233:
603:
27:
1541:(c. 832–932), who suggested that by knowing oneself, a human being may gain knowledge of all things. This theme of self-knowledge returned in the works of Joseph ibn Tzaddik, who added that in this way humans may come to know God himself. The macrocosm was also associated with the divine by Judah Halevi, who saw God as the spirit, soul, mind, and life that animates the universe, while according to
509:
2690:
Krinis, Ehud (2016). "The
Philosophical and Theosophical Interpretations of the Microcosm–Macrocosm Analogy in Ikhwān al-ṣafā' and Jewish Medieval Writings". In Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali; De Cillis, Maria; De Smet, Daniel; Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (eds.).
536:, both of which had reserved a prominent place for the microcosm–macrocosm analogy, also led to a marked rise in popularity of the latter. Some of the most notable proponents of the concept in this period include
1433:(compiled c. 700–900), human parts are compared with parts belonging to the larger world: the hair is like a forest, the lungs like the wind, the loins like counsellors, the stomach like a mill, etc.
2863:
Svärd, Saana; Nokso-Koivisto, Inka (2014). "The
Microcosm–Macrocosm Analogy in Mesopotamian and Medieval Arabic History of Science". In Lindstedt, Ilkka; Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko; Mattila, Raija;
381:). Nevertheless, the microcosm–macrocosm analogy was adopted by a wide variety of medieval thinkers working in different linguistic traditions: the concept of microcosm was known in
369:, who – despite having been the first to coin the term "microcosm" – had posited a fundamental and insurmountable difference between the region below the Moon (the
224:
In contemporary usage, the terms microcosm and macrocosm are also employed to refer to any smaller system that is representative of a larger one, and vice versa.
1522:
had still been relatively simple and crude, much more elaborate versions of this application were given by Bahya ibn Paquda and Joseph ibn
Tzaddik (in his
1275:
1464:
294:(3rd century BCE and onwards). In later periods, the analogy was especially prominent in the works of those philosophers who were heavily influenced by
2463:
De
Callataÿ, Godefroid; Moureau, Sébastien (2017). "A Milestone in the History of Andalusī Bāṭinism: Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī's Riḥla in the East".
578:
wrote that the human body "in many respects corresponds admirably to the universe and for that reason was called the little universe by the ancients."
2664:
2661:
Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque
128:). Given this fundamental analogy, truths about the nature of the cosmos as a whole may be inferred from truths about human nature, and vice versa.
2099:
The Greek terms may mean 'small universe' and 'great universe', but their primary meaning is 'small order' and 'great order', respectively (see
1515:, and the human being. Saadia was followed in this by a number of later authors, such as Bahya ibn Paquda, Judah Halevi, and Abraham ibn Ezra.
1687:), which may mean 'small universe' and 'great universe', but whose primary meaning is 'small order' and 'great order', respectively (see
1311:
1545:(1138–1204), the relationship between God and the universe is analogous to the relationship between the intellect and the human being.
131:
One important corollary of this view is that the cosmos as a whole may be considered to be alive, and thus to have a mind or soul (the
901:
1526:, "Book of the Microcosm"), both of whom compared human parts with the heavenly bodies and other parts of the cosmos at large.
437:
2430:
2100:
602:
2908:
2876:
2826:
2784:
2708:
2695:. Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses. Vol. 177. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 395–409.
2672:
2622:
2562:
2496:
2369:
2348:
1447:
1688:
2957:
2932:
232:
2886:
Widengren, G. (1980). "Macrocosmos-microcosmos speculation in the Rasa'il Ikhwan al-safa and some Hurufi texts".
1304:
2448:
1441:
The microcosm–macrocosm analogy was a common theme among medieval Jewish philosophers, just as it was among the
2927:
2583:
197:
The view itself is ancient, and may be found in many philosophical systems world-wide, such as for example in
2795:
1078:
2838:"Imitating the Cosmos: The Role of Microcosm–Macrocosm Relationships in the Hippocratic Treatise On Regimen"
1602:
1083:
896:
209:. However, the terms microcosm and macrocosm refer more specifically to the analogy as it was developed in
2937:
2597:
1471:
2962:
2774:
2770:
2550:
2506:
1297:
1245:
1198:
977:
573:
541:
378:
49:
20:
2693:
L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i
Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments
1501:
Nevertheless, the analogy was already in use by earlier Jewish philosophers. In his commentary on the
1560:
1538:
1419:. In the Middle Ages, the analogy became a prominent theme in the works of most Jewish philosophers.
