4285:
4299:
2432:
regarded themselves as following Minhag Polin, though their musical tradition and pronunciation of Hebrew, and some of the traditions about the prayers included, were more reminiscent of the western communities than of Poland proper. Jews in
Germany were historically divided into the "Bayers" of
2454:. When Ashkenazi Jews from the Rhineland began to migrate to Poland and Eastern Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they brought the Minhag Rinus with them. Over time, as Jews moved further east, this minhag became known as Minhag Polin. After the appearance of
2445:
Due to the large diaspora of Polish and
Eastern European Jews who left Europe for the Americas, Israel, and elsewhere, Minhag Polin is the most common minhag found among Jews worldwide. Minhag Polin derives from
2404:) in 1648. Currently, there are a number of minor differences between the Israeli and American Ashkenazi practice, in that the Israeli practice follows some practices of the
1022:
4335:
1600:
1255:
950:
1142:
2350:
114:
3789:
1137:
2385:". This is different from German or Western branch of Nusach Ashkenaz, known in Hebrew as "Minhag Ashkenaz", used in Western and Central Europe.
4179:
1385:
2613:
4355:
2862:
1639:
4375:
4365:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4370:
4360:
4350:
4139:
624:
587:
2657:
1563:
2686:
1586:
4185:
936:
4405:
3285:
2739:
2343:
1513:
1448:
1330:
4385:
3280:
634:
4380:
2437:
and southern
Germany, who followed the Minhag Ashkenaz, and the "Polanders" in northern Germany who followed Minhag Polin.
1072:
3189:
3300:
3295:
2719:
1340:
1157:
1147:
387:
4112:
2989:
1736:
1686:
1651:
1345:
1210:
1077:
3140:
2994:
2623:
2336:
1428:
1390:
1365:
1285:
1270:
1117:
1057:
1012:
2567:
3049:
2957:
1721:
1703:
1609:
1503:
1355:
1350:
1275:
1240:
1107:
4214:
3408:
2239:
2138:
1693:
1676:
1629:
1528:
1438:
1375:
1325:
1305:
1300:
1220:
1194:
1169:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1007:
1002:
2381:, used in Eastern Europe, the United States and by some Israeli Ashkenazim, particularly those who identify as "
3090:
2650:
2471:
2429:
1712:
1698:
1666:
1646:
1614:
1558:
1533:
1508:
1488:
1478:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1433:
1423:
1418:
1395:
1310:
1295:
1215:
1174:
1127:
1122:
1042:
987:
4420:
4191:
3512:
2476:
2374:
2133:
1671:
1656:
1619:
1581:
1553:
1543:
1538:
1523:
1518:
1498:
1483:
1468:
1443:
1409:
1380:
1280:
1265:
1189:
1179:
1097:
1067:
992:
978:
4254:
4122:
4117:
3305:
3290:
3054:
3009:
2754:
2591:
2554:
2388:
Minhag Polin has historically been the most common minhag among
Ashkenazim in Poland, eastern Germany, the
1741:
1661:
1624:
1548:
1493:
1360:
1335:
1260:
1235:
1225:
1164:
1087:
1082:
1062:
1052:
1032:
1017:
910:
614:
378:
373:
4440:
4430:
4410:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4219:
4204:
3085:
2945:
2392:, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Russia, and was introduced to the
1731:
1726:
1681:
1634:
1320:
1290:
1250:
1245:
1102:
408:
4435:
4425:
4415:
4173:
4067:
3718:
3612:
3320:
3253:
2814:
2704:
2530:
2205:
2050:
1758:
1152:
348:
338:
74:
4289:
4229:
4127:
4107:
3977:
3902:
3762:
3629:
3315:
3275:
2643:
2319:
2012:
1863:
1804:
695:
4209:
4040:
3339:
3214:
2022:
2002:
1112:
592:
133:
4162:
4151:
3745:
3666:
3371:
3270:
3209:
3095:
3068:
2163:
2153:
2118:
1997:
1987:
1770:
941:
883:
717:
396:
353:
68:
4198:
4168:
3231:
2510:
2282:
2017:
1931:
997:
549:
168:
138:
4224:
4145:
3927:
3634:
3517:
3258:
3248:
3241:
3226:
3112:
2173:
2168:
2113:
1901:
816:
544:
531:
426:
143:
4259:
4249:
3752:
2724:
2244:
2196:
1936:
1794:
607:
472:
461:
419:
8:
3907:
3875:
3801:
3710:
3656:
3263:
3063:
2797:
2762:
2571:
2462:
in
Eastern Europe, the Minhag Polin evolved further to incorporate kabbalistic elements.
