237:-influenced language. Miskito is as widely spoken in Honduras and Nicaragua as Spanish, it is also an official language in the Atlantic region of these countries. With more than 8 million speakers, Miskito has positioned in the second place in both countries after Spanish. Miskito is not only spoken in Central America, but in Europe (United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, France and Italy), the USA, Canada and in many other Latin American countries. Miskito used to be a royal state language in the 16th to 19th dynasties of the Miskito Kingdom.
131:
36:
77:
5853:
is placed after the main verb. The conjugated component can take a variety of tenses, including periphrastic ones, and the periphrases themselves may often be combined; thus chains of several auxiliaries are possible. Some representative examples of such periphrases follow:
9157:
relations is similarly head-marking: the head (i.e. the possessed) is marked with indices indicating the person of the dependent (the possessor), the noun phrase expressing which is either omitted normally if pronominal (a pro-drop phenomenon) or precedes the head, e.g.
9204:'in/to Nicaragua'. A relational construction has the internal form of a possessive construction (above), except that the place of the head noun is occupied by a quasi-noun called a relational; the latter is often followed by a postpositon. E.g.
9269:
participle. These vary in form depending on whether the following verb has the same or a different subject, and also depending on certain tense or aspect relations, and on the person of the subject in the case of different-subject participles.
3672:
Some of the synthetic tenses represent original periphrastic tense structures that have become welded into single words. This helps to explain why there are two different forms each in the present, past and future. (The sample verb used is
6960:
Most verbs are built up from a monosyllabic lexical root ending in a vowel or a single consonant, to which an extension or stem consonant is very often added. The extensions correlate with transitivity: transitive stems have either
8981:
verbs are represented by particles preceding the verb (third person is zero). Number is not marked in these subject and object indices, but a plural subject may be indicated through a verbal periphrasis serving this function.
248:
A (a), B (be), C (ce), D (de), E (e), F (ef), G (ge), H (ha), I (i), J (jei), K (ka), L (el), M (em), N (en), O (o), P (pi), Q (ku), R (ar), S (es), T (te), U (yoo), V (vee), W (dubilu), X (eks), Y (yei), Z (zet).
7730:
In the internal head construction, the head noun is not extracted from the place it underlyingly occupies in the relative clause, which is bounded by an article as in headless external head clauses.
875:
Simplification of underlying consonant clusters in verb forms takes place, with stem consonants disappearing when certain suffixes are added to verb stems of certain phonological shapes:
9246:
is achieved through various constructions. One is the use of the verb's negative participle, which is invariable for person and tense; another is through use of a negative particle
1414:
Ligature is a term (with precedents in other languages) for describing a grammatical feature of
Miskito traditionally referred to with less accuracy in the Miskito context as '
9075:
precede their head. The ligature morpheme generally occurs on the noun whenever this is preceded by one of the items mentioned, and also when it takes a possessive index.
5756:
Given the differences in terminology, the following comparative table for names of non-finite forms used in this article, Salamanca's
Miskito school grammar and Green's
848:
Within words of more than one syllable interior clusters may therefore contain more than two consonants (rarely more than three), but in such cases there is generally a
6703:
While no systematic case marking differentiates formally between subjects and objects, there exist (apart from word order) certain option for achieving disambiguation.
8858:), apparently with phonemic length playing a part. Consonant series include voiced and voiceless plosives, voiced nasals and semivowels, two liquids and the fricative
9262:
9138:
verbs also index their object through pre-verbal particles (zero for third person). A maximum of one such object index is possible. If a transitive verb has both a
17:
9143:
4315:'give' is anomalous in a different way by having irregularly derived non-third-person object-indexing forms. Finally, the most irregular verb of all is the
6565:
1278:
9321:
7754:
In the 'headless' counterpart of the internal construction, the place of the head within the relative clause is occupied by an interrogative pronoun.
8933:, the exponents of which have suffix and infix allophones, except for third person and first person inclusive possessor indices, which are preposed
3808:. The subject markers vary somewhat according to the tense, but the most usual forms are shown in the following table (see below for more details).
10703:
6977:
which, added to transitive stems, produces unergative, reflexive, reciprocal or middle verbs. See the section on
Derivation (below) for examples.
9387:
9357:
1327:
Optionally the article may be combined with other determiners or quantifiers, and with the ligature (which seems to convey a greater degree of
160:
7848:
The tense of complement clauses does not follow that of the matrix clause, but directly expresses a time relation in reference to the matrix.
3259:
are quasi-nouns expressing some relationship (often spatial) to their possessor complement. Many of the relationals perceivably originate in
8767:
705:
has been included on the above consonant chart out of deference to the orthography and previous descriptions, but may in fact represent a
9422:
7676:
In the external head strategy there is no subordination marker of any kind and the relative clause precedes the head noun, which takes a
791:
preceding the vowel nucleus, and two following it. This may be represented by the formula (C)(C)V(C)(C). Examples of monosyllabic words:
4002:
Forms for a third-person subject, in addition to indexing specific subjects that are equivalent to 'he', 'she', 'it', 'they' or 'we (
6606:
the rule that places subordinate elements first is frequently overridden by a tendency to place long and heavy constituents last.
5499:
When the last verb of a different-subject chain is in the present or past tense, the preceding verb must be in the Past II tense.
627:
2973:(doing duty for both dative and spatial meanings of English 'to', as well as 'in'). The same marker is also often used with
10541:
9254:
have no special grammatical marking as such, but all kinds of questions are optionally followed by the sentence particle
8978:
673:
599:
2288:
Nouns of the inalienable class (with no ligature) take the same possessive indices, which may again be either suffixed:
9043:
Sentence order is predominantly SOV. Auxiliaries follow main verbs. Sentence particles are sentence-final. Within the
2374:
Some nouns infix in the first person but suffix in the second, and there are some other miscellaneous irregularities.
10693:
200:
182:
112:
63:
8723:
which consist of two words but express meanings that are lexically determined for the construction as a whole, e.g.
6778:
Yet another way to identify the subject is for it to participate in a verbal periphrasis. Outwardly, the 'particle'
153:
10625:
87:
49:
8905:
are of moderate complexity and predominantly suffixing, together with the use of infixes in the nominal paradigm.
4069:
suffix from the infinitive. Most verb stems end in a consonant, and are conjugated as follows (our sample verb is
2562:
but some (including past participles) precede it, in which case the noun, unless inalienable, takes its ligature:
10354:
10153:
9451:
9415:
5445:
signals a change of subject between it and the following verb, and is used when the latter is in a future tense.
1926:
Such pronouns may be omitted. In either case, personal possessors are grammaticalized as morphological indices.
10587:
9476:
9122:
for both subject and object (i.e. subject and object pronouns are commonly omitted). The finite verb's subject
725:
of adjacent vowel and consonant phonemes within that syllable. In spelling it is customary to place the letter
5420:
The anterior participle further expresses that an event occurred before that expressed by the following verb.
1430:. In Miskito, most of the elements that require the presence of ligature are ones that precede the head noun:
10698:
9466:
9446:
5536:
to express any person-tense combination; alternatively these categories may be left implicit by omitting the
2620:). Use of these pronouns is optional when person is indexed in the possessed form, relational or verb group.
1409:
9461:
1840:
567:
7710:
If the head is not expressed, an article following the relative clause serves to identify and delimit it.
9783:
9637:
6601:
578:
324:
310:
8006:
Circumstantial clauses generally end in a subordinating conjunction of some sort. Sometimes the article
10648:
10291:
10046:
10041:
9481:
9408:
3650:. The tenses themselves have characteristic suffixes which combine with the subject-indexing suffixes.
3267:) of nouns designating parts of the body employed metaphorically to convey spatial or other relations.
2605:
663:
513:
506:
358:
351:
10523:
10329:
10200:
10163:
9642:
9060:
6186:
6101:
143:
7539:
Mood particles may be placed at the end of a sentence (i.e. following the verb). See the example of
6920:
may be placed after a definite noun phrase to foreground it; its effect is similar to that of focus
1832:'opposite-sex sibling'), although there is only an imperfect correlation between membership of this
10175:
9150:
9068:
9048:
8930:
8902:
8139:
6303:
6234:
5998:
Another type of construction consists of a conjugated main verb followed by a third-person form of
2956:
1855:
A noun phrase possessor precedes the possessed noun with ligature (unless inalienable, see above).
1833:
1219:
1162:
636:
470:
460:
334:
317:
147:
139:
10364:
9700:
9695:
9627:
9498:
9486:
9471:
9274:
545:
538:
522:
5845:
and other notions that can be expressed is enlarged considerably by the availability of various
3516:. The stem of many such verbs (obtained by subtracting the infinitive ending) are monosyllabic (
10444:
10434:
10311:
9926:
9803:
9677:
9557:
9282:
9243:
8718:
6515:
6470:
5529:
5076:
2884:
164:
7334:, in wh-questions the interrogative element either stands at the beginning of the question...
5474:
When the subject of the different subject participle is first or second person, the ending is
245:
The
Miskito alphabet is the same as the English alphabet. It has 21 consonants and 5 vowels.
10659:
10549:
10510:
10387:
10296:
10158:
10140:
9954:
9944:
9400:
8914:
7148:'Nothing', 'nobody' and so on are expressed using indefinite words, generally accompanied by
605:
482:
432:
425:
9808:
9366:(PROEL: Promotora Española de Lingüística) — short page in Spanish containing several errors
6996:'let'. In these constructions, the verb of causation is subordinated to the verb of action.
10490:
9949:
9868:
9577:
9562:
9304:
9237:
9197:
8934:
8918:
8886:
7783:
A complement clause may bear no subordination marker but merely be followed by the article
7677:
6984:
Miskito has periphrastic causative expressions using one or another of the causation verbs
6473:
6252:
2460:
689:
55:
10023:
5433:'After entering the house I spoke to him.' ("Having entered the house — I spoke with him."
3946:
The absence of an object index preceding a transitive verb signals a third person object:
3298:
Relationals index pronominal complements in the same way as nouns index their possessors.
8:
10643:
10638:
10245:
10095:
10087:
9959:
9535:
9251:
8890:
6863:
6859:
5842:
5703:
5571:
The past participle, identical in form to the third-person of Past II, is used: (a) as a
94:
10208:
6002:. Various tense sequences for the two verbs are possible and convey a range of nuances.
10518:
10377:
10220:
10125:
10076:
10071:
10051:
9891:
9818:
9778:
9773:
9763:
9745:
9707:
9507:
9435:
9352:
9278:
9131:
9127:
9052:
8958:
8926:
8922:
7869:
Complement clauses that have no autonomous time reference ('irrealis') take Future II.
7094:
The second person imperative has its own special negative form, with the verbal suffix
6876:
is a particle that may follow a sentence constituent identifying it as sentence topic.
6791:
5838:
5017:
4882:
4062:
3682:
3639:
3635:
2601:
2452:
1378:
The determiners are used sometimes with pronouns to emphasize the subject in question.
1215:
1173:
441:
392:
234:
10301:
9146:, the latter is not indexed and appears as a postpositional phrase (indirect object).
