1302:
1182:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1156:
3098:
993:
486:, or fluid filling the brain. In the same year,
1083:The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist
804:, in Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (eds.),
1369:
1076:
610:, discovered a black colored structure in the
373:free environment was crucial in helping treat
2851:
2581:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
2380:
1722:
1558:
2257:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1297:
556:, which focused on frame (neurology), duty (
1279:"Andreas Vesalius and Modern Human Anatomy"
302:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2858:
2844:
2536:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
2387:
2373:
1729:
1715:
1565:
1551:
1321:
618:alluded to this structure, calling it the
1470:
1201:
1175:
1094:
952:
888:
322:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1246:
808:, Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 7251â7254,
131:This article includes a list of general
101:of all important aspects of the article.
1394:
1305:Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564
762:
592:could affect motor movements. In 1776,
14:
3099:
1218:
931:
864:
799:
769:Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions
97:Please consider expanding the lead to
2839:
2770:Neurological conditions and disorders
2541:American Neuropsychiatric Association
2368:
1710:
1546:
840:The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders
588:studied how different lesions in the
2347:
1572:
1336:10.1001/archneur.1988.00520270123032
848:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.013.2
300:adding citations to reliable sources
267:
117:
70:
29:
2591:National Institute of Mental Health
1356:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1143:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
2576:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
2551:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3118:
2237:Development of the nervous system
1077:Duque-Parra JE (September 2004).
1009:(4). Ruccs.rutgers.edu.: 357â60.
369:, believed that relaxation and a
45:This article has multiple issues.
2899:Lateralization of brain function
2819:
2809:
2566:European Psychiatric Association
2546:American Psychiatric Association
2346:
2335:
2334:
1892:
1736:
1612:
1433:"Al-Zahrawi - Father of Surgery"
1352:"Descartes and the Pineal Gland"
1309:. University of California Press
272:
122:
75:
34:
2970:Somatosensory evoked potentials
2820:
2571:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
2420:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1159:"The Electroshock Quotationary"
89:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
2787:Psychiatric survivors movement
2677:Psychiatric survivors movement
2647:Controversies about psychiatry
2606:Royal College of Psychiatrists
2394:
1485:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1393
1397:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
1046:"History of Biology 1800-1849"
905:
827:
793:
756:
702:nerve impulses while studying
630:studied and published work on
99:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2672:Political abuse of psychiatry
2621:World Psychiatric Association
2556:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
2078:Social cognitive neuroscience
1639:Physiological plant disorders
1634:Plant perception (physiology)
937:"Julien Jean CĂ©sar Legallois"
777:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_779
749:
425:St Mary of Bethlehem Hospital
401:
357:. Beginning around 460 B.C.,
2053:Molecular cellular cognition
975:Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery
800:Teyler, T. J. (2001-01-01),
616:Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring
247:
7:
2272:Neurodevelopmental disorder
2247:Neural network (biological)
2242:Neural network (artificial)
1225:. Oxford University Press.
724:History of the pineal gland
712:
636:Julien Jean CĂ©sar Legallois
10:
3123:
2586:Indian Psychiatric Society
1799:Computational neuroscience
1409:10.1177/070674377902400811
1157:Frank, Leonard R. (2006).
1064:. University of Washington
1015:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.357
925:
802:"In Vitro Neurophysiology"
744:Repetitive visual stimulus
465:De humani corporis fabrica
263:
3074:
3031:
2983:
2965:Auditory evoked potential
2945:
2938:
2917:
2874:
2805:
2757:
2662:Electroconvulsive therapy
2657:Biopsychiatry controversy
2629:
2523:
2430:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2425:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
2402:
2330:
2267:Neurodegenerative disease
2224:
2111:Evolutionary neuroscience
2086:
2026:
1901:
1890:
1762:
1744:
1663:
1647:
1621:
1610:
1581:
1062:"History of Neuroscience"
1003:The American Psychologist
994:Gallistel, C. R. (1981).
971:"NEUROSURGERY://ON-CALLÂź"
890:10.1007/s00381-011-1424-y
582:electroconvulsive therapy
516:The Anatomy of Melancholy
2709:Psychiatric epidemiology
2704:Philosophy of psychiatry
2596:Philadelphia Association
2435:Developmental disability
2232:Brainâcomputer interface
2181:Neuromorphic engineering
2106:Educational neuroscience
2013:Nutritional neuroscience
1918:Clinical neurophysiology
1814:Integrative neuroscience
1528:"A History of the Brain"
1299:O'Malley, Charles Donald
1219:Finger, Stanley (2001).
