1535:
neurodegenerative diseases. Intrathecal injection, where drugs are injected directly into the CSF via the lumbar region, and intracerebroventricular injection, targeting the brain's ventricles, are common approaches. These methods ensure that drugs can reach the CNS more effectively than systemic administration, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing systemic side effects. Advances in this field are driven by ongoing research into novel delivery systems and drug formulations, enhancing the precision and efficacy of treatments. Intrathecal pseudodelivery refers to a particular drug delivery method where the therapeutic agent is introduced into a reservoir connected to the intrathecal space, rather than being released into the CSF and distributed throughout the CNS. In this approach, the drug interacts with its target within the reservoir, allowing for changing the composition of the CSF without systemic release. This method can be advantageous for maximizing efficacy and minimizing systemic side effects.
1356:
77:
49:
346:
528:(hindbrain). Subarachnoid spaces are first evident around the 32nd day of development near the rhombencephalon; circulation is visible from the 41st day. At this time, the first choroid plexus can be seen, found in the fourth ventricle, although the time at which they first secrete CSF is not yet known.
1106:
The composition and rate of CSF generation are influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF. For example, when CSF pressure is higher, there is less of a pressure difference between the capillary blood in choroid plexuses and CSF, decreasing the rate at which fluids move into
1022:
found on the surface of the choroid endothelium, appears to play a role in regulating CSF secretion and composition. It has been hypothesised that CSF is not primarily produced by the choroid plexus, but is being permanently produced inside the entire CSF system, as a consequence of water filtration
862:
CSF volume is higher on a mL per kg body weight basis in children compared to adults. Infants have a CSF volume of 4 mL/kg, children have a CSF volume of 3 mL/kg, and adults have a CSF volume of 1.5–2 mL/kg. A high CSF volume is why a larger dose of local anesthetic, on a mL/kg basis,
975:
blood plasma has a much lower concentration of chloride anions than sodium cations. CSF contains a similar concentration of sodium ions to blood plasma but fewer protein cations and therefore a smaller imbalance between sodium and chloride resulting in a higher concentration of chloride ions than
1534:
CSF drug delivery refers to a number of methods designed to administer therapeutic agents directly into the CSF, bypassing the BBB to achieve higher drug concentrations in the CNS. This technique is particularly beneficial for treating neurological disorders such as brain tumors, infections, and
1555:
referred to "excremental liquid" in the ventricles of the brain, which he believed was purged into the nose. But for some 16 intervening centuries of ongoing anatomical study, CSF remained unmentioned in the literature. This is perhaps because of the prevailing autopsy technique, which involved
338:
412:
CSF moves in a single outward direction from the ventricles, but multidirectionally in the subarachnoid space. Fluid movement is pulsatile, matching the pressure waves generated in blood vessels by the beating of the heart. Some authors dispute this, posing that there is no unidirectional CSF
1563:. In a manuscript written between 1741 and 1744, unpublished in his lifetime, Swedenborg referred to CSF as "spirituous lymph" secreted from the roof of the fourth ventricle down to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. This manuscript was eventually published in translation in 1887.
440:
CSF contains approximately 0.59% plasma proteins, or approximately 15 to 40 mg/dL, depending on sampling site. In general, globular proteins and albumin are in lower concentration in ventricular CSF compared to lumbar or cisternal fluid. This continuous flow into the
967:. These are exchanged for sodium and chloride on the cell surface facing the interstitium. Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and potassium are then actively secreted into the ventricular lumen. This creates osmotic pressure and draws water into CSF, facilitated by
531:
The developing forebrain surrounds the neural cord. As the forebrain develops, the neural cord within it becomes a ventricle, ultimately forming the lateral ventricles. Along the inner surface of both ventricles, the ventricular wall remains thin, and a
536:
develops, producing and releasing CSF. CSF quickly fills the neural canal. Arachnoid villi are formed around the 35th week of development, with arachnoid granulations noted around the 39th, and continuing developing until 18 months of age.
1635:
and more complex species, and as species become progressively more complex, the system of absorption becomes progressively more enhanced, and the role of spinal epidural veins in absorption plays a progressively smaller and smaller role.
1525:
Liquorpheresis is the process of filtering the CSF in order to clear it from endogen or exogen pathogens. It can be achieved by means of fully implantable or extracorporeal devices, though the technique remains experimental today.
1569:, a Swiss physician and physiologist, made note in his 1747 book on physiology that the "water" in the brain was secreted into the ventricles and absorbed in the veins, and when secreted in excess, could lead to hydrocephalus.
1602:
began to popularize lumbar puncture, which he advocated for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In 1912, a neurologist
William Mestrezat gave the first accurate description of the chemical composition of CSF. In 1914,
3304:
1377:. CSF is extracted through the needle, and tested. About one third of people experience a headache after lumbar puncture, and pain or discomfort at the needle entry site is common. Rarer complications may include bruising,
1319:: low CSF pressure. It can cause headaches, made worse by standing, moving and coughing, as the low CSF pressure causes the brain to "sag" downwards and put pressure on its lower structures. If a leak is identified, a
1073:
into the venous sinuses around the brain, with valves to ensure one-way drainage. This occurs because of a pressure difference between the arachnoid mater and venous sinuses. CSF has also been seen to drain into
916:
in the choroid plexus into an interstitial space, with movement guided by a difference in pressure between the blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid. This fluid then needs to pass through the
512:, by the fourth week of embryological development three swellings have formed within the embryo around the canal, near to where the head will develop. These swellings represent different components of the
1373:, usually obtained by a procedure called lumbar puncture. Lumbar puncture is carried out under sterile conditions by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space, usually between the third and fourth
1631:
fish, which do not have a subarachnoid space, is contained within the ventricles of their brains. In mammals, where a subarachnoid space is present, CSF is present in it. Absorption of CSF is seen in
219:. In humans, there is about 125 mL of CSF at any one time, and about 500 mL is generated every day. CSF acts as a shock absorber, cushion or buffer, providing basic mechanical and
971:. CSF contains many fewer protein anions than blood plasma. Protein in the blood is primarily composed of anions where each anion has many negative charges on it. As a result, to maintain
1573:
studied the properties of CSF by vivisection. He discovered the foramen
Magendie, the opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle, but mistakenly believed that CSF was secreted by the
1471:. However, a lumbar puncture should never be performed if increased intracranial pressure is suspected due to certain situations such as a tumour, because it can lead to fatal
2024:
Merril CR, Goldman D, Sedman SA, Ebert MH (March 1981). "Ultrasensitive stain for proteins in polyacrylamide gels shows regional variation in cerebrospinal fluid proteins".
