1902:(1125). An alternative or supporting tactic to feigned retreats that was used by the Seljuks and others was harassing the Crusader line to disorganise it and leave it open to a cohesive cavalry charge. Crusader generals would have needed to be careful to maintain discipline in the face of losses from arrows and to keep heavy cavalry reserves to repel probing attacks. Note that this analysis is only drawn from examination mainly of some battles between 1097 and the mid 12th century, and so does not include the tactics of the entire Crusader period which only truly ended in 1302.
1832:, made up of peasants and low-ranking knights arrived in Asia Minor in August 1096, but were decisively defeated by Seljuk forces a month later in October. The later force called the Prince's Crusade, which succeeded in taking Jerusalem and started the Crusader states, was representative of European armies. Crusader armies contained heavy cavalry, infantry and ranged troops such as archers or crossbowmen. The original leadership was generally made up of high-ranking knights from modern-day France and Belgium. Later on, other Western European monarchs participated such as
2179:. After the aging emperor's mysterious death (and supposed pickling), a few of these knights made it to the Holy Land and established themselves, where they controlled the polls of the ports in the parts of the Levant controlled by the Crusaders. Most of the action seen by these Knights, however, were directed against Prussia and the Polish–Lithuanian commonwealth. The Teutonic Knights declined in importance after a crushing defeat by the Polish–Lithuanian forces in the 1410
2200:
strength for battle but infantry had to march to battle. This daunting task across the desert is made all the more uncomfortable when considering the weight arms, armour, and baggage, combined with the threat of getting lost while surrounded by the enemy. Both sides used their cavalry to strike the deepest blow, while the infantry would then be useful in supporting roles, such as archery, covering flanks, or using sheer weight and numbers in attrition and pursuit.
1764:
1866:. Against horse archers such as those used by the Seljuks, running battles were common. In these instances, the Crusaders kept in close marching formation while being harassed by mobile horse archers. Generally the forces opposing the Crusaders were unable or unwilling to attempt breaking the formation. This type of battle usually resulted in no clear result. Examples of running battles include the
2136:
money recruiting new knights. Over time, The
Templars grew to an impressive order of thousands of members, though not all would have been heavy cavalry – most would have been squires or servants accompanying the Knights. The Templars participated in almost every major battle of the Second Crusade onwards. They were later betrayed and disbanded by a combination of the French crown and the papacy.
1953:, minimal amounts of food). Many would have had to have travelled either by land which was exhausting at best, or else by sea, whereby many of their comrades would have died or been lost in storms. Those few that arrived were the best, and crusader soldiers were at least as determined as their opponents were. A classical example is the
1898:
of arrow volleys. The
Seljuks attempted to use this on several occasions to draw small groups of cavalry away from the main body where they could be destroyed piecemeal by superior numbers. An example of a tactical retreat by lightly armoured Seljuk cavalry leading to a tactical advantage and a surrounded Crusader force was at the
1942:
own missiles from the safety of the shield wall. To counter the heat, many knights wore a surcoat underneath their armour to insulate against the metal which under the heat of the sun, would have burned their skin. Later, the
Saracens employed heavier troops, but since most soldiers came from the local population of the
2208:
Despite their small size, the
Crusaders were a very effective force. Many leaders who led their own national crusades like Richard the Lionheart, used only the knights under his banner. When it came to composite Crusader armies, there was no choice but to unite, since the surrounding hostile Arab and
1897:
These tactics were dictated by the forces on hand. The more well-off
Crusader troops, such as the knights, were individually superior in a melee to any cavalry in the area at the time, and were relatively immune to arrows due to their armour. Nonetheless, they tended to be ill-disciplined in the face
1263:
for the last time and proclaimed himself ruler of Egypt. He died suddenly two months later and Nur ed-Din appointed
Shirkuh's young nephew Saladin as his successor. As directed by his sponsor, Saladin ruthlessly stamped out Shi'ite Islam in Egypt, which had flourished under the Fatimids. But, instead
2241:
The
Crusaders were not renowned for their siege warfare. During the first siege of Antioch, the Crusaders managed to take the city initially through treachery. However, siege equipment was used, although a favourite tactic of all Medieval European armies was a simple blockade and then wait for a few
2135:
were created in 1119 when King
Baldwin II gave permission for eight knights to start a new military order to protect pilgrims on their way to the Holy land. They never retreated from battle and as a result, only a tenth of the Templars survived battle. The Order had to constantly spend large sums of
2051:
gave a paid passage to. So whilst some people from Europe, or local
Christians may have swelled the city and hence had the potential to raise a militia force, it was not enough. At the siege of Acre, the crusaders amounted to 15,000 men, a small force compared to the typical army of 40,000 to 80,000
1941:
Crusading soldiers wore armour far heavier than their
Saracen counterparts. The only effective defensive method of defeating the hit and run tactics launched by the Saracens was to form a shield wall and hope that the armour one wore was thick enough. Crossbowmen and or archers could then fire their
1853:
Tactics followed by Crusaders varied according to the commander at the time and depended on the strengths of the different armies. The Crusaders were generally less mobile than their foes especially the Seljuk Turks who regularly used horse archers. However, the Crusader heavy cavalry had a powerful
1844:
of 1189–1192. The long distance to the Middle East and the difficulty in crossing often hostile territory resulted in the Crusader forces being relatively outnumbered by the surrounding pre-existing nations. There were regular calls for reinforcements from the Crusader states attempting to alleviate
1329:
Whereas the Crusaders developed a healthy respect for the harass-and-surround tactics of the Turkish horse archers, they tended to discount the effectiveness of the Egyptian armies. While overconfidence led to a Crusader disaster at the second battle of Ramleh, the more frequent result was a Fatimid
1292:
Often, the infantry opened the battle with a volley of arrows, with the horsemen in the rear. When an opportunity for a successful charge appeared, the infantry would open ranks to allow the mailed cavalry to advance. If the horsemen suffered a reverse, they could fall back behind the foot soldiers.
