734:
757:. When Prince George of Greece was High Commissioner of Crete, he had found himself in opposition to Venizelos. This gave the latter an anti-dynastic aura that attracted the Goudi insurgents; he was also seen as free from association with the mainland oligarchy's chaos, corruption and incompetence. Starting in October 1909 they had sent him an emissary to sound out his intentions, also suggesting to him that he take the office of Prime Minister of Greece. However, Venizelos did not wish to appear as the soldiers' man, either in Greece or abroad. Neither did he wish to clash head-on with King George I and the "old" political parties. He thus advised them to proceed with legislative elections and entrust implementation of the reform programme to the new assembly. He went to Athens on 28 December [
676:
demanded profound reforms in the country: in its political functioning, as well as social, economic and military. The troops called for naval and land rearmament, and asked that the navy and war ministers belong to the military. The insurgents did not call for the king's abdication or the abolition of the monarchy, remaining loyal subjects. Neither did they announce a military dictatorship or even wish to change the government. They respected the institutions of parliamentary government. However, the officers did demand that the royal princes, chiefly the Crown Prince
Constantine, on whom they blamed the defeat of 1897, be relieved of their posts and expelled from the army. Finally, the league called for a lowering of tax burdens.
565:
Economic growth was too slow for the workers and farmers who left to seek work elsewhere. Until that time, only highlanders and landless island dwellers had left. However, this economic growth did lead to the creation, as elsewhere in Europe in the same period, of a middle class born out of industrial development, of growth in the number of bureaucrats (linked to political clientelism) and to an urban explosion. In the mid-1900s, this middle class could not understand why the country was prosperous while the state's finances were in such poor shape. Politicians, also dissatisfied with government policy, reacted as well. In 1906, a group of young radicals nicknamed the "
491:, while both sides clashed with the Ottoman army and gendarmerie. Reprisals took many forms, including pillage, arson and assassination. Deeply concerned, the Western powers decided to intervene. The eventual plan was for an administrative reorganisation of the region that would allow for an ethnic-based partition. Thus, each of the ethnic groups concerned sought to strengthen its position so as to gain a maximum of territory when the potential partition came. The successes and sacrifices of young officers such as Melas restored the image of part of the army. In turn, the meddling of the European powers in internal Ottoman affairs contributed to the outbreak of the
534:' government was subjected to increasing criticism. His replacement with Rallis had little effect. The new prime minister hastened to show signs of goodwill toward the Turkish ambassador and the Western powers. Wishing to avoid a new Greco-Turkish war, he criticised the "Cretan revolutionaries" and declared his willingness to abide by the Great Powers' decisions. Indignation toward the government's weaknesses and timorous attitude mounted, among the populace as well as in the army, above all among the young officers who had fought in Macedonia. The idea of imitating the Young Turk officers began to spread.
775:
government resigned and
Venizelos became prime minister in October 1910. He surrounded himself with collaborators bent on reform policies and began to apply the programme of the Goudi revolutionaries, strongly backed by public opinion. The Austrian ambassador observed on 28 October 1910: "Venizelos is a sort of popular tribune and almost the dictator of Greece. The enthusiasm of the people, who acclaim him everywhere, is striking". He decided to call immediate
742:
543:
42:
877:
anxious to show that he was no military puppet, excluded soldiers from political life, released officers arrested for attempting to thwart the Goudi coup, and restored to Crown Prince
Constantine (given the new post of inspector-general of the army), along with his brothers, their army posts. This angered the members of the defunct Military League, who for a time thought of recreating it; indeed of carrying out another coup.
648:
431:
403:; Cretan Christians, then under Ottoman domination, demanded self-government on their island under the protection of the great powers. Massacres of Christians by Muslims led Greece to intervene, first by accepting the departure of volunteers from its shores, then by more and more directly sending part of its fleet, followed by troops at the beginning of 1897 just when Cretans themselves declared
762:
government, the parliament, the troops and the people. The solutions proposed by the Cretan prime minister were adopted: the convocation of an assembly tasked with constitutional revision; and the resignation of the
Mavromichalis government, to be replaced with a transitional government that would organise legislative elections. Leadership of the transitional government was given to
409:(union with Greece). The intervention of the European powers (France, Great Britain, Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany) forced Greece to back down. The opposition criticised the feebleness and indecisiveness of the government, which declared war on the Ottomans at the beginning of April. Fighting lasted a month, which gave its name to the conflict (the
766:, considered an "independent". Nikolaos Zorbas was made minister of land forces. In exchange, Venizelos managed to convince the Military League to dissolve itself so as not to hinder the political process. In March 1910, an initially reluctant sovereign called new elections; three days later, the league announced its dissolution. Venizelos went back to Crete.
725:
how to link its corporatist demands to public discontent by using populist and nationalist slogans, but it unsettled the bourgeoisie. Although it saw the necessity of modernising the country, the middle classes feared the drift towards a military dictatorship, considered deleterious to the normal progress of affairs.
