3194:
first, it worked to help newly arrived Jews settle in Mexico, but it was also a social and educational center. Today, there are ten main organizations to which most of
Mexican Jewry is affiliated. The Beth Israel Community Center is an organization that caters to the English-speaking community that practices Conservative Judaism. The Jewish Sport Center is a neutral meeting place open to all sectors of the Jewish community as sports, culture and social institution with a membership of about 19,000. The Monterrey Community Center is the main organization for this northern city. The North Baja California Community Center served the Tijuana Jewish community. The Ashkenazai Community served the descendants of those who immigrated from Eastern Europe. The Bet El Community is a Conservative organization. The Guadalajara Community Center is for those who live in that city. The Maguen David Community was formed by descendants of immigrants from Aleppo, Syria. The Alianza Monte Sinaí was formed by descendants from Damascus, Syria and the Sephardic Community was formed by descendants of immigrants from the Balkans. There are a number of women's organizations, which mostly focus on humanitarian issues both inside and outside the Jewish community. Women also run most of the educational institutions.
2857:
3169:
2992:(UNAM) began a series of cultural presentations about Judaism in Mexico. However, little attention was paid to the history of Jews in Mexico until the 1990s. In 1992, a study of Jewish communities in Mexico was published by UNAM in collaboration with the Tribuna Israelita and the Comite Central Israelita de Mexico, called Imágenes de un Encuentro: La Presencia Judía en México Durante La Primera Mitad del Siglo XX (Images of an Encounter: The Jewish Presence in Mexico during the First Half of the 20th Century) which received the CANIEM Prize in 1993. It depicts Mexican Jews as well integrated into Mexican society but with more observance of religion in everyday life than most other Jews of the
3133:
institutions. However, the main split is between the
Ashkenazim from Russia, Poland, Germany and other parts of Europe from the Sephardim, mostly from Italy and the former Ottoman Empire. The Ashkenazim subdivide among political and ideological axes and tend to be more liberal and secular. They founded several newspapers and other publications such as Mexikaner Idish Lebn, Radikaler Arbeter Tzenter, Unzer Lebn and others to express these different views. The Sephardim tend to be more patriarchal, less well educated and more religiously observant. Those from Syria are further subdivided into Halebis or Maguen David from Aleppo and the Shamis or Monte Sinai from Damascus.
2977:
2611:. The reconquest was followed by the Spanish Inquisition, which made the Conversos one of their targets, with accusations of reverting to Judaic practice. During this time, there were two types of Conversos: Crypto-Jews and Jews who fully converted to Catholicism. The Jews who converted were used to report Crypto-Jews to the Catholic Church and consequently, they were awarded with high-power positions within the Catholic Church. Furthermore, during this time, the Catholic Church was in charge of social welfare and was the most powerful entity. Converso migration to the new Spanish colony began in 1530 after most of the violence from the
3104:
converted (back) to
Judaism. Sixty two percent of the population over fifteen is married, three percent divorced and four percent widowed. However, younger Jewish women are more likely to be employed outside the home (only 18% of women are housewives) and fertility rates are dropping from 3.5 children of women over 65 to 2.7 for the overall population now. There is a low level of intermarriage with the general Mexican population, with only 3.1% of marriages being mixed. Although the Jewish community is less than one percent of Mexico's total population, Mexico is one of the few countries whose Jewish population is expected to grow.
3207:
mostly non-Jewish audience and has expanded from Mexico City to
Guadalajara, Monterrey and Cancún. A radio show on Jewish topics called El Aleph has a mostly non Jewish following. Tribuna Israelita organizes programs at private universities to increase public understanding of Israel and Judaism. Other Jewish social organizations include the Mexican Association of Friends for academic projects, ORT which works to implement technologies in Mexican high schools, Retorno to combat alcohol and drug abuse and Kadima, which works on issues related to the disabled.
2760:
3299:
3198:
representative body for all Jews in Mexico with the
Mexican government and other Jewish communities outside of Mexico such as the World Jewish Congress. The Tribuna Israelita is a part of this organization, whose purpose is to work with other agencies to promote understanding of Jewry in Mexico including publications and also works to influence public opinion about anti-Semitism. Another sub organization is the Mexican Council of Jewish Women, which mostly works on projects related to education and health.
56:
2985:
Comité Unido de
Antidifamación (1943), the formation of the Comité Unido de Tribuna Israelita by the Comité Central Israelita and the Logia Mexicana del B'nai B'rith (1944), the founding of the Unión Israelita Maguén David in Tijuana (1946), the Centro Cultural México Israel (1947), the Colegio Israelita de Guadalajara (1949), the Centro Deportivo Israelita (1950), the Beth Israel Community Center for English speakers (1957) and the Nidje Israel Temple in Acapulco Street in Mexico City (1965).
2964:. In the late 1930s, some anti-Jewish demonstrations erupted, mostly by Nazi supporters financed by Berlin. In 1937, an immigrant quota system was initiated, which restricted immigration from certain countries such as Poland to 100 people per year, shutting out many Jewish would-be-immigrants. However, at the same time the Mexican government allowed for some immigration of refugees, for example looking the other way when 200 Jews from Cuba entered the country illegally under the government of
3216:
2747:. There were a few very wealthy Portuguese merchants, who were leaders of the community, but most were shopkeepers and craftsmen. A prominent merchant was Simón Váez, whom the Inquisition accused of letting his house serve as a synagogue in the 17th century until the 1642 persecutions began. He had risen from humble circumstances, but he and other wealthy merchants came to socialize with crown officials and play a prominent role among elites. Their wealth was based on
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3440:
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5075:
2924:(1923), the Bnej Kedem Sephardic community Center (1926), the Nidje Israel Ashkenazi cemetery (1929), the Cámara Israelita de Industria y Comerico in Méxicoand the Unión de Literatos y Artistas Judíos (1931), the Federación de Sociedades Israelitas de México (1932), the Colegio Israelita Hatikva in Monterrey (1932), B'nai B'rith (1934), the Sociedad de Beneficiencia Sdadá Umarpé for the
3403:, and converted them to Judaism. They have not only worked with those who know of their Jewish ancestry, but also have reached out to families who observe certain Jewish rituals, such as separating meat and dairy, without knowing why. Although Kulanu is based in the United States, it has worked in Mexico to have these converts recognized by other Jewish communities in Mexico.
2695:, but they still afforded more opportunities than places farther north. There was a second Inquisition persecution of Conversos from 1642 to 1649. Then, the focus shifted to matters such as blasphemy and moral infractions. However, during the entire colonial period, practicing Jews in Spain or elsewhere could not enter Spanish colonial territory.
2650:
3129:
it does not suppress the worship or other activities of other religious groups. The only challenges the community faces are intermarriage and migration out of the country. However, Latin
American popular culture can resent apparent Jewish economic success, with the community associated with international capital and international influence.
2710:. With the exception of him and a cousin, the family was Crypto-Jewish. In 1579, Carvajal was granted land in what is now northeastern Mexico, just north of what was then considered New Spain. The area welcomed both Conversos and practicing Jews, with about 75% of the initial settlers being secretly Jewish. Some theories state that
3201:
The
Mexican Jewish immigrant community has been described as closed and separate from the rest of Mexican society. About ninety percent of Mexican Jews attend Jewish schools and marry within the faith. There are Scouting and Zionist organizations for Jewish youth. Most who attend Mexican universities
3090:
The current Jewish population in Mexico mostly consists of those who have descended from immigrants from the 19th and early 20th centuries with nationwide totals estimated between 90,000 and 100,000, about 75% of whom are in Mexico City. The exact numbers are not known. One main source for figures is
3407:
because they do not want problems from the
Catholic majority and because Orthodox Jews, the dominant group in Mexico, do not proselytize. They insist only those of a Jewish mother are Jewish. The Jewish committee's numbers do not include converts of Crypto-Jews as the two groups do not have contact.