1230:
1108:
1012:
886:
795:
659:
448:
1073:
249:
210:
2869:
Case
Studies in Transmission. The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient and Mediaeval Near East, 1
2637:
Nachrichten von der
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse
2254:. Physiological applications of the microcosm–macrocosm analogy are also found and in, a.o., the
1445:
who were their peers. Especially influential concerning the microcosm–macrocosm analogy were the
1163:
682:
486:
167:
2213:(1138–1204), who also ignored Joseph ibn Tzaddik's work on the microcosm–macrocosm analogy; see
1333:
2755:
L'idée de macrocosmos et de microcosmos dans le 'Timée' de Platon: Étude de mythologie comparée
2719:
1412:
1359:
1193:
1133:
1103:
863:
800:
556:(1568–1639). It was also central to the new medical theories propounded by the Swiss physician
482:
253:
218:
2387:
2598:"Persische Weisheit in griechischem Gewande: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mikrokosmos-Idee"
2421:
1416:
1143:
1113:
1007:
155:. Hence, it was sometimes inferred that the human mind or soul was divine in nature as well.
374:
2942:
2656:
1565:
1328:. According to this analogy, there is a structural similarity between the human being (the
1255:
997:
962:
845:
545:
346:
8:
2952:
1442:
1429:
1371:
1260:
745:
613:
467:
362:
351:
299:
214:
198:
145:. Moreover, this cosmic mind or soul was often thought to be divine, most notably by the
1711:
Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia
1648:
Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia
2538:
2530:
2324:
2316:
2255:
1594:
1555:
1491:
1467:
1270:
1265:
1235:
1188:
1168:
1017:
992:
770:
740:
697:
553:
287:
206:
141:
2947:
2904:
2872:
2822:
2780:
2758:
2704:
2678:
2668:
2644:
2618:
2579:
2558:
2542:
2492:
2426:
2412:
2365:
2344:
2328:
1325:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1053:
987:
982:
815:
790:
750:
594:
55:
1381:
1329:
2901:
Plotinus' Cosmology: A Study of Ennead II.1 (40). Text, Translation, and
Commentary
2864:
2849:
2741:
2696:
2522:
2472:
2308:
1715:
1589:
1495:
1483:
1225:
1173:
868:
810:
775:
765:
755:
722:
569:
502:
422:
370:
171:
73:
31:
2575:
Minor Mundus Homo: Studien zur
Mikrokosmos-Idee in der mittelalterlichen Literatur
2287:
The following works contain general overviews of the microcosm–macrocosm analogy:
146:
2593:
2573:
2408:
2359:
1350:
1183:
1032:
924:
840:
830:
537:
366:
175:
2737:
Microcosm–Macrocosm
Analogy in Rasāʾil Ikhwān aṣ-Ṣafāʾ and Certain Related Texts
2383:
96:) refers to a historical view which posited a structural similarity between the
2810:
2484:
2425:. Vol. 14 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 178–179.
2391:
2336:
1503:
1479:
1460:
1452:
1250:
1118:
1088:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1022:
1002:
820:
561:
549:
341:
236:
2854:
2837:
2700:
2526:
2476:
2312:
1324:
Analogies between microcosm and macrocosm are found throughout the history of
117:
101:
2921:
2762:
2682:
2648:
2632:
2395:
2379:
2292:
1661:
1607:
1240:
1123:
1098:
291:
256:
philosophers, notable proponents of the microcosm–macrocosm analogy included
174:
were sometimes taken to be analogous to the physiological functions of human
1518:
Whereas the physiological application of the analogy in the rabbinical work
1451:, an encyclopedic work written in the 10th century by an anonymous group of
2416:
2107:, pp. 320-321, note 5). The terms also occur in medieval Arabic sources as
1705:
1642:
1579:
1530:
1487:
1178:
1027:
760:
712:
565:
529:
471:
331:
327:
202:
43:
1617:
1584:
1574:
1508:
1128:
1093:
906:
891:
825:
785:
643:
533:
525:
463:
257:
158:
Apart from this important psychological and noetic (i.e., related to the
132:
97:
2745:
2320:
2296:
377:) and the region above the Moon (the superlunary world, consisting of a
2534:
2510:
2263:
2210:
1714:, 1617–21), which correlates the sun (considered to be a planet in the
1612:
1542:
1512:
1456:
1153:
939:
929:
835:
805:
780:
702:
628:
557:
512:
494:
433:
336:
163:
2735:
1682:
1670:
1511:(882/892–942) put forward a set of analogies between the cosmos, the
944:
707:
638:
633:
498:
315:
295:
151:
2635:(1938). "Kosmos und Mensch in der Vorstellung frühen Griechentums".