2342:
876:
movements seen elsewhere in the
Balkans in that period. The army and navy were reorganised with help from France, which sent a military mission led by General Eydoux (Germany had reformed the Turkish Army). The navy was reorganised by a British mission that Admiral Tufnell headed. However, Venizelos,
675:
containing their demands (the previous day, Rallis had declined to receive a deputation seeking to hand over the manifesto). Part of it was purely internal in nature: for instance, the soldiers challenged the promotion system, with its limited prospects for advancement. Another part was political and
564:
entered a crisis. A new phenomenon then began: emigration of the working population. The number of emigrants (especially to the United States) went from 1,108 in 1890 to 39,135 in 1910 (of 2.8 million inhabitants); significantly, remittances from
America and Egypt fell amid economic slowdown in 1908.
724:
had reformist ideas. With the revolution running out of steam, the league began to crumble. It was not a real political movement: its ideology and programme lacked coherence; its leaders were popular but unskilled. They were above all soldiers ill at ease outside their barracks. The league had known
715:
The negotiations dragged on, and
Colonel Zorbas lacked the political skills to keep up with the seasoned veterans on the government side. Mavromichalis, in securing passage of a large number of mildly reformist bills, implemented part of the programme demanded by the Military League, this time under
761:
15 December] 1909 and was greeted in
Piraeus harbour by eager officers. In January, a Crown Council gathered together the main leaders of the political movements, under the aegis of the King and of Venizelos. The latter played the role of mediator between the forces present: the King, the
625:
At that time the
Military League's demands were limited to an increased military budget, its reorganisation and modernisation, as well as the dismissal of the princes from the army. Although the Theotokis government had increased supplies of arms and munitions, he had also reinstated Crown Prince
417:
declared in 1893, it meant that Greece had to accept an international financial control commission (Διεθνής Οικονομικός Έλεγχος), which in effect diverted the Greek state's main income sources (state monopolies and port customs tariffs) to the repayment of Greece's public loans. Crete, however,
774:
but he stayed away from the electoral campaign. He was on a diplomatic tour of
Western Europe when he learned that he had been elected and that deputies allied to him had obtained a relative majority with 146 of 362 seats. He thus returned to Athens amid rapturous public acclaim; the Dragoumis
643:
and a symbol of the parliamentary clientelism it hated. But his successor, Dimitrios Rallis, immediately alienated the league by paying tribute to Constantine's major role in the war of 1897, by recalling all officers present in Macedonia, by demanding Great Power intervention in Crete and by
783:
28 November] 1910. Venizelos was careful to present himself as an adversary of the "old" parties (which boycotted the elections), but also as free from influence by the Military League that had sought him out after the Goudi coup. Thus he did not hesitate to take as an aide-de-camp
2424:
670:
barracks: several hundred junior officers, non-commissioned officers, simple soldiers, gendarmes and civilians threatened to march on Athens if their demands were not met. The armed forces, in particular the young officers, sent Rallis' government a
2354:
2310:
618:. They were motivated by a variety of reasons: a desire for reforms that was prevalent in wide parts of society was combined with frustration at the slow rate of promotions and the absence of meritocracy, especially among graduates of the
815:
To the people who wanted the assembly elected in 1910 to be a constituent assembly, Venizelos replied that he considered it more of a "revisionary assembly". The 50 constitutional amendments of 1911, prepared by a commission directed by
699:, the granting of tenure to bureaucrats (so they would no longer depend on politicians for their jobs), better working conditions and the condemnation of usury. King George I, unwilling to follow in the footsteps of his predecessor
769:
Using his Cretan citizenship as a pretext (the island had declared union with Greece but Greece had yet to recognise this), Venizelos did not take part in the elections, held in August 1910. His allies nominated him for a seat in
413:); the Greek defeat was thorough. Although Greece lost only small amounts territory on its northern border, it was forced to pay huge war reparations of 4 million Ottoman pounds to the victor. Coming on the heels of the public
1967:
465:, began. The uprising failed, and Turkish reprisals were severe, with 2,000 killed and villages and homes razed. Following these events, many Greeks became concerned with the level of Bulgarian activity in Macedonia. The
840:. Agricultural education was encouraged, as well as farming cooperatives, a ministry of agriculture was created and an agronomist named in each region. Bureaucrats were given greater security of tenure and hiring for
331:, without, however, satisfying the insurgents, who resorted to a large public demonstration the following month. When a stalemate was reached, the coup leaders appealed to a new and providential figure, the Cretan
638:
The Military League, now numbering about 1,300, began by engaging in a form of lobbying by putting pressure on those in power. It had already scored a success with the July 1909 resignation of Theotokis, its
659:
The arrest of league officers precipitated events: either the league would act now, or it would be dissolved by a government. The league searched for support among the senior officers, and Colonel
560:
recognised that the country was bankrupt by deciding to lower the public debt to 30% of its value, which angered the creditors, particularly the European powers. At the same time, export of the
582:
2387:
2598:
691:
A large popular demonstration, organised and supervised by the soldiers, took place in the streets of Athens on 14 September 1909. The demonstrators, who had come from Athens and the
663:
was chosen as its figurehead. On 14 August, Pangalos liberated two of the arrested officers, thereby provoking Rallis into ordering a clampdown and the arrest of all league members.