3371:
heritage one or more of three lines of evidence are usually presented: the existence of Jewish rituals in the family, the existence of
Inquisition records with Jewish family names and the oral history of the family. It also generally includes strong secrecy about family history and rituals. For some
2797:
in Russia pushed Jews to leave the country. The Jews settled both in Mexico City and various other areas in the country, including rural areas often as traveling salesmen. About half of Mexico's Jewish population can be linked to this wave of immigration. Another group of Jews that came at this time
3375:
In 1880, Bonifacio Laureano Moyar worked to find and organize the descendants of Conversos or Crypto-Jews with the aim of restoring full Jewish worship among them. These efforts led to the establishment in 1920 of the Kahal Kadosh Bnej Elohim in Venta Prieta, Hidalgo (since 1930 the location of the
3128:
became a popular bullfighter in the early 1920s. There are occasional clashes between the Jewish community and others in Mexico but these are generally solved peacefully. There is an Interfaith Council to help with these issues. While the Catholic Church is dominant both religiously and culturally,
2738:
The largest number of prosecutions by the Mexican Inquisition occurred in the wake of the 1640 dissolution of the Iberian Union, when Spain and Portugal had been ruled by the same monarch. Portuguese merchants more easily entered Spanish America, and a complex community of crypto-Jews connected to
2903:
Most of the Jewish communities’ social and religious organizations were formally founded in the first half of the 20th century. These include the Sociedad Beneficiencia Alianza Monte Sinaí (1912), the Young Men's Hebrew Association in Mexico City. (1917), the first K’tav or Jewish religious school
3193:
there is a building called the Palacio de Mármol (Marble Palace). The site was originally part of a convent, but later it was subdivided and a French style mansion built in the late 19th century. After World War I, it became an important Jewish community center, active for nearly two decades. At
2943:
Despite its strong Catholic identity and history of Inquisition, there has been little intolerance or resistance to Jewish immigration into Mexico. While the Catholic Church did not welcome Jewish immigration in the 19th century, it was still struggling against the government restrictions and saw
3103:
movement or those who consider themselves secular. The Mexican government census lists religion but its categories are confusing, confusing those of some Protestant sects which practice Judaic rituals with Jewish groups. There is also controversy as to whether to count those Crypto-Jews who have
2928:
Jewish community, today the Comunidad Maguén David (1938) and the first Zionist convention (1938) . In addition various newspapers and other periodicals were established in various languages such as Mexicanisher Idish Leben (Yiddish, 1927), Der Veg (Yiddish with Spanish section, 1929), Di shtime
2678:
was not fully established until 1571, when it became a threat to Converso and Jewish communities with an initial purge of them from 1585 to 1601. In 1606, Mexico received an order by the King of Spain to free Conversos in Inquisition prisons. This relaxing of the Inquisition in Mexico, which was
3206:
in the Condesa neighborhood, one of only two in Latin America. The idea is to create a social center for young Jews outside of the western suburbs of Mexico City to make the Jewish community less isolated from the rest of Mexican society. The Mexico International Jewish Film Festival attracts a
2984:
Jewish religious and social institutions coalesced and grew in the mid 20th century with the Centro Cultural Israelita (1941), the Comité Central Israelita legally recognized to represent the Jewish community (1942), the Unión Sefaradí receiving official recognition (1943), the founding of the
3406:
However, there has been resistance to these efforts for various reasons. First is that many of those descended from Jewish ancestry do not want to abandon the Catholic faith. The goal of finding and converting Crypto-Jews is controversial. Established immigrant Jewish communities are resistant
2852:
and the United States. These various Jewish groups formed their own religious congregations and social institutions. Turkish Jews began holding open religious services in 1901 and founded the first Talmud Torah in 1905, as an educational institution for boys. Ashkenazi Jews began holding open
2792:
reinforced freedom of religion, allowing those Jews who arrived after that time Mexican citizenship and full integration. In the 1880s, a significant wave of Jewish immigration began as the Mexican government invited a number of Jewish bankers to operate in the country and the assassination of
2780:
issued an edict of religious tolerance, with representatives from Jewish organizations in Europe and the United States coming to Mexico to explore the possibilities for immigration. From 1864 to 1867, Maximilian invited some European Jews from France, Belgium, and Austria-Hungary to settle in
2767:
After Mexico gained its Independence, it abolished the Inquisition, but the Catholic religion was declared official. Remaining Crypto-Jews still did not openly admit to such but began to observe various Jewish rituals, and from 1825 to 1860, a few European Jews from Germany and Eastern Europe
3132:
Jews in Mexico are less united than those in the United States and Canada. Among those descended from immigrants, social divisions remain, based on place of origin despite unification efforts. Those from Aleppo, Damascus and the Balkans and Eastern Europe have their own synagogues and other
3197:
The Jewish Central Committee of Mexico was formed in 1938 as a response to the situation for European Jews at that time. At first, its function was to help Jews escape from the Nazis but later became an umbrella organization for the various Jewish communities in Mexico. It also acts as a
3136:
Despite ethnic identification all identify as Mexican as well, seeing the two as complementary rather than conflicting. Literature written by Mexican and other Latin American Jewish writers tend to explore the question of what it means to be a Jew in the region. These authors include
3123:
The Mexican Jewish community has strong roots in Mexico and has few problems in its host country. Openly Jewish people serve prominently in government positions and are found in most spheres of Mexico's business, intellectual and artistic communities. One U.S. born Jew by the name of
4780:
Bokser de Liwerant, Paloma Cung Sulkin, Silvia Cherem-Shabot, Ariela Katz Gugenheim, Esther Shabot Cohen, Frida Staropolsky Shwartz. Imágenes de un Encuentro. La presencia judía en México durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. México, UNAM-Tribuna Israelita-Multibanco Mercantil,
3544:
Eva Alexandra Ushmany. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660," in The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books
3346:
found that 297 Mexicans (from the 1288 Mexican individuals studied) had more than 5% genetic markers matching the "Sephardic/East/South Mediterranean" grouping. Specifically for markers matching likely Sephardic ancestry, the median for the 297 individuals was around 3% and the
2798:
were industrialists from France. However many of the French arrivals were not interested in staying permanently and went back after they had their fortunes in Mexico. However, a few married and stayed leaving behind in Mexico City last names such as Herzog, Scherer and Levy.
2526:(1580–1640), when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch. That political circumstance allowed freer movement by Portuguese crypto-Jewish merchants into Spanish America. When the Portuguese regained their independence from Spain in 1640, Portuguese merchants in
2739:
transatlantic and trans-Pacific trade networks emerged. Evidence from individual cases prosecuted by the Mexican Inquisition indicates that most crypto-Jews in Mexico or their parents had been born in Portugal, primarily from the Portuguese capital,
3031:
There has not been a new wave of Jewish immigration from the Old World to Mexico in the 21st century, instead small numbers of Jews have arrived as part of larger general migrations from Latin American countries. In 2021, construction began on the
3024:. Dated to the late 16th century, this is the oldest mikveh in the Americas. In 2017, the Mexican Consulate in New York City recovered the Carvajal Manuscript, the oldest known work by a Jewish author in the Americas, after it was stolen from the
2751:(licenses) for the black slave trade in Mexico since Portugal controlled the African coast, where they were sourced. Portuguese merchants also held contracts for tax farming and supplying the Spanish fleet and forts with stores and munitions.
3366:
were assimilated into the general populace, there are families in Mexico and the southwest United States that practice what appear to be Jewish rituals and customs, knowing or not knowing where these come from. For those claiming direct
2615:
had subsided and the Spanish Inquisition continued. For several decades, the families were able to live peacefully, integrating into Mexico's elite, with some becoming prominent Catholic clergy and some returning to Jewish practice.
5782:
5657:
2714:
developed as a commercial center despite its colonial era remoteness because of Crypto-Jewish influence. However, Luis de Carvajal and members of his family were persecuted in 1589 for practicing Judaism. De Carvajal's nephew,
5898:
5777:
2847:
In 1900, the Mexican census counted 134 Jews in the country. From then until 1950, an estimated 7,300 Jewish people immigrated to Mexico from Eastern Europe, 2,640 from Spain or the former Ottoman Empire, and 1,620 from
3399:, a Hebrew word meaning “all of us” began exploring other aspects of Judaism, such as Jewish ancestry in Mexico, especially that of the Conversos. They have sought out descendants of Conversos, without permission of the
2642:(א), suggesting evidence for a Jewish presence or influence in Mexico in 1536. He notes that nearly all of the dies prepared under the tenure of the first assayer use the purported aleph symbol in place of the Christian
5707:
5757:
2598:
Jews and Conversos were part of the conquest and colonization in Mexico, and key participants in the transatlantic and transpacific trade networks, as well as development of domestic trade. Conversos accompanied
5863:
3188:
During the early 20th century, Jewish immigrants started a large number of religious and social organizations to help the community adapt to life in Mexico and conserve their heritage. On Tacuba Street in the
2669:
described in his writings various execution of soldiers during the conquest of Mexico because they were accused of being practicing Jews, including Hernando Alonzo, who built the boats Cortés used to assault
5647:
2768:
arrived. The immigrants were not allowed to become Mexican citizens, but their main challenges to living in Mexico were economic, rather than social or religious. In 1861, a group rented a hall to celebrate
3509:
2832:, forming the Maguén David and Monte Sinaí communities. These with those still coming from Eastern Europe were poorer usually shoemakers, furriers, peddlers and tailors, which first lived in cities such as
5473:
5378:
5557:
4882:
Krause, Corinne A. Los judíos en México. Una historia con énfasis especial en el periodo de 1857 a 1930. Traducción, presentación y notas de Ariela Katz de Gugenheim. México, Universidad Iberoamericana,
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organization (1922), the first Ashkenazi religious school (1922), the Asociación Cultural IL Peretz Farein, later called the Idisher Kultur Guezelshaft (1922), the Har Sinaé synagogue for the
5478:
3055:
aimed at the descendants of the Jewish expulsions from Spain. By October 2019, only 8,128 applicants had been processed, of which 815 were granted Spanish citizenship. In early 2021, former
3274:, the local park. Today, in the area, there is a Jewish museum, archives, synagogue, and kosher deli at Acapulco Street #70, several more small orthodox synagogues hidden inside houses on
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5732:
5727:
5318:
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5607:
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4827:
Hordes, Stanley M. (July 1982). "The Inquisition as Economic and Political Agent: The Campaign of the Mexican Holy Office Against the Crypto-Jews in the Mid-Seventeenth Century".