2140:, pp. 87, 133, 157, 211, 259, 278, 282, 315, 324, 339, 388, 465-466.
1906:, pp. 87, 133, 157, 211, 259, 278, 282, 315, 324, 339, 388, 465–466.
1037:
717:
37:
2361:
Theories of Macrocosms and Microcosms in the History of Philosophy
149:
and those who were influenced by them, such as the authors of the
934:
418:
191:
67:
26:
19:"Macrocosm" and "Macrocosmos" redirect here. For other uses, see
2402:. Vol. 8. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 544–545.
1377:
1280:
392:
382:
330:(3rd century CE and onwards). The analogy was also employed in
183:
113:
1676:
1664:
1408:
664:
508:
402:
272:
187:
179:
136:
59:
239:(c. 334–262 BCE), founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.
159:
2341:
Nature's Work of Art: The Human Body as Image of the World
1738:
On the macrocosm and the microcosm in general, see, e.g.,
1392:
1344:
290:(late 5th or early 4th century BCE and onwards), and the
63:
30:
Illustration of the analogy between the human body and a
334:
and early medieval religious literature, such as in the
2578:(in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
1364:
396:
386:
2862:
1806:
2505:
2462:
2193:
1822:
1407:The view was elaborated by the Jewish philosopher
447:), by Jewish theologians and philosophers such as
2262:, pp. 130–133), and in the Zoroastrian work
2919:
1529:The analogy was linked to the ancient theme of "
2549:
2446:
2034:
1916:
1781:
162:) application, the analogy was also applied to
2757:(in French). Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
2733:
2297:"Microcosmus: From Anaximandros to Paracelsus"
2177:
2002:
1704:See the illustration shown on the right (from
1660:The terms microcosm and macrocosm derive from
2740:(Unpubl. PhD diss.). University of Helsinki.
2720:"Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa]"
2511:"Persische weisheit in griechischem gewande?"
1972:, p. 178; on the Latin terminology, see
1305:
2871:. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 159–187.
2793:
2779:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2769:
2465:Intellectual History of the Islamicate World
2449:"Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy"
2378:
2247:
2168:. On the microcosm–macrocosm analogy in the
2161:
2149:
2087:
2018:
1945:
1834:
2717:
2343:. London/New Haven: Yale University Press.
2046:
1709:
1646:
1415:. Similar ideas can also be found in early
1399:
412:
406:
79:
71:
47:
35:
2898:
2835:
2655:
1985:
1929:
1877:
1312:
1298:
2885:
2853:
2796:"Chinese Philosophy and Chinese Medicine"
2665:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
2617:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
2557:. Vol. I–IV (in French). Paris: Gabalda.
2173:
1998:
2800:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2724:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2453:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1422:
507:
489:(born 1125, author of a treatise called
421:such as those writing under the name of
231:
25:
2776:Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564
2602:Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik
2406:
2364:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2267:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2165:
2120:
2022:
1969:
1957:
1941:
1411:(c. 20 BCE–50 CE), who adopted it from
925:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
2920:
2752:
2689:
2571:
2440:
2357:
2335:
2291:
2181:
2124:
2104:
2059:
2006:
1973:
1860:
1847:
1760:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1692:
2809:
2631:
2592:
2483:
2259:
2137:
2071:
1903:
1873:
1818:
1794:
1455:philosophers. Having been brought to
505:(1401–1464), and by numerous others.
34:cosmos: the head is analogous to the
2612:
2282:
2220:
1890:
1773:
1603:Robert Fludd and microcosm–macrocosm
501:(1165–1240), by the German cardinal
78:; the legs to the dark earthy mass (
2903:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1537:) by the physician and philosopher
1354:
13:
2836:Schluderer, Laura Rosella (2018).
2555:La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste
2207:Epistles of the Brethren of Purity
2170:Epistles of the Brethren of Purity
1590:Paracelsus and microcosm-macrocosm
1448:Epistles of the Brethren of Purity
1376:'small universe') and the
313:), the authors of the early Greek
14:
2974:
2111:and in medieval Latin sources as
2209:were of much less importance to
2123:; on the Latin terminology, see
1436:
601:
572:(1514–1564) in his anatomy text
417:. The analogy was elaborated by
2718:Miller, Clyde Lee (2009–2017).
