520:). The patients were assessed multiple times over a period of 12 months post injury using the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) which ranges from a score of 30=dead to 0=no disabilities. The results show that the DRS scores for the MCS subgroups showed the most improvement and predicted the most favorable outcomes 12 months post injury. Amongst those diagnosed with MCS, DRS scores were significantly lower for those with non-traumatic brain injuries in comparison to the vegetative state patients with traumatic brain injury. DRS scores were also significantly lower for the MCS non-traumatic brain injury group compared to the MCS traumatic brain injury group. Pairwise comparisons showed that DRS scores were significantly higher for those that suffered from non-traumatic brain injuries than those with traumatic brain injuries. For the patients in vegetative states there were no significant differences between patients with non-traumatic brain injury and those with traumatic brain injuries. Out of the 100 patients studied, 3 patients fully recovered (had a DRS score of 0). These 3 patients were diagnosed with MCS and had suffered from traumatic brain injuries.
487:(tDCS), a technique that supplies a small electric current in the brain with non-invasive electrodes, may improve the clinical state of patients with MCS. In one study with 10 patients with disorders of consciousness (7 in VS, 3 in MCS), tDCS was applied for 20 minutes every day for 10 days, and showed clinical improvement in all 3 patients who were in MCS, but not in those with VS. These results remained at 12-month follow-up. Two of the patients in MCS that had their brain insult less than 12 months recovered consciousness in the following months. One of these patients received a second round of tDCS treatment 4 months after his initial treatment, and showed further recovery and emerged into consciousness, with no change of clinical status between the two treatments.
391:. A DBS stimulation was conducted such that the patient was exposed to various patterns of stimulation to help identify optimal behavioral responses. Approximately 140 days after the stimulation began, qualitative changes in behavior emerged. There were longer periods of eye opening and increased responses to command stimuli as well as higher scores on the JFK coma recovery scale (CRS). Functional object use and intelligible verbalization was also observed. The observed improvements in arousal level, motor control, and consistency of behavior could be a result of direct activation of frontal cortical and
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540:. As a result, patients were lumped together into broad categories often based on the severity of the disability (e.g. moderate, severe, extremely severe). These diagnoses were performed without regard to salient differences in behavioral and pathological characteristics. In a three-year period spanning from 1994 to 1996, three position statements regarding the diagnostic criteria of disorder of consciousness were published. The "Medical Aspects of the
2655:
568:. However, because the diagnostic criteria were published independently from one another, the final recommendations differed greatly from one another. The Aspen Neurobehavioral Work-group was convened to explore the underlying causes of these disparities. In the end, the Aspen Work-group provided a consensus statement regarding definitions and diagnostic criteria disorder of consciousness which include the
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150:
32:
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dominates the ethical landscape when research involves those with impaired decision-making abilities. Fears of therapeutic adventurism has led to a disproportionate view about the under-appreciation of potential benefits and an overstatement of risks. Thus, recognizing this distortion is important in
624:
who was diagnosed with persistent vegetative state. In the case of minimally conscious state patients, they are neither permanently unconscious nor are they necessarily hopelessly damaged. Thus, these patients warrant additional evaluation. On one hand, some argue that entertaining the possibility of
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or can be sustained long enough to be differentiated from reflexive behavior. Because of this inconsistency, extended assessment may be required to determine if a simple response (e.g. a finger movement or a blink) occurred because of a specific environmental event (e.g. a command to move the finger
194:
to occur in the intact areas of the cortex, which may explain some of the greater recovery rates in minimally conscious state patients. The axonal regrowth has been correlated with functional motor recovery. The regrowth and rerouting of the axons may explain some of the changes to brain structure.
386:
and adjacent paralaminar regions of thalamic association nuclei. Both electrodes were positioned within the central lateral nucleus, the paralaminar regions of the median dorsalis, and the posterior-medial aspect of the centromedian/parafasicularis nucleus complex. This allowed maximum coverage of
495:
One of the defining characteristics of minimally conscious state is the more continuous improvement and significantly more favorable outcomes post injury when compared with vegetative state. One study looked at 100 patients with severe brain injury. At the beginning of the study, all the patients
625:
intervention in some patients may erode the "right to die" moral obligation. Conversely, there is also fear that people may associate attitudes with higher-functioning people in minimally conscious state with people in persistent vegetative state, thus minimizing the value of their lives.