2161:
in Spain itself as a long Crusade, the Knights of Santiago did not take part in any campaigns in the Levant. Their mission, like many of the other military orders, was to protect pilgrims heading from Northern Spain, which in the twelfth century was Christian, into the Islamic south and then to the
2148:
were founded as a military order in 1113. Their aim was to protect pilgrims and more importantly, to set up hospices and other charitable services to the pilgrims. In 1005, a Christian hospital was destroyed by the Caliph Al Hakim. This was rebuilt later in 1023. The Knights of St. John were forced
2118:
Crusader heavy cavalry initially did not consist of any military orders like the Templars. These were created after the successes of the first crusade. Most of the heavy cavalry were knights. However, these knights would often find themselves unhorsed throughout their mission, due to starvation and
2015:
The key to surviving against their numerous opponents was to keep them from uniting. The Crusaders were able to make a few alliances with various Saracen factions. In Spain, the initially powerful Moors were greatly weakened by civil war and various city states with little or no allegiance to each
2024:
after a row broke out between the commanders (who were of different origins) as to who should rule the city, even though the city had not even fallen at the time (and consequently did not). Since troops were being brought over from such a long distance, Crusader leaders feared that one would plot
1975:
allowed the Christian invaders to secure their beachhead in the Levant. Building many fortifications, which were well-supplied with water and food, they could hold out almost indefinitely, unless supply was cut, the enemy infiltrated the fort such as Krak des Chevaliers or a big enough force was
2199:
Typical medieval military doctrine dictated that infantry would be the main composition of any army, but that cavalry would dominate the battlefield. This was certainly true of the Crusaders. It required great horsemanship and archery skills to be a cavalry archer. Horsemen could conserve their
2122:
Some military orders may have fought on foot as dismounted knights. This would have been favorable in circumstances were the ground was difficult or else too narrow for large numbers of cavalry. However, in the open desert plains of the Middle East, it would have been foolish to travel on foot.
1957:
where the crusaders, though outnumbered, were inspired and eventually drove of a larger army of Seljuk Turks. Many have argued that the cause of victory was due to factional infighting between the various Turkish tribes within the army, as opposed to the Christian zeal inspired by the
1854:
charge that could and did turn many battles. Where records are available several common threads on tactics may be found. Surprise attacks and ambushes were common and generally effective and were used by both the Crusaders and their enemies. Examples of surprise attacks included the
1313:
cavalry. Since the archers were on foot and the horsemen awaited attack with lance and sword, a Fatimid army provided exactly the sort of immobile target that the Frankish heavy cavalry excelled in attacking. Except for the third battle of Ramleh in 1105, when Toghtekin of
2019:
Reinforcing a Crusader army was difficult at best. Troops were brought from Europe but these would often have their own orders led by their own leaders, often with conflicting interests. The Second Crusade demonstrates this, when a large Crusader army failed to capture
363:
ended in disaster when three separate Crusader columns were ambushed and annihilated by Seljuk armies in central Anatolia. Some of the commanders survived, but most of the foot soldiers and camp followers were enslaved or slaughtered. A decisive Crusader defeat at the
2242:
months or so for the defenders to run out of water, food, or both. This tactic was ineffective when the crusaders faced larger numbers, such as at Antioch. During the Portuguese Reconquista, a fleet of English, German and French crusaders assisted in the
1882:(1191) although it was not part of the original battle plan. Against the Fatimid forces, which used foot archers and light melee cavalry, the Crusaders could use their heavy cavalry more effectively, achieving decisive results. This can be seen in the
1280:
wielding lances and swords. These were backed by a much more numerous body of infantry armed with bows and spears. The charge of the Frankish heavy cavalry developed tremendous shock power. With a bit of hyperbole, the contemporary Byzantine scholar
1878:. Although often no clear result appeared in running battles, there could be a chance for the Crusaders to charge into unprepared and disorganised enemy forces after some time had passed. This could result in a decisive victory, as happened in the
2000:
Often, the actions of Crusader armies were not beneficial to their cause of aiding their powerful and uneasy allies, the Byzantine Christians. The Byzantines, dubious of Crusader usefulness, even went so far as to make a deal with Saladin: when
2059:
left, believing that their mission was accomplished. Often, some crusades were nothing more than raids, like the Fourth Crusade. This only aggravated the local Saracens, uniting them in their desire to drive the Crusaders from their holdings.
2232:
The Crusaders generally speaking however, did not seem to have much of a plan other than divide and rule, or else strike at the chain which has the weakest point, as with Egypt. These strategies were pursued as best as they could do so.
2216:
One of the Crusaders' long-term goals was the conquest of Egypt. A rich and fertile province, any cost in its invasion would have been easily paid off from its revenue, even if the spoils were to be shared with the Byzantine Empire.
1946:, these would not have naturally worn much armour. As such, the Crusaders were often of a heavier type than their enemies and few of their enemies could withstand a heavy cavalry charge unless the cavalry were seriously outnumbered.
1988:
itself. Pitched battles were avoided as often as possible, unless the political situation called for it, due to problems with manpower, logistics and the impracticability of marching armoured soldiers in such a hot climate.