2813:
on the corner of Isabel la Católica and Madero. The Jewish owner of El Salon Rojo, one of the capital's first movie houses, helped to develop the country's first Jewish cemetery.
5468:
4756:
Acevedo-Field, Rafaela. "Denunciation of Faith and Family: Crypto-Jews and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century Mexico." PhD diss. University of California, Santa Barbara 2012.
3380:). There is also a small community of Conversos practicing Judaism in the Vallejo neighborhood of Mexico City, but the main immigrant Jewish organizations do not recognize them.
5572:
5433:
4532:
3872:
Joel Millman (June 15, 2000). "Texas Rabbi Claims Mexico Is Playing Host to a Lost Tribe --- He Inspires Mass Conversions With His Belief That Jews Served in Cortes's Ranks".
2646:
mark, found almost universally on medieval Spanish and Mexican coinage. Nathan goes on to consider possible Jewish family connections to the known early Mexican mint workers.
3832:
3372:
descendants, the discovery of Crypto-Jewish heritage leads them to reclaiming all or some of the Sephardic Jewish faith, often by adopting a number of rituals and customs.
3258:
around Jesús María street, "the equivalent of Delancey Street" in New York, according to author Ilan Stavans. In the 1930s and 40s many Jewish residents moved to the leafy
2723:
of Mariana Carvajal has become part of Mexican art and literature. By 1641, the colony had grown, and some of the settlers would later move to establish new settlements in
6021:
3599:
5488:
2868:
many foreigners, including Jews, left the country but immediately after Jews began to arrive in substantial numbers again. Between 1917 and 1920 they began to come from
1150:
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3142:
6068:
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2896:
were formed to help the new arrivals adapt. In the 1920s, the Jewish community grew and prospered in Mexico. The immigration rate slowed after 1929 because of the
5998:
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3520:
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5458:
5453:
5448:
3278:, and another synagogue at the corner of Montes de Oca and Parral streets. In the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Jews moved further west to Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec,
3202:
belong to the Mexican Federation of Jewish Students (FEMUJ) . However, there have been outreach efforts. In 2009, Alan Grabinsky and Paul Feldmen established a
5438:
5443:
5333:
1728:
5144:
3887:
5408:
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to be descended from Sephardic Jews escaping the Mexican Inquisition with some making a connection to the Crypto-Jewish settlers of the New Kingdom of León.
3146:
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1078:
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and the Middle East. The rate increased in 1921 when the United States imposed quotas on its immigration. Ten thousand arrived from Eastern Europe to the
1270:
5975:
5363:
5293:
4979:
Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660," in
3802:
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but this immigration was not as large as in previous decades as most of those who arrived were those who already had family and friends in the country.
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242:
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1513:
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Medina, Manuel F (Spring 2000). "Imaging a space in between: Writing the gap between Jewish and Mexican identities in Rosa Nissan's narrative".
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Carroll, Michael P (Spring 2002). "The debate over a crypto-Jewish presence in New Mexico: The role of ethnographic allegory and orientalism".
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Jewish community, (1923), the first Keren Hayeson or campaign for the National Fund for Palestine (1923), the Centro Israelita and first
6391:
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2936:
The Jewish population in Mexico was estimated at 21,000 in 1930. From then until the 1940s, the Jews that arrived were those fleeing the
2603:
in 1519. These were members of Jewish families which had been forcibly converted to Christianity to avoid expulsion from Spain after the
752:
715:
5035:
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2719:, kept memoirs detailing his life and persecution; these are now considered to be the earliest writings by a Jew in the Americas. The
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During the period of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821), a number of Jews came to Mexico, especially during the period of the
1691:
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never as severe as in Spain, allowed more to come over in the first half of the 17th century. New Conversos settled in Mexico City,
6401:
5858:
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Katz Gugenheim, Ariela. Boicot. El pleito de Echeverría con Israel. México, Universidad Iberoamericana-Ediciones cal y arena, 2019.
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1714:
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Warshawsky, Matthew D. (June 2008). "Inquisitorial Prosecution of Tomás Treviño de Sobremonte, a Crypto-Jew in Colonial Mexico".
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has written a number of books related to growing up Jewish in Mexico include Novia que te vea and its sequel Hisho que te Nazca.
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3387:, influenced by the Venta Prieta experience, began working with those of Jewish heritage starting in 1968, mostly working in
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3012:
has achieved important recoveries of colonial Crypto-Jewish heritage. Including the identification and restoration of the
2853:
services as early as 1904. The first formal Jewish organization in Mexico, the Monte Sinaí community was founded in 1912.
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5888:
5772:
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The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, the Canaries, Mexico, Peru, and New Granada
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As of the September 2019 deadline, there had been more than 33,000 Mexican applications for Spanish citizenship through
2900:
and new immigration policies which favored those with a more similar ethnic and religious background to that of Mexico.
5742:
5602:
5562:
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3247:. Of the sixteen Jewish schools, about a dozen of those are in Mexico City, which also has over two dozen synagogues.
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before migrating to Mexico City. For the Sephardic Jews similar language and culture made it easier for them to adapt.
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In addition to Crypto-Jews in modern Mexico, the history of colonial Mexico extends to the claims of families in the
3359:, suggesting a larger migration of Christian converts (from Judaism and Islam) than indicated by historical records.
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as they provided the most opportunities for mercantile activity. Some did move to the more-outlying areas, such as
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Today, most Jews in Mexico are descendants of this immigration and still divided by diasporic origin, principally
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Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe
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4661:"Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance"
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4935:
Martínez, Maria Elena. "Interrogating Blood Line: 'Purity of Blood,' the Inquisition, and Casta Categories" in
3805:[The Jews in Mexico from 1519 to 1996] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Colegio Hebreo Tarbut. Archived from
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5241:
5023:
4659:
Chacón-Duque, Juan-Camilo; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; et al. (19 December 2018).
2908:(1918), the Talmud Torá Hatihiá (1919), the Congregación Nidje Israel for Ashkenazi Jews (1922), the first
2716:
1869:
1789:
1752:
1676:
1621:
1488:
1463:
1388:
1363:
1353:
1292:
1215:
1210:
1190:
1180:
1160:
1145:
1038:
742:
506:
501:
17:
3459:
3224:
5801:
5587:
5202:
5170:
5065:
1859:
1854:
1809:
1762:
1448:
1418:
1378:
1373:
1230:
536:
2976:
2956:
came in the 1930s during economic depression. Mexican labor unions pressured the government to restrict
2666:
6195:
5909:
4629:
3454:
2781:
Mexico. By 1867, only twenty Jewish families were living in Mexico, with about a dozen more elsewhere.
2333:
2178:
1886:
1280:
476:
466:
202:
5212:
6354:
6016:
5849:
4718:
Jacobs, Janet L (October 31, 1999). "Conversa Heritage, Crypto-Jewish Practice and Women's Rituals".
3400:
3240:
3060:
2707:
2447:
2140:
1991:
1932:
823:
6046:
5264:
2744:
2150:
2130:
1240:
720:
261:
2889:
6923:
5929:
5879:
3411:
2949:
2945:
2573:. It is an insular community with its own religious, social and cultural institutions, mostly in
2515:", referring to those Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism and that then became subject to the
2291:
2281:
2246:
2125:
2115:
1898:
1069:
1011:
845:
524:
481:
196:
4614:
3078:. In 2023, she resigned her position in order to launch her candidacy for the presidency in the
6963:
6226:
5463:
5323:
5112:
4693:
2777:
2410:
2145:
2059:
1125:
677:
296:
266:
5029:
4581:
4238:
2699:
6613:
5303:
5217:
4434:
3396:
3351:
was around 11%. The average contribution of "Sephardic/East/South Mediterranean" ancestry in
3236:
2806:
2627:
2301:
2296:
2241:
2029:
944:
672:
659:
554:
271:
4939:, Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007.
4660:
4289:
3395:. A number of these converts have migrated to Israel. Starting in the 1990s, a group called
2546:, Jews could openly immigrate to Mexico. They came from Europe and later from the crumbling
7140:
6675:
6647:
6566:
6441:
6200:
6041:
5358:
5105:
4290:"A quién beneficia la decisión de España de ofrecer la nacionalidad a los judíos sefardíes"
3479:
3283:
3275:
3232:
3228:
3096:
2965:
2905:
2692:
2372:
2324:
2064:
1922:
735:
600:
589:
547:
6529:
2920:
in Monterrey (1923), the Colegio Israelita de México (1924), the Agudat Ajim community in
2860:
Immigrant registration form of a Jewish Lithuanian woman that emigrated to Mexico in 1934.