1176:Pearce JM (April 1997).
2975:Visual evoked potential
2775:Psychiatric medications
2043:Behavioral neuroscience
1686:Evolutionary physiology
1604:Physiology of dinosaurs
1222:Origins of Neuroscience
836:"History of Depression"
152:more precise citations.
3059:Long-term potentiation
3011:Postsynaptic potential
2955:Bereitschaftspotential
2744:Psychosomatic medicine
2480:Nutritional psychiatry
2440:Descriptive psychiatry
2038:Affective neuroscience
1819:Molecular neuroscience
1774:Behavioral epigenetics
1671:Comparative physiology
954:10.1002/clc.4960181015
656:Karl Friedrich Burdach
375:neurological disorders
238:local field potentials
2894:Intracranial pressure
2667:Insulin shock therapy
2642:Clinical neuroscience
2561:Democratic Psychiatry
2415:Biological psychiatry
2101:Cultural neuroscience
2096:Consumer neuroscience
1938:Neurogastroenterology
1794:Cellular neuroscience
1530:. Stanford University
1473:Physiological Reviews
1324:Archives of Neurology
1194:10.1136/jnnp.62.4.387
698:studied the speed of
696:Hermann von Helmholtz
572:created an asylum in
496:Giulio Cesare Aranzio
234:single-unit recording
3064:Long-term depression
3039:Axoplasmic transport
2780:by condition treated
2719:Psychiatric hospital
2714:Psychiatric genetics
2460:Geriatric psychiatry
2450:Emergency psychiatry
2410:Addiction psychiatry
2073:Sensory neuroscience
1913:Behavioral neurology
1884:Systems neuroscience
1691:Molecular physiology
1370:McCaffrey, Patrick.
1285:on 15 September 2012
688:Emil du Bois-Reymond
642:. In the same year,
622:. In the same year,
578:Jean-Baptiste Le Roy
560:) and expectations (
482:worked on a case of
296:improve this section
256:originates from the
3054:Synaptic plasticity
3046:/Nerve regeneration
2637:Behavioral medicine
2495:Palliative medicine
2475:Military psychiatry
2455:Forensic psychiatry
2216:Social neuroscience
2116:Global neurosurgery
1993:Neurorehabilitation
1963:Neuro-ophthalmology
1948:Neurointensive care
1779:Behavioral genetics
1509:"Mondino De' Luzzi"
941:Clinical Cardiology
763:Luhmann HJ (2013).
553:Observations on Man
529:Johann Jakob Wepfer
488:Bartolomeo Eustachi
452:cerebrospinal fluid
396:had theorized. The
3001:Membrane potential
2866:Physiology of the
2739:Psychopharmacology
2470:Liaison psychiatry
2292:Neuroimmune system
2186:Neurophenomenology
2126:Neural engineering
1849:Neuroendocrinology
1829:Neural engineering
1453:"Andreas Vesalius"
1439:on 5 February 2020
1096:10.1002/ar.b.20031
981:on 5 February 2020
594:Vincenzo Malacarne
570:Society of Friends
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3044:Neuroregeneration
2991:Neurotransmission
2833:
2832:
2765:Counseling topics
2699:Pentylenetetrazol
2465:Immuno-psychiatry
2362:
2361:
2211:Paleoneurobiology
2146:Neuroepistemology
2121:Neuroanthropology
2087:Interdisciplinary
1973:Neuropharmacology
1933:Neuroepidemiology
1704:
1703:
1681:Electrophysiology
1599:Insect physiology
1382:on 7 January 2018
1048:. 26 October 2011
857:978-0-19-997396-5
815:978-0-08-043076-8
786:978-1-4020-8264-1
765:"Neurophysiology"
672:BellâMagendie law
648:BellâMagendie law
640:medulla oblongata
628:Franz Joseph Gall
608:FĂ©lix Vicq-d'Azyr
475:De Cerebri Morbis
440:ventricle system.
436:Leonardo da Vinci
347:ancient Egyptians
332:
331:
324:
236:and recording of
215:electrophysiology
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
116:
115:
68:
27:Study of neurones
18:Neurophysiologist
16:(Redirected from
3114:
3006:Action potential
2984:Other short term
2947:Evoked potential
2943:
2942:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2684:Imaging genetics
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2337:
2252:Detection theory
2136:Neurocriminology
2063:Neurolinguistics
1978:Neuroprosthetics
1896:
1859:Neuroinformatics
1809:Imaging genetics
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1629:Plant physiology
1616:
1594:Human physiology
1567:
1560:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1513:Encyclopedia.com
1504:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1457:Encyclopedia.com
1448:
1446:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1428:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1274:
1272:
1270:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1215:
1205:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1118:. Archived from
1117:
1108:
1098:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1025:. Archived from
1000:
990:
988:
986:
977:. Archived from
966:
956:
935:(October 1995).