976:
plasma. This creates an osmotic pressure difference with the plasma. CSF has less potassium, calcium, glucose and protein. Choroid plexuses also secrete growth factors,
1643:, cerebrospinal fluid turns over at a rate of 3–5 times a day. Problems with CSF circulation, leading to hydrocephalus, can occur in other animals as well as humans.
2710:"Arterial supply and venous drainage of the choroid plexus of the human lateral ventricle in the prenatal period as revealed by vascular corrosion casts and SEM"
1030:
There are circadian variations in CSF secretion, with the mechanisms not fully understood, but potentially relating to differences in the activation of the
1251:
may be used to demonstrate and in some circumstances relieve high intracranial pressure. Hydrocephalus is usually treated through the insertion of a
1327:
such as CT scans and MRI scans can be used to investigate for a presumed CSF leak when no obvious leak is found but low CSF pressure is identified.
844:
863:
is needed in infants. Additionally, the larger CSF volume may be one reason as to why children have lower rates of postdural puncture headache.
3111:
1239:. In infants, hydrocephalus can cause an enlarged head, as the bones of the skull have not yet fused, seizures, irritability and drowsiness. A
552:
within CSF assisting movement through the cerebral aqueduct. It is present in early intrauterine life but disappears during early development.
393:. CSF is present within the subarachnoid space, which covers the brain and spinal cord, and stretches below the end of the spinal cord to the
137:
1420:
may be used to identify a viral cause. Investigations to the total type and nature of proteins reveal point to specific diseases, including
3565:
3343:
2206:"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β"
1335:, often offers symptomatic relief. Treatment of an identified leak may include injection of a person's blood into the epidural space (an
972:
2876:
3275:
3648:
2515:
Janssens E, Aerssens P, Alliët P, Gillis P, Raes M (March 2003). "Post-dural puncture headaches in children. A literature review".
497:. The notochord releases extracellular molecules that affect the transformation of the overlying ectoderm into nervous tissue. The
362:
1086:. The pathway and extent are currently not known, but may involve CSF flow along some cranial nerves and be more prominent in the
683:
rapidly into CSF and are removed into the bloodstream as CSF is absorbed. When this goes awry, CSF can become toxic, such as in
3285:
3150:
2956:
2918:
2851:
2739:
Sharifi M, Ciołkowski M, Krajewski P, Ciszek B (August 2005). "The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle and its arteries".
2592:
2567:
2262:
2188:
2163:
1789:
1484:
17:
937:. Unlike blood passing from the capillaries into the choroid plexus, the epithelial cells lining the choroid plexus contain
1453:
1312:
1262:
1046:
357:
of the brain. The ventricles are a series of cavities filled with CSF. The majority of CSF is produced from within the two
1090:. CSF turns over at a rate of three to four times a day. CSF has also been seen to be reabsorbed through the sheathes of
1042:
3026:
3616:
2123:
445:
dilutes the concentration of larger, lipid-insoluble molecules penetrating the brain and CSF. CSF is normally free of
3450:
2399:
3316:
413:
circulation, but cardiac cycle-dependent bi-directional systolic-diastolic to-and-from cranio-spinal CSF movements.
3336:
1452:
conditions. A lumbar puncture that drains CSF may also be used as part of treatment for some conditions, including
1181:
O (16–24 mmHg or 2.1–3.2 kPa) with the patient sitting up. In newborns, CSF pressure ranges from 8 to 10
855:
The brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day at a rate of about 20 mL an hour. This
425:
and is largely similar to it, except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has some different
2689:
Venturi S, Venturi M (2014). "Iodine, PUFAs and
Iodolipids in Health and Disease: An Evolutionary Perspective".
1384:
Testing often includes observing the colour of the fluid, measuring CSF pressure, and counting and identifying
1116:
1323:
test of the leaking fluid, when positive, is highly specific and sensitive for the detection for CSF leakage.
2067:
Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Dziegielewska KM (January 1999). "Barrier mechanisms in the brain, I. Adult brain".
1720:
Wright BL, Lai JT, Sinclair AJ (August 2012). "Cerebrospinal fluid and lumbar puncture: a practical review".
1457:
1212:
684:
181:
2288:"Cerebrospinal fluid cytotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of in vitro studies"
1289:, repeated drainage via lumbar puncture, or the insertion of a shunt such as a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.
3705:
2644:
1429:
1282:
1265:
is a condition of unknown cause characterized by a rise in CSF pressure. It is associated with headaches,
1189:(4.4–7.3 mmHg or 0.78–0.98 kPa). Most variations are due to coughing or internal compression of
3695:
3329:
2645:"Experimental determination of net protein charge and Atot and Ka of nonvolatile buffers in human plasma"
1509:
refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid and is used in
1256:
602:
CSF protects the brain tissue from injury when jolted or hit, by providing a fluid buffer that acts as a
3504:
1112:
1050:
891:
638:
factors, to which slight changes can cause problems or damage to the nervous system. For example, high
2709:
1203:
is an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain. Hydrocephalus can occur because of
1023:
through the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid of the surrounding brain tissue, regulated by
1417:
1204:
1038:
616:
is aided by decreasing the amount of CSF in the limited space inside the skull. This decreases total
505:
of the neural tube close after the first month of development, and CSF pressure gradually increases.