8:
7019:
6630:
6598:
6446:
6436:
6411:
6190:
6180:
5343:
5288:
4867:
Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740)
4558:
3972:
Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740)
3056:
2996:. In 1995, Tribuna Israelita co sponsored Las Jornadas Contra del Racismo along with the
2821:
2675:
2531:
2516:
2425:
2120:
798:
665:
568:
561:
491:
379:
254:
6811:
4043:
6578:
6386:
6371:
6361:
6310:
6159:
6154:
5824:
5514:
5348:
5004:
4983:, Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books 1991, pp. 186–202.
4958:
To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choices, 1574-1821
4862:
4844:
4735:
3763:
3474:
3333:
3310:
2952:
lost its opposition to the Jewish presence. The only recorded incidents of significant
2893:
2885:
2865:
2688:
2684:
2623:
2600:
2276:
2226:
2173:
2168:
2082:
1952:
1220:
1049:
808:
728:
582:
148:
4239:"México recupera el Manuscrito de Carvajal, primer documento judío escrito en América"
2759:
6692:
6687:
6670:
6603:
6541:
6524:
6514:
6491:
6479:
6431:
6376:
6164:
6113:
5353:
5298:
5154:
5008:
4893:
4739:
4587:
4457:
4376:
4317:"El expresidente mexicano Carlos Salinas de Gortari obtiene la nacionalidad española"
4128:
3663:
3356:
3067:
3041:
3037:
2801:
Jewish immigrants in Mexico City eventually built businesses such as haberdashery on
2794:
2420:
2362:
2342:
2159:
1719:
1358:
818:
689:
619:
496:
409:
276:
7069:
2649:
7024:
7014:
6958:
6887:
6736:
6608:
6588:
6519:
6416:
6381:
6247:
6083:
5413:
5338:
4996:
4836:
4727:
4668:
4658:
4074:
3755:
3720:
3342:
3259:
3092:
2897:
2810:
2390:
2271:
2231:
2195:
1893:
1443:
954:
710:
614:
529:
419:
211:
4944:
Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de sangre, religion, and gender in colonial Mexico
3271:
2948:
as a greater threat than that of the Jewish community. Over the 20th century, the
2789:
7039:
6989:
6948:
6938:
6933:
6816:
6791:
6707:
6680:
6635:
6593:
6561:
6556:
6496:
6474:
6108:
5308:
3727:
3704:
3321:
The Inquisition in Mexico succeeded in eliminating all practices of colonial-era
3244:
2993:
2960:
and Jewish immigration. In May 1931, 250 Jewish merchants were expelled from the
2930:
2619:
2352:
2311:
2306:
2286:
2208:
2202:
2135:
2087:
1927:
1908:
1059:
788:
700:
683:
227:
132:
100:
96:
6741:
4438:
2929:(Yiddish, 1935) and La Verdad (Spanish, 1936). The first printing press for the
2671:
6801:
6751:
6746:
6642:
6583:
6573:
6551:
6546:
6506:
6456:
6396:
4672:
4494:
3431:
3368:
3363:
3348:
3100:
3071:
2829:
2566:
2562:
2547:
2452:
2251:
2106:
1986:
1965:
1942:
1937:
1915:
1903:
1498:
979:
913:
878:
856:
793:
631:
609:
471:
450:
426:
192:
174:
108:
55:
5000:
4557:[Who we are] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Tribuna Israel. Archived from
3697:
2805:
that was a center of European fashion and La Esmeralda jewelry store (now the
7119:
7093:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7029:
6918:
6665:
6320:
4380:
4369:"Mexico City mayor resigns in bid to become country's first female president"
4132:
3941:
3667:
3489:
3484:
3445:
3352:
3298:
3215:
3070:
became the first Jewish person and first elected woman (second after interim
2953:
2802:
2769:
2732:
2523:
2400:
2395:
1601:
1528:
1054:
903:
898:
893:
883:
861:
813:
575:
414:
319:
281:
232:
2720:
2698:
One notable episode during the colonial period was the establishment of the
7049:
6902:
6857:
6842:
6185:
6138:
5233:
4018:
Murphy-Larronde, Suzanne (Jan–Feb 2006). "Guiding Mexico's Jewish Legacy".
3970:
Jonathan I. Israel, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism in New Spain, 1569-1649" in
3263:
3203:
3177:
3154:
2662:
2643:
2430:
2256:
2097:
2092:
2050:
2003:
1097:
964:
949:
908:
873:
486:
328:
6781:
4731:
4185:"Los vestigios del Mikve en Juliantla, Taxco, son reconocidos por el INAH"
3091:
the Comité Central Israelita in Mexico City but its contact is limited to
7064:
7009:
6953:
6943:
6928:
6872:
6847:
6761:
5149:
4124:
3305:
3045:
2921:
2904:(1917), the first federally recognized synagogue under the terms of the
2881:
2631:
2604:
2582:
2574:
2512:
2415:
2357:
2022:
928:
923:
918:
888:
6882:
6786:
4974:
La vida entre el judismo y el cristianismo en la Nueva España, 1580-1606
3250:
In the 1920s, the Jewish community in Mexico City still centered in the
3099:
congregations with no contact with Jews that may be affiliated with the
2892:. Jewish organizations such as the Comité de Damas and North American
6867:
6133:
3767:
3279:
2785:
2773:
2543:
2539:
2073:
1087:
1016:
974:
803:
783:
342:
249:
169:
6994:
4848:
7004:
6852:
5793:
4158:
3839:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Colegio Nacional de México. Archived from
3469:
3326:
3107:
3017:
2917:
2877:
2817:
2711:
2703:
2578:
2570:
2527:
2501:
2236:
2221:
1311:
1259:
1021:
969:
959:
640:
636:
626:
541:
301:
4265:"In first for Latin America, ultra-Orthodox city planned for Mexico"
3759:
3594:[Jews and their presence in Mexico since the 16th century].
3255:
989:
7034:
6973:
6877:
6837:
6349:
6288:
4951:
Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en México.
4888:
Cruzadas y Utopias: El judeocristianismo en las sociedades Ibéricas
4865:, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism in New Spain, 1569-1649" (chapter 3),
4857:
To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico
4840:
3388:
3021:
2913:
2837:
2748:
2724:
2680:
2405:
2015:
1947:
778:
286:
237:
4212:"Un tesoro judío en el corazón de Guerrero: la mikve de Juliantla"
6999:
6968:
6862:
6832:
6806:
6796:
6756:
5082:
3322:
3267:
2909:
2841:
2776:, the first recorded instance of public Jewish worship. In 1865,
2558:
2507:
2381:
2347:
2216:
2010:
999:
994:
866:
757:
652:
648:
644:
393:
388:
365:
347:
222:
217:
207:
185:
160:
120:
104:
5074:
4775:
Jews and the Inquisition of Mexico: The Great Auto de Fe of 1649
4401:
Claudia Sheinbaum projected to be Mexico's first woman president
3692:
Nathan, D. L. “A Hebrew Letter on the New World's First Coins?”
6892:
6771:
6766:
5186:
5086:
3392:
3383:
Efforts to find Jewish descendants have continued. Texas Rabbi
3013:
2925:
2873:
2869:
2833:
2740:
2635:
2041:
2036:
1996:
1981:
1092:
984:
404:
370:
356:
291:
136:
4786:
The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536-1820: A Documentary History
6897:
6776:
4583:
Return to Centro Histórico: A Mexican Jew Looks for His Roots
3888:"Earliest Jewish manuscript in New World to return to Mexico"
3835:[Unknowns sources of the history of Mexican Judaism]
3516:
3048:
from within Mexico as well as immigrants from Latin America.
2937:
2825:
2728:
2639:
2608:
2551:
1004:
433:
337:
306:
3325:
in Mexico, however cultural vestiges remain in the forms of
2971:
5078:
4981:
The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800
3994:
Micahel, Journal of the History of the Jews in the Diaspora
3337:
3314:
2849:
2494:
156:
4077:[Following the footsteps of the Jews in Mexico].
2661:
The persecution of Jews came to New Spain along with the
5544:
4916:
The Jews in New Spain: Faith, Flame, and the Inquisition
3592:"Los judíos y su presencia en México desde el siglo XVI"
4525:"In Mexico City, insular community begins to reach out"
4932:, vol. 1, pp. 749–752. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
4795:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2012.
3696:. Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, January-February 2006, pp. 8-14.
3210:
3003:
4816:, vol. 1, pp.340-344. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
4343:"Mexico City's 1st Elected Female Mayor Takes Office"
4161:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
3223:
In Greater Mexico City, notable communities exist in
3082:. In June 2024, she was elected President of Mexico.
6277:
4900:
in the Practice of Medicine in the Spanish Empire."
4793:
Death by Effigy: A Case from the Mexican Inquisition
3946:
Jewish Women A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
3833:"Fuentes desconocidas de la historia Mexicano-Judia"
3421:
2020:
2001:
424:
5976:
National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico
4918:. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press 1970.
4823:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1969.
4125:"Jews in Mexico, a struggle for survival: Part Two"
3660:"Jews in Mexico, a struggle for survival: Part One"
3063:obtained Spanish citizenship through this program.
4969:. Translated by Mauro Armiño. Madrid: Tauros 1985.
4946:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2008.
4451:
4802:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1999.
4800:Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World
4788:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2012.