311:
of behavior that show self or environmental awareness and because those behavioral responses are markedly reduced. One of the more common diagnostic errors involving disorders of consciousness is mistaking MCS for VS which may lead to serious repercussions related to clinical management.
258:(fMRI) study found that minimally conscious state patients showed activation in auditory networks when they heard narratives that had personally meaningful content that were read forwards by a familiar voice. These activations were not seen when the narratives were read backwards.
242:. MCS patients by definition cannot consistently and reliably communicate their experiences. Even if they were able to answer the question "are you in pain?", there would not be a reliable response. Further clinical trials are needed to access the appropriateness of the use of
185:
were diminished. The DTI maps showed that there was significant reduction of volume in the medial corpus callosum and other parts of the brain compared to normal subjects. They also found markedly lower diffusion values in white matter and increased
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Because of the major differences in prognosis described in this study, this makes it crucial that MCS be diagnosed correctly. Incorrectly diagnosing MCS as vegetative state may lead to serious repercussions related to clinical management.
523:
In summary, those with minimally conscious state and non-traumatic brain injuries will not progress as well as those with traumatic brain injuries while those in vegetative states have an all around lower to minimal chance of recovery.
653:(June 9, 1934 – January 21, 1984), American soul and rock and roll singer who fell into a coma after collapsing on stage, soon recovered consciousness but then quickly regressed to a minimally conscious state for the rest of his life.
113:
are brain regions that seem to differ between patients in MCS and those from vegetative states. These areas are most active during periods of conscious waking and are least active when in altered states of consciousness, such as
134:. Auditory stimulation induced more widespread activation in the primary and pre-frontal associative areas of MCS patients than vegetative state patients. There were also more cortiocortical functional connectivity between the
908:
Voss, H. U.; Uluç, A. M.; Dyke, J. P.; Watts, R.; Kobylarz, E. J.; McCandliss, B. D.; Heier, L. A.; Beattie, B. J.; Hamacher, K. A.; Vallabhajosula, S.; Goldsmith, S. J.; Ballon, D.; Giacino, J. T.; Schiff, N. D. (2006).
681:(born 1975), a South African man who, because of a mystery illness, spent three years in a vegetative state, four years in a minimally conscious state, and five years unable to move anything other than his eyes (
226:. The pattern of activation, however, was with less spatial extent. Some parts of the brain were less activated than normal patients during noxious stimulus processing. These were the posterior cingulate, medial
457:
scans showed that after zolpidem was administered, there was a marked increase in blood flow to areas of the brain adjacent to or distant from damaged tissues. In this case, these areas were the
453:
movements, regained speaking ability, and was able to self-feed. The effect lasted 3–4 hours from which she returned to the former state. The effects were repeated on a daily basis.
500:
Recovery Scale and the diagnostic criteria for MCS as recommended by the Aspen
Consensus Conference Work-group. Both patient groups were further separated into those that had
958:
Boly, M. L.; Faymonville, M. E.; Schnakers, C.; Peigneux, P.; Lambermont, B.; Phillips, C.; Lancellotti, P.; Luxen, A.; Lamy, M.; Moonen, G.; Maquet, P.; Laureys, S. (2008).
584:
involving patients with severe brain damage is their inability to communicate. By definition, patients who are unconscious or are minimally conscious are incapable of giving
1130:
Panda, R.; Thibaut, A.; Lopez-Gonzalez, A.; Escrichs, A.; Bahri, M. A.; Hillebrand, A.; Deco, G.; Laureys, S.; Gosseries, O.; Annen, J.; Tewarie, P. (September 25, 2022).
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movements of the extremities, and complete dependence for all personal care. Forty-five minutes after 5 to 10 mg of zolpidem was administered, the patient ceased the
597:
592:. Typically, written approval is obtained from family members or legal representatives. The inability to receive informed consent has led to much research being refused
800:
Schiff, ND; Rodriguez-Moreno D; Kamal A; Kim K; Giacino JT; Plum F; et al. (2005). "fMRI reveals large-scale network activation in minimally conscious patients".