2297:
1992:
670:
537:
440:
433:
363:
251:
126:
4239:
4234:
4045:
3767:
3644:
3639:
3624:
3594:
3547:
3470:
3376:
3236:
2809:
2714:
2681:
2148:
2098:
2045:
2040:
1954:
1824:
1092:
921:
680:
600:
454:
20:
3522:
3398:
4445:
4023:
3954:
3836:
3821:
3604:
3475:
3440:
2729:
2619:
2425:
2292:
2234:
2214:
2031:
1591:
1230:
690:
561:
491:
368:
281:
148:
2420:", strictly applied, refers only to the minhag of German Jews south and west of the
4089:
4057:
4018:
3989:
3972:
3922:
3723:
3532:
3465:
3418:
3366:
3334:
3325:
3310:
3184:
3159:
3135:
3019:
2950:
2867:
2734:
2262:
2143:
2103:
2067:
1765:
1315:
826:
582:
486:
401:
291:
83:
2599:
3999:
3994:
3806:
3733:
3566:
3537:
3460:
3450:
3413:
3388:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3149:
2940:
2857:
2824:
2782:
2772:
2481:
2455:
2417:
2382:
2378:
2224:
2183:
2178:
2158:
2080:
2074:
2007:
1959:
1799:
1780:
931:
660:
572:
555:
99:
4303:
4278:
4099:
4006:
3964:
3944:
3932:
3912:
3826:
3816:
3784:
3777:
3757:
3728:
3700:
3695:
3661:
3571:
3495:
3485:
3423:
3221:
3169:
3080:
3075:
2837:
2832:
2767:
2696:
2506:
2401:
2367:
2324:
2123:
1978:
1858:
1837:
1814:
1809:
1787:
1775:
1370:
851:
785:
750:
728:
665:
503:
481:
343:
322:
298:
64:
46:
4319:
4072:
3917:
3844:
3651:
3585:
3558:
3507:
3455:
3428:
3403:
3393:
3154:
3100:
3034:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2972:
2918:
2847:
2792:
2272:
2267:
1473:
1400:
926:
775:
770:
765:
755:
733:
685:
447:
286:
191:
153:
104:
4052:
3849:
3811:
3772:
3361:
3105:
3044:
3024:
2984:
2967:
2935:
2923:
2884:
2802:
2777:
2302:
2128:
1969:
1964:
1922:
1875:
969:
836:
821:
780:
745:
358:
200:
4062:
3577:
3502:
3480:
3383:
2977:
2906:
2901:
2889:
2879:
2389:
2287:
2229:
1894:
800:
795:
790:
760:
4156:
3863:
3445:
3039:
2787:
2709:
2405:
1945:
959:
888:
846:
675:
655:
214:
121:
41:
2598:
rites, where the divisions are subdivided further geographically, see
2397:
4077:
3542:
3433:
3344:
2962:
2896:
2108:
2093:
1183:
1131:
893:
841:
831:
512:
508:
498:
413:
173:
2913:
861:
3796:
3738:
3683:
3678:
3349:
2635:
2595:
2459:
2277:
1887:
1819:
650:
158:
109:
2557:. In the Middle Ages, the border seems to have been further east.
4011:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3868:
3688:
3673:
3617:
3552:
3527:
3490:
3354:
3029:
2928:
2852:
2744:
2670:
2451:
2434:
2393:
2253:
2219:
2088:
1882:
871:
866:
738:
629:
524:
520:
516:
265:
260:
237:
219:
94:
89:
79:
57:
32:
4082:
3949:
3885:
2486:
2370:
1913:
1908:
1868:
1853:
964:
856:
276:
242:
228:
163:
4033:
4028:
3982:
3937:
3858:
3853:
3117:
2872:
2842:
876:
305:
209:
178:
4132:
2666:
2421:
28:
2408:
and certain practices which they adopted from
Sephardim.