721:
is restricted to the stressed syllable in a word, and its realization consists of the
10633:
10597:
10405:
10324:
10278:
10258:
10115:
9998:
9833:
9823:
9768:
9667:
9615:
9567:
9552:
9515:
9189:
9139:
9056:
8962:
8950:
7812:
6299:
6089:
5967:, with an anomalous distribution, is used in expressions of possibility and ability.
5572:
5356:
4914:
3800:
which form part of a verb's suffix, for transitive verbs the verb group includes an
3643:
2597:
1271:
407:
9273:
Besides these widely used constructions, clauses may also be linked by coordinating
8123:
a considerable number of loans from surrounding languages of the related Sumo group;
4039:, may be added at the end of the verb group, preceded by a same-subject participle.
10688:
10457:
10395:
10339:
10334:
10286:
10190:
10185:
10110:
10033:
10013:
9988:
9980:
9921:
9896:
9886:
9881:
9798:
9755:
9732:
9722:
9712:
9654:
9592:
9294:
9266:
8974:
8954:
7496:
6432:
6097:
5349:
5087:. A gentler order may be expressed using the Past II second-person form (ending in
4951:
3969:
Other participant roles may be expressed by personal pronouns with the appropriate
3911:
3805:
3804:
in the form of a preverbal particle marking the person (but not the number) of the
2701:
214:
10610:
4847:
expresses that an action is happening or about to happen at the time of speaking.
1816:
Some nouns take no ligature morpheme; these mostly denote parts of the body (e.g.
10605:
10482:
10472:
10462:
10452:
10344:
10319:
10253:
10230:
10225:
10061:
10056:
10003:
9993:
9966:
9916:
9901:
9876:
9851:
9841:
9813:
9793:
9740:
9717:
9682:
9662:
9605:
9582:
9572:
9542:
9530:
9231:
9135:
9072:
7666:
6811:
6645:
6358:
5363:
5067:
4886:
4007:
3662:
3627:
3256:
1415:
402:
4977:'I found the books and he gave them to Meri.' (or 'I having found the books...')
10667:
10615:
10564:
10500:
10495:
10429:
10424:
10268:
10180:
10170:
10148:
10105:
10100:
10066:
10018:
9906:
9846:
9788:
9672:
9600:
9547:
9520:
9299:
7788:
6803:
6390:
5850:
5608:
5537:
4316:
3666:
3631:
2541:
used attributively usually follow the head noun and do not require a ligature:
706:
218:
7030:
is used either alone or followed by an auxiliary specifying tense and person.
10682:
10579:
10569:
10554:
10530:
10467:
10372:
10263:
10213:
10130:
9856:
9687:
9632:
9610:
9525:
9369:
9200:
constructions. Postpositions are invariable and follow the noun phrase, e.g.
9123:
6815:
6744:
6668:
Complement and circumstantial clauses may precede or follow the main clause.
6227:
6223:
6010:
can be expressed by placing both verbs in Past II or future II respectively.
4011:
3970:
2974:
2705:
1159:
1152:
9375:
6743:
always occurs with agents of transitive verbs it might be viewed as a proto-
6735:
Another is to identify the agent of a transitive verb with the postposition
5757:
375:
is not clear; long vowels are not consistently indicated in
Miskito writing.
10349:
10235:
10008:
9911:
9622:
9193:
9115:
9076:
7669:
in
Miskito, the 'external head' strategy and the 'internal head' strategy.
6855:
5846:
5600:
5388:
3220:
2963:
1328:
372:
275:
270:
10400:
10120:
9363:
9044:
8970:
6093:
5360:
5080:
3622:
3066:
1427:
1286:
292:
282:
3918:) referring to the indexed subject or object is optional (i.e. there is
9182:
8713:
7009:'Pedro will let the child play.' "P. letting the child, (it) will play"
6354:
6230:
5658:
5379:'I fell coming out of the house.' ("Coming out of the house — I fell.")
5352:
3509:
3034:
2704:-specific, and may, under comparable conditions, be marked by the same
414:
304:
297:
287:
230:
8010:
precedes the conjunction, which may take the form of a preposition...
10416:
9381:
9064:
8882:
6435:
6248:
6237:
5575:
5091:). The first-person inclusive plural imperative ('Let's...') ends in
4954:
chain, it functions as the different-subject participle (see below).
4003:
2538:
2130:
The indices for first or second person are generally suffixed to the
788:
722:
710:
653:
559:
345:
222:
9334:
EI idioma miskito: estado de la lengua y características tipológicas
5938:
Combining the infinitive with other auxiliary verbs we obtain other
3065:
This and other postpositions are placed after the last element in a
9339:
Ramsin S., Felix (2021). Writer, Modern
Miskito Grammar specialist.
9250:
which follows verbs (in the future only), but precedes the copula.
9154:
9119:
8874:
7397:'who' as the agentive subject of a question may be followed by the
6921:
5661:: (a) approximates that of infinitives in many European languages:
5013:
3919:
3260:
2984:
2970:
2960:
1837:
1419:
1289:
and require no ligature. The proximal article expresses proximity.
849:
784:
693:
387:
226:
9188:
Other relations between a verb and its noun phrase complements or
5762:(a related language with similar categories) may be found useful:
1426:) which occurs when a noun is linked to some other element in the
1405:
9431:
8851:
8113:
586:
495:
397:
9318:
Observaciones acerca del desarrollo lexical miskito en
Nicaragua
6794:
is, for example, from 'Who will get up and remove it?' to 'Who (
8966:
8763:
7742:'The house that Sarah bought is in Bilwi.' (as if to say: "The
7152:'also, even', usually in combination with negative verb forms.
5913:
This construction with the auxiliary in Past II can express an
4943:
4032:
3647:
3011:
2953:
2609:
2456:
1554:
9430:
9232:
Predication, sentence types and compound and complex sentences
9327:
Gramática escolar del
Miskito/Manual de Gramática del Miskito
8878:
5136:
4303:'allow') vary from the above paradigm in a few minor points.
2213:
Otherwise they are mostly infixed after the infixed ligature
1887:
The possessor may be a personal pronoun if it is emphasized.
1664:
9265:, all but the last verb in the chain adopting the form of a
9258:. Other sentence particles express different modal nuances.
7665:
There are two major constructions which may be used to form
6710:
One is to mark animate direct objects with the postposition
86:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with
Knowledge's
8946:
7947:'If he had seen a deer yesterday, he would have killed it.'
7299:
may, optionally, be used in either yes-no or wh-questions.
6085:
5864:'I was playing' consists of the same-subject participle of
5387:
These participles are also used in many compound verbs and
4010:
verbs to indicate a non-specific subject, thus providing a
7861:'They heard that Pedro was alive.' ("...that P. is alive")
7123:, having no negative participle, is negated by a preposed
5674:'They made a joint agreement to purchase a piece of land.'
8937:. Plural number is indicated by a postpositive particle.
7973:
Aisikam nani balbia apia, yang witin nani ra bik takamna
9240:
with an irregular and defective conjugational paradigm.
7804:'I have heard the news that a man was killed yesterday.'
7026:
To negate a verb, the invariable negative participle in
6033:
By compounding the past perfect construction again with
5491:'You will let it out.' ("You letting, it will get out.")
9342:
M. Brown, Dionisio. Writer, Miskito Grammar specialist.
7702:'In this town there are a lot of people who own a car.'
7061:
For the future tenses only, another option is to place
3657:(simple) tenses, there is also a considerable range of
7642:'It is necessary to talk to his father or his mother.'
7890:
709:
feature rather than a consonantal phoneme (except in
9392:
7979:'Your parents will not come, even if I beg them to.'
7910:
is the third-person different subject participle of
6627:'When Piter found the books, I gave them to Slilma.'
2608:
distinction in the first person plural. The general
2138:
ligature when either is present (with loss of final
2063:
precede the noun, with ligature unless inalienable.
8024:'When he was about to buy food, his mother came.' (
6889:'That way, it will be good for me and for you too.'
5355:are used in verb or clause chains sharing the same
8881:nucleus preceded and followed by a maximum of two
7722:'Those who caught the horse took it to my father.'
6479:follows future-tense verbs, but precedes forms of
4311:'go', have an irregular Present I tense. The verb
8758:A similar construction is used in verbs that are
8063:'I am going to mix flour in order to make bread.'
7454:is optional. Such questions may be answered with
6973:. There is also a valency-decreasing verb-prefix
6690:'When he was about to buy food, his mother came.'
6681:'I am going to mix flour in order to make bread.'
5921:'I should have played' or 'I would have played'.
5649:'I would like to see you.' ("Seen you makes me.")
10680:
8866:apparently represents a suprasegmental feature.
8129:a smaller number of words borrowed from Spanish.
8116:consists of the following principal components:
5694:'You have everything, why go and look for work?'
1172:precede the noun they determine and require the
152:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
6969:(unpredictably), while intransitive stems have
5532:participle can be followed by a finite form of
1222:follow the noun and do not require a ligature.
8206:(2) adjectives from nominalized adjectives in
8053:'In order to do that, many things are needed.'
7680:, beside which it usually has an article too.
5930:'I should/would have played' ("play-to was-I")
3518:bal-, dim-, tak-, dauk-, kaik-, bri-, wi-, pi-
2616:or -nan is added to form plurals (except with
945:
97:to make improvements to the overall structure.
9416:
7989:'Piter will win, even though he is very bad.'
7914:'be', literally "it being (the case that)".)
6887:yang maipara an man mampara sin aitani kabia.
3278:literally means 'in the mouth of the house'.
1410:Albanian morphology § The linking clitic
9384:(includes sentences translated into Miskito)
9082:
9067:may either precede or follow the head noun.
7574:
7566:'I wonder if he'll get angry if I tell him.'
7197:'Never take medicine if you do not need it.'
2455:is not a morphological category in Miskito.
9396:(an unfinished Miskito course at Wikibooks)
9261:Verbs or whole clauses may be conjoined by
7188:'My brother did not tell anybody anything.'
6937:'This is who is going to own these things.'
6802:allows an object to precede a subject (for
6167:'The woman is bathing the baby with water.'
5892:'I am to play, I have to play' consists of
5868:followed by the first person of Past II of
5012:is a general future. It is also used as an
3661:(compound) tenses. These are formed with a
2459:number is indicated in noun phrases by the
1370:'the horse in question, the horse which...'
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
9423:
9409:
8889:is normally on the first syllable and not
8168:(1) adjectives from nouns (with ligature)
8126:a large number of loan words from English;
7937:'If I were from this land, I would fight.'
7692:'The house that Sarah bought is in Bilwi.'
7489:
6814:and so may again be understood as a proto-
6698:
6618:'After entering the house I spoke to him.'
6518:verbs, the conjugated element comes last.
6088:(or verb group) regularly comes last. The
5137:Switch reference and non-finite verb forms
3385:'I will put this bottle inside the house.'
2466:or -nan placed after the noun or pronoun.
9329:. Draft version formerly on the Internet.
8094:'When I was reading a book, you came in.'
8073:'Before eating food he washed his hands.'
7997:
6539:'I am bringing it' ("having I-am-coming")
6104:. In these examples the verb is in bold.
5684:'Pedro went and spoke with his brothers.'
4946:past. Connected to a following verb in a
4023:'He (etc.) saw me' but also 'I was seen.'