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were unable to follow commands consistently or communicate reliably. These patients were diagnosed with either MCS or vegetative state based on performance on the JFK
685:). In 1999, he fully awakened, and has since recovered to the point that he was able to become a web designer, developer, and author. In 2011, he wrote a book called
552:(ACRM). In 1996 the "International Working Party on the Management of the Vegetative State: Summary Report" was published by a group of international delegates from
328:
Purposeful behavior such as those that are contingent due to appropriate environmental stimuli and are not reflexive. Some examples of purposeful behavior include:
146:
in MCS than vegetative states. These findings encourage treatments based on neuromodulatory and cognitive revalidation therapeutic strategies for patients with MCS.
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order to calculate the right balance between protecting vulnerable populations that cannot provide autonomous consent and potentially restorative clinical trials.
234:. Even though functional brain imaging can objectively measure changes in brain function during noxious stimulation, the role of different areas of the brain in
548:(AAN) in 1994. In 1995, "Recommendations for Use of Uniform Nomenclature Pertinent to Patients With Severe Alterations in Consciousness" was published by the
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480:
drug that induces sleep in normal people but causes arousal in a MCS patient is paradoxical. The mechanisms to why this effect occurs is not entirely clear.
1254:
Shames, J. L.; Ring, H. (2008). "Transient
Reversal of Anoxic Brain Injury−Related Minimally Conscious State After Zolpidem Administration: A Case Report".
370:. He had been unresponsive to consistent command following or communication ability and had remained non-verbal over two years in inpatient rehabilitation.
659:(1942–2008), a Polish railroad worker who fell into a minimally conscious state in 1988 and woke up four years later, but didn't fully recover until 2007.
2187:
416:
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scans showed preservation of a large-scale, bi-hemispheric cerebral language network, which indicates that possibility for further recovery may exist.
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Prior to the mid-1990s, there was a lack of operational definitions available to clinicians and researchers to guide the differential diagnosis among
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There is currently no definitive evidence that support altering the course of the recovery of minimally conscious state. There are currently multiple
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showed that the patient's global cerebral metabolism levels were markedly reduced. He had DBS electrodes implanted bilaterally within his central
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366:(DBS) led to some behavioral improvements. The patient was a 38-year-old male who had remained in minimally conscious state following a severe
675:(1964–2022), an American man who fell into coma for nearly a year after a truck accident, then into minimally conscious state for 19 years.
549:
1095:
Giacino, JT; Kalmar K (1997). "The
Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States: A comparison of Clinical Features and Functional Outcome".
1203:
Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND (August 2007). "Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury".
1008:
Schiff, ND; Plum F; Rezai AR (2002). "Developing prosthetics to treat cognitive disabilities resulting from acquired brain injuries".
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techniques may further shed light on the debates on long-distance cortical rewiring and may lead to better rehabilitation strategies.
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who was involved in a serious automobile accident in 2008 that left him in a minimally conscious state for the rest of his life.
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appropriate smiling or crying in response to the linguistic or visual content of emotional but not to neutral topics or stimuli.
2172:
755:
Strauss, DJ; Ashal S; Day SM; et al. (2000). "Life expectancy of children in vegetative and minimally conscious states".
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255:
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Although MCS patients are able to demonstrate cognitively mediated behaviors, they occur inconsistently. They are, however,
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2157:
1554:
1368:
Fins JJ (April 2003). "Constructing an ethical stereotaxy for severe brain injury: balancing risks, benefits and access".
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in patients with severe cognitive impairment has developed over time because of their grave neurological state and the
206:
Some areas of the brain that are correlated with the subjective experience of pain were activated in MCS patients when
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within the thalamic association nuclei. These neurons act as a key communication relay and form a pathway between the
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is less than in those with conscious awareness (20–40% of normal) and is slightly higher but comparable to those in
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2197:
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266:
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383:
131:
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Another study compared patients in vegetative state and minimally conscious state in their ability to recognize
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compartments. Cortical injuries at this level provides a particular favorable environment for sprouting of new
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Giacino et al. have suggested demonstration of the following behaviors in order to make the diagnosis of MCS.
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2182:
1599:
545:
2609:
2026:
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375:
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reaching for objects that demonstrates a clear relationship between object location and direction of reach.