501:, forming from the ectoderm, contains CSF prior to the development of the choroid plexuses. The open
478:
3167:
1501:
into the subarachnoid space, where they spread around CSF, meaning substances that cannot cross the
286:
is continuous with the cerebrospinal fluid. The ependymal cells of the choroid plexus have multiple
3499:
3487:
3479:
3119:
1316:
1298:
1108:
1031:
120:
921:
cells lining the choroid plexus into the ventricles, an active process requiring the transport of
3638:
1502:
1425:
1401:
1393:
1193:
in the neck. When lying down, the CSF pressure as estimated by lumbar puncture is similar to the
883:
353:
In humans, there is about 125–150 mL of CSF at any one time. This CSF circulates within the
228:
1588:
1405:
1208:
513:
156:
144:
132:
33:
1247:
may reveal enlargement of one or both lateral ventricles, or causative masses or lesions, and
3310:
2253:
Ropper, Allan H.; Adams, Raymond D.; Victor, Maurice; Brown, Robert H. (2005). "Chapter 30".
1464:
1194:
1132:
1066:
1037:
Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle produces CSF from the arterial blood provided by the
1015:
617:
298:
263:
259:
216:
2802:
671:
CSF allows for the removal of waste products from the brain, and is critical in the brain's
3690:
3460:
2033:
1370:
1336:
1224:
1062:
1007:
1003:
688:
541:
1570:
8:
3548:
3445:
3385:
1662:
1566:
1510:
1182:
1162:
856:
549:
470:
232:
3321:
2453:
2426:
2037:
3700:
3653:
3433:
3364:
3352:
3200:
2540:
2365:
2338:
2314:
2287:
2230:
2205:
2092:
2006:
1934:
1907:
1745:
1560:
1421:
1355:
1320:
1220:
1124:
956:
902:
898:
887:
875:
871:
662:
378:
358:
354:
317:
279:
255:
251:
239:
212:
82:
66:
54:
1598:
began treating tubercular meningitis by removing CSF from the subarachnoid space, and
1587:) made note of the fact that the consistency of CSF is altered in meningitis. In 1869
1556:
cutting off the head, thereby removing evidence of CSF before the brain was examined.
1307:
as a result of different causes such as physical trauma or a lumbar puncture, or from
3643:
3528:
3455:
3402:
3281:
3251:
3239:
3205:
3187:
3146:
3093:
3038:
3000:
2952:
2914:
2847:
2783:
2748:
2721:
2664:
2625:
2588:
2563:
2532:
2497:
2458:
2395:
2370:
2319:
2268:
2258:
2235:
2204:
Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, et al. (August 2012).
2184:
2159:
2129:
2119:
2084:
2080:
2049:
1998:
1939:
1885:
1785:
1737:
1667:
1604:
1437:
879:
676:
370:
2766:
Johnston M (2003). "The importance of lymphatics in cerebrospinal fluid transport".
2660:
2544:
2096:
2010:
1412:, may be indicated by elevated white blood cell levels. A CSF culture may yield the
592:
without being impaired by its own weight, which would cut off blood supply and kill
316:, it was forgotten for centuries, though later was described in the 18th century by
3669:
3595:
3509:
3470:
3380:
3195:
3179:
3083:
2990:
2775:
2656:
2617:
2562:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 292.
2524:
2489:
2448:
2438:
2360:
2350:
2309:
2299:
2225:
2217:
2076:
2041:
1990:
1981:
Felgenhauer K (December 1974). "Protein size and cerebrospinal fluid composition".
1929:
1919:
1875:
1749:
1729:
1599:
1584:
1472:
1433:
1385:
1374:
1216:
1083:
955:
from the interstitial fluid diffuse into the epithelial cells. Within these cells,
934:
859:
is constantly reabsorbed, so that only 125–150 mL is present at any one time.
672:
585:
584:
suspended in CSF is equivalent to a mass of 25–50 g. The brain therefore exists in
450:
390:
374:
76:
3183:
3145:(First ed.). London: Springer Cham (published November 2023). pp. 1–67.
2708:
Zagórska-Swiezy K, Litwin JA, Gorczyca J, Pityński K, Miodoński AJ (August 2008).
2477:
1639:
The amount of cerebrospinal fluid varies by size and species. In humans and other
870:. The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels present within sections of the
270:
of the spinal cord. There is also a connection from the subarachnoid space to the
3586:
3570:
3533:
3428:
3412:
2493:
2443:
2389:
2304:
2221:
1657:
1595:
1364:
1324:
1248:
1158:
1120:
1079:
1070:
938:
913:
525:
386:
366:
294:
243:
125:
2154:
Schoenwolf GC, Larsen WJ (2009). "Development of the Brain and
Cranial Nerves".
1880:
1863:
908:
CSF is produced by the choroid plexus in two steps. Firstly, a filtered form of
3611:
3591:
2621:
2608:
Kishimoto N, Sawamoto K (February 2012). "Planar polarity of ependymal cilia".
2424:
2355:
1608:
1389:
1340:
1277:
antibiotics, or without any identifiable cause at all, particularly in younger
1252:
1149:
1091:
952:
894:
867:
650:
635:
613:
603:
533:
517:
446:
398:
321:
271:
208:
2779:
2528:
1733:
945:
on the apical surfaces of the ependymal cells beat to help transport the CSF.
3684:
3553:
3543:
3492:
3438:
3375:
3191:
3046:
2951:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1147–8.
2846:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1220–1.
2501:
2111:
1580:
1548:
1468:
1413:
1397:
1286:
1266:
1200:
964:
941:
between cells, which act to prevent most substances flowing freely into CSF.
642:
521:
454:
442:
382:
267:
220:
149:
2995:
2978:
2272:
2045:
1924:
1041:. In the fourth ventricle, CSF is produced from the arterial blood from the
942:
287:
3423:
3255:
3209:
3097:
3042:
3004:
2787:
2752:
2725:
2668:
2629:
2536:
2462:
2425:
Czarniak N, Kamińska J, Matowicka-Karna J, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM (May 2023).