326:
After the siege many of the local emirs cooperated with the Christians in the hope that they would move on and attack the territory of another ruler. The Crusaders soon moved beyond Seljuk territory and went on to capture
2183:. The Teutons were finally dissolved by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1809. However, the descendants of these Knights formed the elite Prussian officers and such the legacy of the order's martial skill can be examined in the
2253:, were built and ensured their supremacy in a land surrounded by hostiles, until their under-manned walls were taken, as with Acre which, despite possessing a double wall, was under-manned and therefore overwhelmed.
2174:
order was founded in the late 12th century after the crusades in the Middle East (most likely the Third Crusade). Of German origin, Germany initially contributed a large army of heavy infantry and cavalry under
2220:
Crusaders emphasized speed, attempting to make a bold opening move before the enemy could finish theirs. This was done despite the lack of mounts for their knights, and could have good or ill consequences. At
2052:
deployed by the Saracens. As a result, the Saracens had a seemingly unlimited supply of men, whilst the crusaders struggled to man their walls during the latter periods in the late thirteenth centuries.
742:. When he also became ruler of Aleppo the following year, the combined resources of the two cities made him a major threat to the Crusader states. However, Zengi first intrigued against the emirates of
1965:
At times the Crusaders could be a large force. Under Richard the Lionheart, there were some 40,000 men under his command at the height of the Third Crusade. There may well have been many more, but the
2025:
against the other back in Europe, something that their Saracen counterparts had little worry of considering that their lands were already occupied. Their fears were not unfounded, as in the cases of
2008:
marched his enormous army towards Jerusalem, the Byzantine emperor promised to delay the crusaders in return for Saladin not attack the Byzantine Empire. The sacking of the Hungarian city of
1289:
who were less heavily armed. While the Crusader cavalry represented the main offensive force in battle, they "would have been absolutely useless had they not been supported by the infantry."
2149:
to evacuate from the Holy Land, traveling across the Mediterranean until finally settling on Malta. They remained a potent force until their dismemberment by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798.
1189:
in 1101, 1102 and 1105, but they were ultimately unsuccessful. After this, the vizier contented himself by launching frequent raids on Frankish territory from his coastal fortress of
1874:(1150). This use of relatively heavily armoured troops to shield the less armoured foot soldiers and archers was also seen in the formation used by Bohemund of Taranto during the
1200:
in 1123. To protect against the raids from Ascalon, the Crusaders began encircling the strategic port with a ring of castles. Built between 1136 and 1149, the strongholds were at
1622:
The Ayyūbid-Crusader Wars began when truces attempted in the aftermath of The Zengid-Crusader Wars and Fatimid-Crusader Wars and their likes ended up violated by those such as
1371:
1005:
550:
61:
2229:, they quickly fell into a deadly trap and were annihilated for it. The distance covered by an army in a day was small: this crusading haste was only present in battle.
1913:, fought similarly and a lot like most other Knights, except the Templars would tend to be a more aggressive a force (even outside the crusader kingdom such as in the
2040:, a large crusader army was annihilated when it was ambushed searching for a source of water. The lack of local knowledge resulted from poor intelligence-gathering.
1785:
1949:
The crusaders were also a very determined band of soldiers, bearing the heat of a foreign land, and surviving on minimal amounts of water (and in the case of the
1929:
committing to many sallies in last-ditch efforts to deny the cities to the enemy. Also, they held some of the strongest castles in the kingdom, for example
1364:
998:
543:
54:
2016:
other. The few Christian kingdoms in Northern Spain were able to stay a few in number (and hence mainly united), even as they conquered more land.
1165:
in 1099. The Egyptians were nevertheless able to hold onto the key fortress, which served as a launching point for raids on the newly established
1917:). As a result, they suffered more casualties; indeed the order was almost destroyed several times throughout the Crusades period such as at the
1357:
991:
2103:
were formed, most of them independent of the European powers, though the Byzantine Empire did claim the Crusader states as 'Protectorates'.
2119:
lack of fodder for their mounts. Consequently, many heavy cavalry may have found themselves as infantry towards the end of their crusade.
536:
47:
1285:
noted that a Frank on horseback would "make a hole through the walls of Babylon." The knights were sometimes joined by mounted squires or
1997:
The Crusaders were at times poorly united and their tactics lacked flexibility. The Crusading soldiers were also not very disciplined.
2106:
By the late 13th century, crusades were no longer of benefit, weakening the Byzantines more than and Saracens. Naval expansion by the
1185:, mounted a series of campaigns "almost annually" against the Crusader kingdom from 1100 to 1107. Egyptian armies fought three major
1293:
The Frankish infantry had considerable defensive power, but it could not hold out for long if unsupported by their heavy cavalry.
2088:
declared an armed pilgrimage to the Holy land. The resulting Crusaders aided Byzantium so greatly that by 1143, the death of
2092:, the Byzantine empire was once more a superpower and the Crusaders had control of a sizable piece of the Levant along with
1631:
1264:
of acting as Nur ed-Din's vassal, Saladin consolidated power in his own hands. He deposed the last Fatimid caliph in 1171.
1240:. The Fatimid rule broke apart into warring factions. From 1163 to 1169, Egypt became the prize of a struggle between King
888:
in 1150. For the next few years, he turned his attention to Damascus, except when he briefly seized the Crusader port of
896:
in 1154. For several years afterward he became involved in the affairs of Mosul. In 1157, he defeated the Franks at the
2320:
2306:
2285:
2271:
1811:
1554:
1793:
1735:
1186:
1833:
588:
514:
206:
1158:
appeared from the north. On July 15, 1099, the Crusaders successfully stormed the city and violently sacked it.