630:, who had led the army in the 1897 war, as chief inspector of the army. Also, despite demands, he had authorised only a few officers to pursue further studies in France and Germany.
2419:
2349:
2337:
844:
posts began to be done by public examination. Judges were protected by a superior magistracy council. Social legislation ameliorated the condition of the working class:
852:
introduced for both; Sunday was made an obligatory day of rest; primary education was made free and compulsory; and a social insurance system was created. The right of
720:) were removed while budget cuts were made in order to finance army modernisation. But his government clearly showed that the old system endured: only Finance Minister
733:
1952:
749:
Some of the officers went to Crete, which they knew well, either from having participated in the earlier events or in the formation of its civil guard during the
2399:
779:
in order to strengthen his majority: the assembly elected in August continued to be dominated by the old politicians. These took place on 11 December [
2277:
2835:
530:
Anti-Greek demonstrations took place in Turkey, where the press launched a similar campaign. The European powers displayed hostility toward Greece, while
2887:
2759:
2484:
1962:
1529:
462:
1977:
445:
Macedonia was a region disputed between Greece, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria (created at the Congress of Berlin). On 2 August [
310:
as their figurehead, on the night of 15 August, the Military League, having gathered together its troops in the Goudi barracks, issued a
86:
703:, who had been forced from the throne under similar circumstances in 1862, pushed Prime Minister Rallis to resign and replaced him with
622:. Other officers from the army, the navy and the gendarmerie joined up later, and by June 1909, had spread out over the Greek military.
2927:
2922:
2810:
2270:
1957:
1910:
1476:
776:
344:
2392:
1844:
163:
17:
2628:
340:
753:. There, they had also been able to see the political talents of the man who had been Prime Minister of Crete since 9 May 1909:
1900:
860:
once again allowed for foreign borrowing. The state budget showed a surplus in 1911 and 1912 after many years of deficit, and
1553:
1453:
1347:
2263:
581:
its moving spirit. It criticised the old oligarchy that was ruining the country and demanded radical reforms. The group of "
2785:
804:
The reforms of the Venizelos government were numerous, and allowed Greece to modernise and thus be better prepared for the
302:, financial troubles, a lack of necessary reforms and disillusionment with the established political system. Emulating the
2825:
1875:
1650:
512:
360:
144:
Assembly on constitutional revision called, Military League dissolved, Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis resigns,
298:
The coup itself was the result of simmering tensions in Greek society, which reeled under the effects of the disastrous
2477:
2102:
1839:
1736:
1533:
716:
threat of an actual military takeover. Thus, the general staff was reorganised and those close to Constantine (such as
458:
2322:
2932:
2603:
1423:
1405:
1397:
1375:
1333:
1281:
1267:
1060:
905:
552:
Greece had been in economic crisis for decades. Public debt (owed above all to the Great Powers) dating back to the
2892:
2623:
2593:
1635:
475:), tacitly aided by the government in Athens, which provided financial support through its consular agents such as
2286:
2608:
2218:
1854:
820:, led to the frequently expressed opinion that after this date, Greece had an entirely new fundamental law, the
2912:
2633:
2226:
1919:
1288:
Mazower, Mark (December 1992). "The Messiah and the Bourgeoisie: Venizelos and Politics in Greece, 1909–1912".
1746:
2618:
2470:
1813:
1778:
780:
758:
446:
287:, and ushered in a new period. Henceforth and for several decades, Greek political life was dominated by two
264:
67:
2820:
2327:
1905:
1368:
Le Drame de l'hellénisme. Ion Dragoumis (1878–1920) et la question nationale en Grèce au début du XX siècle
615:
2332:
2917:
2902:
2790:
2300:
1043:
Or their aggressive tactics in parliament (calling to mind the Japanese army’s performance in the recent
1720:
683:
negotiations with the revolutionaries who, in order to speed them up, resorted to the people of Athens.
666:
On the same night, the league set in motion its bloodless coup. The league members were gathered in the
2907:
2795:
2512:
2305:
1849:
1808:
821:
602:
The Military League (Στρατιωτικός Σύνδεσμος) was formed in October 1908 out of two groups: one of army
335:, who respected democratic norms in calling for new elections. After his allies' twin victories in the
172:
1670:
2780:
2638:
2366:
2198:
2188:
2080:
2050:
1675:
1446:
808:
and World War I. The King supported them, seeing in his prime minister the best hope of stemming the
704:
619:
553:
347:, Venizelos became prime minister and proceeded with the reforms demanded by the coup's instigators.