2374:
2323:
2239:
2133:
2088:
1943:
1889:
1741:
1620:
1543:
Various comments by ancient physicians have been read as referring to CSF.
1494:
1274:
1190:
1095:
1011:
909:
422:
302:
290:
on their apical surfaces that beat to move the CSF through the ventricles.
2053:
2002:
1045:(cerebellopontine angle and the adjacent part of the lateral recess), the
3395:
3356:
3088:
3071:
2339:"Defining novel functions for cerebrospinal fluid in ALS pathophysiology"
1652:
1544:
1514:
1498:
1445:
1344:
1332:
1270:
1024:
1019:
988:
960:
646:
631:
577:
545:
509:
498:
458:
426:
313:
224:
193:
62:
2257:(8 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Pub. Division. p. 530.
1078:
vessels, particularly those surrounding the nose via drainage along the
1994:
1490:
1449:
1441:
1409:
1378:
1304:
1174:
1128:
981:
918:
306:
197:
48:
3143:
Liquorpheresis: Cerebrospinal Fluid
Filtration to Treat CNS Conditions
1513:
to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the
2707:
1628:
1574:
1308:
1236:
1213:
Hydrocephalus without obstruction associated with normal CSF pressure
995:
968:
926:
803:
775:
680:
658:
621:
502:
494:
406:
402:
283:
275:
247:
2979:"Meningiomas: the role of preoperative angiography and embolization"
2909:
Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (2015).
2587:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 749.
2116:
Clinical
Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations
162:
2337:
Ng Kee Kwong KC, Mehta AR, Nedergaard M, Chandran S (August 2020).
2336:
1624:
1547:
discussed "water" surrounding the brain when describing congenital
1506:
1328:
1244:
1232:
1207:
of the passage of CSF, such as from an infection, injury, mass, or
930:
817:
634:
of the distribution of substances between cells of the brain, and
490:
486:
482:
430:
337:
204:
185:
1632:
1240:
1087:
789:
639:
589:
2738:
2178:
1111:
influences choroid plexus CSF secretion, with activation of the
27:
Clear, colorless bodily fluid found in the brain and spinal cord
1640:
1228:
999:
977:
922:
761:
593:
581:
474:
434:
394:
2158:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1868:
1784:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 764–7.
1591:
proposed that CSF drainage could occur via lymphatic vessels.
1552:
1278:
1075:
948:
293:
A sample of CSF can be taken from around the spinal cord via
189:
100:
58:
2514:
2066:
1505:
can still be active throughout the central nervous system.
1392:
within the fluid; measuring protein and glucose levels; and
1273:. It can occur in association with the use of vitamin A and
493:. A tube-like formation develops in the midline, called the
345:
3558:
3240:"A note from history: discovery of the cerebrospinal fluid"
1170:
573:
397:. There is a connection from the subarachnoid space to the
81:
Image showing the location of CSF highlighting the brain's
2913:(19 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 2606–7.
2643:
Staempfli, Henry R.; Constable, Peter D. (1 August 2023).
2286:
Kwong KC, Gregory JM, Pal S, Chandran S, Mehta AR (2020).
2179:
Noback C, Strominger NL, Demarest RJ, Ruggiero DA (2005).
1607:
published conclusive evidence that CSF is secreted by the
1281:
women. Management may include ceasing any known causes, a
254:
around and inside the brain and spinal cord. It fills the
3351:
3317:
2883:. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
897:
which line the ventricles; by the lining surrounding the
866:
Most (about two-thirds to 80%) of CSF is produced by the
324:
demonstrated that CSF is secreted by the choroid plexus.
2023:
2285:
2069:
654:
429:
levels. Due to the way it is produced, CSF has a lower
377:. From the fourth ventricle, the fluid passes into the
3112:"Intrathecal Chemotherapy for Cancer Treatment | CTCA"
2908:
2252:
3277:
Functional
Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
2946:
2841:
1463:
Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the
884:
frontal and occipital horns of the lateral ventricles
3313: – course material in neuropathology
1369:
CSF can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of
3025:Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA (September 2003).
3024:
1259:, which diverts fluid to another part of the body.
1061:CSF returns to the vascular system by entering the
405:making the cerebrospinal fluid continuous with the
2803:"Chapter 14 – Cerebrospinal Fluid :THE NORMAL CSF"
2642:
2476:Thiele, Eryn L.; Nemergut, Edward C. (June 2020).
2203:
1177:) with the patient lying on the side and 20–30 cmH
1135:) have the potential to impact membrane channels.
3140:
2947:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
2842:Colledge NR, Walker BR, Ralston SH, eds. (2010).
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2610:Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity
2607:
1719:
3682:
3069:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2153:
1905:
1448:may be tested for to assist in the diagnosis of
1381:or ongoing post lumbar-puncture leakage of CSF.
1864:"Anatomy and physiology of cerebrospinal fluid"
1861:
1478:
1467:, which might be increased in certain types of
1396:the fluid. The presence of red blood cells and
3065:
3063:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2949:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2844:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2820:
2688:
2585:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
2475:
3337:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
2927:
2895:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
1970:(6th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 519–20.
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1559:The modern rediscovery of CSF is credited to
461:and can indicate inflammation or infection).
3269:
3267:
3265:
2759:
2508:
2109:
1908:"A new look at cerebrospinal fluid movement"
1901:
1899:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
701:Comparison of serum and cerebrospinal fluid
3060:
2965:
2427:"Cerebrospinal Fluid-Basic Concepts Review"
2420:
2418:
2060:
1980:
1862:Sakka L, Coll G, Chazal J (December 2011).
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1107:the choroid plexus and CSF generation. The
874:of the brain. It is present throughout the
381:through four openings – the
3344:
3330:
3216:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2911:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2800:
2255:Adams and Victor's principles of neurology
2140:
1974:
1950:
1779:
1359:Vials containing human cerebrospinal fluid
227:. CSF also serves a vital function in the
75:
53:The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the
47:
3262:
3244:Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
3199:
3087:
2994:
2601:
2452:
2442:
2364:
2354:
2313:
2303:
2229:
1933:
1923:
1896:
1879:
1680:
588:, which allows the brain to maintain its
301:, as well as indicate diseases including
3305:Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
3070:Hocking G, Wildsmith JA (October 2004).