1789:
1469:
1130:
in 1099. Soon after, the Crusaders stormed and captured the city. The war between the newly established Latin
1627:
1519:
1444:
804:
The crowning achievement of Imad-ud-din Zengi's career occurred when he moved against the Christian state of
513:, putting Aleppo back on the defensive. However, although the Crusaders were victorious in the field at the
320:
114:
960:, thus uniting all the Zengid territories into a vast empire. But the new ruler of Egypt refused to act as
280:. The conflict was generally fought between European Crusaders and the Seljuk Turks and their vassals. The
231:
1863:
1094:
908:
897:
673:
653:
578:
2012:, and the capture of Constantinople in 1204 were some of the main factors behind the fall of Byzantium.
2030:
1875:
1855:
1409:
797:. Because of his continued efforts to seize Damascus, that city sometimes allied itself with the Latin
421:
393:
308:
211:
104:
2044:
1685:
1604:
1599:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1479:
1127:
1029:
1015:
739:
336:
1688:
were all won by The Saracen Muslim Armies Of The Ayyūbīd Dynasty And Salāḥ ad-Dīn Ayyūb, leading to
976:
planned to move against the upstart but died in 1174. With his death, the Zengid empire fell apart.
2509:
1774:
1673:
1661:
1594:
1494:
1449:
1434:
1399:
1196:
The new vizier, Al-Ma'mum, organized a major invasion of Crusader lands. This came to grief at the
855:
633:
482:
448:
236:
216:
181:
119:
1922:
1778:
1641:
and by religious fanatics including newly arrived ones from Europe, and by attempts by ones like
1589:
1509:
1489:
819:
Zengi was assassinated by a Frankish slave in 1146. He was succeeded in Aleppo by his second son
754:
486:
389:
2249:
However, Crusaders were renowned for their castle building of the strongest fortresses, such as
1656:
had vowed to punish those like Sir Reynald and to perhaps so reclaim Jerusalem for the Muslims.
1623:
1236:
After the fall of Ascalon, Egypt ceased to be a threat to the Crusader states until the rise of
1891:
1887:
1883:
1867:
1743:
1653:
1534:
1529:
1499:
1241:
1161:
The Crusaders crushed an early attempt by the Fatimids to recover the holy city by winning the
1069:
1064:
1049:
1044:
904:
847:
843:
809:
628:
623:
613:
603:
452:
226:
196:
2026:
1906:
1899:
1574:
1514:
1439:
1419:
922:
sent his own forces to intervene in the Fatimid civil war. That year, he was defeated at the
510:
460:
381:
348:
221:
201:
171:
1828:
that arrived in Asia Minor in 1097 were a type of armed pilgrimage. A prior expedition, the
2325:
2176:
2005:
1926:
1837:
1747:
1723:
1715:
1669:
1657:
1544:
1484:
1429:
1414:
1166:
1131:
1059:
1039:
846:. The following year, he helped a rival city, Damascus, repel a Crusader expedition in the
798:
770:
490:
459:
in an extended skirmish around the walls of Shaizar. Mawdud defeated Baldwin's army at the
397:
8:
2250:
2188:
2145:
2085:
2069:
1930:
1829:
1707:
1701:
1549:
1504:
1182:
1099:
947:
923:
824:
782:
757:. When the Crusaders failed to put an army into the field to oppose him, he captured the
678:
663:
598:
593:
583:
429:
139:
124:
89:
1349:
1252:
as the Fatimid factions invited one side or the other to intervene in their civil war.
2180:
2077:
2002:
1966:
1894:, faulty intelligence had resulted in the near-destruction of a small Crusader force.
1638:
1564:
380:
sent a Turkish force to help Fatimid Egypt, but the combined force was defeated in the
356:
144:
129:
2316:
2302:
2281:
2267:
2222:
2056:
1959:
1859:
1719:
1677:
1464:
1454:
1162:
1034:
778:
723:
695:
658:
648:
464:
409:
261:
166:
94:
2225:, the Crusaders were able to launch a rapid assault, leading to a great victory. At
315:
which fell in 1098. They successfully repelled an army sent by the Seljuk Sultan in
2226:
2089:
2080:
called for mercenaries from the West for help in combating the Turks. In response,
2037:
1954:
1871:
1681:
1584:
1474:
1424:
1245:
1197:
1170:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1054:
973:
961:
919:
885:
881:
873:
859:
839:
820:
813:
805:
703:
643:
608:
517:
in 1126, their casualties were significant enough that they were unable to capture
472:
468:
405:
365:
312:
191:
176:
156:
151:
109:
21:
1722:
between the "Lombards" (also called the imperialists), the representatives of the
950:
in 1167, but the war dragged on. Shirkuh triumphed in 1169, but died soon after.
528:
39:
2243:
2209:
Turkish forces could easily outnumber the Crusaders. When that was the case with
2184:
2171:
2132:
2100:
1972:
1918:
1910:
1879:
1645:
1634:
1524:
1201:
931:
816:
remained in Crusader hands for only a few more years before being extinguished.
668:
425:
385:
360:
300:
257:
161:
134:
99:
1985:
1665:
1539:
1459:
1074:
867:
851:
735:
638:
481:'s army destroyed the Antiochene field army and killed Roger of Salerno at the
1921:. They would also take part in many defences in the crusader kingdom such as
475:. The Seljuk successor states continued the war against the Frankish states.
311:
the main Seljuk Turkish army was defeated. In 1097 the Frankish host besieged
2503:
2081:
2009:
1950:
1841:
1825:
1731:
1689:
1404:
1310:
1155:
1119:
618:
506:
494:
437:
249:
186:
436:
was invaded in 1113, and in 1111 and 1115 the Latin possessions east of the
1323:
1319:
1282:
1209:
489:
repaired the situation by rapidly reinforcing Antioch with forces from the
253:
25:
862:
and his brother Saif appeared in the vicinity. He annihilated the army of
2158:
1914:
1339:
1217:
789:
which the Crusaders never recovered. In 1138, he helped repel a Frankish–
2385:
Smail, p. 182. Smail calls Marj al-Saffar a Crusader "tactical success."