328:
135:
2139:
54:
steps triumphantly over the dead monster of the old-party system, cheered by the army and the people
2684:
2679:
2371:
2097:
2043:
1519:
603:
410:
299:
280:
202:
51:
523:, was installed. The Young Turk Revolution pushed the Cretans to unilaterally proclaim definitive
2897:
2431:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2060:
1998:
1783:
1751:
1700:
1615:
1573:
1048:
627:
2588:
2176:
2003:
1823:
1803:
1630:
865:
793:
151:
1793:
895:
2856:
2724:
2709:
2704:
2092:
2065:
1818:
1710:
1660:
1640:
1605:
1543:
1486:
754:
504:
492:
332:
276:
245:
155:
2134:
2851:
2714:
2557:
2493:
2361:
2244:
2075:
1788:
1439:
316:
to the government, demanding an immediate turnaround for the country and its armed forces.
306:, several junior army officers founded a secret society, the Military League. With Colonel
197:
8:
2749:
2729:
2689:
2522:
1993:
1798:
1741:
1610:
1538:
1514:
817:
763:
721:
574:
557:
546:
484:
336:
141:
Coup insurgents hold large public demonstration the following month after demands not met
2213:
1389:
519:. In 1906, the Prince resigned, and a new commissioner, the former Greek prime minister
2754:
2719:
2648:
2643:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2149:
2070:
2055:
1695:
1680:
1665:
1625:
1620:
1503:
1313:
1305:
1044:
607:
578:
531:
439:
392:
376:
356:
320:
214:
145:
131:
1972:
2744:
2739:
2699:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2527:
2193:
2159:
2038:
1763:
1685:
1645:
1568:
1558:
1419:
1401:
1393:
1371:
1343:
1329:
1317:
1277:
1263:
1056:
901:
611:
520:
2436:
2144:
868:
introduced. Taken together, the reforms helped neutralise the development of strong
275:. The coup was a pivotal event in modern Greek history, as it led to the arrival of
256:
2830:
2734:
2694:
2085:
1934:
1929:
1859:
1715:
1705:
1655:
1590:
1297:
324:
284:
218:
127:
2208:
2107:
2815:
2764:
2583:
2033:
2023:
1924:
1509:
1481:
825:
809:
785:
717:
660:
652:
644:
arresting over a dozen of the league's members for insubordination on 12 August.
467:
368:
312:
307:
288:
223:
422:
under international supervision, while remaining under the sultan's suzerainty.
2800:
2203:
2114:
1690:
1548:
1496:
857:
812:
that had surfaced in 1897 and gained renewed momentum in the 1908–1909 crisis.
700:
566:
508:
400:
236:
1301:
2881:
2866:
2861:
2517:
2230:
2028:
1578:
841:
771:
696:
561:
476:
101:
88:
796:
won the elections with an overwhelming majority of 300 out of 362 deputies.
495:
of July 1908, which put an end to the Greek-Bulgarian clashes in Macedonia.
2613:
2578:
2547:
2441:
2255:
2013:
2008:
1524:
849:
845:
750:
570:
480:
419:
159:
2562:
2542:
2154:
2124:
2018:
1914:
1491:
1462:
873:
861:
853:
829:
805:
372:
303:
589:, also called for modernisation of the state apparatus and the economy.
503:
Greece at the time was still embroiled in the Cretan question. In 1905,
2552:
2532:
2462:
2129:
1309:
1276:, Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate, Athens, 1998.
414:
292:
179:
47:
741:
542:
2453:
869:
396:
41:
2537:
2507:
2119:
837:
364:
363:
had been successes for Greek diplomacy. There, the country had won
647:
556:
reached new heights in the 1890s. At that point the government of
692:
586:
471:(National Society) was set up, which sent armed bands of Greeks (
824:. This revision reformed the status of property by allowing for
527:, taking advantage of the absence of the new high commissioner.
930:
An Index of Events in the military History of the Greek Nation.
833:
450:
430:
405:
272:
260:
1431:
1274:
An Index of Events in the Military History of the Greek Nation
515:, who had been appointed by the European powers, and demanded
350:
836:(100,000 ha) were distributed to 4,000 farm families in
667:
380:
268:
79:
498:
828:
in the national interest, opening up the possibility of
848:
was abolished, as was nighttime labour by women, and a
569:" (Ομάς Ιαπώνων), in reference to the dynamism of the
267:
15 August] 1909, starting at the barracks in
449:
20 July] 1903, the feast day of the prophet
1326:
The Military in Greek Politics: The 1909 Coup D'état
148:
appointed interim prime minister until new elections
250:
864:was curbed. The tax on sugar was cut by 50% and a
856:to function was recognised. Stabilisation of the
2879:
537:
1262:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992.