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
113:Learn how and when to remove this message
6849:
6790:'get up', so the semantic route of this
5849:constructions in which a verb acting as
3508:Verbs are conventionally cited with the
729:at the end of the syllable so affected.
10704:Indigenous languages of Central America
8835:
8328:abstract nouns, '-ness' (cf. ligature)
5668:Aikuki la dauki banghwan tasba pis kum
2591:
2511:or upla karnanan ba 'the strong people'
18:Miskito language (typological overview)
14:
10681:
8269:adjectives from nouns (with ligature)
7983:Piter wintakaisa, witin saura pali sa
7927:'If you eat this apple, you will die.'
7622:'One was small and the other was big.'
7421:Indirect questions may be followed by
6810:almost always occurs with subjects of
5832:
5688:Diara sut brisma, dia mita wark pliki
5632:(c) in an idiomatic construction with
5037:'If you eat this apple, you will die.'
4065:of a verb is obtained by removing the
3365:'I will go to Bilwi before you (pl.).'
9404:
9170:'his horse' (zero-marked possessor),
8908:
8455:action (nominalized past participle)
7941:Witin nahwala sula kum kaikan kan sa
7906:and precede the consequence clause. (
7774:
7363:...or immediately precedes the verb.
6806:) without this leading to ambiguity.
5795:same subject simultaneous participle
4988:expresses that an event is imminent.
3916:yang, man, witin, yawan, yang nani...
3665:form of the main verb followed by an
3342:Some examples of relationals in use:
9224:'behind Juan', where the relational
8940:
8845:
8703:
8670:intransitive verbs from transitives
6251:, precede the noun, which takes the
6189:(here in bold) may follow the verb.
5820:different subject future participle
5441:The different-subject participle in
3520:etc.); a few are non-syllabic (e.g.
233:language family and also a strongly
124:
70:
29:
9017:adjective + head / head + adjective
8774:) followed by a Miskito verb, e.g.
7660:
7652:'He spoke but I didn't understand.'
7450:In yes–no questions sentence-final
6909:'Pedro left, and/but María stayed.'
6770:'Piter brought Meri to your house.'
5739:'I should have gone to your house.'
5591:'The saddle is made of cow's hide.'
4881:is a general present, indistinctly
4870:'I am about to go out this minute.'
2712:Other pronouns and deictic adverbs
1534:Ligature takes a variety of forms:
951:Common determiners and quantifiers
240:
24:
9370:Gospel Recordings Network: Miskito
9008:determiner (except article) + head
7891:Conditional and concessive clauses
7840:'He went to see what he had done.'
7442:'He went to see what he had done.'
6786:is the same-subject participle of
6506:'That house is not in my village.'
6211:'Who do you think is going to win
6041:for 'if' (itself really a form of
5102:Sturi nani kumkum yang nani ra ai
2501:or naha watlanan na 'these houses'
1319:'this horse that my father bought'
684:
25:
10715:
9346:
9035:subordinate clause + subordinator
5881:'I was playing' ("playing was-I")
5808:same subject anterior participle
3994:'I want to talk to ("with") you.'
929:, Different-subject participle 3
900:, Different-subject participle 3
672:
662:
635:
626:
604:
598:
577:
566:
544:
537:
521:
512:
505:
481:
469:
459:
440:
431:
424:
357:
350:
333:
323:
316:
309:
45:This article has multiple issues.
9281:may be marked by a clause-final
8869:
8854:inventory includes four vowels (
8818:compounds are much less common.
7958:('although') clauses may end in
7798:Yang nahwala waitna kum ra ikan
7386:'What shall I do with the fish?'
4938:As the nucleus of a main clause
4835:
3494:
3243:'(made) of leather ("cow skin")'
2959:are marked by the multi-purpose
2944:
2659:(neutral) 'he/him, she/her, it'
129:
75:
34:
9382:Dictionary of the Ulwa Language
8990:
8643:(2) verbs from adjective roots
8590:(2) verbs from adjective roots
8120:words of native Miskito origin;
8112:As regards origin, the Miskito
8057:Plawar abalkaisna brid daukaia
7855:Witin nani walan Pedro ba raya
7766:'I will give you what you ask.'
7111:'Do not speak to us like that!'
6831:'The hurricane sunk the canoe.'
6782:is placed after such subjects.
6686:Witin plun atkaia auya kan bara
6202:'I want to give it to him/her.'
6047:unfulfilled hypothetical clause
5905:'I am to play' ("play-to am-I")
5403:'to bring' ("to have and come")
2669:or yangnan 'we/us (exclusive)'
775:
53:or discuss these issues on the
27:Grammar of the Miskito language
9181:
8901:Inflectional and derivational
8840:
8712:Miskito has a large number of
8088:Yang buk kum aisi kaiki kapri
7720:nani ba bui asiki ra brih wan.
7195:sin sîka nît apia kaka dipara.
6798:) will remove it?' The use of
6530:'I read it' ("speaking I-saw")
5359:; only the last verb adopts a
4056:
4031:To indicate that a verb has a
3251:
3026:'I gave Joly a book.' "I Joly-
1843:(see also relationals below).
940:
13:
1:
9376:A Lexicographic Study of Ulwa
9325:Salamanca, Danilo (no date).
9310:
8917:morphological categories are
8896:
8133:
7787:functioning in practice as a
7632:'Juan and Pedro are similar.'
7322:'How many books do you have?'
7043:'You do/did/will not see me.'
6071:
5729:'I have to go to your house.'
5719:'I want to go to your house.'
5563:'You do/did/will not see me.'
5148:Switch reference participles
4035:subject, a finite auxiliary,
2529:
2443:
1846:
9089:
8997:
8827:'cow' ("beef/bovine female")
7962:'also, either, even', or in
7481:'Do you (pl.) see all this?'
7475:'Is it you? — Yes, it's me.'
7295:The sentence-final particle
7205:
7065:after the future verb form.
6935:diara nani na dawanka kabia.
6903:Pedro mahka wan, bara María
6760:'The poison killed him/her.'
6660:'the horse that Meri bought'
6637:'Johan wanted Kati to come.'
5678:Pedro ai muihni nani aikuki
5478:if the main verb is future.
5118:'Do not treat me like that!'
3395:'Most people voted for him.'
1526:'the horse that Kati bought'
1434:Elements triggering linking
252:
7:
9288:
9228:imitates a possessed noun.
9178:'horse' without ligature).
9090:HEAD-marking constructions
8985:
8762:from English: the borrowed
8750:'get angry' ("split heart")
8018:Witin plun atkaia auya kan
7931:Yang naha tasba wina katna
7882:'Jon wanted Sarah to come.'
7479:Man nani naha sut kaikisma?
7017:
6291:karna ba 'the strong horse'
6207:Naha mani champianshipka ba
5951:'I want to play' ("play-to
5759:Lexicographic Study of Ulwa
3812:Subject and object indices
3499:
2999:'I am going to Nicaragua.'
2470:is optional with numerals.
1399:
946:Determiners and quantifiers
257:
10:
10720:
9332:Salamanca, Danilo (2008).
9192:are expressed by means of
9149:The expression of nominal
8969:(and sometimes fused into
8564:(1) verbs from verb roots
8107:
8102:
7580:Coordinating conjunctions
6955:
6213:the championship this year
6161:Mairin ba tuktan ra li ni
5990:'He cannot build a house.'
5872:'to be', "playing was-I".
5603:passive construction with
5466:will give them to Slilma.'
5057:'Jon wanted Meri to come.'
3474:'for, against, as regards'
3375:'He paused near the door.'
1403:
692:is generally on the first
10657:
10624:
10596:
10578:
10539:
10509:
10481:
10443:
10414:
10386:
10363:
10310:
10277:
10244:
10199:
10139:
10085:
10032:
9979:
9937:
9867:
9832:
9754:
9731:
9653:
9591:
9506:
9497:
9442:
9316:Richter, Elke (no date).
9083:Head or dependent marking
8738:'bring' ("have and come")
8543:'get better, be cured' →
7640:ai yaptika wal aisaia sa.
7575:Coordinating conjunctions
6623:Piter buknan ba sakan tem
6185:However, long or heavier
6066:
5751:
5310:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5287:
5284:
5275:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5173:Different subject future
5170:past/present (= Past II)
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5143:
4279:Verbs whose stems end in
3874:
1828:'nose') or kinship (e.g.
995:plural indefinite article
979:proximal definite article
958:
955:
884:'perforate' → Imperative
855:
717:'heaven'). Occurrence of
652:
585:
558:
494:
413:
384:
356:
349:
274:
269:
267:
221:of the Atlantic coast of
10694:Native American grammars
9114:Miskito is consistently
8732:'read' ("speak and see")
8366:abstract nouns, '-ness'
6854:A system of specialized
6591:'I wonder who will win!'
6361:follow the noun phrase.
5083:) counterpart ending in
4860:'I am speaking Miskito.'
4046:Maria ra kaiki banghwri.
2685:or witinnan 'they/them'
1285:stand at the end of the
1156:naha, baha, naura, bukra
138:This article includes a
10154:Central Atlas Tamazight
9378:by Thomas Michael Green
9071:precede possessed, and
8681:'stretch (sth.) out' →
7556:'Why, you are like me!'
7490:Sentence mood particles
7174:'I didn't see anybody.'
6768:Meri wamtlara brih wan.
6699:Propositional structure
6449:precede the main verb.
6382:'in front of the horse'
6177:'Give me three pounds.'
6151:(Yang) Meri ra buk kum
5980:'He can build a house.'
5108:'Tell us some stories!'
4686:'give him/her/it/them'
4006:)', are also used with
3985:'Give me three pounds.'
3955:'I see him/her/it/them'
3634:, in each of which the
3157:'from Bilwi to Lempira'
2708:as other noun phrases.
2029:'his, her, its, their'
167:more precise citations.
9079:structures are found.
9023:relative clause + head
8885:: (C)(C)V(C)(C). Word
8363:nouns from adjectives
8325:nouns from adjectives
8022:, ai yaptika ba balan.
7998:Circumstantial clauses
7744:Sarah bought the house
7355:'Why do you think so?'
7086:'You will not see me.'
6688:, ai yaptika ba balan.
6500:Baha watla tawanki ra
6496:'You will not see me.'
6117:'Jon is going to die.'
5585:Satail ba bip tawa ni
5510:witin Slilma ra yaban.
5456:witin Slilma ra yabia.
5165:Same subject anterior
5001:'Jon is going to die.'
4930:'I have fed the pigs.'
4048:'We (exc.) saw María.'
3626:forms include several
3049:'I saw Joly.' "I Joly-
2482:or yangnan 'we (exc.)'
1948:'your (sg./pl.) tooth'
917:, Negative imperative
888:, Negative imperative
217:, the language of the
9103:possessor + POSSESSED
7921:Man naha apilka pima
7834:Witin wan dia daukan
7700:uplika manis bara sa.
7690:watla ba Bilwi ra sa.
7511:surprise, exclamation
7436:Witin wan dia daukan
7053:'You did not see me.'
6850:Information structure
6157:'I gave Meri a book.'
6127:'I live in Honduras.'
6025:'I shall have played'
5896:after an infinitive.
5553:'You did not see me.'
5520:gave them to Slilma.'
3685:form of each tense.)
3310:'inside him/her/them'
3007:'I live in Honduras.'