211:
2615:
2542:
2530:
1674:
1497:
541:
54:
1189:
2589:
2424:
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2101:
1594:
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in which minimal but definite behavioral evidence of self or environmental awareness is demonstrated.
65:. MCS is a relatively new category of disorders of consciousness. The natural history and longer term
2603:
2279:
1729:
1704:
1644:
430:
In another case study of a 50-year-old woman who had symptoms consistent with MCS, administration of
424:
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behavior. Distinguishing between VS and MCS is often difficult because the diagnosis is dependent on
265:. They found that some patients in minimally conscious state demonstrated some evidence of preserved
50:
769:
441:
drug improved the patient's condition significantly. Without treatment, the patient showed signs of
319:
Following simple commands such as following movements with their eyes or moving a finger when asked.
2232:
1749:
1465:
589:
166:
604:. This puts patients in these conditions at risk of being denied therapy that may be life-saving.
90:
Because minimally conscious state is a relatively new criterion for diagnosis, there are very few
2549:
2443:
2167:
2147:
2121:
2036:
1559:
960:"Perception of pain in the minimally conscious state with PET activation: An observational study"
620:
of continued treatment. Such cases have been debated vigorously in the past, as in the case with
2648:
2409:
2344:
2177:
1534:
1490:
764:
501:
367:
363:
334:
vocalizations or gestures that occur in direct response to the linguistic content of questions.
1131:
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underway investigating potential treatments. In one case study, stimulation of thalamus using
2404:
2364:
2289:
2192:
2071:
1694:
1614:
714:
Giacino JT, Ashwal S, Childs N, Cranford R, Jennett B, Katz DI, et al. (February 2002).
187:
2684:
2556:
2394:
2334:
2227:
2031:
1911:
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662:
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461:
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touching or holding objects in a manner that accommodates the size and shape of the object.
1962:
8:
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2242:
1891:
1719:
1539:
617:
601:
420:
408:
207:
143:
1411:
Coleman, D (2002). "The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria".
1289:
Angelakis E, Liouta E, Andreadis N, Korfias S, Ktonas P, Stranjalis G, Sakas DE (2014).
1216:
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processing is only partially understood. Furthermore, there is still the problem of the
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in both brain structure and function following severe injuries. Utilizing DTI and other
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2399:
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2354:
2349:
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2013:
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990:
935:
910:
890:
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682:
593:
174:
115:
91:
58:
1825:
1291:"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects in disorders of consciousness"
978:
870:
778:
39:
Brain scans of various disorders of consciousness, including minimally conscious state
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1987:
1916:
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61:. Unlike persistent vegetative state, patients with MCS have partial preservation of
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994:
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829:
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These findings support the efforts to prospectively and longitudinally characterize
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2429:
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110:
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665:(1970–2013), an American musician best known as the original bassist for the band
214:(PET) scans found increased blood flow to the secondary sensory cortex, posterior
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1982:
1926:
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1724:
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1470:
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468:. These areas are thought to have been inhibited by the site of injury through a
388:
359:
299:
223:
219:
215:
196:
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135:
106:
95:
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studies of patients with this condition. Preliminary data has shown that overall
472:-mediated mechanism and the inhibition was modified by zolpidem which is a GABA
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2081:
1992:
1921:
1906:
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1609:
1589:
1579:
1574:
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1306:
1267:
1021:
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911:"Possible axonal regrowth in late recovery from the minimally conscious state"
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2319:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1947:
1881:
1866:
1861:
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1820:
1815:
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1795:
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1649:
1513:
1328:
Giacino JT, Whyte J (2005). "The
Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States".