1155:
1153:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1053:Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922
792:of the league whom it had removed. Venizelos'
463:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
295:and conservative, monarchist anti-Venizelism.
2478:
2271:
1447:
1365:
897:Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 1768 to 1913
483:. This began what is known in Greece as the "
271:, a neighborhood on the eastern outskirts of
2285:
695:, demanded the imposition of a revenue tax,
651:Contemporary lithograph celebrating Colonel
585:" (Κοινωνιολόγοι), especially influenced by
479:and training from military advisers such as
283:. At one stroke, this put an end to the old
1340:Venizélos. Le fondateur de la Grèce moderne
1150:
1127:
1097:
1083:
900:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 214.
351:Greece at the beginning of the 20th century
2485:
2471:
2278:
2264:
1454:
1440:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1012:
1010:
887:
573:, formed around the titular leadership of
279:in Greece and his eventual appointment as
40:
499:Consequences of the Young Turk Revolution
2492:
1845:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
740:
732:
646:
606:(with members including future generals
541:
429:
386:
1386:La Grèce de l'indépendance aux colonels
1287:
1171:
1109:
1007:
893:
487:", where Greeks clashed with Bulgarian
169:
14:
2880:
1342:. Bernard Giovanangeli Éditeur, 2008.
728:
2466:
2259:
1435:
1400:(for the original English version). (
1328:, Kent State University Press, 1977.
799:
371:. In order to continue achieving the
2888:1900s coups d'état and coup attempts
2786:First National Assembly at Epidaurus
655:as leader of the "National Movement"
614:) and one of junior officers around
323:gave in and replaced Prime Minister
263:on the night of 28 August [
1973:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
1876:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
24:
1055:, p. 7. C. Hurst & Co., 1998.
686:
597:
25:
2944:
2604:National Progressive Center Union
1477:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1359:, Que Sais-Je ?, PUF, 1964.
2624:Democratic Centre Union (Greece)
1370:(in French). L'Harmattan, 2005.
383:, but met with severe setbacks.
50:celebrating the coup's success.
1461:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1162:
1141:
1074:
1065:
1037:
1028:
1019:
998:
989:
2826:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
2629:Union of the Democratic Centre
1963:Bulgarians deportation program
1534:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1080:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 209, 211.
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
923:
914:
633:
459:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
13:
1:
2928:History of Greece (1909–1924)
2923:History of Greece (1863–1909)
1814:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
1252:
1071:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 207–210.
1034:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 196–197.
1004:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 203–204.
986:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 200–202.
950:A. Vacalopoulos, pp. 197–200.
538:Economic and social situation
2821:11 September 1922 Revolution
2811:Movement of National Defence
1906:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
1416:Histoire de la Grèce moderne
1357:Histoire de la Grèce moderne
1236:C. Personnaz, pp. 80, 83–85.
710:
434:Pavlos Melas in traditional
425:
361:Convention of Constantinople
7:
2791:3 September 1843 Revolution
1901:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
1260:A Concise History of Greece
894:Gallant, Thomas W. (2015).
251:
10:
2949:
2796:23 October 1862 Revolution
2513:Modern Greek Enlightenment
1920:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
822:Greek Constitution of 1911
679:The prime minister opened
511:against High Commissioner
164:elections in November 1910
27:1909 coup d'état in Greece
2844:
2781:Greek War of Independence
2773:
2657:
2639:Liberal Alliance (Greece)
2619:Centre Union – New Forces
2571:
2500:
2450:
2380:
2293:
2240:
2081:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
1986:
1945:
1893:
1884:
1868:
1832:
1771:
1760:
1729:
1598:
1587:
1520:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
1469:
1302:10.1017/S0018246X00026200
1159:M. Terrades, pp. 238–239.
1094:M. Terrades, pp. 235–236.
995:M. Terrades, pp. 108–113.
977:M. Terrades, pp. 102–103.
705:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
391:From 1895, following the
329:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
300:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
240:
208:
191:
136:Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
58:
39:
34:
2933:Military coups in Greece
2685:Epameinondas Deligeorgis
2680:Alexandros Mavrokordatos
2609:National Political Union
2599:Liberal Democratic Union
2287:Military coups in Greece
1855:Treaty of Constantinople
1747:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
1414:Apostolos Vacalopoulos,
1209:C. Personnaz, pp. 82–83.
1200:C. Personnaz, pp. 79–80.
1182:A. Vacalopoulos, p. 212.
1124:A. Vacalopoulos, p. 211.
1016:A. Vacalopoulos, p. 206.