2568:"Bayers and Polanders, "German Jews" and "Polish Jews""
1892:
1873:
296:
2411:
2450:, an earlier Ashkenazi rite developed by Jews in
4317:
2615:Naming God: Avinu Malkeinu— Our Father, Our King
4336:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in the Czech Republic
2458:in the 18th century and the popularization of
2651:
2377:, the Polish/Lithuanian or Eastern branch of
2344:
2428:. North-Eastern German communities such as
4140:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
2590:Daniel Goldschimdt, Rosh Hashanah Machzor,
2553:Daniel Goldschimdt, Rosh Hashanah Machzor,
588:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
2658:
2644:
2351:
2337:
2618:. Woodstock: Jewish Lights. p. 264.
2594:. An exception to this is regarding the
2687:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4186:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2823:
2611:
2366:(Polish/Lithuanian/Prague rite) is the
4318:
4356:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Lithuania
2639:
2665:
4376:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Ukraine
4366:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Romania
4346:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Germany
4341:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Hungary
4331:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Belarus
4326:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Austria
2612:Hoffman, Rabbi Lawrence A. (2016).
13:
4371:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Russia
4361:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Poland
4351:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Latvia
4133:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4113:American Jewish Historical Society
14:
4457:
379:Historical population comparisons
4297:
4284:
4283:
2424:, most notably the community of
2412:Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Polin
1023:Democratic Republic of the Congo
937:Historical population by country
4205:Relations with other religions
2605:
2584:
2560:
2547:
2523:
2499:
2472:History of the Jews in Germany
1:
4406:Judaism in the Czech Republic
4192:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2536:. The Beurei Hatefila Library
2492:
2477:History of the Jews in Poland
594:Christianity and Judaism
4386:Jews and Judaism in Slovakia
4123:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4118:American Sephardi Federation
7:
4381:Jews and Judaism in Moldova
2946:Constantinopolitan Karaites
2465:
1893:
1874:
1601:Latin America and Caribbean
297:
10:
4462:
4174:National Library of Israel
2815:Zionism, race and genetics
2440:
2206:Jewish political movements
1903:Conversion to Judaism
4272:
4128:Yeshiva University Museum
4108:Center for Jewish History
4098:
3963:
3835:
3709:
3603:
3134:
2753:
2695:
2677:
609:Hinduism and Judaism
2720:Ancient Israel and Judah
2364:Minhag Polin/Minhag Lita
435:Temple in Jerusalem
128:Bar and bat mitzvah
3096:North African Sephardim
3069:Jewish tribes of Arabia
2592:page 14 of introduction
2555:page 14 of introduction
397:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4199:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4169:Jewish Virtual Library
2511:Jewish Virtual Library
4146:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3928:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3113:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
2863:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
1143:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1138:Republic of the Congo
532:Second Temple Judaism
403:Kingdom of Judah
374:Modern historiography
4421:Judaism in Lithuania
2725:Second Temple period
2245:World Agudath Israel
1386:United Arab Emirates
473:Second Temple period
463:Babylonian captivity
4163:Jewish Encyclopedia
3908:Hekhalot literature
3719:Religious movements
3254:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2572:Brandeis University
538:Hellenistic Judaism
116:Land of Israel
75:Principles of faith
4441:Judaism in Ukraine
4431:Judaism in Romania
4411:Judaism in Germany
4401:Judaism in Hungary
4396:Judaism in Belarus
4391:Judaism in Austria
4304:Judaism portal
4240:Jews and Halloween
4235:Jews and Christmas
3625:Rabbinic authority
3377:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2810:Xueta Christianity
2715:Origins of Judaism
2682:Outline of Judaism
2099:Jewish Koine Greek
1641:Dominican Republic
922:Judaism by country
601:Jews and Christmas
456:Assyrian captivity
4436:Judaism in Russia
4426:Judaism in Poland
4416:Judaism in Latvia
4313:
4312:
4279:extinct languages
4180:YIVO Encyclopedia
3955:Hebrew literature
3923:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
3763:Reconstructionist
3441:Judaeo-Portuguese
3130:
3129:
3086:Eastern Sephardim
2730:Synagogal Judaism
2426:Frankfurt am Main
2361:
2360:
2310:
2309:
2058:
2057:
1805:Reconstructionist
1749:
1748:
901:
900:
708:
707:
545:Jewish–Roman wars
493:Hasmonean dynasty
409:Kingdom of Israel
313:
312:
4453:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4287:
4286:
3419:Judeo-Golpaygani
3020:Palestinian Jews
2995:Alexandrian Jews
2951:Crimean Karaites
2868:Unterlander Jews
2821:
2820:
2735:Rabbinic Judaism
2660:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2531:"Vol. 10 No. 20"
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2503:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2202:
2201:
2083:
1904:
1898:
1879:
1843:
1842:
1790:
1737:New Zealand
1689:
1652:El Salvador
1642:
1574:Northern America
1566:
1160:
916:
915:
827:Crimean Karaites
723:
722:
701:
699:
620:
618:
610:
604:
595:
583:Rabbinic Judaism
564:
558:
552:
540:
528:
494:
487:Maccabean Revolt
464:
457:
451:
443:
436:
430:
422:
404:
328:
327:
302:
197:
196:
129:
117:
16:
15:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4298:
4296:
4268:
4094:
3959:
3831:
3705:
3599:
3414:Judeo-Borujerdi
3389:Judeo-Malayalam
3335:Judeo-Aragonese
3306:Lishanid Noshan
3138:
3126:
2858:Oberlander Jews
2819:
2749:
2691:
2673:
2664:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2482:Lithuanian Jews
2468:
2456:Hasidic Judaism
2448:Minhag Estraich
2443:
2418:Minhag Ashkenaz
2414:
2379:Nusach Ashkenaz
2357:
2312:
2311:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2179:Judeo-Malayalam
2159:Judaeo-Georgian
2079:
2070:
2060:
2059:
1960:Yiddish theatre
1902:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1788:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1687:
1640:
1564:
1158:
942:Genetic studies
913:
903:
902:
720:
710:
709:
697:
696:
616:
615:
608:
598:
593:
575:and Middle Ages
573:Rabbinic period
560:
554:
547:
535:
506:
492:
462:
455:
446:
438:
434:
425:
420:in Judaism
417:
402:
325:
315:
314:
194:
184:
183:
127:
115:
60:
12:
11:
5:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4293:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:non-Christian
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Shulchan Aruch
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3933:Sefer Yetzirah
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Pardes Rimonim
3910:
3903:Kabbalah texts
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3696:Land of Israel
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3572:Judeo-Alsatian
3564:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Judeo-Hamedani
3421:
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3399:Judaeo-Occitan
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3340:Jewish English
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3271:Judaeo-Aramaic
3268:
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3259:Judeo-Tunisian
3256:
3251:
3249:Judeo-Moroccan
3246:
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3242:Judeo-Baghdadi
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3091:Livornese Jews
3088:
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3073:
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2838:Afrikaner-Jode
2829:
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2600:Selichot rites
2583:
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2240:Territorialism
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2124:Judaeo-Spanish
2121:
2119:Judaeo-Iranian
2116:
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2096:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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1995:
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1982:
1981:
1975:
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1565:United Kingdom
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998:Bilad-el-Sudan
995:
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982:
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967:
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951:Land of Israel
947:
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809:Related groups
806:
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693:
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666:Jewish atheism
663:
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639:
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637:
632:
627:
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617:Islamic–Jewish
612:
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569:
568:
567:
566:
542:
529:
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496:
489:
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482:Yehud Medinata
476:
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469:
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459:
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388:Ancient Israel
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366:
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344:Land of Israel
341:
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299:Shulchan Aruch
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107:
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65:God in Judaism
61:
56:
55:
52:
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49:
44:
36:
35:
25:
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4399:
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4280:
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4256:
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4248:
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4245:
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4236:
4233:
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4230:Protestantism
4228:
4226:
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4218:
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4208:
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4119:
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4027:
4026:
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4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3984:
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3979:
3976:
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3939:
3936:
3934:
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3929:
3926:
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3918:Sefer HaBahir
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
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3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3851:
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3846:
3845:Sifrei Kodesh
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
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3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
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3779:
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3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3701:Who is a Jew?