919:
909:
903:
902:
892:
877:Childs Nerv Syst
868:
862:
861:
831:
825:
824:
823:
822:
797:
791:
790:
760:
670:to complete the
620:substantia nigra
602:
558:moral psychology
480:Andreas Vesalius
460:Andreas Vesalius
427:(later known as
421:Mondino de Luzzi
406:
403:
327:
320:
316:
313:
307:
276:
268:
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:this article by
139:inline citations
126:
125:
118:
111:
108:
102:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3107:Neurophysiology
3097:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3070:
3050:Neuroplasticity
3027:
2979:
2934:
2913:
2870:
2864:
2834:
2829:
2801:
2797:Psychotherapies
2753:
2734:Psycho-oncology
2694:Neurophysiology
2652:Anti-psychiatry
2625:
2519:
2490:Neuropsychiatry
2445:Eating disorder
2398:
2393:
2363:
2358:
2326:
2312:Neurotechnology
2307:Neuroplasticity
2302:Neuromodulation
2297:Neuromanagement
2220:
2191:Neurophilosophy
2088:
2082:
2068:Neuropsychology
2029:
2022:
1983:Neuropsychiatry
1943:Neuroimmunology
1928:Neurocardiology
1904:
1897:
1888:
1879:Neurophysiology
1869:Neuromorphology
1824:Neural decoding
1765:
1758:
1740:
1735:
1705:
1700:
1696:Neurophysiology
1659:
1655:Cell physiology
1643:
1617:
1608:
1589:Fish physiology
1577:
1571:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1479:(4): 1393â414.
1461:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1385:
1383:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1312:
1310:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1264:"Anatomy Words"
1262:
1253:
1251:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1147:
1145:
1139:"David Hartley"
1137:
1128:
1126:
1125:on 4 March 2016
1122:
1115:
1111:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1032:on 1 April 2011
1029:
998:
984:
982:
969:
947:(10): 599â600.
928:
923:
922:
910:
906:
869:
865:
858:
832:
828:
820:
818:
816:
798:
794:
787:
761:
757:
752:
715:
684:Carlo Matteucci
676:Theodor Schwann
660:cingulate gyrus
596:
568:. In 1752, the
498:discovered the
470:Jason Pratensis
404:
377:. In 280 B.C.,
361:began to study
349:understood the
328:
317:
311:
308:
293:
277:
266:
254:neurophysiology
250:
201:is a branch of
199:Neurophysiology
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
163:
157:
154:
144:Please help to
143:
127:
123:
112:
106:
103:
96:
84:This article's
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3082:Myelinogenesis
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:nervous system
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2729:Psychoanalysis
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2630:Related topics
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2515:Telepsychiatry
2512:
2510:Sleep medicine
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2403:Subspecialties
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2322:Self-awareness
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Neurodiversity
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Neuromarketing
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Neuroesthetics
2148:
2143:
2141:Neuroeconomics
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Neuroradiology
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Neuropathology
1965:
1960:
1958:Neuro-oncology
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Neurochemistry
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1664:Related topics
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1524:
1505:
1468:
1449:
1429:
1392:
1367:
1348:
1319:
1295:
1275:
1260:
1247:Waln, Robert.
1244:
1231:
1216:
1173:
1154:
1135:
1109:
1074:
1058:
1042:
991:
967:
927:
924:
921:
920:
904:
863:
856:
826:
814:
792:
785:
754:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
714:
711:
521:René Descartes
367:ancient Greeks
351:nervous system
330:
329:
280:
278:
271:
265:
262:
249:
246:
211:nervous system
194:
193:
176:
175:
130:
128:
121:
114:
113:
93:the key points
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3119:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:Primarily PNS
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:Primarily CNS
2873:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Psychiatrists
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2749:Psychosurgery
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:Organizations
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2505:Psychotherapy
2503:
2501:
2500:Pain medicine
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Neurotheology
2204:
2202:
2201:Neurorobotics
2199:
2197:
2196:Neuropolitics
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Neuroethology
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Motor control
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Chronobiology
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:Neurovirology
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Neurogenetics
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Brain-reading
1787:
1785:
1784:Brain mapping
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:Ecophysiology
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:(8): 767â72.