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62:
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886:
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672:
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404:
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169:(DTI) in two case studies. They found that there were widespread cerebral
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1800:
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732:
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270:
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1224:
1148:
2498:
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2091:
1972:
1952:
1659:
1584:
1053:"Do vegetative patients retain aspects of language? Evidence from fMRI"
465:
98:
70:
286:
Minimally conscious state (MCS) is defined as a condition of severely
16:
Disorder of
Consciousness where overt signs of awareness are preserved
2513:
2448:
2309:
2249:
2237:
2126:
1841:
1775:
1714:
926:
878:
553:
517:
400:
243:
74:
66:
1381:
1290:
799:
2384:
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2056:
716:"The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria"
666:
477:
450:
446:
438:
435:
431:
379:
262:
127:
123:
119:
1129:
2435:
2217:
852:"Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders"
473:
396:
269:. There was more activation in response to sentences compared to
170:
1482:
1132:"Exploring the Mechanisms Underlying Disorders of Consciousness"
957:
2414:
2076:
1288:
442:
239:
382:. More specifically, the DBS electrodes targeted the anterior
149:
31:
2269:
509:
322:
Gestural or verbal yes/no responses (regardless of accuracy).
191:
157:
347:
that occurs in direct response to moving or salient stimuli.
153:
Resting overall cerebral metabolism of various brain states.
2463:
2359:
713:
497:
469:
371:
235:
73:
of MCS was estimated to be 9 times of PVS cases (adult and
77:), or between 112,000 and 280,000 in the US by year 2000.
2132:
Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
689:, in which he describes his many years of being comatose.
2537:
Association for the
Scientific Study of Consciousness
1447:
1007:
754:
628:
1202:
907:
849:
69:of MCS have not yet been thoroughly studied. The
2671:
1256:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
504:and those that had non-traumatic brain injures (
1094:
845:
843:
841:
839:
590:required for participation in clinical research
572:(VS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS).
1498:
249:
1327:
1196:
1090:
1088:
836:
709:
707:
705:
703:
550:American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
1321:
1001:
1505:
1491:
1253:
407:regions. This pathway is crucial for many
30:
2163:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
1363:
1361:
1359:
1157:
1147:
1085:
1068:
934:
768:
731:
700:
1247:
156:
148:
1410:
1367:
1050:
485:transcranial direct current stimulation
161:Arousal levels of various brain states.
2680:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders
2672:
2173:Higher-order theories of consciousness
1356:
850:Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND (2004).
2188:Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis
1486:
901:
281:
256:functional magnetic resonance imaging
2654:
951:
644:
607:
13:
2479:Subjective character of experience
2375:Neural correlates of consciousness
814:10.1212/01.WNL.0000150883.10285.44
343:pursuit eye movement or sustained
80:
14:
2701:
2509:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
2158:Damasio's theory of consciousness
1512:
1443:
1051:Coleman, MR; et al. (2007).
915:Journal of Clinical Investigation
575:
2690:Central nervous system disorders
2653:
2644:
2643:
2571:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2459:Sociology of human consciousness
2295:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
2198:Orchestrated objective reduction
1342:10.1097/00001199-200501000-00005
1109:10.1097/00001199-199708000-00005
395:systems that were innervated by
177:were increased in size, and the
2577:Online Consciousness Conference
2564:How the Self Controls Its Brain
1404:
1282:
1187:
1181:
1123:
384:intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
85:
2223:Altered state of consciousness
1044:
793:
748:
483:There is recent evidence that
476:. The fact that zolpidem is a
293:
1:
2325:Hard problem of consciousness
2183:Integrated information theory
979:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70219-9
871:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00852-X
779:10.1016/S0887-8994(00)00194-6
693:
546:American Academy of Neurology
303:or to blink) or was merely a
2623:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
2610:The Science of Consciousness
2484:Subjectivity and objectivity
490:
376:Positron emission tomography
353:
276:
212:Positron emission tomography
7:
2616:Understanding Consciousness
2543:Consciousness and Cognition
2531:A Universe of Consciousness
1370:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
542:Persistent Vegetative State
325:Intelligible verbalization.
132:Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
105:. Activation in the medial
55:persistent vegetative state
10:
2706:
2590:The Astonishing Hypothesis
2285:Disorders of consciousness
1307:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.09.002
1268:10.1016/j.apmr.2007.08.137
1022:10.1179/016164102101199576
538:disorders of consciousness
531:
250:Residual language function
2639:
2522:
2370:Minimally conscious state
2280:Consciousness after death
2210:
2140:
2012:
2005:
1940:
1834:
1768:
1527:
1520:
1451:
598:ethics committee approval
51:disorder of consciousness
47:minimally conscious state
38:
29:
25:Minimally Conscious State
24:
2233:Artificial consciousness
1750:William Kingdon Clifford
181:and the periventricular
167:diffusion tensor imaging
2550:Consciousness Explained
2469:Stream of consciousness
2444:Secondary consciousness
2168:Global workspace theory
2153:Dynamic core hypothesis
2148:Attention schema theory
2122:Revisionary materialism
2037:Eliminative materialism
1560:Charles Augustus Strong
544:" was published by the
138:and a large network of
109:and adjacent posterior
2604:The Emperor's New Mind
2410:Problem of other minds
2345:Introspection illusion
2178:Holonomic brain theory
1535:Alfred North Whitehead
502:traumatic brain injury
368:traumatic brain injury
364:deep brain stimulation
246:in patients with MCS.
173:in both patients. The
162:
154:
2405:Primary consciousness
2290:Divided consciousness
2193:Multiple drafts model
1695:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
1330:J Head Trauma Rehabil
1295:Arch Phys Med Rehabil
1097:J Head Trauma Rehabil
288:altered consciousness
240:subjective experience
188:cerebral spinal fluid
160:
152:
2557:Cosmic Consciousness
2395:Philosophical zombie
2335:Higher consciousness
2228:Animal consciousness
2032:Double-aspect theory
1565:Christopher Peacocke
1425:10.1212/wnl.58.3.506
1190:"Clinicaltrials.gov"
1070:10.1093/brain/awm170
1063:(Pt 10): 2494–2507.
967:The Lancet Neurology
859:The Lancet Neurology
733:10.1212/wnl.58.3.349
631:therapeutic nihilism
602:research publication
462:cerebral hemispheres
403:arousal systems and
2330:Heterophenomenology
2243:Attentional control
1892:Lawrence Weiskrantz
1720:Patricia Churchland
1555:Brian O'Shaughnessy
1540:Arthur Schopenhauer
1225:10.1038/nature06041
1217:2007Natur.448..600S
1149:10.7554/eLife.77462
757:Pediatric Neurology
421:selective attention
409:executive functions
222:, and the superior
208:noxious stimulation
144:prefrontal cortices
63:conscious awareness
2630:Wider than the Sky
2597:The Conscious Mind
2400:Philosophy of mind
2380:Neurophenomenology
2355:Locked-in syndrome
2350:Knowledge argument
2014:Philosophy of mind
1635:George Henry Lewes
1605:Douglas Hofstadter
683:locked-in syndrome
618:perceived futility
282:Medical definition
175:lateral ventricles
163:
155:
116:general anesthesia
92:functional imaging
59:locked-in syndrome
2667:
2666:
2365:Mind–body problem
2315:Flash suppression
2275:Cartesian theater
2260:Binocular rivalry
2206:
2205:
2072:Mind–body dualism
2001:
2000:
1988:Victor J. Stenger
1963:Erwin Schrödinger
1917:Stanislas Dehaene
1897:Michael Gazzaniga
1781:Donald D. Hoffman
1665:John Polkinghorne
1645:Gottfried Leibniz
1480:
1479:
1211:(7153): 600–603.
973:(11): 1013–1020.
580:One of the major
417:effort regulation
267:speech processing
228:prefrontal cortex
103:vegetative states
43:
42:
19:Medical condition
2697:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2489:Unconscious mind
2117:Reflexive monism
2112:Property dualism
2087:New mysterianism
2047:Epiphenomenalism
2027:Computationalism
2022:Anomalous monism
2010:
2009:
1902:Michael Graziano
1872:Francisco Varela
1776:Carl Gustav Jung
1740:Thomas Metzinger
1710:Martin Heidegger
1690:Kenneth M. Sayre
1550:Bertrand Russell
1525:
1524:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1161:
1151:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1005:
999:
998:
964:
955:
949:
948:
938:
927:10.1172/JCI27021
921:(7): 2005–2011.