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
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3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Chosen people
3628:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3586:Scots-Yiddish
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:Klezmer-loshn
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
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3526:
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3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Judeo-Shirazi
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3404:Judeo-Persian
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Judeo-Marathi
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:Judeo-Italian
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Judeo-Amazigh
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Hadhrami Jews
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Mountain Jews
3013:
3011:
3010:Egyptian Jews
3008:
3006:
3005:Bukharan Jews
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Lists of Jews
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2627:
2625:9781580238175
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2532:
2526:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:(present day
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Judeo-Aramaic
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Judeo-Italian
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
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1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1938:
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1930:
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1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
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1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
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1878:
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1872:
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1786:
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1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:Denominations
1755:
1754:
1743:
1740:
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1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
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1697:
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1685:
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1670:
1668:
1665:
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1643:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
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1618:
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1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:United States
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
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1537:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
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1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
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1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
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1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
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1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Guinea-Bissau
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
983:
980:
977:
976:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
956:
955:
952:
949:
948:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Lists of Jews
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
906:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
812:
808:
807:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
713:
702:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:The Holocaust
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
646:
642:
641:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
613:
611:
606:
602:
596:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
578:
574:
571:
570:
563:
557:
551:
546:
543:
539:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
474:
471:
470:
465:
460:
458:
453:
449:
445:
442:
437:
432:
428:
424:
421:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