2700:The pronouns are not
2352:'my/our (exc.) tooth'
2309:'my/our (exc.) mouth'
1938:'my/our (exc.) horse'
1490:Dependent possessors
1483:'the horse is strong'
229:, is a member of the
10699:Misumalpan languages
9305:Misumalpan languages
9174:'Juan's horse' (cf.
8836:Typological overview
8744:'obey' ("hear word")
8673:reflexive or middle
7401:marker (see above).
7376:'Where shall we go?'
7353:man baku lukisma ki?
7105:Baku yang nanira ai
6858:is used to identify
6557:'he/she/it will win'
6096:, normally precedes
6092:, if expressed as a
5988:utla kum paskras sa.
5978:sa utla kum paskaia.
5915:impossible condition
5702:(b) include several
5151:Negative participle
5047:'Where shall we go?'
4975:witin Meri ra yaban.
4014:-like construction.
3681:, given here in the
3355:'He came behind me.'
3189:'with Piter's child'
3090:'to the white horse'
2793:mahka, nanara, nawas
2693:'we/us (inclusive)'
2600:differentiate three
2592:Pronouns and adverbs
2413:'my/our (exc.) boat'
2403:'my/our (exc.) nose'
1361:'there is one horse'
1314:papiki atkan araska
1234:'one horse, a horse'
371:The exact status of
9784:Old Church Slavonic
9360:by Danilo Salamanca
9358:Diccionario Miskito
9279:subordinate clauses
9032:sentence + particle
9026:head + postposition
8772:help, wark, want...
8272:privative, '-less'
8051:diara manis nit sa.
7902:('if') clauses add
7581:
7500:
7212:
6947:'She is my mother.'
6393:follow main verbs.
6121:(Yang) Honduras ra
5940:modal constructions
5833:Periphrastic tenses
5516:found the books, he
5462:finds the books, he
5112:Baku pali saura ai
5018:subordinate clauses
4709:
4636:
4544:
4335:
4078:
3813:
3405:
3389:Upla aihkika witin
3109:
3108:Some postpositions
2837:'what? (construct)'
2713:
2625:
2606:exclusive/inclusive
1958:
1957:Possessive indices
1539:
1435:
1418:'. A ligature is a
952:
913:'buy' → Imperative
852:boundary involved:
787:may have up to two
487:⟨ngh⟩
381:
264:
95:editing the article
10649:Lingua Franca Nova
10292:Classical Japanese
9372:— sound recordings
8909:Nominal morphology
8620:intransitive verb
7935:, aiklabaia kapri.
7813:Indirect questions
7775:Complement clauses
7764:ba, yang maikamna.
7650:yang tanka briras.
7616:Kumi ba sirpi kan
7579:
7560:Wimna kaka laubia
7527:question, surprise
7494:
7210:
7140:'I am not worthy.'
6899:'My name is Juan.'
6792:grammaticalization
6675:Plawar abalkaisna
6648:precede the head.
6625:, Slilma ra yabri.
6566:Sentence particles
6346:'how many horses?'
5128:'Have pity on me!'
5065:The second-person
4902:'I speak Miskito.'
4704:
4630:
4536:
4326:
4076:
3811:
3409:Spatial relations
3403:
3379:Naha batilka utla
3290:'inside the house'
3166:'out of the house'
3107:
3099:'to a white horse'
2969:, which is also a
2711:
2624:Personal pronouns
2623:
2574:'the strong horse'
2491:or bahanan 'those'
2122:'our (inc.) mouth'
2113:'our (inc.) horse'
1964:preposed particle
1956:
1918:'your (pl.) tooth'
1538:Forms of ligature
1537:
1433:
1253:'how many horses?'
1216:indefinite article
987:indefinite article
950:
800:'definite article'
641:⟨rh⟩
632:⟨lh⟩
475:⟨nh⟩
465:⟨mh⟩
446:⟨ng⟩
379:
262:
140:list of references
10676:
10675:
10330:Classical Chinese
9975:
9974:
9436:world's languages
9112:
9111:
9106:noun + RELATIONAL
9059:follow it, as do
9041:
9040:
9014:head + quantifier
8941:Verbal morphology
8846:Phoneme inventory
8833:
8832:
8716:constructions or
8704:Lexical compounds
8701:
8700:
8512:(1) agent, '-er'
8509:nouns from verbs
8480:nouns from verbs
8467:'act of sweeping'
8452:nouns from verbs
8401:nouns from verbs
8100:
8099:
8092:, man bal dimram.
7995:
7994:
7888:
7887:
7772:
7771:
7738:Sarah watla atkan
7658:
7657:
7620:wala ba tara kan.
7608:
7607:
7572:
7571:
7533:
7532:
7487:
7486:
7413:'Who touched me?'
7289:
7288:
7203:
7202:
7015:
7014:
7003:Pedro tuktika ra
6953:
6952:
6847:
6846:
6841:'Who touched me?'
6696:
6695:
6677:brid daukaia mata
6616:witin wal aisari.
6568:follow the verb.
6171:Yang ra tri paun
6064:
6063:
6058:'if I had played'
6056:pulri kan sa kaka
5830:
5829:
5745:
5744:
5506:Paul buk nani ba
5452:Paul buk nani ba
5431:witin wal aisari.
5342:
5341:
5168:Different subject
5134:
5133:
5051:Jon wantkan Meri
4971:Yang buk nani ba
4833:
4832:
4702:
4701:
4697:'give us (inc.)'
4628:
4627:
4534:
4533:
4277:
4276:
4054:
4053:
3961:'I see my house.'
3912:personal pronouns
3904:
3903:
3796:In addition to a
3794:
3793:
3619:
3618:
3492:
3491:
3404:Some relationals
3401:
3400:
3336:
3335:
3249:
3248:
3234:'with this money'
3207:'with that money'
3198:'rice with beans'
3184:Piter tuktika ba
3178:'with (general)'
3105:
3104:
3059:
3058:
2942:
2941:
2885:Negative polarity
2698:
2697:
2604:and also have an
2598:personal pronouns
2589:
2588:
2554:'the white horse'
2527:
2526:
2441:
2440:
2050:
2049:
2012:'your (sg./pl.)'
1992:'my, our (exc.)'
1954:
1953:
1814:
1813:
1532:
1531:
1511:Relative clauses
1397:
1396:
1145:
1144:
1068:uya, ailal, manis
959:Some quantifiers
956:Some determiners
938:
937:
867:'he will take it'
773:
772:
682:
681:
668:⟨y⟩
621:
593:
534:
502:
456:
421:
368:
367:
363:⟨â⟩
339:⟨û⟩
329:⟨î⟩
211:
210:
203:
193:
192:
185:
123:
122:
115:
88:layout guidelines
68:
16:(Redirected from
10711:
10345:Mandarin Chinese
10176:Levantine Arabic
9504:
9503:
9425:
9418:
9411:
9402:
9401:
9295:Miskito language
9267:switch reference
9252:Yes–no questions
9220:) 'behind him',
9087:
9086:
9073:relative clauses
9029:verb + auxiliary
9020:possessor + head
8995:
8994:
8965:) are marked by
8793:'work' ("go out
8708:
8707:
8567:transitive verb
8502:reduplication +
8145:
8144:
8071:ai mihta sikban.
8040:a relational...
8002:
8001:
7895:
7894:
7779:
7778:
7696:Naha tawanka ra
7672:
7671:
7667:relative clauses
7661:Relative clauses
7610:
7609:
7594:apia kaka, o, ar
7582:
7578:
7535:
7534:
7501:
7493:
7330:With or without
7312:'Will you come?'
7291:
7290:
7213:
7209:
7022:
7021:
6980:
6979:
6869:
6868:
6812:transitive verbs
6706:
6705:
6646:Relative clauses
6581:'Will you come?'
6423:'I want to play'
6373:'with the horse'
6255:in these cases.
6209:ya wintakbia ni?
6076:
6075:
6045:), we obtain an
5857:
5856:
5747:
5746:
5657:The uses of the
5412:'he was playing'
5350:switch reference
5344:
5343:
5154:Past participle
5141:
5140:
5027:Man naha apilka
4952:switch reference
4864:Yang naha minit
4840:
4839:
4710:
4703:
4637:
4629:
4545:
4535:
4336:
4325:
4079:
4075:
3959:Waitla kaikisna.
3910:Presence of the
3906:
3905:
3814:
3810:
3688:
3687:
3504:
3503:
3452:'between, among'
3412:Other relations
3406:
3402:
3338:
3337:
3270:
3269:
3139:'to, as far as'
3119:'to, in, at...'
3110:
3106:
3061:
3060:
2949:
2948:
2714:
2710:
2677:or mannan 'you'
2626:
2622:
2534:
2533:
2448:
2447:
2052:
2051:
1959:
1955:
1851:
1850:
1540:
1536:
1436:
1432:
1147:
1146:
971:definite article
953:
949:
780:
779:
699:
698:
676:
669:
666:
642:
639:
633:
630:
619:
608:
602:
591:
581:
570:
548:
541:
532:
525:
516:
509:
500:
488:
485:
476:
473:
466:
463:
454:
447:
444:
435:
428:
419:
382:
378:
364:
361:
354:
340:
337:
330:
327:
320:
313:
265:
261:
241:Miskito alphabet
215:Miskito language
206:
199:
188:
181:
177:
174:
168:
163:this article by
154:inline citations
133:
132:
125:
118:
111:
107:
104:
98:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
10719:
10718:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10709:
10708:
10679:
10678:
10677:
10672:
10653:
10620:
10592:
10574:
10542:Native American
10535:
10505:
10477:
10439:
10410:
10382:
10359:
10306:
10273:
10240:
10195:
10135:
10081:
10028:
9971:
9933:
9863:
9828:
9750:
9727:
9649:
9628:Scottish Gaelic
9587:
9493:
9438:
9429:
9349:
9313:
9291:
9234:
9212:) 'behind me',
9186:
9162:'my horse' (or
9134:) on the verb.
9126:is indexed for
9085:
8993:
8988:
8973:suffix forms).
8943:
8911:
8899:
8872:
8862:. Orthographic
8848:
8843:
8838:
8706:
8695:'cover oneself'
8628:'break (intr.)'
8600:'wet (adj.)' →
8404:(1) instrument
8136:
8110:
8105:
8000:
7893:
7777:
7740:ba Bilwi ra sa.
7663:
7630:Pedro talia sa.
7588:bara, bamna, an
7577:
7495:Sentence-final
7492:
7346:'Who did this?'
7211:Question words
7208:
7172:sin ra kaikras.
7020:
6958:
6852:
6701:
6614:Watla ra dimisi
6405:'I was playing'
6285:'his/her horse'
6198:witin ra yabaia
6147:'Who did this?'
6131:(Yang) Meri ra
6074:
6069:
5949:pulaia want sna
5835:
5811:'transgresivo'
5733:Yang wamtla ra
5723:Yang wamtla ra
5713:Yang wamtla ra
5706:constructions.
5624:'I was beaten.'
5519:
5515:
5465:
5461:
5169:
5139:
4950:tense within a
4948:past or present
4924:Yang kuirku ba
4838:
4059:
3992:aisaia want sna
3653:In addition to
3502:
3497:
3428:'on, on top of'
3363:Bilwi ra wamna.