905:
899:
898:
856:
847:
834:
833:
797:
791:
790:
772:
752:
746:
745:
735:
711:
679:Martin Pistorius
645:Notable examples
608:The right to die
586:informed consent
582:ethical concerns
570:vegetative state
232:occipital cortex
111:cingulate cortex
34:
22:
21:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2635:
2518:
2494:Unconsciousness
2305:Explanatory gap
2255:Binding problem
2202:
2136:
1997:
1983:Susan Blackmore
1936:
1927:Stuart Hameroff
1847:Antonio Damasio
1830:
1826:Wolfgang Köhler
1764:
1725:Paul Churchland
1630:George Berkeley
1600:Donald Davidson
1516:
1511:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1460:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1409:
1405:
1382:10.1038/nrn1079
1366:
1357:
1326:
1322:
1287:
1283:
1252:
1248:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1128:
1124:
1093:
1086:
1049:
1045:
1006:
1002:
962:
956:
952:
906:
902:
854:
848:
837:
798:
794:
770:10.1.1.511.2986
753:
749:
712:
701:
696:
647:
634:
610:
578:
566:neuropsychology
534:
493:
389:thalamic bodies
360:clinical trials
356:
296:
284:
279:
252:
224:temporal cortex
220:premotor cortex
216:parietal cortex
197:neuroplasticity
179:corpus callosum
165:One study used
136:auditory cortex
107:parietal cortex
88:
83:
81:Pathophysiology
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Visual masking
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Sentiocentrism
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Neutral monism
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Interactionism
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1993:Wolfgang Pauli
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:Steven Laureys
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Patrick Wilken
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:Gerald Edelman
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Benjamin Libet
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Max Wertheimer
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Gustav Fechner
1788:
1786:Franz Brentano
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1760:William Seager
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:René Descartes
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Keith Frankish
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Galen Strawson
1622:
1617:
1612:
1610:Edmund Husserl
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1590:David Papineau
1587:
1582:
1580:David Chalmers
1577:
1575:Daniel Dennett
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1545:Baruch Spinoza
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:Classification
1445:
1444:External links
1442:
1439:
1438:
1419:(3): 506–507.
1403:
1376:(4): 323–327.
1355:
1320:
1281:
1262:(2): 386–388.
1246:
1195:
1180:
1122:
1084:
1043:
1000:
950:
900:
865:(9): 537–546.
835:
808:(3): 514–523.
792:
747:
698:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
676:
670:
660:
654:
646:
643:
633:
627:
609:
606:
577:
576:Ethical issues
574:
558:rehabilitation
533:
530:
492:
489:
413:working memory
355:
352:
351:
350:
349:
348:
341:
338:
335:
332:
326:
323:
320:
295:
292:
283:
280:
278:
275:
251:
248:
87:
84:
82:
79:
53:distinct from
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2702:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Phenomenology
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:Hallucination
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Functionalism
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Roger Penrose
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Marvin Minsky
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Eugene Wigner
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Annaka Harris
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Giulio Tononi
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Francis Crick
1865:
1863:
1862:Christof Koch
1860:
1858:
1857:Bernard Baars
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:William James
1819:
1817:
1816:Wilhelm Wundt
1814:
1812:
1811:Sigmund Freud
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Julian Jaynes
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:William Lycan
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Joseph Levine
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:Immanuel Kant
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Frank Jackson
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Consciousness
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:(2): 166–24.
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
954:
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
904:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
846:
844:
842:
840:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
751:
743:
739:
734:
729:
726:(3): 349–53.
725:
721:
717:
710:
708:
706:
704:
699:
688:
684:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
651:Jackie Wilson
649:
648:
642:
639:
638:risk aversion
632:
626:
623:
622:Terri Schiavo
619:
615:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
529:
525:
521:
519:
515:
514:hydrocephalus
511:
507:
503:
499:
488:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:basal ganglia
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
346:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
329:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
310:
306:
301:
291:
289:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:was present.
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
159:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2628:
2614:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2529:
2474:Subconscious
2434:
2420:Quantum mind
2369:
1912:Roger Sperry
1887:Karl Pribram
1835:Neuroscience
1745:Thomas Nagel
1620:Fred Dretske
1595:David Pearce
1570:Colin McGinn
1464:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1373:
1369:
1336:(1): 30–50.
1333:
1329:
1323:
1301:(2): 283–9.
1298:
1294:
1284:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1139:
1135:
1125:
1103:(4): 36–51.