3939:
3715:Hoge, Robert Wilson, Current Cabinet Activities,
2816:During the very late 19th century into the 20th,
7117:
5981:Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church of Mexico
4821:The Mexican Inquisition in the Sixteenth Century
4627:
4606:
4493:. Mexico City: Tribuna Israelita. Archived from
4005:Israel, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism", pp. 101-02.
3721:http://numismatics.org/magazine/cabinetspring07/
3176:at its former location on 120 Zacatecas Street,
2754:
6073:Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times
6069:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4928:Martínez, Maria Elena. "Limpieza de Sangre" in
4890:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1984.
4763:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993.
4456:. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. p. 15.
4017:
3340:from Sephardic Jews. A 2018 study published in
3270:, where Yiddish was the unofficial language of
3085:
2980:Mexican Ashkenazi Jews of Polish origin in 1961
2653:Execution of Mariana de Carabajal, daughter of
5145:Comité Central de la Comunidad Judía de México
3983:Israel, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism" pp. 98-99.
3830:
3010:National Institute of Anthropology and History
6263:
5809:
5530:
5249:
5051:
4610:Out of sight: The many faces of Jewish Mexico
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4072:
2472:
39:
5263:
4579:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4041:
3871:
3797:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
2622:proposed that the first coins minted in the
2554:, until the first half of the 20th century.
7106:Originated in what is now the United States
4960:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1988.
4859:. New York: Columbia University Press 2005.
4761:Inquisición y sociedad en México, 1571-1700
3867:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3698:http://numismatics.org/collection/2006.13.1
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3510:"Panorama de las religiones en México 2010"
3293:
3180:, Mexico City (the building now houses the
2593:
716:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6270:
6256:
5816:
5802:
5537:
5523:
5256:
5242:
5058:
5044:
4986:
4976:. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico 1992.
4773:Bocanegra, Matias de and Seymour Liebman,
4713:
4711:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4470:
4454:Mexico Society and Culture Complete Report
4445:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4075:"Tras las huellas de los judíos en México"
4013:
4011:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
2479:
2465:
54:
4923:Los Judíos en México y en América Central
4812:Gojman de Backal, Alicia. "Conversos" in
4654:
4652:
4151:
4097:
4037:
4035:
4033:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3826:
3824:
2988:In 1987 the Tribuna Israelita along with
2972:20th century institutions and integration
2702:. In 1567 the Carvajal family arrived to
60:Map of Jewish population by state in 2010
5859:History of the Catholic Church in Mexico
4777:. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press 1974.
4283:
4281:
3858:
3803:"Los Judios en México desde 1519 a 1996"
3774:
3614:
3548:
3329:religious rituals and blended cuisine.
3297:
3214:
3167:
3106:
2975:
2855:
2758:
2648:
4876:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965.
4809:. Mexico City: Enep-Acatlan, UNAM 1984.
4708:
4628:Vivienne Stanton (September 13, 2010),
4547:
4509:
4405:
4209:
4122:
4066:
4044:"The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Mexico"
4008:
3745:
3732:
3657:
3589:
2990:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico
14:
7118:
5971:Presbyterian Reformed Church of Mexico
5966:National Presbyterian Church in Mexico
5948:Seventh-day Adventist Church in Mexico
5823:
4826:
4717:
4649:
4535:from the original on December 15, 2009
4424:
4314:
4030:
3992:Eva A. Uchmany, "Simón Váez Sevilla",
3906:
3821:
6251:
5797:
5545:History of the Jews in North America
5518:
5237:
5039:
4638:from the original on October 16, 2013
4278:
4139:from the original on December 3, 2013
4085:from the original on November 6, 2012
3952:from the original on November 9, 2020
3602:from the original on 24 November 2020
2824:also began arriving from what is now
4770:. Jerusalem: Hebrew University 1965.
4694:"Fig 1. d) East/South Mediterranean"
4054:from the original on August 30, 2011
3502:
3465:History of the Jews in Latin America
3317:, has colonial Crypto-Jewish origins
3290:, where the majority are now based.
79:Regions with significant populations
4967:Los estatutos de limpieza de sangre
4427:Studies in the Literary Imagination
4236:
3211:Jewish neighborhoods of Mexico City
3004:21st century and modern immigration
2605:Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula
24:
5129:Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71
4749:
4210:Huitron, Luis (24 November 2022).
4073:Natalia Gómez (January 24, 2006).
3674:from the original on June 11, 2019
3658:Lenchek, Shep (February 1, 2000).
3113:Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71
2962:La Lagunilla Market in Mexico City
2499:began in 1519 with the arrival of
74:self-identified Jews (2010 census)
25:
7152:
5017:
4580:Ilan Stavans (30 December 2011).
4315:Martín, María (30 October 2022).
4287:
4165:from the original on 24 June 2018
3076:Head of Government of Mexico City
2763:Cultural Institute Mexico-Israel.
507:Historical population comparisons
7087:
6279:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico
5658:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5379:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5073:
5067:
4807:Los conversos en la Nueva España
3974:. Leiden: Brill 2002, pp. 97-98.
3590:Kaminer, José (25 August 2010).
3438:
3424:
3378:Jewish Community of Venta Prieta
1151:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1065:Historical population by country
4686:
4631:The many faces of Jewish Mexico
4621:
4607:Vivienne Stanton (April 2009),
4600:
4573:
4394:
4361:
4335:
4308:
4257:
4230:
4203:
4177:
4123:Lenchek, Shep (March 1, 2000).
3999:
3986:
3977:
3964:
3880:
2998:Secretaría de Educación Pública
2933:was brought to Mexico in 1930.
2888:at the invitation of President
2809:) with a reputation similar to
2536:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico
5032:from the World Jewish Congress
4989:Colonial Latin American Review
4953:2nd edition. Mexico City 1954.
4925:. Mexico city: Siglo XXI 1971.
4523:Ben Harris (October 5, 2009).
3709:
3686:
3538:
3191:historic center of Mexico City
3117:Historic Center of Mexico City
2828:and the rest of the crumbling
2542:during the nineteenth-century
13:
1:
6079:Jehovah's Witnesses in Mexico
5101:History of the Jews in Mexico
5026:from the Government of Mexico
4768:Conversos ante la inquisición
4042:Dennis Wasko (May 16, 2011).
3496:
2755:Post Independence immigration
722:Christianity and Judaism
85:Mexico City Metropolitan Area
7136:Jewish communities in Mexico
7103:Primarily arrived via Canada
5783:United States Virgin Islands
5504:United States Virgin Islands
4491:"Jewish Community in Mexico"
3313:), a type of sandwich using
3086:Jewish communities in Mexico
2717:Luis de Carvajal the Younger
2655:Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal
2613:conquest of the Aztec Empire
7:
5223:Colegio Israelita de México
5203:Colegio Hebreo Maguen David
4911:. New York: Macmillan 1908.
4452:World Trade Press. (2010).
4081:(in Spanish). Mexico City.
3519:. p. 3. Archived from
3417:
3182:University of Communication
2534:. When the monopoly of the
2021:
2002:
1729:Latin America and Caribbean
425:
10:
7157:
6022:Episcopal Church in Mexico
5265:Judaism in North America
5208:Colegio Hebreo Monte Sinaí
4673:10.1038/s41467-018-07748-z
3996:, viii (1983), pp. 126-61.
3455:Festival of Santa Esterica
2588:
2334:Jewish political movements
2031:Conversion to Judaism
7082:
6982:
6911:
6825:
6729:
6720:
6656:
6505:
6455:
6337:
6319:
6303:
6296:
6285:
6209:
6173:
6147:
6126:
6096:
6059:
6007:
5989:
5956:
5938:
5927:
5907:
5877:
5847:
5838:
5831:
5758:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5676:
5550:
5479:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5397:
5271:
5195:
5179:
5163:
5137:
5121:
5093:
5024:Comunidad judía de México
5001:10.1080/10609160802025516
4805:Gojman Goldberg, Alicia.
4127:. Mexconnect newsletter.
3662:. Mexconnect newsletter.
3460:Gilberto Bosques Saldívar
3225:Colonia Hipódromo Condesa
3174:Hebreo Monte Sinaí School
3061:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
3008:In the 21st century, the
3000:and other organizations.
737:Hinduism and Judaism
131:
126:
119:
114:
95:
90:
83:
78:
70:
65:
53:
45:
37:
6730:More than 100,000 people
6457:From South and East Asia
5778:Turks and Caicos Islands
5499:Turks and Caicos Islands
4972:Ushmany, Eva Alexandra.
4942:Martínrez, Maria Elena.
4902:Jahrbuch für Geschicte 4
4237:Cultura, Secretaría de.
3294:Crypto-Jewish resurgence
3143:Alicia Freilich de Segal
2667:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
2594:Viceroyalty of New Spain
563:Temple in Jerusalem
256:Bar and bat mitzvah
7126:Ethnic groups in Mexico
6983:Fewer than 1,000 people
6321:From Sub-Saharan Africa
5213:Colegio Hebreo Sefaradí
5171:Israel–Mexico relations
4874:The Spanish Inquisition
3940:Judit Bokser Liwerant.