3254:
3094:aras pihni kum
3030:book one gave.'
2947:
2788:'like that, so'
2594:
2532:
2446:
2330:...or infixed:
1849:
1504:'Johan's horse'
1412:
1402:
1391:'He is guilty.'
948:
943:
921:, Future II 2
892:, Future II 2
778:
687:
685:Suprasegmentals
667:
640:
631:
486:
474:
464:
445:
362:
338:
328:
260:
255:
243:
207:
196:
195:
194:
189:
178:
172:
169:
158:
144:related reading
134:
130:
119:
108:
102:
99:
93:Please help by
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10717:
10707:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10670:
10664:
10662:
10655:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10630:
10628:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10602:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10590:
10584:
10582:
10576:
10575:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10546:
10544:
10537:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10528:
10527:
10526:
10515:
10513:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10487:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10449:
10447:
10441:
10440:
10438:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10421:
10419:
10412:
10411:
10409:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10390:
10384:
10383:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10369:
10367:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10316:
10314:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10283:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10272:
10271:
10266:
10261:
10256:
10250:
10248:
10242:
10241:
10239:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10205:
10203:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10167:
10166:
10156:
10151:
10145:
10143:
10137:
10136:
10134:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10092:
10090:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10049:
10044:
10038:
10036:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9985:
9983:
9977:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9970:
9969:
9964:
9963:
9962:
9957:
9947:
9941:
9939:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9931:
9930:
9929:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9873:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9849:
9844:
9838:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9827:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9804:Serbo-Croatian
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9760:
9758:
9752:
9751:
9749:
9748:
9743:
9737:
9735:
9729:
9728:
9726:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9678:Istro-Romanian
9675:
9670:
9665:
9659:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9640:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9608:
9603:
9597:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9512:
9510:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9428:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9405:
9399:
9398:
9390:
9385:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9364:Lengua Miskito
9361:
9355:
9348:
9347:External links
9345:
9344:
9343:
9340:
9337:
9330:
9323:
9312:
9309:
9308:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9290:
9287:
9233:
9230:
9196:structures or
9194:postpositional
9185:
9180:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9097:subject + VERB
9092:
9091:
9084:
9081:
9077:Postpositional
9039:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9027:
9024:
9021:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9011:head + article
9009:
9006:
9000:
8999:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8942:
8939:
8910:
8907:
8898:
8895:
8871:
8868:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8820:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8798:
8788:
8776:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8751:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8725:
8705:
8702:
8699:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8693:ai-srung-k-aia
8686:
8674:
8671:
8668:
8661:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8637:
8636:
8635:
8629:
8621:
8618:
8615:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8576:
8568:
8565:
8562:
8551:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8536:
8535:(2) undergoer
8533:
8531:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8513:
8510:
8507:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8471:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8379:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8351:
8341:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8299:
8285:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8243:
8229:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8184:
8172:
8169:
8166:
8159:
8158:
8155:
8152:
8149:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8095:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8064:
8054:
8042:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8012:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7980:
7968:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7938:
7928:
7916:
7892:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7829:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7805:
7793:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7746:is in Bilwi.")
7732:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7693:
7682:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7643:
7633:
7623:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7567:
7557:
7550:Yang baku sma
7545:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7520:
7512:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7476:
7469:Man sma ki? —
7464:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7431:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7403:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7377:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7347:
7336:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7316:Buk an brisma
7313:
7301:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7240:
7232:
7224:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7189:
7175:
7165:
7164:'Nobody came.'
7154:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7129:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7100:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7067:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7049:kaikras kapram
7044:
7032:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7011:
7010:
6998:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6938:
6926:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6890:
6878:
6866:constituents:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6832:
6820:
6804:topicalization
6774:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6761:
6749:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6716:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6682:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6631:Johan wantkan
6628:
6619:
6608:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6585:Ya win takbia
6582:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6520:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6497:
6485:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6451:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6415:
6414:'I had played'
6406:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6374:
6363:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6308:
6306:follow nouns.
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6286:
6277:
6276:'which horse?'
6268:
6257:
6247:, and certain
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6203:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6158:
6148:
6138:
6128:
6118:
6106:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6051:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6019:'I had played'
6012:
6008:future perfect
5994:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5981:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5931:
5923:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5898:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5750:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5708:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5663:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5613:
5595:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5580:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5554:
5542:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5404:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5368:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5109:
5097:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5022:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4956:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4891:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4700:
4699:
4688:
4680:
4669:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4319:and irregular
4275:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4016:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3986:
3983:tri paun aiks.
3975:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3924:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3667:auxiliary verb
3617:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3356:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3280:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3081:'to the horse'
3071:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3031:
3024:buk kum yabri.
3008:
2979:
2975:direct objects
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2812:
2811:Interrogative
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2731:
2730:Demonstrative
2727:
2726:
2725:Other adverbs
2723:
2722:Place adverbs
2720:
2717:
2696:
2695:
2661:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:'three horses'
2512:
2502:
2492:
2483:
2472:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2392:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2235:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2175:
2164:
2148:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2091:'his... horse'
2081:
2065:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:'Mark's tooth'
1871:
1870:'Mark's horse'
1857:
1848:
1845:
1841:inalienability
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1291:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:'three horses'
1254:
1244:
1235:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:'which horse?'
1198:
1189:
1178:
1153:demonstratives
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
998:
997:
996:
988:
980:
972:
961:
960:
957:
947:
944:
942:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
906:
905:
904:
877:
871:
870:
869:
868:
862:
854:
844:
843:
842:
841:
835:
829:
821:
820:
819:
813:
807:
801:
793:
777:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
730:
707:suprasegmental
696:of each word.
686:
683:
680:
679:
677:
670:
660:
658:
656:
650:
649:
647:
645:
643:
624:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
609:
596:
594:
589:
583:
582:
575:
573:
571:
564:
562:
556:
555:
553:
551:
549:
542:
535:
529:
528:
526:
519:
517:
510:
503:
498:
492:
491:
489:
479:
477:
467:
457:
451:
450:
448:
438:
436:
429:
422:
417:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
377:
376:
366:
365:
355:
348:
342:
341:
331:
321:
314:
307:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
279:
278:
273:
268:
259:
256:
254:
251:
242:
239:
219:Miskito people
209:
208:
191:
190:
148:external links
137:
135:
128:
121:
120:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10716:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10669:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10656:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10623:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10538:
10532:
10529:
10525:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10484:
10480:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10446:
10442:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10413:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10385:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10365:Austroasiatic
10362:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10309:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10276:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10247:
10243:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10198:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10138:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10089:
10084:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9968:
9965:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9940:
9936:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9866:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9831:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9757:
9753:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9661:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9652:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9499:Indo-European
9496:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9459:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9452:Orthographies
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9419:
9414:
9412:
9407:
9406:
9403:
9397:
9395:
9394:Miskitu Aisas
9391:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9371:
9368:
9365:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9341:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9328:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9315:
9314:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9292:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9271:
9268:
9264:
9263:juxtaposition
9259:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9239:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9105:
9102:
9100:object + VERB
9099:
9096:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9080:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9005:object + verb
9004:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8996:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8948:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8877:consist of a
8876:
8870:Other aspects
8867:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8856:a, e, i, o, u
8853:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8786:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8756:
8755:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8709:
8694:
8690:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8603:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8479:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8466:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8421:
8415:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8393:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8377:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8327:
8324:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8283:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8228:'very strong'
8227:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8174:
8173:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8093:
8091:
8086:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8072:
8070:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:Baha daukaia
8045:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8021:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8004:
8003:
7988:
7986:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7952:
7946:
7944:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7881:
7879:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7780:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7745:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7718:Aras ra alkan
7715:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7701:
7699:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7679:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7651:
7649:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7611:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7565:
7563:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7542:
7537:
7536:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7380:Inska ba wal
7378:
7375:
7373:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7293:
7292:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7077:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7024:
7023:
7008:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6946:
6944:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6881:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6856:postpositions
6840:
6838:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6775:
6769:
6767:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6732:
6727:'I saw Meri.'
6726:
6724:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6602:subordination
6597:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6503:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6336:'many horses'
6335:
6334:
6329:
6327:'a/one horse'
6326:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6228:interrogative
6225:
6224:Demonstrative
6221:
6220:
6214:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6137:'I saw Meri.'
6136:
6134:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6024:
6023:pulamna kabia
6021:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5963:The particle
5961:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5911:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5837:The range of
5825:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5736:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5457:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5308:
5300:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5228:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5212:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5162:Same subject
5161:
5160:
5142:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4969:
4967:'I saw Meri.'
4966:
4964:
4961:Yang Meri ra
4959:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4896:Yang Miskitu
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:Yang Miskitu
4852:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4836:Use of tenses
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4667:'give me/us'
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4077:Regular verb
4074:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:postpositions
3967:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:subject index
3790:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:'play', stem
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3649:
3646:is marked by
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3495:Verbal groups
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:'in front of'
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3274:For example,
3272:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3229:naha lalahka
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:baha lalahka
3200:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:Postpositions
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:bahara, bukra
2762:
2759:
2758:
2757:nahara, naura
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2706:postpositions
2703:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2583:'dead people'
2582:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:uplika karna
2503:
2500:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2174:'my... horse'
2173:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2160:tasba→tasbaya
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2046:'our (inc.)'
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:morphological
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:'some horses'
1242:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:(see below).
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:interrogative
1157:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
993:
989:
986:
985:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
963:
962:
954:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
853:
851:
846:
845:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
822:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
795:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
781:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
700:
697:
695:
691:
678:
675:
671:
665:
661:
659:
657:
655:
651:
648:
646:
644:
638:
629:
625:
623:
618:
617:
614:
612:
610:
607:
601:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
574:
572:
569:
565:
563:
561:
557:
554:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
531:
530:
527:
524:
520:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
490:
484:
480:
478:
472:
468:
462:
458:
453:
452:
449:
443:
439:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
383:
374:
370:
369:
360:
353:
347:
344:
343:
336:
332:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
266:
250:
246:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
205:
202:
187:
184:
176:
166:
162:
156:
155:
149:
145:
141:
136:
127:
126:
117:
114:
106:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
10559:
10491:Massachusett
10445:Austronesian
10312:Sino-Tibetan
9578:West Frisian
9477:Prepositions
9456:
9393:
9388:Bibliography
9333:
9326:
9317:
9283:subordinator
9275:conjunctions
9272:
9260:
9255:
9247:
9242:
9235:
9225:
9222:Juan nina-ra
9221:
9218:witin ninara
9217:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9202:Nicaragua ra
9201:
9187:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9164:yang arask-i
9163:
9159:
9148:
9116:head-marking
9113:
9051:precede the
9042:
8949:morphology,
8944:
8912:
8900:
8873:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8850:The Miskito
8849:
8824:
8815:
8814:
8804:
8803:'want' ("be
8800:
8794:
8790:
8784:
8783:'help' ("do
8780:
8771:
8759:
8757:
8748:kupiabaikaia
8747:
8741:
8735:
8729:
8717:
8711:
8692:
8688:
8683:ai-sak-b-aia
8682:
8678:
8664:
8654:
8650:
8631:
8625:
8611:
8601:
8597:
8581:'cure (tr.)'