2765:
2551:
2415:
2391:Cerebrospinal Fluid in Clinical Practice
1798:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1354:
1138:
344:
336:
3011:
2860:
1965:
901:; and a small amount directly from the
14:
3683:
3280:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 118.
3168:"ATP-Responsive Drug Delivery Systems"
933:that draws water into CSF by creating
580:is about 1400–1500 grams, but its net
3325:
3273:
3237:
3165:
2976:
2557:
2387:
2197:
1756:
1215:may also occur. Symptoms can include
903:tiny spaces surrounding blood vessels
606:from some forms of mechanical injury.
2582:
2576:
2343:Acta Neuropathologica Communications
1529:
1454:idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1313:spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak
1263:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1098:sheathes, and through the ependyma.
1047:posterior inferior cerebellar artery
361:. From here, CSF passes through the
3307: – interactive tool
3166:Sun, Wujin; Gu, Zhen (2016-03-03).
2809:. Northeast Ohio Medical University
1049:(roof and median opening), and the
1043:anterior inferior cerebellar artery
457:is higher than this it constitutes
24:
3141:Menendez-Gonzalez, Manuel (2023).
1416:that has caused the infection, or
1350:
596:in the lower sections without CSF.
449:and at most contains fewer than 5
215:of the brain, and absorbed in the
25:
3717:
3298:
1627:before it circulates. The CSF of
1520:
1485:Blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
2081:10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.02986.x
1614:
1583:(noted as the discoverer of the
1315:. It is usually associated with
1069:. These are outpouchings of the
886:. CSF is mostly produced by the
433:level than plasma, and a higher
3172:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
3159:
3134:
3104:
2794:
2732:
2701:
2682:
2661:10.1152/japplphysiol.00100.2003
2636:
2469:
2381:
2330:
2279:
2246:
2172:
1906:Orešković D, Klarica M (2014).
1056:
297:. This can be used to test the
203:CSF is produced by specialised
3076:British Journal of Anaesthesia
3027:"Cerebrospinal fluid analysis"
2768:Lymphatic Research and Biology
2517:European Journal of Pediatrics
2210:Science Translational Medicine
2118:(3rd ed.). Butterworths.
2103:
2017:
1912:Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
1782:Textbook of medical physiology
1119:increasing it. Changes in the
1117:parasympathetic nervous system
890:. CSF is also produced by the
464:
332:
13:
1:
3184:10.1517/17425247.2016.1140147
2649:Journal of Applied Physiology
2478:"Miller's Anesthesia, 9th ed"
1673:
1458:normal pressure hydrocephalus
1269:, difficulties seeing, and a
1235:, and progressively impaired
1115:decreasing secretion and the
1101:
959:converts the substances into
892:single layer of column-shaped
695:
685:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
610:Prevention of brain ischemia:
565:CSF serves several purposes:
555:
2494:10.1213/ane.0000000000004780
2444:10.3390/biomedicines11051461
2394:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2222:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748
2183:. Humana Press. p. 93.
2110:Jurado R, Walker HK (1990).
1623:, CSF is present within the
1479:Anaesthesia and chemotherapy
1430:systemic lupus erythematosus
1283:carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
1034:over the course of the day.
469:At around the fifth week of
341:MRI showing pulsation of CSF
327:
7:
2560:Basic clinical neuroscience
1881:10.1016/j.anorl.2011.03.002
1780:Guyton AC, Hall JE (2005).
1646:
1292:
1257:ventriculo-peritoneal shunt
1143:
1123:can affect the activity of
679:. Metabolic waste products
560:
416:
10:
3722:
2877:"Hydrocephalus Fact Sheet"
2774:(1): 41–4, discussion 45.
2622:10.1016/j.diff.2011.10.007
2482:Anesthesia & Analgesia
2388:Irani DN (14 April 2018).
2356:10.1186/s40478-020-01018-0
2305:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa121
1538:
1482:
1362:
1296:
1147:
1127:, and some drugs (such as
1113:sympathetic nervous system
1051:superior cerebellar artery
842:
687:, the most common form of
31:
3662:
3649:Interventricular foramina
3629:
3604:
3579:
3518:
3478:
3469:
3411:
3363:
3072:"Intrathecal drug spread"
3031:American Family Physician
2989:(4): 1 p following ECP4.
2977:Rosen CL (October 2003).
2801:Agamanolis D (May 2011).
2780:10.1089/15396850360495682
2529:10.1007/s00431-002-1122-6
2411:– via Google Books.