983:
1286:
714:, they represented a menace to the Crusader states in their own right.
352:
288:
368:
in 1104 "permanently ended Frankish expansion towards the Euphrates."
2093:
1711:
1277:
1225:
915:
790:
328:
273:
29:
1980:, who only captured Jerusalem after destroying the Crusader army at
1763:
2029:, whose half brother plotted against him, and the Austrian emperor
2021:
1727:
1315:
1190:
893:
774:
747:
707:
518:
377:
304:
2055:
After the First Crusade, many of the veteran soldiers who won the
2210:
2073:
2048:
1977:
1649:
1642:
1617:
1331:
1256:
1237:
1151:
1139:
1123:
1112:
969:
957:
953:
943:
912:
889:
863:
794:
766:
711:
691:
478:
441:
433:
332:
316:
277:
2107:
1981:
1943:
1933:, which was primarily controlled by the Knights of Saint John.
1739:
1273:
965:
935:
808:
when the bulk of its forces were campaigning elsewhere. In the
786:
762:
727:
509:
fell to the Crusaders. In 1125, the Crusaders triumphed at the
408:
ended in 1109 when the port fell and became the capital of the
281:
265:
812:
he stormed and captured that city. The western portion of the
2246:, using their siege towers to successfully assault the city.
1738:. The war was provoked by Frederick's attempt to control the
1335:
1302:
1260:
1249:
1135:
1115:
939:
927:
877:
828:
758:
731:
699:
456:
401:
284:
269:
1637:, along with later on Knighthoods Templar Order Grandmaster
2110:
at the expense of the Byzantine empire strained relations.
1652:
who together after they became leaders of in succession to
1306:
1272:
A typical Crusader army consisted a core of heavy cavalry (
930:. In 1164 he won a great victory over the Crusaders at the
743:
1379:
1334:, feared the Egyptian as they did the armies from Muslim
2072:, the Byzantines suffered a crushing defeat against the
1150:
Fatimid Egypt had no sooner captured Jerusalem from the
2047:, there were some 60,000 refugees wishing to flee that
1845:
this problem. Several calls resulted in new Crusades.
2043:
Conscription was limited at best. At the time of the
710:, died in 1174. Though the Zengids were technically
347:
The Crusader successes suddenly came to an end when
303:
from its Seljuk garrison, advancing from there into
753:In 1135, Imad-ud-din Zengi moved against the Latin
558:
500:
428:for six years. In 1110, 1112, and 1114 the city of
371:
69:
1668:were some victories for The Crusaders, all whilst
1301:Egyptian armies of the period relied on masses of
463:in 1113. After a protracted campaign, the army of
404:and put the city on the defensive. The seven-year
2315:New York: Barnes & Noble Books, (1956) 1995.
892:in 1152. In a coup, he finally seized control of
415:
319:. The bulk of the Latin army moved on, capturing
287:emirates occasionally allied themselves with the
2501:
2063:
1322:to help the Egyptians, the Fatimids did not use
2076:, seeing much land lost. The Byzantine emperor
1730:, and the native aristocracy, led first by the
1984:. After the crusader period, this occurred at
1969:'s enormous army broke apart after his death.
1674:The Siege Of Chastellet Castle Of Jacob’s Ford
1330:defeat. "The Franks never, until the reign of
342:
272:. At the latter date, the chief threat to the
28:in 1302, the last Christian stronghold in the
2113:
1976:marshaled against them in a siege such as by
1628:Master Edessa Count Joscelin de Courtenay III
1365:
1142:became the effective ruler of Egypt in 1169.
999:
544:
55:
1792:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1372:
1358:
1006:
992:
979:
551:
537:
424:of Baghdad ordered counter-attacks on the
62:
48:
2294:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2033:, who had Richard captured and ransomed.
1812:Learn how and when to remove this message
1345:
1013:
842:crushed a brief attempt by the Franks to
560:
71:
2330:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
1962:that was supposedly found in the city.
1176:
2213:, the Crusader states fell one by one.
1746:. Frederick and Conrad represented the
1193:. In 1121, al-Afdal was assassinated.
524:
493:and the County of Tripoli, winning the
248:The Seljuk–Crusader war began when the
35:
18:military history of the Crusader states
2502:
2266:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1971.
1695:
964:'s vassal. Saladin proclaimed himself
880:in 1149. He conquered the rest of the
2278:The Encyclopedia of Military History.
1632:Knights Order Of Templars Grandmaster
1353:
987:
532:
43:
2292:Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291
1905:The two famous crusader orders, the
1790:adding citations to reliable sources
1757:
717:
1231:
834:
276:from the east and north became the
260:in 1097 and lasted until 1128 when
13:
2280:New York: Harper & Row, 1977.
2264:Warfare in Feudal Europe 730–1200.
1753:
1267:
14:
2521:
2157:Although many historians see the
2096:, which did not fall until 1187.
1296:
1208:) 20 miles northwest of Ascalon,
20:begins with the formation of the
2276:Dupuy, R. E. & Dupuy, T. N.
2236:
1762:
956:was succeeded by his lieutenant
501:Crusader consolidation 1120–1128
372:Crusader consolidation 1105–1109
294:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
1836:from the Holy Roman Empire and
1834:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
1255:In 1169, Nur ed-Din's general,
1169:until 1153 when it fell in the
702:in 1128 and ended when his son
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2301:New York: Anchor Books, 2001.