1100:
1096:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1013:
1009:
1003:
970:
966:
953:
918:
914:
903:
862:
858:
805:
801:
795:
760:
756:
750:
723:
719:
686:
673:Terry Wallis
657:Jan Grzebski
635:
614:right to die
611:
579:
562:neurosurgery
535:
526:
522:
494:
482:
429:
405:frontal lobe
357:
314:
305:coincidental
300:reproducible
297:
285:
260:
253:
205:
201:neuroimaging
183:white matter
164:
89:
86:Neuroimaging
49:or MCS is a
46:
44:
2685:Neurotrauma
2107:Physicalism
2102:Parallelism
2097:Panpsychism
2067:Materialism
2042:Emergentism
1932:Wolf Singer
1801:Kurt Koffka
1730:Philip Goff
1705:Michael Tye
1700:Max Velmans
1680:Karl Popper
1670:John Searle
1655:John Eccles
1640:Georges Rey
636:Currently,
629:Regulating
459:ipsilateral
309:observation
271:white noise
2674:Categories
2499:Upanishads
2300:Experience
2265:Blindsight
2092:Nondualism
1973:Max Planck
1953:David Bohm
1769:Psychology
1660:John Locke
1585:David Hume
1528:Philosophy
1173:October 1,
1010:Neurol Res
763:(4): 1–8.
694:References
466:cerebellum
230:, and the
99:metabolism
71:prevalence
2514:Yogachara
2449:Sentience
2310:Free will
2250:Awareness
2238:Attention
2127:Solipsism
1842:Anil Seth
1715:Ned Block
1413:Neurology
879:2268/2213
802:Neurology
765:CiteSeerX
720:Neurology
687:Ghost Boy
663:Chi Cheng
588:which is
554:neurology
518:infection
491:Prognosis
401:brainstem
354:Treatment
294:Diagnosis
277:Diagnosis
244:analgesia
75:pediatric
2649:Category
2385:Ontology
2340:Illusion
2057:Idealism
2006:Theories
1433:11839872
1390:12671648
1350:15668569
1315:24035769
1276:18226667
1241:62857708
1233:17671503
1168:35916363
1117:56947267
1079:17827174
1030:11877893
995:17923301
987:18835749
945:16823492
895:15147204
887:15324722
830:10012841
822:15699384
787:11068163
742:11839831
667:Deftones
478:sedative
464:and the
451:athetoid
447:athetoid
439:hypnotic
436:sedative
432:zolpidem
411:such as
380:thalamus
345:fixation
263:language
140:temporal
128:dementia
124:hypnotic
120:propofol
96:cerebral
2659:Commons
2436:Purusha
2425:Reentry
2218:Agnosia
2141:Science
1521:Figures
1471:D018458
1398:4341629
1213:Bibcode
1159:9385205
936:1483160
532:History
474:agonist
397:neurons
171:atrophy
126:state,
67:outcome
2583:Psyche
2430:Sakshi
2415:Qualia
2211:Topics
2077:Monism
1941:Others
1431:
1396:
1388:
1348:
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1274:
1239:
1231:
1205:Nature
1166:
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1038:347998
1036:
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933:
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885:
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820:
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767:
740:
594:grants
564:, and
506:anoxia
443:mutism
423:, and
130:, and
2523:Works
2270:Brain
1394:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1188:NIH.
1136:eLife
1113:S2CID
1057:Brain
1034:S2CID
991:S2CID
963:(PDF)
891:S2CID
855:(PDF)
826:S2CID
600:, or
510:tumor
425:focus
192:axons
2464:Soul
2360:Mind
1466:MeSH
1429:PMID
1386:PMID
1346:PMID
1311:PMID
1272:PMID
1229:PMID
1175:2022
1164:PMID
1075:PMID
1026:PMID
983:PMID
941:PMID
883:PMID
818:PMID
783:PMID
738:PMID
612:The
498:Coma
470:GABA
434:, a
387:the
372:fMRI
236:pain
142:and
57:and
1421:doi
1378:doi
1338:doi
1303:doi
1264:doi
1221:doi
1209:448
1154:PMC
1144:doi
1105:doi
1065:doi
1061:130
1018:doi
975:doi
931:PMC
923:doi
919:116
875:hdl
867:doi
810:doi
775:doi
728:doi
455:PET
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