880:
375:, Greece then turned to
70:15 August] 1909
18:Military League (Greece)
2893:1900s in Greek politics
2594:National Unionist Party
1925:Balkans campaign of WWI
1574:Albanian revolt of 1912
1049:Michael Llewellyn-Smith
592:
2634:Liberal Party (modern)
2199:Crown Prince Alexander
2177:Crown Prince Ferdinand
2140:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
1968:Massacres of Civilians
1958:Massacres of Albanians
1911:Sarajevo Assassination
1840:Greek–Serbian Alliance
1833:Diplomacy and politics
1730:Diplomacy and politics
1554:Bulgarian Independence
1384:Constantin Tsoucalas,
1366:Marc Terrades (2005).
1290:The Historical Journal
968:N. Svoronos, pp. 81–82
866:progressive income tax
746:
738:
656:
549:
442:
291:: liberal, republican
209:Commanders and leaders
162:wins supermajority in
2913:Eleftherios Venizelos
2857:Free public education
2725:Themistoklis Sofoulis
2710:Eleftherios Venizelos
2705:Konstantinos Raktivan
2225:Other Balkan states:
2066:Eleftherios Venizelos
1742:Albanian Independence
1544:Young Turk Revolution
1324:S. Victor Papacosma,
755:Eleftherios Venizelos
744:
737:Eleftherios Venizelos
736:
650:
545:
505:Eleftherios Venizelos
493:Young Turk Revolution
433:
387:Military humiliations
359:in 1878 and the 1881
333:Eleftherios Venizelos
277:Eleftherios Venizelos
156:Eleftherios Venizelos
102:37.98833°N 23.77583°E
2852:Democratic education
2715:Pavlos Kountouriotis
2579:Constitutional Party
2494:Liberalism in Greece
2076:Pavlos Kountouriotis
1245:M. Terrades, p. 241.
1218:M. Terrades, p. 240.
1191:C. Personnaz, p. 78.
1168:C. Personnaz, p. 77.
1138:M. Terrades, p. 237.
1106:C. Personnaz, p. 76.
959:R. Clogg, pp. 74–75.
920:C. Tsoucalas, p. 16.
198:Government of Greece
66:28 August [
2836:Anti-Junta movement
2750:Georgios Papandreou
2730:Georgios Kafantaris
2690:Charilaos Trikoupis
2523:Liberal nationalism
2452: •
2103:Crown Prince Danilo
1953:Carnegie Commission
1850:Treaty of Bucharest
1539:Macedonian Struggle
1515:Serbo-Bulgarian War
1338:Charles Personnaz,
818:Stephanos Dragoumis
764:Stephanos Dragoumis
745:Stephanos Dragoumis
729:Appeal to Venizelos
722:Athanasios Eftaxias
575:Stephanos Dragoumis
558:Charilaos Trikoupis
554:war of independence
547:Charilaos Trikoupis
485:Macedonian Struggle
461:, sponsored by the
337:Hellenic Parliament
259:that took place in
98: /
2918:George I of Greece
2903:August 1909 events
2755:Sofoklis Venizelos
2720:Nikolaos Plastiras
2644:Union of Centrists
2182:Alexandru Averescu
2150:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
2071:Panagiotis Danglis
1978:Places burned down
1504:Congress of Berlin
1355:Nicolas Svoronos,
1045:Russo-Japanese War
800:Reformist policies
751:period of autonomy
747:
739:
657:
616:Theodoros Pangalos
608:Nikolaos Plastiras
579:Dimitrios Gounaris
550:
532:Georgios Theotokis
443:
440:Georgios Jakobides
393:Hamidian massacres
357:Congress of Berlin
146:Stefanos Dragoumis
138:as his replacement
107:37.98833; 23.77583
2908:Conflicts in 1909
2875:
2874:
2774:Historical events
2745:Dimitrios Psarros
2740:Georgios Kartalis
2700:Ioannis Psycharis
2675:Dionysios Solomos
2670:Theophilos Kairis
2665:Adamantios Korais
2572:Political Parties
2528:Liberal democracy
2460:
2459:
2328:11 September 1922
2253:
2252:
2160:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
2039:Stiliyan Kovachev
1764:Second Balkan War
1737:London Conference
1569:Italo-Turkish War
1559:31 March Incident
1418:, Horvath, 1975.
1348:978-2-7587-0011-1
941:J. Tulard, p. 116
612:Georgios Kondylis
521:Alexandros Zaimis
255:) was a military
249:
229:
228:
187:
186:
16:(Redirected from
2940:
2831:Greek Resistance
2735:Nikolaos Politis
2695:Emmanuel Rhoides
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2442:24 February 1975
2432:13 December 1967
2428:
2396:
2372:25 November 1973
2358:
2346:
2314:
2301:3 September 1843
2294:Successful coups
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2219:Božidar Janković
2214:Stepa Stepanović
2086:Viktor Dousmanis
1935:Macedonian front
1930:Serbian campaign
1860:Treaty of Athens
1809:Southern Dobruja
1752:Treaty of London
1591:First Balkan War
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1411:
1381:
1362:
1352:
1321:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:R. Clogg, p. 75.