2447:Aminrazavi, Mehdi (2009–2021).
2358:Conger, George Perrigo (1922).
2277:
2241:
2199:
2187:
2155:
2143:
2130:
2093:
2081:
2065:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2012:
1991:
1979:
1963:
1951:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1828:
1807:Svärd & Nokso-Koivisto 2014
84:) which supports this universe.
2615:The Origins of Stoic Cosmology
2398:; Vizetelly, Frank H. (eds.).
2194:De Callataÿ & Moureau 2017
2074:, pp. 19, 41–42, 86, 114–123,
1812:
1800:
1787:
1766:
1753:
1732:
1698:
1654:
1635:
1608:Stoic cosmology and psychology
1478:were of central importance to
869:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
519:
357:
16:Analogy between man and cosmos
1:
2798:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2734:Nokso-Koivisto, Inka (2014).
2722:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2451:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
1919:, vol. I, pp. 92–94, 125–131.
1784:, vol. I, pp. 92–94, 125–131.
1725:
581:
475:
452:
441:
426:
320:
303:
276:
261:
2815:Philo of Alexandria and the
1683:
1671:
1393:
1345:
1084:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
243:
7:
2794:Raphals, Lisa (2015–2020).
2507:Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques
1548:
1404:'great universe').
1365:
440:("The Brethren of Purity",
397:
387:
365:was generally dominated by
344:encyclopedic work, and the
298:and Stoic thought, such as
94:macrocosm–microcosm analogy
90:microcosm–macrocosm analogy
10:
2979:
2899:Wilberding, James (2006).
2515:Harvard Theological Review
1677:
1665:
1385:
1337:
1199:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
1079:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
542:Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa
436:philosophers known as the
227:
135:), a position advanced by
21:Macrocosm (disambiguation)
18:
2855:10.1017/S0009838818000149
2701:10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01178
2527:10.1017/S0017816000028169
2477:10.1163/2212943X-00501004
2313:10.1017/S0362152900017219
1533:" (Greek: γνῶθι σεαυτόν,
1109:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
902:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
660:Aristobulus of Alexandria
560:(1494–1541) and his many
46:of God; the chest to the
2771:O'Malley, Charles Donald
2489:The English Paracelsians
2248:Jacobs & Broydé 1906
2162:Jacobs & Broydé 1906
2150:Jacobs & Broydé 1906
2019:Jacobs & Broydé 1906
1946:Jacobs & Broydé 1906
1628:
1472:Umayyad state of Córdoba
1459:at an early date by the
1074:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
211:ancient Greek philosophy
2958:Philosophical analogies
2933:Metaphysics of religion
2753:Olerud, Anders (1951).
2613:Hahm, David E. (1977).
1823:Duchesne-Guillemin 1956
1695:, pp. 320–321, note 5).
487:Godfrey of Saint Victor
172:seven classical planets
2551:Festugière, André-Jean
2407:Kraemer, Joel (2007).
2058:See the discussion in
1988:, vol. II, pp. 47, 50.
1710:
1647:
1566:Great chain of being (
1524:Sefer ha-Olam ha-Katan
1507:("Book of Creation"),
1413:Hellenistic philosophy
1134:Isaac Orobio de Castro
1104:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
801:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
516:
413:
407:
240:
85:
80:
72:
48:
36:
2928:Ancient Greek physics
2888:Archivio di Filosofia
2802:(Winter 2020 Edition)
2726:(Summer 2017 Edition)
2572:Finckh, Ruth (1999).
2491:. London: Oldbourne.
2455:(Spring 2021 Edition)
2422:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1482:philosophers such as
1423:Rabbinical literature
1417:rabbinical literature
1144:Samuel David Luzzatto
1114:Samson Raphael Hirsch
735:Spanish and European:
703:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
511:
324: 100 BCE–300 CE
235:
29:
2663:(in French). Cairo:
2035:Aminrazavi 2009–2021
1917:Festugière 1944–1954
1782:Festugière 1944–1954
1384:, from Koinē Greek:
846:Judah Leon Abravanel
470:(11th century), and
432:), by the anonymous
373:, consisting of the
347:Avot de-Rabbi Nathan
62:is analogous to the
2842:Classical Quarterly
2441:Other sources cited
2400:Jewish Encyclopedia
2178:Nokso-Koivisto 2014
2062:, pp. 386–401.