8578:
8572:
8558:
8554:
8544:
8540:
8521:
8517:
8503:
8492:
8488:
8474:
8464:
8460:
8446:
8436:
8432:
8413:
8409:
8395:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8371:
8357:
8350:'brightness'
8347:
8343:
8337:
8333:
8319:
8309:
8305:
8301:
8298:'flowerless'
8295:
8291:
8287:
8281:
8277:
8263:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8242:'very small'
8239:
8235:
8231:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8212:superlative
8207:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8176:
8162:
8140:derivational
8137:
8111:
8089:
8087:
8080:
8068:
8066:
8058:
8056:
8048:
8046:
8039:
8029:
8025:
8019:
8017:
8007:
8005:
7984:
7982:
7974:
7972:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7954:
7945:, ikaia kan.
7942:
7940:
7932:
7930:
7925:, man pruma.
7922:
7920:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7878:Sarah balbia
7877:
7875:
7868:
7856:
7854:
7847:
7835:
7833:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7799:
7797:
7784:
7782:
7761:
7760:
7753:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7729:
7717:
7716:
7709:
7698:truk kum bri
7697:
7695:
7687:
7686:
7675:
7664:
7647:
7646:Witin aisan
7645:
7637:
7635:
7627:
7625:
7617:
7615:
7600:sakuna, kuna
7599:
7593:
7587:
7561:
7559:
7551:
7549:
7540:
7538:
7523:
7522:
7515:
7514:
7507:
7506:
7478:
7473:, yang sika.
7470:
7468:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7449:
7437:
7435:
7426:
7422:
7420:
7408:
7407:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7384:daukamna ki?
7381:
7379:
7371:
7369:
7362:
7350:
7349:
7344:baha daukan?
7341:
7340:
7331:
7329:
7317:
7315:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7294:
7279:
7278:
7271:
7270:
7263:
7262:
7255:
7254:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7234:
7227:
7226:
7219:
7218:
7192:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7177:
7169:
7167:
7159:
7158:
7149:
7147:
7135:
7134:Yang aitani
7133:
7124:
7120:
7118:
7106:
7104:
7095:
7093:
7082:kaikras kama
7081:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7062:
7060:
7048:
7046:
7038:
7036:
7027:
7025:
7004:
7002:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6959:
6942:
6940:
6932:
6930:
6924:in English.
6917:
6916:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6892:
6884:
6882:
6873:
6872:
6853:
6836:
6834:
6829:duri abakan.
6826:
6824:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6753:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6722:
6720:
6711:
6709:
6702:
6685:
6684:
6676:
6674:
6667:
6655:
6654:
6644:
6632:
6630:
6622:
6621:
6613:
6612:
6600:
6598:
6586:
6584:
6576:
6574:
6564:
6553:
6551:
6544:
6542:
6535:
6533:
6526:
6524:
6513:
6501:
6499:
6491:
6489:
6480:
6476:
6468:
6456:
6455:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6430:
6419:
6417:
6410:
6408:
6401:
6399:
6389:
6378:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6353:
6341:
6339:
6332:
6330:
6323:
6321:
6314:
6312:
6298:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6271:
6270:
6267:'that horse'
6262:
6261:
6244:
6240:
6222:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6197:
6195:
6187:constituents
6184:
6172:
6170:
6162:
6160:
6152:
6150:
6142:
6140:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6120:
6112:
6110:
6102:constituents
6081:
6079:
6055:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6022:
6016:
6007:
6004:Past perfect
6003:
5999:
5997:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5973:
5964:
5962:
5952:
5948:
5939:
5937:
5928:pulaia kapri
5927:
5919:pulaia kapri
5918:
5914:
5912:
5902:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5878:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5847:periphrastic
5836:
5826:'obviative'
5801:'proximate'
5785:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5772:This article
5771:
5770:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5734:
5732:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5712:
5701:
5689:
5687:
5679:
5677:
5669:
5667:
5656:
5644:
5642:
5633:
5631:
5619:
5617:
5604:
5601:periphrastic
5598:
5586:
5584:
5570:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5546:
5533:
5527:
5507:
5505:
5498:
5486:
5484:
5475:
5473:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5440:
5428:
5426:
5419:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5391:formations.
5389:periphrastic
5386:
5374:
5372:
5347:
5336:
5331:
5321:
5311:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5276:
5268:
5266:
5260:
5258:
5247:
5245:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5123:
5121:
5113:
5111:
5103:
5101:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:Yawan anira
5040:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5009:
5008:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4972:
4970:
4962:
4960:
4947:
4942:is a simple
4939:
4937:
4925:
4923:
4910:
4909:
4897:
4895:
4878:
4877:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4853:
4844:
4843:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4705:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4611:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4551:
4541:
4537:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4020:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3938:'I see you.'
3933:
3929:
3928:
3915:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3885:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3821:
3802:object index
3801:
3797:
3795:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3683:third-person
3678:
3674:
3671:
3659:periphrastic
3658:
3654:
3652:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3486:'because of'
3483:
3480:'instead of'
3477:
3471:
3468:'for, about'
3465:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3422:'in, inside'
3419:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3341:
3330:'inside you'
3325:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3239:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3221:instrumental
3214:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3123:(see above)
3122:
3113:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2966:
2964:postposition
2952:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2912:'any' (det.)
2908:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2893:diara kumsin
2892:
2891:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2845:'which one?'
2841:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2617:
2613:
2595:
2578:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2451:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2366:'your tooth'
2361:
2359:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2322:'your mouth'
2318:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2275:
2273:
2270:'your house'
2265:
2263:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2231:sula→sualia:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2196:'your horse'
2192:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2037:
2020:
2007:
2002:
1987:
1982:
1967:suffix form
1943:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1461:'that horse'
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:Determiners
1423:
1413:
1386:
1384:
1377:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1352:'that horse'
1348:
1347:baha araska
1346:
1343:'this horse'
1339:
1338:naha araska
1337:
1329:definiteness
1326:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1282:
1274:
1270:The general
1269:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1197:'that horse'
1192:
1191:
1188:'this horse'
1183:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1136:matsip, faip
1135:
1134:
1128:walhwal, for
1127:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1031:'over there'
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
991:
990:
983:
982:
975:
974:
967:
966:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
864:
861:'your house'
858:
847:
837:
831:
825:
815:
809:
803:
797:
783:
776:Phonotactics
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
726:
718:
714:
702:
688:
373:vowel length
247:
244:
212:
197:
179:
170:
159:Please help
151:
109:
100:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
10660:constructed
10644:Interlingue
10639:Interlingua
10511:Uto-Aztecan
10201:Niger–Congo
10141:Afroasiatic
9467:Determiners
9447:Phonologies
9236:There is a
9210:yang ninira
9183:Adpositions
9172:Juan araska
9118:. There is
9061:quantifiers
9049:determiners
9045:noun phrase
8998:Word order
8977:indices of
8971:portmanteau
8891:distinctive
8730:aisikaikaia
8689:srung-k-aia
8653:'bright' →
8604:'wet (tr.)'
8575:'cut (tr.)'
8522:pla-plap-ra
8388:'blackness'
8378:'smallness'
8346:'bright' →
8336:'strong' →
8312:'stoneless'
8296:tangni-ka-s
8290:'flower' →
8284:'toothless'
8240:sirpi-k-ira
8226:karn-ik-ira
8220:'strong' →
8195:kipl-ik-ira
8081:or a noun.
8067:Plun piras
7900:Conditional
7789:nominalizer
7688:Sarah atkan
7636:Ai aisika,
7411:ai kangban?
7162:sin balras.
7074:kaikma apia
6839:ai kangban?
6633:Kati balbia
6548:'I want it'
6461:'I see you'
6391:Auxiliaries
6359:relationals
6355:Adpositions
6318:'the horse'
6304:quantifiers
6231:determiners
6094:noun phrase
6080:In Miskito
6037:, and then
5823:'conexivo'
5798:'gerundio'
5647:ai daukisa.
5353:participles
5157:Infinitive
5081:prohibitive
4883:progressive
4730:Imperative
4678:'give you'
4657:Infinitive
4557:Present of
4550:Present of
4359:Imperative
4344:Present II
4307:'come' and
4102:Imperative
4087:Present II
4057:Conjugation
3432:mununhta-ra
3383:mangkaisna.
3349:Witin yang
3320:'inside me'
3276:utla bilara
3257:Relationals
3252:Relationals
3116:(enclitic)
3085:aras pihni
3067:noun phrase
2957:complements
2921:plis kumsin
2901:upla kumsin
2780:'like this'
2581:pruannan ba
2495:naha watla
2435:'your boat'
2426:'your nose'
2388:duri→duarka
2280:'your deer'
2224:utla→watla:
2205:'your land'
2153:aras→araska
2100:'his mouth'
2070:aras→araska
1970:infix form
1674:'needle' →
1468:Adjectives
1428:noun phrase
1389:patkira sa.
1310:'the house'
1301:'the horse'
1287:noun phrase
1220:quantifiers
1163:determiners
1120:yumhpa, tri
941:Noun phrase
840:'close it!'
812:'how many?'
690:Word stress
380:Consonants
165:introducing
10683:Categories
10417:East Asian
10378:Vietnamese
10164:Historical
10126:Mingrelian
9892:Hindustani
9869:Indo-Aryan
9819:Slovincian
9779:Macedonian
9764:Belarusian
9746:Lithuanian
9708:Portuguese
9638:colloquial
9462:Adjectives
9353:Ethnologue
9311:References
9198:relational
9151:possessive
9136:Transitive
9069:Possessors
9065:Adjectives
8991:Word order
8979:transitive
8903:morphology
8897:Morphology
8825:bip mairin
8791:warktakaia
8781:helpmunaia
8768:invariable
8742:bilawalaia
8714:light-verb
8691:'cover' →
8685:'lie down'
8634:'be cured'
8463:'sweep' →
8427:(2) place
8412:'sweep' →
8384:'black' →
8374:'small' →
8340:'strength'
8310:walpa-ya-s
8304:'stone' →
8280:'tooth' →
8256:'very big'
8234:'small' →
8171:abundance
8134:Derivation
7956:Concessive
7827:article).
7762:Dia makama
7519:'I wonder'
7499:particles
7306:Man balma
7247:'how many'
6893:Yang nini
6656:Meri atkan
6604:structures
6575:Man balma
6490:Ai kaikma
6436:proclitics
6249:adjectives
6238:proclitics
6235:possessive
6100:and other
6072:Word order
5903:pulaia sna
5890:Pulaia sna
5879:puli kapri
5862:Puli kapri
5659:infinitive
5512:'When Paul
5458:'When Paul
5373:Utla wina
5122:Umpira ai
5068:imperative
5031:kaka, man
4879:Present II
4727:Future II
4480:3 and 1+2
4356:Future II
4341:Present I
4223:3 and 1+2
4099:Future II
4084:Present I
4021:Ai kaikan.
4008:transitive
3828:particles
3663:non-finite
3510:infinitive
3478:watlika-ra
3393:but munan.