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1147:R. Clogg, p. 76.
1145:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1122:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:R. Clogg, p. 73.
1023:
1017:
1014:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
927:
921:
918:
912:
911:
891:
620:military academy
513:George of Greece
420:autonomous state
411:Thirty Days' War
325:Dimitrios Rallis
285:political system
254:
252:kinima sto Goudi
244:
242:
241:κίνημα στο Γουδί
219:Dimitrios Rallis
128:Dimitrios Rallis
122:Coup successful
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
60:
59:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2840:
2816:National Schism
2769:
2765:Georgios Mavros
2653:
2584:Modernist Party
2567:
2496:
2491:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2422:
2400:22 October 1923
2390:
2376:
2352:
2350:10 October 1935
2340:
2308:
2306:23 October 1862
2289:
2284:
2254:
2249:
2236:
2034:Radko Dimitriev
2024:Vasil Kutinchev
1982:
1941:
1889:
1880:
1864:
1828:
1779:Kilkis–Lachanas
1767:
1756:
1725:
1594:
1583:
1510:Eastern Rumelia
1465:
1460:
1426:
1409:
1392:, Paris, 1970.
1378:
1360:
1350:
1258:Richard Clogg,
1255:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
936:
928:
924:
919:
915:
908:
892:
888:
883:
810:anti-monarchism
802:
786:Ioannis Metaxas
731:
718:Ioannis Metaxas
713:
689:
687:Popular demands
661:Nikolaos Zorbas
653:Nikolaos Zorbas
636:
600:
598:Military League
595:
540:
501:
468:Ethniki Etairia
428:
389:
353:
313:pronunciamiento
308:Nikolaos Zorbas
289:opposing forces
224:Nikolaos Zorbas
217:
203:Military League
126:Prime Minister
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
83:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:1909 in Greece
2895:
2890:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:Theriso revolt
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2760:Ioannis Zigdis
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2347:
2338:22 August 1926
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:17 August 1916
2320:
2318:15 August 1909
2315:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Radomir Putnik
2201:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Ali Rıza Pasha
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2115:Ottoman Empire
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:Georgi Todorov
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1721:Second Çatalca
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Bosnian Crisis
1546:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:Annexation of
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1412:
1382:
1376:
1363:
1353:
1336:
1322:
1296:(4): 885–904.
1285:
1271:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1170:
1161:
1149:
1140:
1126:
1108:
1096:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
922:
913:
906:
885:
884:
882:
879:
801:
798:
730:
727:
712:
709:
688:
685:
673:pronunciamento
635:
632:
599:
596:
594:
591:
567:Japanese Group
539:
536:
509:Theriso revolt
500:
497:
473:makedonomakhoi
436:Makedonomakhos
427:
424:
401:Ottoman Empire
388:
385:
352:
349:
281:prime minister
227:
226:
221:
211:
210:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
176:
166:
149:
142:
139:
119:
115:
114:
78:
76:
72:
71:
64:
56:
55:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2945:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2868:
2867:Progressivism
2865:
2863:
2862:Modernization
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Liberal Party
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Press freedom
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Anti-nepotism
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:Republicanism
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:Coup attempts
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:21 April 1967
2365:
2363:
2362:4 August 1936
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Petar Bojović
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:Janko Vukotić
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Constantine I
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:Nikola Ivanov
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:First Çatalca
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Pente Pigadia
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:Balkan League
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1424:2-7171-0057-1
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1406:2-13-036274-5
1403:
1399:
1398:0-14-052277-8
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1377:2-7475-7788-0
1373:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:0-87338-208-0
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1282:960-7897-27-7
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1268:0-521-37830-3
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1068:
1062:
1061:1-85065-368-2
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
931:
926:
917:
909:
907:9780748636075
903:
899:
898:
890:
886:
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:labour unions
851:
847:
843:
842:civil service
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:expropriation
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
797:
795:
794:Liberal Party
791:
787:
782:
778:
777:new elections
773:
772:Atticoboeotia
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
743:
735:
726:
723:
719:
708:
706:
702:
698:
697:protectionism
694:
684:
682:
677:
674:
669:
664:
662:
654:
649:
645:
642:
631:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
562:Zante currant
559:
555:
548:
544:
535:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Ion Dragoumis
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
441:
437:
432:
423:
421:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
348:
346:
345:November 1910
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
314:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
247:
238:
234:
225:
222:
220:
216:
213:
212:
207:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
190:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Liberal Party
150:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
132:King George I
129:
125:
124:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2805:
2614:Centre Union
2548:Human rights
2415:28 July 1938
2410:1 March 1935
2405:6 March 1933
2388:1831 attempt
2333:25 June 1925
2317:
2231:Ismail Kemal
2014:Mihail Savov
2009:Stoyan Danev
1987:Participants
1886:
1804:Kresna Gorge
1762:
1631:Kirk Kilisse
1589:
1563:
1525:Cretan State
1415:
1385:
1367:
1356:
1339:
1325:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1259:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1164:
1143:
1076:
1067:
1052:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
929:
925:
916:
896:
889:
850:minimum wage
846:child labour
814:
803:
789:
768:
748:
714:
690:
680:
678:
672:
665:
658:
640:
637:
624:
601:
583:Sociologists
571:Meiji period
551:
529:
524:
516:
507:had led the
502:
488:
481:Pavlos Melas
472:
466:
454:
444:
438:costume, by
435:
404:
390:
367:and part of
354:
318:
311:
297:
232:
230:
192:Belligerents
173:constitution
121:
29:
2563:Land reform
2543:Megali Idea
2437:23 May 1973
2423: [
2420:31 May 1951
2391: [
2353: [
2341: [
2309: [
2125:Nazim Pasha
2019:Ivan Fichev
2004:Ivan Geshov
1999:Ferdinand I
1915:World War I
1641:Lule Burgas
1606:Sarantaporo
1463:Balkan Wars
1427:(in French)
1410:(in French)
1361:(in French)
1351:(in French)
862:tax evasion
830:land reform
806:Balkan Wars
634:Army action
628:Constantine
373:Megali Idea
304:Young Turks
257:coup d'état
175:promulgated
105: /
2882:Categories
2806:Goudi coup
2553:Secularism
2533:Venizelism
2135:Esad Pasha
2130:Zeki Pasha
2098:Nicholas I
2093:Montenegro
1946:Atrocities
1789:Bregalnica
1651:Adrianople
1564:Goudi coup
1470:Background
1253:References
832:; 300,000
790:bête noire
641:bête noire
489:komitadjis
418:became an
415:insolvency
293:Venizelism
233:Goudi coup
180:Venizelism
93:23°46′33″E
90:37°59′18″N
48:lithograph
35:Goudi coup
2649:The River
2454:self-coup
2155:Enver Bey
1894:Aftermath
1799:Kalimanci
1794:Knjaževac
1611:Kardzhali
1487:Bulgarian
1318:154495315
870:socialist
711:Stalemate
681:pro forma
426:Macedonia
397:Armenians
377:Macedonia
246:romanized
170:reformist
134:appoints
130:resigns,
2845:Policies
2508:Centrism
2501:Ideology
2245:Category
2120:Mehmed V
2056:George I
1994:Bulgaria
1681:Merhamli
1676:Kaliakra
1666:Monastir
1626:Kumanovo
1621:Sorovich
1482:Albanian
932:, p. 77.
874:agrarian
838:Thessaly
365:Thessaly
321:George I
215:George I
178:Rise of
82:, Athens
75:Location
46:Popular
2227:Albania
2194:Peter I
2172:Carol I
2167:Romania
1887:General
1772:Battles
1696:Korytsa
1686:Driskos
1646:Yenidje
1636:Scutari
1599:Battles
1497:Serbian
1390:Maspero
1310:2639443
858:drachma
834:arpents
693:Piraeus
587:Marxism
577:, with
457:), the
455:Ilinden
453:(Bulg.
399:in the
248::
154:led by
2658:People
2189:Serbia
2051:Greece
1784:Doiran
1716:Bizani
1711:Şarköy
1706:Bulair
1701:Lemnos
1661:Himara
1656:Prilep
1532:&
1422:
1404:
1396:
1374:
1346:
1332:
1316:
1308:
1280:
1266:
1059:
904:
525:enosis
517:enosis
451:Elijah
406:enosis
369:Epirus
341:August
273:Athens
261:Greece
118:Result
52:Greece
2427:]
2395:]
2357:]
2345:]
2313:]
1869:Other
1824:Pirot
1819:Vidin
1492:Greek
1314:S2CID
1306:JSTOR
881:Notes
668:Goudi
381:Crete
327:with
319:King
269:Goudi
237:Greek
160:Crete
80:Goudi
1913:and
1691:Elli
1530:IMRO
1420:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1057:ISBN
902:ISBN
872:and
788:, a
781:O.S.
759:O.S.
701:Otto
610:and
604:NCOs
593:Coup
447:O.S.
379:and
355:The
343:and
265:O.S.
231:The
168:New
68:O.S.
63:Date
1298:doi
1047:).
395:of
339:in
158:of
2884::
2425:el
2393:el
2355:el
2343:el
2311:el
1408:)
1388:,
1312:.
1304:.
1294:35
1292:.
1173:^
1152:^
1129:^
1111:^
1099:^
1085:^
1051:,
1009:^
707:.
243:,
239::
2486:e
2479:t
2472:v
2279:e
2272:t
2265:v
2233:)
2229:(
1455:e
1448:t
1441:v
1380:.
1320:.
1300::
1284:.
1270:.
910:.
235:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