3876:. New York. p. A1.
3412:Southwest United States
2950:Mexican Catholic Church
2530:were prosecuted by the
525:Twelve Tribes of Israel
7131:Jewish Mexican history
5864:Melkite Greek Catholic
5708:British Virgin Islands
5429:British Virgin Islands
5113:Antisemitism in Mexico
4949:Medina, José Toribio.
4930:Encyclopedia of Mexico
4819:Greenleaf, Richard E.
4814:Encyclopedia of Mexico
4784:Chuchiak, John F. IV.
3318:
3220:
3185:
3120:
2981:
2861:
2764:
2658:
40:
6826:20,000–100,000 people
5648:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5369:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5218:Colegio Hebreo Tarbut
4937:Religion in New Spain
4869:. Leiden: Brill 2002.
4732:10.1353/sho.1999.0089
4497:on September 23, 2011
3748:Sociology of Religion
3301:
3218:
3171:
3110:
2979:
2946:growing Protestantism
2890:Plutarco Elías Calles
2859:
2807:Museo del Estanquillo
2788:, the Liberals under
2762:
2652:
2628:Spanish Conquistadors
1271:São Tomé and Príncipe
1266:Republic of the Congo
660:Second Temple Judaism
531:Kingdom of Judah
502:Modern historiography
127:Related ethnic groups
5106:List of Mexican Jews
4907:Lea, Henry Charles.
4791:Corteguera, Luis R.
4288:Cueto, José Carlos.
4218:(in Mexican Spanish)
4159:"The Jews of Mexico"
3831:Seymore B. Leibman.
3480:List of Mexican Jews
3338:genetic contribution
3284:Bosques de las Lomas
3233:Lomas de Chapultepec
3219:Synagogue in Polanco
3044:aimed at attracting
2906:Constitution of 1917
2778:Emperor Maximilian I
2540:religious toleration
2373:World Agudath Israel
1514:United Arab Emirates
601:Second Temple period
591:Babylonian captivity
6912:1,000–20,000 people
5899:Antiochian Orthodox
5663:Trinidad and Tobago
5558:Antigua and Barbuda
5384:Trinidad and Tobago
5279:Antigua and Barbuda
5030:Community in Mexico
4863:Israel, Jonathan I.
4561:on November 2, 2012
3874:Wall Street Journal
3846:on December 3, 2013
3809:on February 6, 2013
3355:is higher than the
3332:Additionally, some
3147:Jacqueline Goldberg
3057:President of Mexico
2822:Middle Eastern Jews
2700:New Kingdom of León
2676:Mexican Inquisition
2532:Mexican Inquisition
2517:Spanish Inquisition
666:Hellenistic Judaism
244:Land of Israel
203:Principles of faith
34:
5825:Religion in Mexico
5598:Dominican Republic
5319:Dominican Republic
4964:Sicroff, Albert A.
4921:Liebman, Seymour.
4914:Liebman, Seymour.
4898:Limpieza de Sangre
4896:. "Legitimacy and
4894:Lanning, John Tate
4759:Alberro, Solange.
3726:2020-11-09 at the
3703:2020-11-09 at the
3526:on 21 October 2015
3475:Limpieza de sangre
3319:
3221:
3186:
3121:
2982:
2866:Mexican Revolution
2862:
2765:
2659:
2624:Western Hemisphere
2538:was replaced with
2227:Jewish Koine Greek
1769:Dominican Republic
1050:Judaism by country
729:Jews and Christmas
584:Assyrian captivity
32:
7113:
7112:
7094:Mexico portal
7078:
7077:
6716:
6715:
6657:From Western Asia
6338:From the Americas
6245:
6244:
6122:
6121:
6092:
6091:
6055:
6054:
5910:Oriental Orthodox
5791:
5790:
5680:other territories
5512:
5511:
5401:other territories
5231:
5230:
5155:Tribuna Israelita
4886:Lafaye, Jacques.
4855:Hordes, Stanley.
4349:. 5 December 2018
3357:Iberian Peninsula
3336:have significant
3260:streetcar suburbs
3254:northeast of the
3252:Historic Downtown
3068:Claudia Sheinbaum
3042:planned community
3038:Ixtapan de la Sal
3034:Ciudad de la Torá
3026:National Archives
2795:Czar Alexander II
2489:
2488:
2438:
2437:
2186:
2185:
1933:Reconstructionist
1877:
1876:
1029:
1028:
836:
835:
673:Jewish–Roman wars
621:Hasmonean dynasty
537:Kingdom of Israel
441:
440:
142:
141:
16:(Redirected from
7148:
7092:
7091:
7090:
6924:Chichimeca Jonaz
6727:
6726:
6659:and North Africa
6301:
6300:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6084:La Luz del Mundo
6062:
6010:
5992:
5959:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5912:
5894:Russian Orthodox
5882:
5880:Eastern Orthodox
5852:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5748:Saint Barthélemy
5678:Dependencies and
5551:Sovereign states
5539:
5532:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5469:Saint Barthélemy
5399:Dependencies and
5272:Sovereign states
5258:
5251:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5012:
4956:Seed, Patricia.
4852:
4744:
4743:
4715:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4667:. p. 5388.
4656:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4613:, archived from
4604:
4598:
4597:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4529:JTA News Service
4520:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4468:
4467:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4422:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4375:. 12 June 2023.
4365:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4285:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4120:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4039:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3937:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3799:
3772:
3771:
3743:
3730:
3713:
3707:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3655:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3587:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3514:
3506:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3334:Mexican Mestizos
3276:Amsterdam Avenue
3159:Blanca Strepponi
3151:Martha Kornblith
3111:Interior of the
2898:Great Depression
2886:port of Veracruz
2708:Luis de Carvajal
2481:
2474:
2467:
2330:
2329:
2211:
2032:
2026:
2007:
1971:
1970:
1918:
1865:New Zealand
1817:
1780:El Salvador
1770:
1702:Northern America
1694:
1288:
1044:
1043:
955:Crimean Karaites
851:
850:
829:
827:
748:
746:
738:
732:
723:
711:Rabbinic Judaism
692:
686:
680:
668:
656:
622:
615:Maccabean Revolt
592:
585:
579:
571:
564:
558:
550:
532:
456:
455:
430:
325:
324:
257:
245:
144:
143:
137:Israeli diaspora
66:Total population
58:
47:
46:יהודים מקסיקניים
43:
41:judíos mexicanos
35:
31:
21:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7116:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7088:
7086:
7074:
6978:
6907:
6821:
6712:
6658:
6652:
6501:
6451:
6333:
6315:
6292:
6281:
6276:
6246:
6241:
6232:Oldest churches
6205:
6169:
6143:
6118:
6088:
6060:
6051:
6008:
6003:
5990:
5985:
5957:
5952:
5939:
5928:
5923:
5919:Coptic Orthodox
5908:
5903:
5878:
5873:
5848:
5839:
5827:
5822:
5792:
5787:
5681:
5679:
5672:
5546:
5543:
5513:
5508:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5267:
5262:
5232:
5227:
5191:
5175:
5159:
5133:
5117:
5089:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5020:
5015:
4798:Giles, Mary E.
4766:Beinart, Haim.
4752:
4750:Further reading
4747:
4716:
4709:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4657:
4650:
4641:
4639:
4626:
4622:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4586:. p. 108.
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4555:"Quiénes Somos"
4553:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4471:
4464:
4450:
4446:
4423:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4286:
4279:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4121:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4031:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3870:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3775:
3760:10.2307/3712537
3744:
3733:
3728:Wayback Machine
3719:, Spring 2007.
3714:
3710:
3705:Wayback Machine
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3656:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3385:Samuel S. Lerer
3296:
3245:State of Mexico
3213:
3126:Sidney Franklin
3115:located in the
3088:
3006:
2974:
2966:Lázaro Cárdenas
2931:Hebrew alphabet
2757:
2706:under nobleman
2674:. However, the
2596:
2591:
2505:, often called
2493:history of the
2485:
2440:
2439:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2307:Judeo-Malayalam
2287:Judaeo-Georgian
2207:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2088:Yiddish theatre
2030:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1916:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1815:
1768:
1692:
1286:
1070:Genetic studies
1041:
1031:
1030:
848:
838:
837:
825:
824:
744:
743:
736:
726:
721:
703:and Middle Ages
701:Rabbinic period
688:
682:
675:
663:
634:
620:
590:
583:
574:
566:
562:
553:
548:in Judaism
545:
530:
453:
443:
442:
322:
312:
311:
255:
243:
188:
133:Jewish diaspora
97:Mexican Spanish
61:
49:
44:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7154:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7070:Tohono Oʼodham
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6731:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6298:
6297:Non-Amerindian
6294:
6293:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6227:Mexican saints
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6065:
6063:
6061:Nontrinitarian
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5933:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Greek Orthodox
5885:
5883:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5842:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5768:Sint Eustatius
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5713:Cayman Islands
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5510:
5509:
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4617:on 2013-10-17
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4595:
4593:9780813552262
4589:
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4531:. Jerusalem.