2290:Marshall, Christopher (1992).
1666:The Two Sieges Of Kerak Castle
416:Seljuk counterattack 1110–1119
1:
2256:
2064:Impact of the Crusader armies
1992:
1181:The capable vizier of Egypt,
479:Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq
455:fought the army of Mawdud of
2313:Crusading Warfare 1097–1193.
1936:
1145:
7:
2203:
1864:Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)
1216:) 15 miles east-northeast,
1095:Crusader invasions of Egypt
911:against the disintegrating
909:Crusader invasions of Egypt
674:Crusader invasions of Egypt
343:Crusader setbacks 1100–1104
252:wrested territory from the
10:
2526:
2114:Heavy cavalry and infantry
1876:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
1856:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
1848:
1699:
1690:The Third Crusade’s Events
1615:
1228:12 miles south-southwest.
1126:territory and started the
706:, the ruler of Aleppo and
24:in 1097 and ends with the
2332:. London: Penguin Books.
1890:battles of Ramla. In the
1662:The Belvoir Castle Battle
1395:
1383:Ayyubid–Crusader conflict
1025:
574:
467:of Hamadan was routed by
85:
2336:
1686:The 1187 Jerusalem Siege
1658:The Battle of Montgisard
1624:Sir Reynald de Châtillon
968:in 1171 and founded the
515:Battle of Marj al-Saffar
483:Battle of Ager Sanguinis
449:Battle of Shaizar (1111)
1646:And His Ayyūbid Dynasty
980:Wars with Fatimid Egypt
934:and went on to capture
854:was forced to lift the
844:reoccupy Edessa in 1146
823:, while his eldest son
785:. Afterward, he seized
755:Principality of Antioch
487:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
471:'s army in 1115 at the
390:Principality of Antioch
1892:Second Battle of Ramla
1868:Battle of Bosra (1147)
1744:Conrad II of Jerusalem
1639:Sir Gérard de Ridefort
1346:Wars with the Ayyūbids
453:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
376:In 1105, Toghtekin of
299:In 1097 the Crusaders
291:against rival states.
2027:Richard the Lionheart
1907:Knights of Saint John
1678:The Battle Of Cresson
1670:The Marj Ayun Battle
1318:sent a contingent of
1224:) 18 miles east, and
1177:Fatimid counterattack
1017:Crusader–Fatimid wars
461:Battle of Al-Sannabra
382:Third Battle of Ramla
349:Bohemond I of Antioch
2326:Tyerman, Christopher
2181:Battle of Tannenberg
2177:Frederick Barbarossa
2006:Frederick Barbarossa
1838:Richard I of England
1786:improve this section
1748:Hohenstaufen dynasty
1724:Emperor Frederick II
1716:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1682:The Battle Of Hattin
1305:bowmen supported by
1242:Amalric of Jerusalem
1167:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1132:Kingdom of Jerusalem
918:. To counter this,
905:Amalric of Jerusalem
898:Battle of Lake Huleh
799:Kingdom of Jerusalem
698:assumed the rule of
525:War with the Zengids
491:Kingdom of Jerusalem
398:Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan
351:was captured by the
36:War with the Seljuks
2412:Beeler, pp. 140–142
2376:Beeler, pp. 146–147
2367:Beeler, pp. 132–135
2297:Reston, James, Jr.
2251:Krak des Chevaliers
2189:Franco-Prussian War
2153:Knights of Santiago
2146:Knights of St. John
2140:Knights of St. John
2086:council of Clermont
2070:Battle of Manzikert
1931:Krak des Chevaliers
1742:for his young son,
1708:War of the Lombards
1702:War of the Lombards
1696:War of the Lombards
1635:Sir Odo de St Amand
1183:Al-Afdal Shahanshah
948:Battle of al-Babein
924:Battle of al-Buqaia
876:became overlord of
858:when the armies of
825:Saif ad-Din Ghazi I
777:. He defeated King
562:Zengid–Crusader War
440:between Aleppo and
420:Beginning in 1110,
396:won a victory over
384:. That year in the
309:Battle of Dorylaeum
73:Seljuk–Crusader War
2457:Smail, pp. 211–212
2439:Smail, pp. 183–185
2421:Smail, pp. 160–161
2078:Alexios I Komnenos
2045:Siege of Jerusalem
2003:Holy Roman Emperor
1967:Holy Roman Emperor
1710:(1228–1242) was a
1643:Salāḥ ad-Dīn Ayyūb
1490:2nd Belvoir Castle
1450:1st Belvoir Castle
1128:Siege of Jerusalem
357:Battle of Melitene
337:Siege of Jerusalem
2172:Teutonic Knightly
2099:Large numbers of
2057:Battle of Ascalon
1960:Lance of Longinus
1860:Battle of Ascalon
1822:
1821:
1814:
1720:Kingdom of Cyprus
1664:, and as well as
1613:
1612:
1163:Battle of Ascalon
1108:
1107:
856:Siege of Damascus
779:Fulk of Jerusalem
771:Ma'arrat al-Numan
726:was confirmed as
724:Imad-ud-din Zengi
718:Imad-ud-din Zengi
690:The war with the
687:
686:
465:Bursuq ibn Bursuq
422:Sultan Muhammad I
410:County of Tripoli
321:Ma'arrat al-Numan
245:
244:
2517:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2299:Warriors of God.