2156:Larsen's human embryology
1734:10.1007/s00415-012-6413-x
1331:, given either orally or
1039:anterior choroidal artery
841:
363:interventricular foramina
155:
143:
131:
119:
111:
99:
94:
89:
74:
46:
41:
3500:Inferior medullary velum
3488:Superior medullary velum
2181:The Human Nervous System
1426:paraneoplastic syndromes
1317:intracranial hypotension
1299:Cerebrospinal fluid leak
1109:autonomic nervous system
1032:autonomic nervous system
845:List of reference ranges
385:of the spinal cord, the
223:to the brain inside the
221:immunological protection
180:) is a clear, colorless
2996:10.3171/foc.2003.15.6.8
2046:10.1126/science.6162199
1983:Klinische Wochenschrift
1925:10.1186/2045-8118-11-16
1402:subarachnoid hemorrhage
914:fenestrated capillaries
847:for cerebrospinal fluid
303:infections of the brain
229:cerebral autoregulation
1968:Anatomy and Physiology
1406:central nervous system
1360:
1303:CSF can leak from the
1209:congenital abnormality
1067:arachnoid granulations
653:control, and high CSF
632:homeostatic regulation
620:and facilitates blood
514:central nervous system
350:
342:
217:arachnoid granulations
157:Anatomical terminology
106:liquor cerebrospinalis
34:anatomical terminology
2112:"Cerebrospinal Fluid"
1465:intracranial pressure
1371:neurological diseases
1358:
1195:intracranial pressure
1148:Further information:
1139:Clinical significance
1133:Na-K-Cl cotransporter
1016:Na-K-Cl cotransporter
843:Further information:
618:intracranial pressure
453:per mm (if the white
348:
340:
299:intracranial pressure
18:Cerebral spinal fluid
3461:Posterior commissure
2292:Brain Communications
1722:Journal of Neurology
1337:epidural blood patch
1311:when it is termed a
1225:urinary incontinence
1063:dural venous sinuses
1008:arginine vasopressin
1004:beta-2 microglobulin
717:Water content (% wt)
689:motor neuron disease
542:subcommissural organ
421:CSF is derived from
3706:Reference intervals
3639:Blood–brain barrier
3631:Cerebrospinal fluid
3549:Hypoglossal trigone
3446:Hypothalamic sulcus
3429:Infundibular recess
3386:Collateral eminence
3311:Cerebrospinal fluid
2983:Neurosurgical Focus
2038:1981Sci...211.1437M
1567:Albrecht von Haller
1511:regional anesthesia
1503:blood–brain barrier
1408:infections such as
857:transcellular fluid
750:Osmolarity (mOsm/L)
702:
630:CSF allows for the
349:Distribution of CSF
305:or the surrounding
233:cerebral blood flow
188:that surrounds the
174:Cerebrospinal fluid
42:Cerebrospinal fluid
3696:Ventricular system
3654:Perilymphatic duct
3434:Suprapineal recess
3365:Lateral ventricles
3353:Ventricular system
3089:10.1093/bja/aeh204
2741:Folia Morphologica
2714:Folia Morphologica
1995:10.1007/BF01466734
1966:Saladin K (2012).
1561:Emanuel Swedenborg
1422:multiple sclerosis
1361:
1321:beta-2 transferrin
1271:swollen optic disc
1217:problems with gait
1125:carbonic anhydrase
957:carbonic anhydrase
905:around the brain.
899:subarachnoid space
888:lateral ventricles
876:ventricular system
700:
612:The prevention of
479:three-layered disc
409:in 93% of people.
379:subarachnoid space
359:lateral ventricles
355:ventricular system
351:
343:
318:Emanuel Swedenborg
312:Although noted by
280:perilymphatic duct
252:ventricular system
240:subarachnoid space
83:ventricular system
55:subarachnoid space
32:This article uses
3678:
3677:
3644:Cerebral aqueduct
3625:
3624:
3529:Facial colliculus
3456:Subfornical organ
3403:Septum pellucidum
3287:978-1-118-68589-1
3274:Reece WO (2013).
3238:Hajdu SI (2003).
3152:978-3-031-43481-5
3122:on 1 January 2018
2958:978-0-7020-3084-0
2920:978-0-07-180215-4
2881:www.ninds.nih.gov
2853:978-0-7020-3084-0
2594:978-1-4160-4574-8
2569:978-0-7817-5319-7
2558:Young PA (2007).
2264:978-0-07-141620-7
2216:(147): 147ra111.
2190:978-1-58829-040-3
2165:978-0-443-06811-9
1791:978-0-7216-0240-0
1668:Syrinx (medicine)
1605:Harvey W. Cushing
1571:François Magendie
1530:CSF drug delivery
1438:cerebral angiitis
1157:, as measured by
973:electroneutrality
880:cerebral aqueduct
853:
852:
677:glymphatic system
451:white blood cells
391:lateral apertures
371:cerebral aqueduct
266:, as well as the
238:CSF occupies the
184:found within the
171:
170:
166:
16:(Redirected from
3713:
3670:Ventriculomegaly
3476:
3475:
3471:Fourth ventricle
3381:Stria terminalis
3346:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3292:
3291:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3235:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3118:. Archived from
3116:CancerCenter.com
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3045:. Archived from
3022:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2974:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2925:
2924:
2906:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2873:
2858:
2857:
2839:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2488:(6): e175–e176.
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2446:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2358:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2032:(4489): 1437–8.
2021:
2015:
2014:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1859:
1796:
1795:
1777:
1754:
1753:
1717:
1663:Reissner's fiber
1600:Heinrich Quincke
1585:circle of Willis
1473:brain herniation
1434:neurosarcoidosis
1375:lumbar vertebrae
1161:, is 10–18
1131:, acting on the
1084:cribriform plate
935:osmotic pressure
703:
699:
673:lymphatic system
586:neutral buoyancy
550:Reissner's fiber
524:(midbrain), and
375:fourth ventricle
163:edit on Wikidata
160:
79:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3658:
3621:
3600:
3596:Lateral/Luschka
3587:Median/Magendie
3575:
3571:Sulcus limitans
3566:Medial eminence
3534:Locus coeruleus
3514:
3465:
3413:Third ventricle
3407:
3392:Occipital horn
3359:
3350:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3272:
3263:
3236:
3217:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3068:
3061:
3052:
3050:
3023:
3012:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2928:
2921:
2907:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2861:
2854:
2840:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2764:
2760:
2737:
2733:
2706:
2702:
2697:(1–3): 185–205.
2691:Human Evolution
2687:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2641:
2637:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2583:Hall J (2011).
2581:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2552:
2513:
2509:
2474:
2470:
2423:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2335:
2331:
2284:
2280:
2265:
2251:
2247:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2152:
2141:
2126:
2108:
2104:
2065:
2061:
2022:
2018:
1989:(24): 1158–64.