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4459:
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4433:(1): 93–106.
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4050:. Jerusalem.
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3490:Old Christian
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3485:New Christian
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3369:Crypto-Jewish
3365:
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3353:Latin America
3350:
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3328:
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3272:Parque México
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3139:Sonia Chocron
3134:
3130:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3083:
3081:
3080:2024 election
3077:
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2999:
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2986:
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2954:anti-Semitism
2951:
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2803:Madero Street
2799:
2796:
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2790:Benito Juárez
2787:
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2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:Rosh Hashanah
2761:
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2746:
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2733:New Santander
2730:
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2663:conquistadors
2656:
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2641:
2637:
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2601:Hernán Cortés
2586:
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2524:Iberian Union
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2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Judeo-Aramaic
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:Judeo-Italian
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Ghardaïa Sign
2260:
2258:
2255:
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2250:
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2240:
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2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1961:
1954:
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1941:
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1914:
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1900:
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1892:
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1887:Denominations
1883:
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1715:United States
1713:
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1234:
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1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Guinea-Bissau
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:Lists of Jews
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
936:
935:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
847:
842:
841:
830:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:The Holocaust
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
770:
769:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
741:
739:
734:
730:
724:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
706:
702:
699:
698:
691:
685:
679:
674:
671:
667:
661:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
599:
598:
593:
588:
586:
581:
577:
573:
570:
565:
560:
556:
552:
549:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
517:
514:
513:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
446:
435:
432:
429:
428:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Mishneh Torah
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
361:
358:
355:
354:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
315:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
253:
251:
248:
246:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:
187:
182:
181:
176:
175:Who is a Jew?
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
130:
125:
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
64:
57:
52:
42:
36:
27:
19:
6843:Chontal Maya
6812:Yucatec Maya
6697:
6614:Scandinavian
6287:
6186:Cristero War
6139:Santa Muerte
6104:Bahá'í Faith
5840:Christianity
5773:Sint Maarten
5753:Saint Martin
5632:
5494:Sint Maarten
5474:Saint Martin
5180:Publications
5100:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4873:
4866:
4856:
4835:(1): 23–38.
4832:
4829:The Americas
4828:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4723:
4719:
4698:. Retrieved
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4664:
4640:, retrieved
4630:
4623:
4615:the original
4609:
4602:
4582:
4575:
4565:November 28,
4563:. Retrieved
4559:the original
4549:
4539:November 28,
4537:. Retrieved
4528:
4501:November 28,
4499:. Retrieved
4495:the original
4453:
4447:
4430:
4426:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4373:The Guardian
4372:
4363:
4351:. Retrieved
4346:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4323:(in Spanish)
4320:
4310:
4298:. Retrieved
4296:(in Spanish)
4293:
4268:. Retrieved
4259:
4247:. Retrieved
4245:(in Spanish)
4242:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4216:Enlace Judío
4215:
4205:
4193:. Retrieved
4191:(in Spanish)
4188:
4179:
4167:. Retrieved
4153:
4143:November 28,
4141:. Retrieved
4089:November 28,
4087:. Retrieved
4079:El Universal
4078:
4068:
4058:November 28,
4056:. Retrieved
4047:
4023:
4019:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3979:
3971:
3966:
3956:November 28,
3954:. Retrieved
3945:
3896:. Retrieved
3891:
3882:
3873:
3850:November 28,
3848:. Retrieved
3841:the original
3813:November 28,
3811:. Retrieved
3807:the original
3751:
3747:
3717:ANS Magazine
3716:
3711:
3693:
3688:
3678:November 28,
3676:. Retrieved
3604:. Retrieved
3596:Diario Judío
3595:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3521:the original
3504:
3409:
3405:
3382:
3374:
3361:
3341:
3331:
3320:
3303:
3288:Tecamachalco
3249:
3241:Huixquilucan
3222:
3204:Moishe House
3200:
3196:
3187:
3178:Colonia Roma
3155:Elisa Lerner
3135:
3131:
3122:
3097:Conservative
3089:
3074:) to be the
3065:
3050:
3033:
3030:
3007:
2987:
2983:
2942:
2935:
2902:
2894:B'nai B'rith
2863:
2846:
2815:
2800:
2783:
2766:
2737:
2697:
2672:Tenochtitlán
2660:
2644:cross potent
2620:David Nathan
2618:
2597:
2556:
2550:, including
2521:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2431:Post-Zionism
2302:Judeo-Berber
2297:Judeo-Arabic
2257:Judeo-Gascon
2004:Pidyon haben
1923:Conservative
1799:
1469:Saudi Arabia
1287:South Africa
1276:Sierra Leone
1098:Israeli Jews
1012:Mosaic Arabs
965:Kaifeng Jews
826:Arab–Israeli
799:Emancipation
678:Great Revolt
487:Anti-Judaism
482:Antisemitism
477:Name "Judea"
272:Baal teshuva
71:
33:Mexican Jews
29:Ethnic group
26:
18:Mexican Jews
7141:Crypto-Jews
7045:Motozintlec
6676:Palestinian
6507:From Europe
6485:Mexico City
6392:Costa Rican
6222:LDS Temples
6127:Ethnic/Folk
5991:Pentecostal
5958:Evangelical
5743:Puerto Rico
5653:Saint Lucia
5603:El Salvador
5464:Puerto Rico
5374:Saint Lucia
5324:El Salvador
5150:Folks-Ligue
4642:October 16,
4353:7 September
3898:8 September
3754:(1): 1–19.
3606:21 November
3364:Crypto-Jews
3306:Tequixquiac
3304:pambazo de
3163:Rosa Nissan
3046:Haredi Jews
2922:Guadalajara
2882:the Balkans
2864:During the
2784:During the
2632:Mexico City
2583:Guadalajara
2575:Mexico City
2513:Crypto-Jews
2426:Revisionist
2416:Neo-Zionism
2023:Zeved habat
1816:Puerto Rico
1642:Netherlands
1474:South Korea
1459:Philippines
1339:Afghanistan
1206:Ivory Coast
980:Crypto-Jews
945:Bnei Anusim
924:Bene Israel
889:Beta Israel
846:Communities
753:Middle Ages
492:Persecution
267:Bereavement
7120:Categories
6964:Qʼanjobʼal
6944:Mexicanero
6722:Amerindian
6599:Portuguese
6447:Venezuelan
6437:Salvadoran
6427:Nicaraguan
6412:Guatemalan
6407:Ecuadorian
6237:Synagogues
6217:Cathedrals
6201:Irreligion
6134:Mexicayotl
6009:Historical
5930:Protestant
5738:Montserrat
5733:Martinique
5728:Guadeloupe
5583:Costa Rica
5459:Montserrat
5454:Martinique
5449:Guadeloupe
5304:Costa Rica
5122:Synagogues
4726:(1): 101.
3694:The Shekel
3497:References
3362:While the
3280:Interlomas
2786:Reform War
2774:Yom Kippur
2743:, or from
2721:auto-da-fé
2657:, in 1601.
2634:feature a
2569:-speaking
2563:Ashkenazim
2561:-speaking
2411:Maximalism
2363:Secularism
2343:Autonomism
2160:Literature
1953:Humanistic
1557:Azerbaijan
1519:Uzbekistan
1494:Tajikistan
1414:Kyrgyzstan
1399:Kazakhstan
1246:Mozambique
1221:Madagascar
1141:Cape Verde
1093:New Yishuv
1088:Old Yishuv
1039:Population
1017:Subbotniks
975:Samaritans
914:Romanyotim
857:Ashkenazim
804:Old Yishuv
784:Sabbateans
771:Modern era
763:Golden Age
690:Bar Kokhba
410:Beit Yosef
277:Philosophy
7015:Kaqchikel
6990:Aguacatec
6959:Pima Bajo
6888:Tojolabal
6782:Purépecha
6737:Chinantec
6648:Ukrainian
6619:Norwegian
6579:Hungarian
6567:Mennonite
6537:Bulgarian
6442:Uruguayan
6402:Dominican
6387:Colombian
6372:Brazilian
6362:Argentine
6191:Holy Week
6181:Christmas
6042:Mennonite
6032:Methodist
5940:Adventist
5869:Apostolic
5832:Abrahamic
5723:Greenland
5638:Nicaragua
5613:Guatemala
5444:Greenland
5359:Nicaragua
5334:Guatemala
5009:162293133
4740:144843432
4439:198122825
4381:0261-3077
4133:1028-9089
4026:(1): 4–5.
3668:1028-9089
3470:Lev Tahor
3401:Rabbinate
3327:syncretic
3161:. Author
3066:In 2018,
3028:in 1932.