1402:
1398:
1393:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1245:
1234:
1232:9780195146943
1228:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
918:
917:9780195340624
914:
908:
900:
896:
891:
886:
883:(7): 1031â4.
882:
878:
874:
867:
859:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
817:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
755:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:Neural coding
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
710:
707:
706:in the body.
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:myelin sheath
677:
673:
669:
668:equilibration
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Luigi Galvani
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:
549:
548:David Hartley
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
511:Robert Burton
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:hydrocephalus
481:
477:
476:
471:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
326:
323:
315:
305:
301:
297:
291:
290:
286:
281:This section
279:
275:
270:
269:
261:
259:
255:
245:
243:
239:
235:
232:
231:extracellular
228:
227:voltage clamp
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:that studies
208:
204:
200:
190:
187:
172:
169:
161:
158:December 2012
151:
147:
141:
140:
134:
129:
120:
119:
110:
107:December 2016
100:
94:
92:
87:
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2724:Psychiatrist
2693:
2689:Neuroimaging
2351:
2339:
2287:Neuroimaging
2282:Neurogenesis
2166:Neurohistory
2131:Neurobiotics
2030:neuroscience
1998:Neurosurgery
1923:Epileptology
1905:neuroscience
1878:
1874:Neurophysics
1864:Neurometrics
1839:Neurobiology
1834:Neuroanatomy
1804:Connectomics
1738:Neuroscience
1695:
1532:. Retrieved
1516:. Retrieved
1512:
1476:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1456:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1400:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1375:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1330:(3): 341â4.
1327:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1304:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1267:. Retrieved
1252:. Retrieved
1236:. Retrieved
1221:
1185:
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729:Neuroscience
708:
692:Phineas Gage
644:Charles Bell
605:
586:Arne-Charles
580:began using
574:Philadelphia
562:spirituality
551:
545:
533:blood vessel
525:pineal gland
523:studied the
514:
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490:studied the
473:
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444:Nicolo Massa
433:
411:, living in
398:optic chiasm
387:
379:Erasistratus
336:
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294:Please help
282:
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207:neuroscience
198:
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2156:Neuroethics
2003:Neurotology
1089:(1): 15â9.
704:electricity
674:. In 1838,
664:F. Magendie
662:. In 1824,
654:. In 1822,
652:spinal cord
597: [
535:had caused
500:hippocampus
492:optic nerve
456:Jean Fernel
423:. In 1402,
405: 1000
359:Hippocrates
339:Edwin Smith
223:patch clamp
150:introducing
3021:Inhibitory
3016:Excitatory
2396:Psychiatry
2317:Neurotoxin
2018:Psychiatry
1574:Physiology
1188:(4): 387.
821:2022-04-03
750:References
632:phrenology
614:. In 1791
590:cerebellum
566:psychology
550:published
513:published
472:published
409:Al-Zahrawi
203:physiology
133:references
50:improve it
3032:Long term
2996:Chronaxie
2930:Sensation
2485:Narcology
2262:Neurochip
2028:Cognitive
1953:Neurology
739:Neurology
606:In 1784,
546:In 1749,
509:In 1621,
504:sea horse
442:In 1536,
434:In 1504,
394:Aristotle
341:surgical
283:does not
252:The word
248:Etymology
91:summarize
56:talk page
3101:Category
2341:Category
2225:Concepts
2171:Neurolaw
1903:Clinical
1534:30 April
1518:30 April
1493:11581492
1462:30 April
1443:30 April
1425:35532320
1386:30 April
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1269:30 April
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899:21445631
713:See also
612:midbrain
537:apoplexy
448:syphilis
363:epilepsy
312:May 2012
2882:Arousal
2825:Outline
2353:Commons
1766:science
1754:History
1749:Outline
1582:Animals
1344:3277602
1212:9120455
1203:1074098
1023:7023302
963:8785909
926:Sources
539:, or a
417:anatomy
388:In 177
343:papyrus
304:removed
289:sources
264:History
146:improve
2925:Reflex
2909:Memory
2815:Portal
2089:fields
1622:Plants
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541:stroke
462:wrote
429:Bedlam
413:Iberia
371:stress
135:, but
3075:Other
2904:Sleep
2758:Lists
1764:Basic
1648:Cells
1576:types
1497:S2CID
1421:S2CID
1162:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
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719:Brain
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390:Galen
383:Chios
258:Greek
219:molar
2960:P300
2939:Both
1536:2012
1520:2012
1489:PMID
1464:2012
1445:2012
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1388:2012
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1101:PMID
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1038:2012
1019:PMID
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959:PMID
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852:ISBN
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700:frog
686:and
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