2003:Nokso-Koivisto 2014
1797:, pp. 130–133.
1772:On the Stoics, see
1520:Avot de-Rabbi Natan
1443:Arabic philosophers
1430:Avot de-Rabbi Natan
1276:Microcosm–macrocosm
1194:Joseph Soloveitchik
864:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
665:Philo of Alexandria
589:Part of a series on
363:Medieval philosophy
300:Philo of Alexandria
288:Hippocratic authors
199:ancient Mesopotamia
166:. For example, the
92:(or, equivalently,
2938:Esoteric cosmology
2413:Berenbaum, Michael
2256:Hippocratic Corpus
1556:As above, so below
1492:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
1468:Maslama al-Majriti
1189:Abraham Isaac Kook
1169:Monsieur Chouchani
771:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
741:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
708:Ismaili philosophy
698:Brethren of Purity
554:Tommaso Campanella
517:
241:
207:Chinese philosophy
86:
54:, occupied by the
2963:Jewish philosophy
2865:Rollinger, Robert
2821:. Leiden: Brill.
2608:: 60–98, 167–177.
2432:978-0-02-866097-4
2283:General overviews
1932:, pp. 53–56.
1835:Raphals 2015–2020
1718:) with the heart.
1494:(died 1149), and
1403:
1391:
1375:
1363:
1343:
1326:Jewish philosophy
1322:
1321:
1159:Eliezer Berkovits
1149:Elijah Benamozegh
1139:Moses Mendelssohn
1054:Francisco Sanches
1013:Reconstructionist
816:Isaac ben Sheshet
811:Moses of Narbonne
791:Samuel ibn Tibbon
751:Abraham bar Hiyya
595:Jewish philosophy
552:(1548–1600), and
546:Francesco Patrizi
430: 850–950 CE
280: 428 or 424
170:functions of the
56:classical planets
42:, closest to the
2970:
2914:
2895:
2882:
2859:
2857:
2832:
2806:
2790:
2766:
2749:
2730:
2714:
2686:
2652:
2628:
2609:
2589:
2568:
2546:
2502:
2480:
2459:
2436:
2403:
2375:
2354:
2332:
2271:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2047:Miller 2009–2017
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1776:, 63ff.; on the
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1736:
1719:
1716:geocentric model
1713:
1702:
1696:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1498:(c. 1090–1165).
1496:Abraham ibn Ezra
1490:(c. 1075–1141),
1486:(c. 1050–1120),
1484:Bahya ibn Paquda
1474:(died 964), the
1401:
1398:
1396:
1390:romanized:
1389:
1387:
1380:as a whole (the
1370:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1342:romanized:
1341:
1339:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1217:
1174:Emmanuel Levinas
965:
796:Joseph ben Judah
776:Abraham ibn Ezra
766:Abraham ibn Daud
756:Bahya ibn Paquda
723:Rabbinic Judaism
685:
616:
605:
586:
585:
570:Andreas Vesalius
503:Nicholas of Cusa
480:
479: 1075–1141
477:
461:
457:
454:
446:
443:
431:
428:
423:Jabir ibn Hayyan
416:
410:
400:
390:
325:
322:
312:
308:
305:
285:
281:
278:
270:
266:
263:
205:, or in ancient
164:human physiology
116:as a whole (the
83:
77:
74:cœlum elementare
53:
41:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2879:
2829:
2811:Runia, David T.
2787:
2711:
2675:
2625:
2594:Götze, Albrecht
2586:
2565:
2499:
2485:Debus, Allen G.
2443:
2433:
2392:Singer, Isidore
2372:
2351:
2337:Barkan, Leonard
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2013:
1996:
1992:
1986:Kraus 1942–1943
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1930:Wilberding 2006
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1878:Schluderer 2018
1871:
1867:
1859:See especially
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1703:
1699:
1659:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1551:
1439:
1425:
1318:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1184:Gershom Scholem
1164:Eliyahu Dessler
1043:
1042:
966:
961:
954:
953:
950:
949:
912:
911:
874:
873:
851:
850:
841:Isaac Abarbanel
831:Elia del Medigo
728:
727:
686:
681:
674:
673:
670:
669:
649:
648:
617:
612:
584:
564:, most notably
540:(1433 – 1499),
538:Marsilio Ficino
524:The revival of
522:
478:
466:(882/892–942),
459:
455:
445: 900–1000
444:
438:Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ
429:
371:sublunary world
360:
352:Rabbinical text
323:
310:
306:
283:
279:
268:
264:
246:
230:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2916:
2915:
2910:978-0199277261
2909:
2896:
2883:
2878:978-3868351248
2877:
2860:
2833:
2828:978-9004074774
2827:
2807:
2791:
2786:978-0930405557
2785:
2767:
2750:
2731:
2715:
2710:978-2503568744
2709:
2687:
2674:978-3487091150
2673:
2653:
2643:(7): 121–161.