3369:Witin dur
3324:(man) bila
3314:(yang) bil
3193:rais bins
3043:Yang Joly
3035:Accusative
3020:Yang Joly
2993:Nikaragua
2933:piu kumsin
2924:'anywhere'
2896:'anything'
2682:witin nani
2539:Adjectives
2530:Adjectives
2444:The plural
2246:'my house'
1847:Possession
1836:class and
1805:'thing' →
1788:irregular
1692:'house' →
1648:'blood' →
1588:'snake' →
1564:'horse' →
1518:Kati atkan
1404:See also:
1095:'how many'
1023:'close by'
789:consonants
654:Semivowels
560:Fricatives
231:Misumalpan
50:improve it
10634:Esperanto
10626:auxiliary
10524:Classical
10435:Mongolian
10325:Cantonese
10259:Malayalam
10246:Dravidian
10116:Kabardian
10024:Meänkieli
9999:Hungarian
9824:Ukrainian
9769:Bulgarian
9668:Dalmatian
9568:Ripuarian
9563:Old Norse
9558:Norwegian
9553:Icelandic
9516:Afrikaans
9144:recipient
9130:(not for
8935:particles
8931:possessor
8929:) of the
8925:(but not
8883:consonant
8875:Syllables
8841:Phonology
8770:element (
8736:bribalaia
8679:sak-b-aia
8655:ing-w-aia
8626:dak-w-aia
8602:rat-b-aia
8573:dak-b-aia
8547:'patient'
8545:ra-raw-ra
8495:'running'
8465:pahb-anka
8437:plap-aika
8414:pahb-aika
8292:tangni-ka
8254:tar-k-ira
8189:'rock' →
8179:'hair' →
8157:Examples
8151:Function
8142:affixes:
7802:nu takri.
7638:apia kaka
7458:'yes' or
7206:Questions
7180:upla kumi
7170:upla kumi
7160:Upla kumi
7119:The verb
6907:takaskan.
6658:araska ba
6483:'to be'.
6082:sentences
6017:pulri kan
5851:auxiliary
5839:aspectual
5779:Salamanca
5717:want sna.
5609:auxiliary
5599:(b) in a
5576:adjective
5538:auxiliary
5427:Watla ra
5010:Future II
4926:dakakatna
4845:Present I
4724:Future I
4631:Stems of
4353:Future I
4323:'to be'.
4317:defective
4299:'drink',
4096:Future I
4073:'play').
4037:banghwaia
4004:inclusive
3953:Kaikisna.
3822:suffixes
3655:synthetic
3642:) of the
3638:(but not
3426:pura(-ra)
3373:takaskan.
3359:Man nani
3261:locatives
3238:bip taya
3001:Honduras
2904:'anybody'
2785:baku, ban
2777:naku, nan
2719:Pronouns
2666:yang nani
2629:Singular
2612:morpheme
2256:'my deer'
2183:'my land'
1824:'tooth',
1820:'mouth',
1796:'food' →
1779:su-a-l-ia
1766:'deer' →
1754:suffix +
1726:'boat' →
1714:suffix +
1684:si-a-laka
1636:'land' →
1612:'rock' →
1546:Examples
1416:construct
1356:aras kum
1218:and most
1104:kumi, wan
785:Syllables
767:'to fill'
765:banghkaia
723:devoicing
711:loanwords
620:voiceless
501:voiceless
455:voiceless
253:Phonology
223:Nicaragua
173:July 2024
56:talk page
10598:artistic
10588:American
10550:Cherokee
10458:Hawaiian
10396:Has Hlai
10340:Kokborok
10335:Dzongkha
10297:Okinawan
10287:Japanese
10191:Ugaritic
10186:Tigrinya
10111:Georgian
10088:European
10014:Livonian
9989:Estonian
9945:Albanian
9922:Sanskrit
9897:Maithili
9887:Gujarati
9882:Bhojpuri
9799:Silesian
9723:Venetian
9713:Romanian
9692:Lombard
9643:literary
9508:Germanic
9482:Pronouns
9457:Grammars
9432:Grammars
9289:See also
9244:Negation
9206:nin-i-ra
9190:adjuncts
9155:genitive
9124:argument
9120:pro-drop
9057:articles
8967:suffixes
8961:(of the
8919:ligature
8801:wantkaia
8719:compound
8632:ra-w-aia
8579:ra-k-aia
8524:'runner'
8520:'run' →
8518:plap-aia
8491:'run' →
8489:plap-aia
8461:pahb-aia
8435:'run' →
8433:plap-aia
8410:pahb-aia
8386:siks-ira
8376:sirpi-ra
8348:ingni-ka
8338:karn-ika
8306:walpa-ya
8248:'big' →
8236:sirpi-ka
8222:karn-ika
8191:kipl-ika
8154:Meaning
7880:wantkan.
7838:kaikaia.
7678:ligature
7440:kaikaia.
7193:Pyu kumi
7018:Negation
6992:'make',
6988:'give',
6945:yaptiki.
6922:clefting
6818:marker.
6816:ergative
6747:marker.
6745:ergative
6739:. Since
6516:compound
6474:particle
6471:negative
6459:kaikisna
6420:want sna
6377:aras ba
6368:aras ba
6300:Articles
6253:ligature
6200:wantsna.
6141:Baha ya
5636:'make'.
5530:negative
5328:3 / 1+2
5279:'to be'
5255:3 / 1+2
5178:Regular
5077:negative
5071:ends in
5014:irrealis
4986:Future I
4887:habitual
4802:3 / 1+2
4721:Past II
4715:Present
4608:3 / 1+2
4350:Past II
4291:'tell',
4287:'have',
4093:Past II
3920:pro-drop
3820:Subject
3769:tenses:
3739:tenses:
3709:tenses:
3648:suffixes
3551:'go out'
3500:Overview
3466:dukia-ra
3446:'behind'
3438:kaina-ra
3361:kainamra
3152:Lempira
2985:Locative
2971:locative
2961:enclitic
2857:'where?'
2674:man nani
2572:karna ba
2519:) yumhpa
2461:particle
1838:semantic
1576:'sea' →
1442:Example
1420:morpheme
1400:Ligature
1281:article
1279:proximal
1277:and the
1174:ligature
1158:and the
850:morpheme
737:'turtle'
713:such as
694:syllable
496:Plosives
393:Alveolar
388:Bilabial
258:Phonemes
235:Germanic
227:Honduras
103:May 2023
10689:Miskito
10606:Klingon
10560:Miskito
10519:Nahuatl
10473:Tagalog
10463:Ilocano
10453:Cebuano
10388:Kra–Dai
10355:Tibetan
10320:Burmese
10302:Hachijō
10279:Japonic
10254:Kannada
10231:Swahili
10062:Turkmen
10057:Turkish
10004:Ingrian
9994:Finnish
9967:Hittite
9955:Ancient
9917:Punjabi
9902:Marathi
9877:Bengali
9852:Persian
9842:Kurdish
9834:Iranian
9814:Slovene
9794:Russian
9741:Latvian
9718:Spanish
9701:Western
9696:Eastern
9683:Italian
9663:Catalan
9606:Cornish
9583:Yiddish
9573:Swedish
9543:Faroese
9531:English
9434:of the
9300:Miskito
9214:nina-ra
9160:arask-i
9140:patient
9047:, most
8963:subject
8945:In the
8915:nominal
8852:phoneme
8816:Nominal
8667:prefix
8657:'shine'
8614:suffix
8561:suffix
8541:raw-aia
8506:suffix
8493:plap-ra
8483:action
8477:suffix
8449:suffix
8439:'track'
8416:'broom'
8398:suffix
8360:suffix
8322:suffix
8266:suffix
8197:'rocky'
8183:'hairy'
8181:taw-ira
8165:suffix
8114:lexicon
8108:General
8103:Lexicon
8069:kainara
8049:dukiara
8030:ba + ra
7966:'but'.
7823:'is' +
7815:end in
7543:above.
7259:'where'
7239:'which'
7182:ra sin
7178:Muihki
7080:Man ai
7072:Man ai
7047:Man ai
7039:kaikras
7037:Man ai
7007:pulbia.
6956:Valency
6864:focused
6796:subject
6754:Puisin
6725:kaikri.
6418:pulaia
6379:kainara
6274:araska?
6163:tahbisa
6113:pruaisa
6098:objects
6090:subject
5634:daukaia
5573:passive
5559:kaikras
5557:Man ai
5551:kapram.
5549:kaikras
5547:Man ai
5489:takbia.
5377:kauhri.
5357:subject
5299:kaprika
5114:munpara
4997:pruaisa
4940:Past II
4915:perfect
4898:aisisna
4718:Past I
4683:yab-aia
4640:Object
4635:'give'
4554:'come'
4347:Past I
4334:'eat')
4330:-stem (
4305:Bal-aia
4295:'eat',
4090:Past I
4012:passive
3990:Man wal
3981:Yang ra
3973:, e.g.
3826:Object
3817:Person
3707:Present
3644:subject
3613:'sleep'
3589:'speak'
3577:kaikaia
3559:daukaia
3545:'go in'
3524:'go').
3512:suffix
3472:mapa-ra
3456:lama-ra
3450:tila-ra
3444:nina-ra
3434:'under'
3420:bila-ra
3391:dukiara
3308:bila-ra
3287:bila-ra
3219:'with (
3141:'from'
3069:, e.g.
3047:kaikri.
3005:iwisna.
2877:'when?'
2829:'what?'
2768:'there'
2643:'I/me'
2632:Plural
2602:persons
2200:tasbaya
2142:before
1777:(< *
1739:du-a-r-
1737:(< *
1702:w-a-tla
1700:(< *
1682:(< *
1628:suffix
1604:suffix
1422:(often
1365:araska
1272:article
1204:araska?
1123:'three'
1112:wal, tu
1079:'other'
1043:'which'
919:at-para
911:atk-aia
890:sa-para
882:sab-aia
834:'play!'
759:walhwal
749:'white'
587:Liquids
408:Glottal
398:Palatal
263:Vowels
161:improve
10668:Lojban
10658:Other
10616:Quenya
10565:Navajo
10540:Other
10501:Ojibwe
10496:Munsee
10430:Korean
10425:Evenki
10415:Other
10269:Telugu
10221:Herero
10181:Somali
10171:Kabyle
10159:Hebrew
10149:Arabic
10106:Basque
10101:Adyghe
10096:Abkhaz
10086:Other
10067:Uyghur
10047:Kyrgyz
10042:Kazakh
10034:Turkic
10019:Udmurt
9981:Uralic
9907:Nepali
9847:Pashto
9809:Slovak
9789:Polish
9756:Slavic
9733:Baltic
9673:French
9655:Italic
9601:Breton
9593:Celtic
9548:German
9521:Danish
9277:, and
9238:copula
9168:araska
9142:and a
9132:number
9128:person
9055:, but
8986:Syntax
8975:Object
8959:person
8947:verbal
8927:number
8923:person
8887:stress
8766:is an
8764:lexeme
8651:ing-ni
8617:verbs
8598:rat-ni
8358:-(i)ra
8320:-(i)ka
8288:tangni
8282:napa-s
8250:tar-ka
8208:-(i)ka
8148:Affix
7985:sakuna
7964:sakuna
7819:(i.e.
7648:sakuna
7462:'no'.
7409:Ya bui
7374:wabia?
7370:Yawan
7351:Diakan
7280:diakan
7267:'when'
7231:'what'
7186:wiras.