329:
324:
319:
318:
307:
304:
301:
300:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Mishneh Torah
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
250:
249:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
227:
226:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
125:
123:
120:
118:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
48:
47:Who is a Jew?
45:
43:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
30:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
4295:
4288:
4274:
4197:
4190:
4178:
4161:
4144:
3978:perspectives
3812:Samaritanism
3773:Neo-Hasidism
3753:Conservative
3667:Names of God
3576:
3557:
3367:Judaeo-Greek
3362:Judeo-Gascon
3301:Lishán Didán
3296:Lishana Deni
3264:Judeo-Yemeni
3232:Judeo-Arabic
3106:Meshuchrarim
3025:Persian Jews
2958:Kurdish Jews
2936:Kaifeng Jews
2885:Beta Abraham
2848:Galitzianers
2803:Antisemitism
2778:Israeli Jews
2763:Assimilation
2614:
2607:
2586:
2575:. Retrieved
2562:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2501:
2447:
2444:
2415:
2387:
2363:
2362:
2303:Post-Zionism
2174:Judeo-Berber
2169:Judeo-Arabic
2129:Judeo-Gascon
1876:Pidyon haben
1795:Conservative
1341:Saudi Arabia
1159:South Africa
1148:Sierra Leone
970:Israeli Jews
884:Mosaic Arabs
837:Kaifeng Jews
698:Arab–Israeli
671:Emancipation
550:Great Revolt
359:Anti-Judaism
354:Antisemitism
349:Name "Judea"
144:Baal teshuva
4220:Catholicism
3802:Hellenistic
3640:Eschatology
3578:Lachoudisch
3503:Lotegorisch
3481:Lachoudisch
3471:Koiné Greek
3384:Judeo-Latin
3321:Palestinian
3215:Palestinian
3064:MustaĘżravim
2990:Afghan Jews
2978:Berber Jews
2902:Bene Israel
2890:Falash Mura
2880:Beta Israel
2798:Persecution
2740:Middle Ages
2390:Czech lands
2375:Polish Jews
2298:Revisionist
2288:Neo-Zionism
1895:Zeved habat
1688:Puerto Rico
1514:Netherlands
1346:South Korea
1331:Philippines
1211:Afghanistan
1078:Ivory Coast
852:Crypto-Jews
817:Bnei Anusim
796:Bene Israel
761:Beta Israel
718:Communities
625:Middle Ages
364:Persecution
139:Bereavement
4320:Categories
4215:Anabaptism
4157:Jew (word)
4024:Leadership
3837:Literature
3822:Secularism
3768:Humanistic
3635:Conversion
3605:Philosophy
3446:Judeo-Urdu
3210:Babylonian
3055:Saada Jews
3040:Adeni Jews
2833:Ashkenazim
2788:Samaritans
2755:Population
2710:Israelites
2577:2019-10-27
2540:2020-08-29
2516:2019-10-27
2493:References
2416:The term "
2406:Vilna Gaon
2383:Lithuanian
2283:Maximalism
2235:Secularism
2215:Autonomism
2032:Literature
1825:Humanistic
1429:Azerbaijan
1391:Uzbekistan
1366:Tajikistan
1286:Kyrgyzstan
1271:Kazakhstan
1118:Mozambique
1093:Madagascar
1013:Cape Verde
965:New Yishuv
960:Old Yishuv
911:Population
889:Subbotniks
847:Samaritans
786:Romanyotim
729:Ashkenazim
676:Old Yishuv
656:Sabbateans
643:Modern era
635:Golden Age
562:Bar Kokhba
282:Beit Yosef
149:Philosophy
4277:indicate
4225:Mormonism
4210:Christian
4090:Symbolism
4078:Synagogue
4058:Mythology
4019:Education
3990:Astronomy
3973:Astrology
3790:relations
3595:Zarphatic
3543:Galitzish
3345:Yeshivish
3222:Catalanic
3185:Samaritan
3160:Ashkenazi
3141:Diasporic
3136:Languages
3081:Sephardim
3076:Romaniote
2963:Krymchaks
2897:Desi Jews
2773:Buddhists
2507:"Kojetin"
2368:Ashkenazi
2293:Religious
2149:Zarphatic
2139:Bukharian
2109:Judeo-Tat
2094:Yeshivish
2068:Languages
2023:Sephardic
2013:Israelite
2003:Ethiopian
1993:Ashkenazi
1932:Religious
1722:Australia
1704:Venezuela
1610:Argentina
1592:Greenland
1504:Lithuania
1356:Sri Lanka
1351:Singapore
1276:Kurdistan
1241:Indonesia
1231:Hong Kong
1184:Abayudaya
1108:Mauritius
842:Igbo Jews
832:Krymchaks
751:Sephardim
619:relations
513:Sadducees
509:Pharisees
499:Sanhedrin
414:Jerusalem
174:Synagogue
42:Etymology
4446:Minhagim
4290:Category
4260:Hinduism
4250:Buddhism
4152:Genetics
4068:Politics
4041:Marriage
4000:Holidays
3995:Calendar
3876:Rabbinic
3852:/Hebrew
3797:Haymanot
3724:Orthodox
3711:Branches
3684:Kabbalah
3679:Haskalah
3657:Holiness
3533:dialects
3513:Shassagh
3476:Krymchak
3456:Kayliñña
3350:Yinglish
3326:Galilean
3316:Talmudic
3311:Biblical
3286:Betanure
3205:Biblical
3200:Mishnaic
3195:Medieval
3180:Tiberian
3175:Yemenite
3165:Sephardi
3101:Paradesi
3045:Ḥabbanim
3035:Teimanim
3000:Baghdadi
2973:Maghrebi
2941:Karaites
2919:GruzĂnim
2907:Kochinim
2825:Diaspora
2783:Karaites
2768:Atheists
2705:Timeline
2596:Selichot