2166:Teutonic Knights
2090:John II Komnenos
2038:Battle of Hattin
1973:Crusader castles
1955:Siege of Antioch
1872:Battle of Aintab
1830:People's Crusade
1824:The army of the
1817:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1766:
1758:
1734:and then by the
1390:
1389:
1384:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1232:Fatimid weakness
1198:Battle of Yibneh
1187:Battles of Ramla
1171:Siege of Ascalon
1138:continued until
1020:
1018:
1008:
1001:
994:
985:
984:
974:Nur-ud-din Zengi
962:Nur-ud-din Zengi
920:Nur-ud-din Zengi
886:Battle of Aintab
882:County of Edessa
874:Nur-ud-din Zengi
860:Nur-ud-din Zengi
840:Nur-ud-din Zengi
835:Nur-ud-din Zengi
821:Nur-ud-din Zengi
814:County of Edessa
783:Battle of Ba'rin
569:
568:
563:
553:
546:
539:
530:
529:
473:Battle of Sarmin
469:Roger of Salerno
406:Siege of Tripoli
366:Battle of Harran
80:
79:
74:
64:
57:
50:
41:
40:
22:County of Edessa
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2510:Crusader states
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:Reston, pp. 6–7
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2259:
2244:Siege of Lisbon
2239:
2206:
2133:Templar Knights
2127:Templar Knights
2116:
2101:Crusader States
2066:
1995:
1939:
1919:Horns of Hattin
1911:Knights Templar
1880:Battle of Arsuf
1862:(1099) and the
1851:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1783:
1767:
1756:
1754:Crusader forces
1726:, largely from
1704:
1698:
1684:and as well as
1620:
1614:
1609:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1348:
1299:
1270:
1268:Crusader armies
1234:
1179:
1148:
1118:began when the
1109:
1104:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1012:
982:
932:Battle of Harim
884:soon after the
850:. In 1148, the
848:Battle of Bosra
837:
810:Siege of Edessa
781:in 1137 at the
720:
688:
683:
570:
566:
565:
561:
559:
557:
527:
503:
426:Crusader states
418:
386:Battle of Artah
374:
361:Crusade of 1101
345:
301:captured Nicaea
297:
258:Siege of Nicaea
246:
241:
135:Crusade of 1101
115:Lake of Antioch
81:
77:
76:
72:
70:
68:
38:
12:
11:
5:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2484:Beeler, p. 124
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2309:
2295:
2288:
2274:
2262:Beeler, John.
2258:
2255:
2238:
2235:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2112:
2065:
2062:
1994:
1991:
1986:Constantinople
1938:
1935:
1900:Battle of Azaz
1850:
1847:
1820:
1819:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1700:Main article:
1697:
1694:
1650:Saracen Armies
1616:Main article:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
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1527:
1522:
1517:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
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1467:
1462:
1457:
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1407:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1298:
1297:Fatimid armies
1295:
1269:
1266:
1233:
1230:
1178:
1175:
1147:
1144:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
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1062:
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1052:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
981:
978:
942:, his general
903:In 1163, King
868:Battle of Inab
852:Second Crusade
836:
833:
719:
716:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
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621:
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611:
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596:
591:
586:
581:
575:
572:
571:
556:
555:
548:
541:
533:
526:
523:
511:Battle of Azaz
502:
499:
485:in June 1119.
432:was targeted;
417:
414:
373:
370:
344:
341:
296:
293:
243:
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229:
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222:Meander Valley
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207:Marj al-Saffar
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182:Ager Sanguinis
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132:
127:
122:
117:
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107:
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86:
83:
82:
67:
66:
59:
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44:
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34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2522:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2481:
2475:Smail, p. 115
2472:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2430:Smail, p. 124
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2349:Smail, p. 178
2346:
2342:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2321:1-56619-769-4
2318:
2314:
2311:Smail, R. C.
2310:
2308:
2307:0-385-49562-5
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2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:0-06-011139-9
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2272:0-8014-9120-7
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2237:Siege warfare
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2082:Pope Urban II
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1961:
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1951:First Crusade
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1842:Third Crusade
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1826:First Crusade
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1802:November 2008
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1771:This section
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1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:2nd Jerusalem
1578:
1576:
1573:
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1481:
1480:1st Jerusalem
1478:
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1471:
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1324:horse archers
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1156:First Crusade
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1120:First Crusade
1117:
1114:
1111:The war with
1101:
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1096:
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1091:
1088:
1086:
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787:Ba'rin castle
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497:that August.
496:
495:Battle of Hab
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359:in 1100. The
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355:Turks in the
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295:First Crusade
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250:First Crusade
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212:2nd Dorylaeum
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105:1st Dorylaeum
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2493:Smail, p. 87
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2448:Smail, p. 84
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2408:
2403:Smail, p. 33
2399:
2394:Smail, p. 32
2390:
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2358:Smail, p. 55
2354:
2345:
2329:
2312:
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2248:
2240:
2231:
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2215:
2207:
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2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2105:
2098:
2067:
2054:
2042:
2035:
2018:
2014:
1999:
1996:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1940:
1925:and finally
1904:
1896:
1852:
1823:
1808:
1799:
1784:Please help
1772:
1705:
1621:
1605:2nd Fariskur
1600:2nd Mansurah
1595:3rd Damietta
1570:1st Mansurah
1560:1st Fariskur
1555:2nd Damietta
1435:Jacob's Ford
1400:1st Damietta
1381:
1328:
1320:Seljuk Turks
1300:
1291:
1283:Anna Comnena
1271:
1254:
1235:
1221:
1218:Beth Gibelin
1214:Tell es-Safi
1213:
1210:Blanchegarde
1205:
1195:
1180:
1160:
1149:
1134:and Fatimid
1110:
952:
902:
872:
838:
818:
803:
752:
721:
689:
504:
477:
446:
419:
375:
346:
325:
298:
254:Seljuk Turks
247:
227:Mount Cadmus
26:loss of Ruad
17:
15:
2162:Holy land.