2633:Kranz, Walther
2629:
2624:978-0814202531
2623:
2610:
2590:
2584:
2569:
2564:978-2251326740
2563:
2547:
2521:(2): 115–122.
2503:
2498:978-0444999610
2497:
2481:
2460:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2404:
2396:Funk, Isaac K.
2380:Jacobs, Joseph
2376:
2371:978-1290429832
2370:
2355:
2350:978-0300016949
2349:
2333:
2293:Allers, Rudolf
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2240:
2219:
2198:
2186:
2174:Widengren 1980
2154:
2142:
2129:
2127:, p. 12).
2092:
2090:, p. 324.
2080:
2064:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2011:
1999:Widengren 1980
1990:
1978:
1962:
1960:, p. 178.
1950:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1827:
1811:
1799:
1786:
1765:
1752:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1697:
1653:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1563:
1561:Correspondence
1558:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1535:gnōthi seauton
1504:Sefer Yetzirah
1461:hadith scholar
1438:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1119:Jacob Abendana
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:Tzvi Ashkenazi
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Salomon Maimon
1066:
1064:Baruch Spinoza
1061:
1059:Uriel da Costa
1056:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Existentialist
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
970:
967:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
883:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
866:
860:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
821:Hasdai Crescas
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
694:
692:Influenced by:
690:
687:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
656:
652:
650:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
621:
618:
611:
610:
607:
606:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
580:
550:Giordano Bruno
521:
518:
485:monks such as
359:
356:
284: 348 BCE
269: 546 BCE
245:
242:
237:Zeno of Citium
229:
226:
178:, such as the
126:great universe
110:small universe
50:cœlum æthereum
38:cœlum empyreum
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:(1942–1943).
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:(in German).
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2604:(in German).
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2553:(1944–1954).
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:(in German).
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:(1): 86–117.
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:Skolnik, Fred
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:Broydé, Isaac
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2088:O'Malley 1964
2084:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1976:, p. 12.
1975:
1971:
1966:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1684:makròs kósmos
1678:μακρὸς κόσμος
1673:
1672:mikròs kósmos
1666:μικρὸς κόσμος
1663:
1662:ancient Greek
1657:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1568:Scala naturae
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:Isaac Israeli
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1394:makròs kósmos
1386:μακρὸς κόσμος
1383:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1346:mikròs kósmos
1338:μικρὸς κόσμος
1335:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1281:Righteousness
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:Chosen people
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:Isaac Cardoso
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Samuel Hirsch
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
968:
964:
958:
957:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
916:
915:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Isaac Israeli
885:
884:
882:
878:
877:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
732:
731:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
693:
689:
688:
684:
678:
677:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
655:
651:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
624:
620:
619:
615:
609:
608:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
579:
577:
576:
571:
568:(1574–1637).
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
548:(1529–1597),
547:
544:(1486–1535),
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
473:
469:
465:
450:
449:Isaac Israeli
439:
435:
424:
420:
415:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
380:
379:fifth element
376:
375:four elements
372:
368:
364:
355:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:Neoplatonists
318:
317:
307: 20 BCE
301:
297:
293:
289:
274:
259:
255:
251:
250:ancient Greek
238:
234:
225:
222:
221:descendants.
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
82:
76:
75:
69:
65:
61:
58:(wherein the
57:
52:
51:
45:
40:
39:
33:
28:
22:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2868:
2848:(1): 31–52.