2466:See also
2460:Kabbalah
2396:town of
2394:Moravian
2320:Category
2278:Kahanism
2225:Feminism
2197:Politics
2081:Biblical
2051:American
1998:Bukharan
1988:American
1888:Shidduch
1864:Clothing
1820:Haymanot
1766:Orthodox
1694:Suriname
1677:Paraguay
1630:Colombia
1529:Portugal
1439:Bulgaria
1376:Thailand
1326:Pakistan
1306:Mongolia
1301:Malaysia
1221:Cambodia
1195:Zimbabwe
1170:Tanzania
1048:Eswatini
1038:Ethiopia
1028:Djibouti
1008:Cameroon
1003:Botswana
932:Diaspora
894:Noahides
867:Marranos
791:Cochinim
776:Bukharim
766:Gruzinim
756:Teimanim
746:Mizrahim
734:Galician
700:conflict
661:Hasidism
651:Haskalah
556:Diaspora
427:timeline
339:Timeline
252:Rabbinic
159:Kabbalah
134:Marriage
110:Tzedakah
100:Holidays
58:Religion
21:a series
19:Part of
4275:Italics
4100:Studies
4046:Divorce
4012:Kashrut
4007:Cuisine
3965:Culture
3896:Midrash
3891:Tosefta
3881:Mishnah
3869:Ketuvim
3864:Nevi'im
3827:Schisms
3817:Science
3807:Karaite
3778:Renewal
3739:Litvaks
3734:Hasidic
3689:Sefirot
3674:Halakha
3645:Messiah
3618:Mitzvah
3613:Beliefs
3567:Western
3553:Poylish
3548:Litvish
3538:Eastern
3528:Yiddish
3523:Shuadit
3508:Qwareña
3496:Tetuani
3491:Haketia
3466:Knaanic
3461:Kivruli
3409:Bukhori
3355:Heblish
3291:Hulaulá
3281:Barzani
3237:Yahudic
3170:Mizrahi
3030:Urfalim
2985:Mizrahi
2929:Neofiti
2924:Italkim
2853:Lita'im
2745:Zionism
2697:History
2671:Judaism
2452:Austria
2441:History
2435:Bavaria
2430:Hamburg
2398:KojetĂn
2373:of the
2263:General
2254:Zionism
2230:Leftism
2220:Bundism
2144:Knaanic
2104:Yevanic
2089:Yiddish
2046:Yiddish
2041:Israeli
2018:Mizrahi
2008:Israeli
1979:Cuisine
1955:Ancient
1937:Secular
1883:Kashrut
1859:Wedding
1846:Customs
1838:Culture
1815:Science
1810:Renewal
1800:Karaite
1781:Hasidic
1713:Oceania
1699:Uruguay
1667:Jamaica
1647:Ecuador
1615:Bolivia
1559:Ukraine
1534:Romania
1509:Moldova
1489:Hungary
1479:Germany
1474:Georgia
1464:Finland
1459:Estonia
1454:Denmark
1449:Czechia
1434:Belarus
1424:Austria
1419:Armenia
1396:Vietnam
1311:Myanmar
1296:Lebanon
1216:Bahrain
1175:Tunisia
1153:Somalia
1128:Nigeria
1123:Namibia
1113:Morocco
1043:Eritrea
988:Algeria
872:Neofiti
781:Italkim
771:Juhurim
681:Zionism
630:Khazars
525:Sicarii
521:Zealots
517:Essenes
504:Schisms
369:Leaders
331:General
323:History
266:Tosefta
261:Midrash
238:Mishnah
220:Ketuvim
215:Nevi'im
164:Customs
95:Shabbat
90:Halakha
82: (
80:Mitzvot
67: (
33:Judaism
4083:Hazzan
4073:Prayer
3950:Siddur
3886:Talmud
3850:Tanakh
3785:Neolog
3758:Reform
3746:Modern
3729:Haredi
3652:Ethics
3518:Shassi
3486:Ladino
3451:Karaim
3434:Juhuri
3276:Targum
3190:Signed
3155:Modern
3150:Hebrew
3118:Xuetes
2914:Dönmeh
2873:Yekkes
2622:
2487:Minhag
2371:minhag
2325:Portal
2184:Domari
2114:Shassi
2075:Hebrew
1970:Humour
1914:Hiloni
1909:Aliyah
1869:Niddah
1854:Minyan
1789:Reform
1776:Haredi
1771:Modern
1672:Mexico
1657:Guyana
1620:Brazil
1582:Canada
1554:Sweden
1544:Serbia
1539:Russia
1524:Poland
1519:Norway
1499:Latvia
1484:Greece
1469:France
1444:Cyprus
1410:Europe
1381:Turkey
1371:Taiwan
1281:Kuwait
1266:Jordan
1256:Israel
1190:Zambia
1180:Uganda
1098:Malawi
1068:Guinea
1058:Gambia
993:Angola
979:Africa
862:Dönmeh
857:Anusim
801:Berber
739:Litvak
691:Israel
597:
534:
448:Second
416:
277:Targum
243:Gemara
229:Talmud
201:Tanakh
154:Ethics
105:Prayer
4255:Islam
4063:Names
4053:Music
4034:Rebbe
4029:Rabbi
3983:Monen
3938:Zohar
3859:Torah
3854:Bible
2968:Lemba
2843:Chuts
2534:(PDF)
2273:Labor
2268:Green
1965:Dance
1923:Music
1742:Palau
1662:Haiti
1625:Chile
1549:Spain
1494:Italy
1401:Yemen
1361:Syria
1336:Qatar
1316:Nepal
1261:Japan
1236:India
1226:China
1165:Sudan
1088:Libya
1083:Kenya
1063:Ghana
1053:Gabon
1033:Egypt
1018:Benin
877:Xueta
822:Lemba
441:First
306:Zohar
210:Torah
192:Texts
179:Rabbi
169:Rites
69:names
2669:and
2667:Jews
2620:ISBN
2422:Elbe
1732:Guam
1727:Fiji
1682:Peru
1635:Cuba
1321:Oman
1291:Laos
1251:Iraq
1246:Iran
1203:Asia
1132:Igbo
1103:Mali
122:Brit
31:and
29:Jews
3662:God
1946:Art
292:Tur
84:613
4322::
2570:.
2509:.
559:,
553:,
523:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
23:on
3143:)
3139:(
2659:e
2652:t
2645:v
2628:.
2602:.
2580:.
2543:.
2519:.
2352:e
2345:t
2338:v
1186:)
1182:(
1134:)
1130:(
603:)
599:(
565:)
548:(
541:)
536:(
527:)
507:(
450:)
439:(
429:)
418:(
86:)
71:)
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