1979:
1975:
1964:
1951:
1904:
1897:
1860:
1799:
1792:
1778:
1757:
1718:
1681:
1676:
1649:
1617:
1596:W. Essex Wynter
1589:Gustav Schwalbe
1541:
1532:
1523:
1487:
1481:
1440:; and specific
1390:red blood cells
1367:
1365:Lumbar puncture
1353:
1351:Lumbar puncture
1325:Medical imaging
1301:
1295:
1249:lumbar puncture
1186:
1180:
1166:
1159:lumbar puncture
1152:
1146:
1141:
1121:pH of the blood
1104:
1080:olfactory nerve
1071:arachnoid mater
1059:
992:
985:
939:tight junctions
895:ependymal cells
878:except for the
872:four ventricles
849:
846:
739:Glucose (mg/dL)
728:Protein (mg/dL)
698:
669:Clearing waste:
563:
558:
526:rhombencephalon
481:, covered with
467:
447:red blood cells
419:
387:median aperture
367:third ventricle
335:
330:
295:lumbar puncture
244:arachnoid mater
205:ependymal cells
167:
85:
70:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3617:Tela choroidea
3614:
3612:Rhomboid fossa
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3592:Lateral recess
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3451:Tela choroidea
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3299:External links
3297:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3261:
3215:
3178:(3): 311–314.
3158:
3151:
3133:
3103:
3059:
3010:
2964:
2957:
2926:
2919:
2894:
2859:
2852:
2819:
2807:Neuropathology
2793:
2758:
2731:
2700:
2681:
2655:(2): 620–630.
2635:
2600:
2593:
2575:
2568:
2550:
2523:(3): 117–121.
2507:
2468:
2414:
2400:
2380:
2329:
2298:(2): fcaa121.
2278:
2263:
2245:
2196:
2189:
2171:
2164:
2139:
2125:978-0409900774
2124:
2102:
2059:
2016:
1973:
1949:
1895:
1797:
1790:
1755:
1728:(8): 1530–45.
1678:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1616:
1613:
1609:choroid plexus
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1521:Liquorpheresis
1519:
1480:
1477:
1363:Main article:
1352:
1349:
1341:spinal surgery
1309:no known cause
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1184:
1178:
1173:or 1.1–2
1164:
1150:Cerebral shunt
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1103:
1100:
1058:
1055:
990:
983:
953:carbon dioxide
868:choroid plexus
851:
850:
839:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
814:
813:
810:
807:
800:
799:
796:
793:
786:
785:
782:
779:
772:
771:
768:
765:
758:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
714:
713:
710:
707:
697:
694:
693:
692:
666:
651:blood pressure
636:neuroendocrine
625:
614:brain ischemia
607:
604:shock absorber
597:
562:
559:
557:
554:
548:, which forms
534:choroid plexus
518:prosencephalon
510:brain develops
466:
463:
418:
415:
399:bony labyrinth
389:, and the two
334:
331:
329:
326:
322:Harvey Cushing
272:bony labyrinth
258:of the brain,
209:choroid plexus
169:
168:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
72:
71:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Area postrema
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Vagal trigone
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:Pineal recess
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Lamina affixa
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3289:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3082:(4): 568–78.
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3049:on 2008-05-15
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:(6): 1103–8.
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2720:(3): 209–13.
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:(2): S86-90.
2615:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2403:
2401:9781416029083
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1874:(6): 309–16.
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:Other animals
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:Thomas Willis
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:hydrocephalus
1546:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:intrathecally
1497:are injected
1496:
1492:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:hydrocephalus
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:microorganism
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:may indicate
1399:
1398:xanthochromia
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:intravenously
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1287:acetazolamide
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:double vision
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:Hydrocephalus
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:jugular veins
1188:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:hydrogen ions
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
858:
848:
840:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
737:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
705:
704:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:, called the
674:
670:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:concentration
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
568:
567:
566:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:mesencephalon
520:(forebrain),
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:venous system
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:central canal
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
339:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:central canal
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
242:(between the
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
164:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
73:
69:of the brain.
68:
65:, and in the
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3630:
3424:Optic recess
3276:
3250:(3): 334–6.
3247:
3243:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:the original
3115:
3106:
3079:
3075:
3051:. Retrieved
3047:the original
3034:
3030:
2986:
2982:
2948:
2910:
2885:. Retrieved
2880:
2843:
2811:. Retrieved
2806:
2796:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2747:(3): 194–8.
2744:
2740:
2734:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2652:
2648:
2638:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2584:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2434:
2431:Biomedicines
2430:
2405:. Retrieved
2390:
2383:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2254:
2248:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2155:
2115:
2105:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2029:
2025:
2019:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1915:
1911:
1871:
1867:
1781:
1725:
1721:
1658:Pandy's test
1638:
1621:phylogenesis
1618:
1593:
1579:
1565:
1558:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1495:chemotherapy
1491:anaesthetics
1488:
1462:
1383:
1368:
1302:
1275:tetracycline
1261:
1255:, such as a
1221:coordination
1199:
1155:CSF pressure
1154:
1153:
1105:
1096:spinal nerve
1082:through the
1060:
1057:Reabsorption
1036:
1029:
1014:into CSF. A
1012:nitric oxide
947:
907:
865:
861:
854:
668:
627:
609:
599:
569:
564:
539:
530:
507:
468:
439:
423:blood plasma
420:
411:
352:
311:
292:
288:motile cilia
237:
202:
177:
173:
172:
138:A14.1.01.203
105:
29:
3691:Body fluids
3396:Calcar avis
3357:human brain
2437:(5): 1461.
2075:(1): 11–9.
1653:Neuroglobin
1545:Hippocrates
1515:intrathecal
1446:aquaporin-4
1345:fibrin glue
1205:obstruction
1169:(8–15
1020:Na/K ATPase
961:bicarbonate
912:moves from
882:, and the
647:temperature
628:Regulation:
600:Protection:
578:human brain
572:The actual
546:SCO-spondin
499:neural tube
471:development
465:Development
459:pleocytosis
427:electrolyte
369:, then the
333:Circulation
320:. In 1914,
314:Hippocrates
198:vertebrates
194:spinal cord
95:Identifiers
63:spinal cord
57:around the
3685:Categories
3053:2009-03-05
2813:2014-12-25
2349:(1): 140.