2845:
2841:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2799:
2775:
2754:
2746:10138/136006
2736:
2727:
2723:
2692:
2660:
2640:
2636:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2574:
2554:
2518:
2514:
2488:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2420:
2399:
2360:
2340:
2304:
2300:
2286:
2278:Bibliography
2268:Kraemer 2007
2252:Kraemer 2007
2243:
2236:Kraemer 2007
2215:Kraemer 2007
2206:
2201:
2189:
2172:, see e.g.,
2169:
2166:Kraemer 2007
2157:
2145:
2132:
2121:Kraemer 2007
2117:minor mundus
2116:
2112:
2109:ʿālam ṣaghīr
2108:
2095:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2023:Kraemer 2007
2014:
1993:
1981:
1970:Kraemer 2007
1965:
1958:Kraemer 2007
1953:
1942:Kraemer 2007
1937:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1830:
1814:
1802:
1789:
1777:
1768:
1755:
1734:
1706:Robert Fludd
1700:
1656:
1643:Robert Fludd
1637:
1619:
1618:World soul (
1596:
1580:Macranthropy
1567:
1534:
1531:know thyself
1528:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1500:
1488:Judah Halevi
1475:
1453:Shi'i Muslim
1446:
1440:
1428:
1426:
1406:
1323:
1179:Martin Buber
1047:
998:Conservative
971:
918:
880:
857:
761:Judah Halevi
734:
713:Jewish Kalam
691:
653:
622:
574:
566:Robert Fludd
530:Neoplatonism
523:
490:
472:Judah Halevi
414:minor mundus
388:ʿālam ṣaghīr
361:
345:
335:
332:late antique
314:
311: 50 CE
247:
223:
219:early modern
203:ancient Iran
196:
168:cosmological
157:
150:
140:
130:
125:
121:
120:, i.e., the
109:
105:
104:, i.e., the
93:
89:
87:
81:molis terreæ
44:divine light
2943:Hermeticism
2657:Kraus, Paul
2409:"Microcosm"
2388:"Microcosm"
2307:: 319–407.
2182:Krinis 2016
2136:See, e.g.,
2125:Finckh 1999
2113:microcosmus
2105:Allers 1944
2060:Allers 1944
2007:Krinis 2016
1997:See, e.g.,
1974:Finckh 1999
1928:See, e.g.,
1902:See, e.g.,
1861:Olerud 1951
1848:Allers 1944
1846:See, e.g.,
1793:See, e.g.,
1761:Olerud 1951
1748:Barkan 1975
1744:Allers 1944
1740:Conger 1922
1693:Allers 1944
1620:Anima mundi
1585:Panpsychism
1575:Hermeticism
1509:Saadia Gaon
1437:Middle Ages
1366:ʻolam qāṭān
1334:Koinē Greek
1236:Eschatology
1129:David Nieto
1094:Jacob Emden
1028:Neo-Hasidic
907:Ibn Kammuna
897:al-Mukkamas
892:Saadia Gaon
826:Joseph Albo
786:Nachmanides
746:Ibn Gabirol
614:Hellenistic
534:Renaissance
526:Hermeticism
520:Renaissance
515:(1494–1541)
491:Microcosmus
468:Ibn Gabirol
464:Saadia Gaon
408:microcosmus
358:Middle Ages
350:, a Jewish
342:Zoroastrian
326:), and the
258:Anaximander
254:Hellenistic
122:great order
106:small order
98:human being
2953:Paracelsus
2922:Categories
2894:: 297–312.
2585:3525205791
2264:Bundahishn
2260:Kranz 1938
2211:Maimonides
2138:Runia 1986
2101:wiktionary
2072:Debus 1965
1904:Runia 1986
1874:Kranz 1938
1819:Götze 1923
1795:Kranz 1938
1726:References
1689:wiktionary
1543:Maimonides
1513:Tabernacle
1457:al-Andalus
1154:Moses Hess
972:Positions:
919:Positions:
836:Judah Minz
806:Gersonides
781:Maimonides
644:Boethusian
623:Positions:
582:In Judaism
575:De fabrica
558:Paracelsus
513:Paracelsus
495:Andalusian
493:), by the
460: 932
458: – c.
456: 832
419:alchemists
398:olam katan
337:Bundahishn
309: – c.
282: – c.
267: – c.