2159:Reconquista
1915:Reconquista
1545:Mount Tabor
1388:(1169–1254)
1340:Mesopotamia
1222:Bait Jibrin
1090:2nd Ascalon
1035:1st Ascalon
694:began when
624:Edessa 1146
614:Edessa 1144
567:(1127–1174)
256:during the
232:Philomelion
172:Al-Sannabra
120:2nd Antioch
110:1st Antioch
78:(1096–1190)
2257:References
2185:Napoleonic
2068:After the
1993:Weaknesses
1944:levantines
1654:Nur ad-Din
1648:and their
1505:Al-Shughur
1430:Marj Ayyun
1415:Montgisard
1410:Alexandria
1287:turcopoles
1246:Nur ed-Din
907:began the
870:in 1149.
827:inherited
793:attack on
704:Nur ad-Din
654:Lake Huleh
579:al-Atharib
353:Danishmend
289:Christians
90:Xerigordos
2108:Venetians
2094:Jerusalem
1937:Strengths
1773:does not
1736:Montforts
1712:civil war
1550:Machghara
1535:2nd Jaffa
1530:1st Jaffa
1470:2nd Kerak
1460:1st Kerak
1278:chainmail
1154:when the
1146:Jerusalem
1100:Al-Babein
1065:3rd Ramla
1050:2nd Ramla
1045:1st Ramla
1030:Jerusalem
972:dynasty.
916:Caliphate
791:Byzantine
761:towns of
740:Mahmud II
722:In 1127,
679:al-Babein
664:al-Buqaia
649:Turbessel
594:Qinnasrin
584:Rafaniyya
331:from the
329:Jerusalem
307:. In the
274:Crusaders
30:Holy Land
2504:Category
2328:(2006).
2204:Strategy
2195:Infantry
2187:and the
2022:Damascus
1870:and the
1728:Lombardy
1718:and the
1585:2nd Gaza
1575:1st Gaza
1565:Limassol
1520:2nd Acre
1495:Laodicea
1440:1st Acre
1316:Damascus
1303:Sudanese
1122:invaded
946:won the
894:Damascus
775:Kafr Tab
748:Damascus
708:Damascus
634:Damascus
519:Damascus
505:In 1124
378:Damascus
333:Fatimids
305:Anatolia
145:Mersivan
140:Heraclea
130:Melitene
125:Ma'arrat
2223:Ascalon
2211:Baibars
2084:at the
2049:Saladin
2036:At the
2031:Leopold
1978:Saladin
1923:Antioch
1849:Tactics
1840:in the
1794:removed
1779:sources
1740:regency
1732:Ibelins
1714:in the
1618:Saladin
1590:Ascalon
1510:Bourzey
1465:Cresson
1455:Al-Fule
1445:Red Sea
1332:Saladin
1274:knights
1259:seized
1257:Shirkuh
1238:Saladin
1191:Ascalon
1152:Seljuks
1140:Saladin
1124:Fatimid
1113:Fatimid
1055:Tripoli
970:Ayyubid
958:Saladin
954:Shirkuh
944:Shirkuh
913:Fatimid
890:Tortosa
866:at the
864:Antioch
795:Shaizar
767:Zerdana
763:Atharib
738:Sultan
734:by the
712:Seljuks
692:Zengids
659:Butaiha
609:Shaizar
589:Antioch
447:In the
442:Shaizar
438:Orontes
434:Galilee
394:Tancred
335:in the
317:Baghdad
313:Antioch
278:Zengids
264:became
237:Iconium
217:Ephesus
167:Shaizar
152:Tripoli
95:Civetot
2319:
2305:
2284:
2270:
2227:Hattin
1982:Hattin
1858:, the
1500:Sahyun
1475:Hattin
1425:Banias
1311:Berber
1206:Yibneh
1202:Ibelin
1085:Yibneh
1070:Beirut
966:Sultan
936:Banias
806:Edessa
759:Syrian
736:Seljuk
728:atabeg
700:Aleppo
644:Aintab
604:Aleppo
599:Ba'rin
430:Edessa
402:Aleppo
392:under
388:, the
285:Syrian
282:Muslim
270:Aleppo
266:atabeg
197:Aleppo
177:Sarmin
157:Harran
100:Nicaea
2337:Notes
2074:Turks
1888:third
1884:first
1540:Toron
1525:Arsuf
1515:Safed
1336:Syria
1276:) in
1261:Cairo
1250:Syria
1136:Egypt
1116:Egypt
1075:Sidon
1040:Arsuf
940:Egypt
938:. In
928:Syria
878:Mosul
829:Mosul
732:Mosul
696:Zengi
669:Harim
629:Bosra
619:Saruj
457:Mosul
451:King
262:Zengi
162:Artah
2317:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2170:The
2144:The
2131:The
2010:Zara
1927:Acre
1909:and
1886:and
1777:any
1775:cite
1706:The
1485:Tyre
1420:Hama
1405:Ayla
1338:and
1309:and
1307:Arab
1244:and
1226:Gaza
1080:Tyre
1060:Acre
801:.
773:and
746:and
744:Homs
639:Inab
507:Tyre
444:."
202:Azaz
192:Tyre
16:The
1788:by
1342:."
1326:.
1248:of
926:in
900:.
750:.
730:of
400:of
323:.
268:of
187:Hab
2506::
2191:.
1750:.
1692:.
1680:,
1676:,
1672:,
1660:,
1630:,
1626:,
1173:.
831:.
769:,
765:,
521:.
412:.
339:.
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1815:)
1809:(
1804:)
1800:(
1796:.
1782:.
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1212:(
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993:v
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545:t
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