7107:wipara
6994:swiaia
6990:munaia
6986:yabaia
6941:Witin
6860:topics
6825:Prari
6764:Piter
6554:takbia
6527:kaikri
6433:object
6409:pulri
6283:araska
6265:araska
6233:, the
6143:daukan
6133:kaikri
6123:iwisna
6067:Syntax
5984:Witin
5974:Witin
5955:am-I")
5866:pulaia
5737:kapri.
5680:aisaia
5670:atkaia
5645:kaikan
5622:kapri.
5620:kupran
5587:daukan
5487:yarika
5429:dimisi
5401:balaia
5366:form.
5361:finite
5322:kapram
5075:; its
5053:balbia
4963:kaikri
4944:aorist
4911:Past I
4866:takuna
4856:aisuna
4786:kaisma
4781:kapram
4754:kaisna
4633:yabaia
4552:balaia
4538:Balaia
4313:yabaia
4071:pulaia
4033:plural
3932:kaikis
3806:object
3767:Future
3675:pulaia
3640:number
3636:person
3628:tenses
3623:Finite
3611:yapaia
3601:'hear'
3599:walaia
3595:'tell'
3587:aisaia
3573:'have'
3571:briaia
3565:munaia
3561:'make'
3549:takaia
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3533:'come'
3531:balaia
3458:'near'
3381:bilara
3371:lamara
3353:balan.
3351:ninira
3148:Bilwi
3012:Dative
2954:Dative
2936:'ever'
2909:kumsin
2874:ahkia?
2869:'how?'
2866:nahki?
2854:anira?
2834:dikia?
2821:'who?'
2804:'then'
2760:'here'
2748:'that'
2740:'this'
2651:'you'
2610:plural
2515:aras (
2457:Plural
2453:Number
2421:kangmk
2191:araska
2178:tasbay
2111:araska
2089:araska
1910:mannan
1905:horse'
1758:INFIX
1718:INFIX
1555:suffix
1385:Witin
1259:yumhpa
1240:kumkum
1195:araska
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1139:'five'
1131:'four'
1071:'many'
1063:'some'
1060:kumkum
1051:'what'
1015:'that'
1007:'this'
992:kumkum
927:at-bia
898:sa-bia
865:alkbia
859:wamtla
838:praks!
828:'food'
806:'who?'
761:'four'
755:'roof'
753:banhta
743:'this'
592:voiced
533:voiced
420:voiced
415:Nasals
10611:Naʼvi
10570:Otomi
10555:Inuit
10531:Nawat
10483:Algic
10468:Malay
10373:Khmer
10264:Tamil
10226:Sotho
10214:Pular
10131:Ubykh
10077:Yakut
10072:Uzbek
10052:Tatar
9960:Koine
9950:Greek
9938:Other
9927:Vedic
9857:Tajik
9774:Czech
9688:Latin
9633:Welsh
9611:Irish
9526:Dutch
9487:Verbs
9472:Nouns
8951:tense
8879:vowel
8760:loans
8721:verbs
8447:-anka
8396:-aika
8382:siksa
8372:sirpi
8344:ingni
8334:karna
8302:walpa
8232:sirpi
8218:karna
8187:kipla
8138:Some
7626:Juan
7602:'but'
7590:'and'
7372:anira
7283:'why'
7275:'how'
7272:nahki
7264:ahkia
7256:anira
7223:'who'
7184:diara
7168:Yang
7096:-para
7005:swika
6931:Naha
6897:Juan.
6883:Baku
6788:buaia
6758:ikan.
6721:Meri
6543:want
6536:aulna
6525:aisi
6402:kapri
6400:puli
6340:aras
6331:aras
6322:aras
6313:aras
6196:Yang
6153:yabri
5843:modal
5786:Green
5754:Note:
5704:modal
5618:Yang
5508:sakan
5476:-rika
5454:sakka
5364:tense
5294:kapri
5124:kaiks
5093:-p(i)
5085:-para
5043:wabia
5033:pruma
4973:sakri
4913:is a
4826:kabia
4821:kaisa
4776:katma
4759:kamna
4749:kapri
4744:katna
4708:'be'
4694:k-aia
4675:k-aia
4664:k-aia
4561:'go'
4457:aisma
4441:satma
4402:aisna
4386:satna
4332:piaia
4309:w-aia
4200:aisma
4145:aisna
3632:moods
3607:'eat'
3605:piaia
3593:wiaia
3579:'see'
3484:tawan
3285:utla
3161:utla
3076:aras
3053:saw."
2997:auna.
2796:'now'
2690:yawan
2656:witin
2618:yawan
2550:pihni
2548:aras
2486:baha
2477:yang
2430:duarm
2381:kakma
2169:arask
1830:lakra
1826:kakma
1807:dukia
1803:diara
1672:silak
1665:INFIX
1638:tasba
1634:tasba
1610:kipla
1586:piuta
1543:Form
1497:Johan
1479:karna
1439:Type
1406:Ezāfe
1305:utla
1296:aras
1257:aras
1247:aras
1238:aras
1229:aras
1115:'two'
1107:'one'
1087:'all'
1028:bukra
1020:naura
931:at-ka
923:at-ma
902:sa-ka
894:sa-ma
832:puls!
818:'two'
747:pihni
715:heven
403:Velar
293:Front
283:Front
271:Short
146:, or
10580:sign
10406:Thai
10350:Mizo
10236:Zulu
10209:Fula
10009:Komi
9912:Odia
9623:Manx
9248:apia
9226:nina
9216:(or
9208:(or
9176:aras
9053:head
8957:and
8955:mood
8921:and
8913:The
8805:want
8795:work
8785:help
8278:napa
8246:tara
8177:tawa
8163:-ira
8090:taim
8059:mata
8026:bara
8020:bara
7943:kaka
7933:kaka
7923:kaka
7912:kaia
7908:Kaka
7904:kaka
7876:Jon
7836:saba
7817:saba
7618:bara
7596:'or'
7552:bika
7508:bika
7497:mood
7460:apia
7438:saba
7427:sapa
7425:(or
7423:saba
7138:sna.
7136:apia
7125:apia
7121:kaia
7063:apia
7028:-ras
6943:sika
6933:sika
6918:Sika
6905:lika
6895:lika
6885:lika
6874:Lika
6862:and
6766:mita
6756:mita
6741:mita
6737:mita
6552:win
6534:bri
6502:apia
6492:apia
6481:kaia
6477:apia
6469:The
6445:and
6431:The
6357:and
6302:and
6289:aras
6263:baha
6243:and
6226:and
6111:Jon
6086:verb
6084:the
6043:kaia
6039:kaka
6006:and
6000:kaia
5953:want
5894:kaia
5870:kaia
5735:waia
5727:sna.
5725:waia
5715:waia
5690:waia
5682:wan.
5643:Mai
5605:kaia
5589:kan.
5534:kaia
5528:The
5485:Man
5408:puli
5375:taki
5348:The
5337:kaka
5312:kaia
5277:kaia
5211:rika
5089:-ram
5029:pima
4995:Jon
4811:kata
4791:kama
4706:kaia
4652:1+2
4559:waia
4542:waia
4518:aisa
4502:sata
4486:suya
4425:suma
4370:suna
4321:kaia
4301:swi-
4285:bri-
4261:aisa
4184:atma
4176:isma
4153:amna
4129:atna
4121:isna
4067:-aia
4063:stem
4061:The
3893:1+2
3777:aisa
3737:Past
3679:pul-
3630:and
3567:'do'
3539:'go'
3537:waia
3514:-aia
3263:(in
3163:wina
3150:wina
3134:wina
2842:ani?
2826:dia?
2801:bara
2745:baha
2737:naha
2702:case
2640:yang
2614:nani
2596:The
2579:upla
2570:aras
2517:nani
2507:nani
2497:nani
2488:nani
2479:nani
2468:Nani
2464:nani
2337:napa
2317:bila
2295:bila
2120:bila
2098:bila
2077:bila
2059:and
2034:1+2
1933:aras
1897:aras
1895:yang
1877:napa
1875:Mark
1865:aras
1863:Mark
1822:napa
1818:bila
1798:pata
1794:plun
1764:sula
1724:duri
1690:utla
1680:laka
1646:tala
1614:kipl
1602:-ika
1590:piut
1578:kabu
1574:kabu
1566:aras
1562:aras
1520:aras
1499:aras
1474:aras
1456:aras
1454:baha
1408:and
1214:The
1193:baha
1184:naha
1168:and
1151:The
1076:wala
1012:baha
1004:naha
925:, 3
915:at-s
896:, 3
886:sa-s
826:plun
741:naha
305:High
298:Back
288:Back
276:Long
225:and
213:The
10401:Lao
10121:Laz
9616:Old
9536:Old
9166:),
9153:or
8665:ai-
8612:-w-
8559:-k-
8557:or
8555:-b-
8504:-ra
8475:-ra
7975:sin
7960:sin
7429:).
7399:bui
7382:dia
7236:ani
7228:dia
7150:sin
7078:or
6975:ai-
6971:-w-
6967:-b-
6965:or
6963:-k-
6837:bui
6835:Yâ
6827:bui
6808:Bui
6800:bui
6784:Bui
6780:bui
6599:In
6545:sna
6514:In
6504:sa.
6457:mai
6447:wan
6443:mai
6411:kan
6370:wal
6333:uya
6324:kum
6272:ani
6245:wan
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5986:sip
5976:sip
5965:sip
5607:as
5443:-ka
5410:kan
5399:bri
5332:kan
5307:kan
5267:pul
5259:pul
5248:ram
5246:pul
5235:aia
5233:pul
5225:pul
5219:ras
5217:pul
5209:pul
5201:pul
5195:isi
5193:pul
5185:pul
5104:wis
5016:in
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4816:kan
4796:bas
4771:sma
4739:sna
4692:wan
4673:mai
4613:aul
4592:aul
4571:aul
4526:bia
4449:ram
4433:sma
4410:mna
4378:sna
4297:di-
4293:pi-
4289:wi-
4269:bia
4267:pul
4259:pul
4251:pul
4245:ata
4243:pul
4237:isa
4235:pul
4229:uya
4227:pul
4214:pul
4206:pul
4198:pul
4192:ram
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4182:pul
4174:pul
4168:uma
4166:pul
4151:pul
4143:pul
4135:pul
4127:pul
4119:pul
4113:una
4111:pul
3930:Mai
3922:).
3898:wan
3865:mai
3858:-ma
3839:-na
3787:bia
3785:pul
3775:pul
3755:pul
3747:ata
3745:pul
3727:isa
3725:pul
3717:uya
3715:pul
3328:-ra
3318:-ra
3265:-ra
3223:)'
3204:wal
3195:wal
3186:wal
3174:wal
3154:kat
3130:kat
2818:ya?
2648:man
2411:rka
2407:dua
2401:kma
2304:bil
2278:lia
2274:sua
2268:tla
2254:lia
2250:sua
2244:tla
2215:-a-
2146:):
2136:-ya
2134:or
2132:-ka
2118:wan
2109:wan
2061:wan
2038:wan
2008:-m-
1988:-i-
1903:'my
1756:-a-
1752:-ya
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1170:dia
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804:ya?
735:lih
346:Low
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8028:=
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62:(
20:)
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