265: 610
133:world soul
112:) and the
32:geocentric
2763:680524865
2683:468740510
2649:905422149
2543:164108095
2329:149312818
2076:et passim
1891:Hahm 1977
1778:Hermetica
1774:Hahm 1977
1651:, 1617–21
1613:Weltgeist
1480:Sephardic
1465:alchemist
1382:macrocosm
1360:romanized
1330:microcosm
1266:Holocaust
1256:Happiness
1038:Rambamist
1018:Holocaust
993:Chassidic
983:Sephardic
930:Kabbalist
858:Yemenite:
634:Sadducean
629:Hasmonean
562:followers
499:Ibn Arabi
483:Victorine
401:, and in
367:Aristotle
316:Hermetica
244:Antiquity
152:Hermetica
118:macrocosm
102:microcosm
2948:Stoicism
2867:(eds.).
2819:of Plato
2813:(1986).
2773:(1964).
2596:(1923).
2509:(1956).
2487:(1965).
2419:(eds.).
2386:(1906).
2339:(1975).
2321:27830052
2301:Traditio
2295:(1944).
1595:Plato's
1549:See also
1476:Epistles
1355:עולם קטן
1261:Holiness
978:Orthodox
945:Tosafist
940:Talmudic
718:Kabbalah
683:Medieval
639:Pharisee
296:Platonic
215:medieval
213:and its
2817:Timaeus
2535:1508803
1893:, 63ff.
1597:Timaeus
1470:of the
1427:In the
1402:
1374:
1362::
1332:, from
1271:Messiah
1048:People:
1023:Renewal
935:Karaism
654:People:
532:in the
497:mystic
434:Shi'ite
286:), the
228:History
194:, etc.
192:stomach
142:Timaeus
139:in his
124:or the
108:or the
70:to the
68:abdomen
66:); the
2907:
2875:
2825:
2783:
2761:
2707:
2681:
2671:
2647:
2621:
2582:
2561:
2541:
2533:
2495:
2429:
2368:
2347:
2327:
2319:
2103:; cf.
1780:, see
1691:; cf.
1675:) and
1378:cosmos
1351:Hebrew
1241:Ethics
1216:Topics
1033:Mussar
1003:Reform
988:Chabad
963:Modern
881:Other:
481:), by
393:Hebrew
383:Arabic
292:Stoics
248:Among
190:, the
186:, the
184:spleen
182:, the
176:organs
147:Stoics
114:cosmos
2539:S2CID
2531:JSTOR
2411:. In
2390:. In
2325:S2CID
2317:JSTOR
2266:(see
2258:(see
2119:(see
1641:From
1629:Notes
1409:Philo
1246:Faith
1226:Anger
403:Latin
391:, in
273:Plato
201:, in
188:liver
180:heart
137:Plato
100:(the
60:heart
2905:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2781:ISBN
2759:OCLC
2705:ISBN
2679:OCLC
2669:ISBN
2645:OCLC
2619:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2559:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2205:The
1915:See
1889:See
1872:See
1759:See
1463:and
1400:lit.
1372:lit.
528:and
340:, a
252:and
217:and
160:mind
88:The
2850:doi
2742:hdl
2697:doi
2523:doi
2473:doi
2309:doi
2115:or
1708:'s
1645:'s
1251:God
462:),
411:or
405:as
395:as
385:as
271:),
64:sun
2924::
2892:48
2890:.
2846:68
2844:.
2840:.
2703:.
2677:.
2667:.
2600:.
2537:.
2529:.
2519:49
2513:.
2467:.
2415:;
2394:;
2382:;
2323:.
2315:.
2303:.
2299:.
2270:).
2250:;
2222:^
2180:;
2176:;
2164:;
2021:;
2005:;
2001:;
1944:;
1876:;
1821:;
1746:;
1742:;
1397:,
1388:,
1369:,
1357:,
1353::
1349:,
1340:,
1336::
476:c.
453:c.
442:c.
427:c.
354:.
321:c.
304:c.
277:c.
262:c.
2913:.
2881:.
2858:.
2852::
2831:.
2805:.
2789:.
2765:.
2748:.
2744::
2729:.
2713:.
2699::
2685:.
2651:.
2641:2
2627:.
2606:2
2588:.
2567:.
2545:.
2525::
2501:.
2479:.
2475::
2469:5
2458:.
2435:.
2374:.
2353:.
2331:.
2311::
2305:2
2238:.
2217:.
2196:.
2184:.
2152:.
2078:.
2049:.
2037:.
2025:.
2009:.
1948:.
1880:.
1863:.
1850:.
1837:.
1825:.
1809:.
1763:.
1750:.
1681:(
1669:(
1622:)
1570:)
1313:e
1306:t
1299:v
474:(
451:(
425:(
319:(
302:(
275:(
260:(
23:.
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