1674:References
1483:See also:
1450:autoimmune
1442:antibodies
1410:meningitis
1404:; whereas
1379:meningitis
1129:furosemide
1102:Regulation
982:vitamins B
969:aquaporins
919:epithelium
696:Production
556:Physiology
503:neuropores
455:cell count
282:where the
256:ventricles
250:) and the
213:ventricles
182:body fluid
112:Acronym(s)
67:ventricles
3701:Neurology
3580:Apertures
3510:Fastigium
3420:Recesses
3192:1742-5247
2674:18 August
2502:0003-2999
1629:Teleostei
1594:In 1891,
1575:pia mater
1394:culturing
1237:cognition
1076:lymphatic
927:potassium
804:Magnesium
776:Potassium
706:Substance
659:dizziness
645:disrupts
622:perfusion
570:Buoyancy:
544:secretes
495:notochord
407:perilymph
403:inner ear
328:Structure
284:perilymph
276:inner ear
248:pia mater
3493:Frenulum
3256:12956452
3210:26745457
3098:15220175
3043:14524396
3005:15376362
2788:15624320
2753:16228955
2726:18828104
2669:12665532
2630:22101065
2545:20716137
2537:12655411
2463:37239132
2454:10216641
2407:14 April
2375:32819425
2324:33094283
2273:61409790
2240:22896675
2134:21250239
2097:34773752
2089:10027064
2011:19776406
1944:25089184
1890:22100360
1742:22278331
1647:See also
1633:amniotes
1625:neuraxis
1507:Baricity
1444:such as
1329:Caffeine
1293:CSF leak
1285:such as
1245:MRI scan
1233:vomiting
1144:Pressure
931:chloride
818:Chloride
663:fainting
561:Function
491:endoderm
487:mesoderm
483:ectoderm
431:chloride
417:Contents
307:meninges
278:via the
260:cisterns
246:and the
3663:Related
3355:of the
3201:4998835
2366:7439665
2315:7566327
2231:3551275
2054:6162199
2034:Bibcode
2026:Science
2003:4456012
1935:4118619
1750:2563483
1641:mammals
1619:During
1539:History
1517:space.
1241:CT scan
1092:cranial
1088:neonate
820:(mEq/L)
809:2.0–2.5
806:(mEq/L)
792:(mEq/L)
790:Calcium
778:(mEq/L)
764:(mEq/L)
681:diffuse
657:causes
640:glycine
594:neurons
590:density
576:of the
508:As the
437:level.
401:of the
373:to the
365:to the
274:of the
211:of the
207:in the
196:of all
126:D002555
90:Details
3540:Lower
3525:Upper
3505:Taenia
3284:
3254:
3208:
3198:
3190:
3149:
3126:22 May
3096:
3041:
3003:
2955:
2917:
2887:19 May
2850:
2786:
2751:
2724:
2667:
2628:
2591:
2566:
2543:
2535:
2500:
2461:
2451:
2398:
2373:
2363:
2322:
2312:
2271:
2261:
2238:
2228:
2187:
2162:
2132:
2122:
2095:
2087:
2052:
2009:
2001:
1942:
1932:
1918:: 16.
1888:
1788:
1748:
1740:
1551:, and
1229:nausea
1000:folate
978:iodine
923:sodium
910:plasma
762:Sodium
712:Serum
582:weight
516:: the
475:embryo
473:, the
435:sodium
395:sacrum
262:, and
186:tissue
3605:Other
3519:Floor
3372:Body
2541:S2CID
2093:S2CID
2007:S2CID
1746:S2CID
1553:Galen
1489:Some
1386:white
1343:, or
1279:obese
1253:shunt
1025:AQP-4
949:Water
943:Cilia
837:7.41
734:7000
477:is a
264:sulci
225:skull
190:brain
161:[
101:Latin
59:brain
3559:Obex
3480:Roof
3282:ISBN
3252:PMID
3206:PMID
3188:ISSN
3147:ISBN
3128:2017
3094:PMID
3039:PMID
3001:PMID
2953:ISBN
2915:ISBN
2889:2017
2848:ISBN
2784:PMID
2749:PMID
2722:PMID
2676:2023
2665:PMID
2626:PMID
2589:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2533:PMID
2498:ISSN
2459:PMID
2409:2018
2396:ISBN
2371:PMID
2320:PMID
2269:OCLC
2259:ISBN
2236:PMID
2185:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2130:PMID
2120:ISBN
2085:PMID
2050:PMID
1999:PMID
1940:PMID
1886:PMID
1786:ISBN
1738:PMID
1493:and
1456:and
1388:and
1305:dura
1231:and
1219:and
1171:mmHg
1094:and
1065:via
1018:and
1010:and
963:and
951:and
929:and
834:7.33
826:102
812:1.7
798:4.8
784:4.5
770:138
756:295
661:and
649:and
574:mass
540:The
489:and
192:and
150:5388
133:TA98
121:MeSH
61:and
3594:to
3196:PMC
3180:doi
3084:doi
2991:doi
2776:doi
2657:doi
2618:doi
2525:doi
2521:162
2490:doi
2486:130
2449:PMC
2439:doi
2361:PMC
2351:doi
2310:PMC
2300:doi
2226:PMC
2218:doi
2077:doi
2042:doi
2030:211
1991:doi
1930:PMC
1920:doi
1876:doi
1872:128
1730:doi
1726:259
1418:PCR
1339:),
1243:or
1183:cmH
1175:kPa
1163:cmH
823:119
795:2.1
781:2.8
767:138
753:295
745:90
723:93
709:CSF
231:of
178:CSF
145:TA2
115:CSF
3687::
3264:^
3248:33
3246:.
3242:.
3218:^
3204:.
3194:.
3186:.
3176:13
3174:.
3170:.
3114:.
3092:.
3080:93
3078:.
3074:.
3062:^
3035:68
3033:.
3029:.
3013:^
2999:.
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