3018:Juliantla
2918:synagogue
2878:Lithuania
2818:Sephardic
2811:Tiffany's
2712:Monterrey
2704:New Spain
2693:Zacatecas
2607:from the
2579:Monterrey
2571:Sephardim
2528:New Spain
2502:Conversos
2497:in Mexico
2421:Religious
2277:Zarphatic
2267:Bukharian
2237:Judeo-Tat
2222:Yeshivish
2196:Languages
2151:Sephardic
2141:Israelite
2131:Ethiopian
2121:Ashkenazi
2060:Religious
1850:Australia
1832:Venezuela
1738:Argentina
1720:Greenland
1632:Lithuania
1484:Sri Lanka
1479:Singapore
1404:Kurdistan
1369:Indonesia
1359:Hong Kong
1312:Abayudaya
1236:Mauritius
970:Igbo Jews
960:Krymchaks
879:Sephardim
747:relations
641:Sadducees
637:Pharisees
627:Sanhedrin
542:Jerusalem
302:Synagogue
170:Etymology
91:Languages
7060:Qʼeqchiʼ
7040:Lacandon
7035:Kumeyaay
6949:Ocuiltec
6939:Jacaltec
6934:Guarijio
6883:Tepehuán
6878:Popoluca
6853:Cuicatec
6792:Tlapanec
6787:Rarámuri
6693:Assyrian
6688:Armenian
6671:Lebanese
6604:Romanian
6542:Croatian
6515:Austrian
6480:Japanese
6470:Filipino
6432:Peruvian
6422:Honduran
6377:Canadian
6367:Belizean
6345:American
6289:Mexicans
6160:Hinduism
6155:Buddhism
6037:Lutheran
6017:Anglican
5850:Catholic
5688:Anguilla
5623:Honduras
5593:Dominica
5568:Barbados
5409:Anguilla
5344:Honduras
5314:Dominica
5289:Barbados
5164:Politics
4636:archived
4533:Archived
4435:ProQuest
4163:Archived
4137:Archived
4083:Archived
4052:Archived
4020:Americas
3950:Archived
3942:"Mexico"
3724:Archived
3701:Archived
3672:Archived
3600:Archived
3418:See also
3389:Veracruz
3237:Santa Fe
3093:Orthodox
3022:Guerrero
2994:Diaspora
2914:Damascus
2838:Veracruz
2749:asientos
2725:Coahuila
2689:Campeche
2685:Veracruz
2681:Acapulco
2508:Marranos
2448:Category
2406:Kahanism
2353:Feminism
2325:Politics
2209:Biblical
2179:American
2126:Bukharan
2116:American
2016:Shidduch
1992:Clothing
1948:Haymanot
1894:Orthodox
1822:Suriname
1805:Paraguay
1758:Colombia
1657:Portugal
1567:Bulgaria
1504:Thailand
1454:Pakistan
1434:Mongolia
1429:Malaysia
1349:Cambodia
1323:Zimbabwe
1298:Tanzania
1176:Eswatini
1166:Ethiopia
1156:Djibouti
1136:Cameroon
1131:Botswana
1060:Diaspora
1022:Noahides
995:Marranos
919:Cochinim
904:Bukharim
894:Gruzinim
884:Teimanim
874:Mizrahim
862:Galician
828:conflict
789:Hasidism
779:Haskalah
684:Diaspora
555:timeline
467:Timeline
380:Rabbinic
287:Kabbalah
262:Marriage
238:Tzedakah
228:Holidays
186:Religion
149:a series
147:Part of
115:Religion
7020:K'iche'
7005:Ixcatec
7000:Cocopah
6995:Cochimí
6974:Tepehua
6969:Tacuate
6863:Huichol
6838:Chatino
6817:Zapotec
6807:Tzotzil
6802:Tzeltal
6797:Totonac
6757:Mazatec
6752:Mazahua
6747:Huastec
6708:Turkish
6703:Iranian
6631:Spanish
6624:Swedish
6609:Russian
6589:Italian
6530:Cornish
6525:British
6520:Belgian
6465:Chinese
6417:Haitian
6382:Chilean
6350:Mascogo
6311:Mestizo
6174:Related
6165:Sikhism
6114:Judaism
6027:Baptist
5718:Curaçao
5703:Bonaire
5698:Bermuda
5628:Jamaica
5608:Grenada
5563:Bahamas
5439:Curaçao
5424:Bonaire
5419:Bermuda
5349:Jamaica
5329:Grenada
5284:Bahamas
5196:Schools
5083:Judaism
4700:1 April
4678:1 April
4386:15 July
4321:El País
4270:2 April
4249:2 April
4222:2 April
4195:2 April
4189:NorfiPC
4169:24 June
3892:Reuters
3768:3712537
3530:2 March
3323:Judaism
3268:Condesa
3229:Polanco
2958:Chinese
2910:Zionist
2842:Chiapas
2638:letter
2589:History
2559:Yiddish
2391:General
2382:Zionism
2358:Leftism
2348:Bundism
2272:Knaanic
2232:Yevanic
2217:Yiddish
2174:Yiddish
2169:Israeli
2146:Mizrahi
2136:Israeli
2107:Cuisine
2083:Ancient
2065:Secular
2011:Kashrut
1987:Wedding
1974:Customs
1966:Culture
1943:Science
1938:Renewal
1928:Karaite
1909:Hasidic
1841:Oceania
1827:Uruguay
1795:Jamaica
1775:Ecuador
1743:Bolivia
1687:Ukraine
1662:Romania
1637:Moldova
1617:Hungary
1607:Germany
1602:Georgia
1592:Finland
1587:Estonia
1582:Denmark
1577:Czechia
1562:Belarus
1552:Austria
1547:Armenia
1524:Vietnam
1439:Myanmar
1424:Lebanon
1344:Bahrain
1303:Tunisia
1281:Somalia
1256:Nigeria
1251:Namibia
1241:Morocco
1171:Eritrea
1116:Algeria
1000:Neofiti
909:Italkim
899:Juhurim
809:Zionism
758:Khazars
653:Sicarii
649:Zealots
645:Essenes
632:Schisms
497:Leaders
459:General
451:History
394:Tosefta
389:Midrash
366:Mishnah
348:Ketuvim
343:Nevi'im
292:Customs
223:Shabbat
218:Halakha
210: (
208:Mitzvot
195: (
161:Judaism
121:Judaism
105:Yiddish
48:
7055:Paipai
7030:Kiliwa
7025:Kikapú
6919:Chocho
6893:Triqui
6833:Amuzgo
6767:Mixtec
6698:Jewish
6681:Syrian
6636:Basque
6594:Polish
6562:German
6557:French
6497:Romani
6492:Korean
6475:Indian
6355:Mormon
6329:Kenyan
6304:Mexico
6148:Others
6047:Quaker
5643:Panama
5633:Mexico
5578:Canada
5573:Belize
5364:Panama
5354:Mexico
5299:Canada
5294:Belize
5187:Foroys
5094:Topics
5087:Mexico
5007:
4904:(1967)
4849:981268
4847:
4738:
4720:Shofar
4665:Nature
4590:
4460:
4437:
4379:
4327:4 June
4300:4 June
4243:gob.mx
4131:
3766:
3666:
3397:Kulanu
3393:Puebla
3343:Nature
3286:, and
3256:Zócalo
3101:Reform
3014:mikveh
2926:Aleppo
2874:Poland
2870:Russia
2834:Puebla
2741:Lisbon
2731:, and
2636:Hebrew
2453:Portal
2312:Domari
2242:Shassi
2203:Hebrew
2098:Humour
2042:Hiloni
2037:Aliyah
1997:Niddah
1982:Minyan
1917:Reform
1904:Haredi
1899:Modern
1800:Mexico
1785:Guyana
1748:Brazil
1710:Canada
1682:Sweden
1672:Serbia
1667:Russia
1652:Poland
1647:Norway
1627:Latvia
1612:Greece
1597:France
1572:Cyprus
1538:Europe
1509:Turkey
1499:Taiwan
1409:Kuwait
1394:Jordan
1384:Israel
1318:Zambia
1308:Uganda
1226:Malawi
1196:Guinea
1186:Gambia
1121:Angola
1107:Africa
990:Dönmeh
985:Anusim
929:Berber
867:Litvak
819:Israel
725:
662:
576:Second
544:
405:Targum
371:Gemara
357:Talmud
329:Tanakh
282:Ethics
233:Prayer
101:Hebrew
72:67,476
7050:Opata
6903:Zoque
6898:Yaqui
6858:Huave
6777:Otomi
6772:Nahua
6742:Ch'ol
6643:Swiss
6584:Irish
6574:Greek
6552:Dutch
6547:Czech
6397:Cuban
6210:Lists
6109:Islam
6097:Other
5693:Aruba
5618:Haiti
5414:Aruba
5339:Haiti
5005:S2CID
4883:1987.
4845:JSTOR
4781:1992.
4736:S2CID
3844:(PDF)
3837:(PDF)
3764:JSTOR
3545:1991.
3524:(PDF)
3517:INEGI
3513:(PDF)
2938:Nazis
2826:Syria
2729:Texas
2640:aleph
2609:Moors
2552:Syria
2401:Labor
2396:Green
2093:Dance
2051:Music
1870:Palau
1790:Haiti
1753:Chile
1677:Spain
1622:Italy
1529:Yemen
1489:Syria
1464:Qatar
1444:Nepal
1389:Japan
1364:India
1354:China
1293:Sudan
1216:Libya
1211:Kenya
1191:Ghana
1181:Gabon
1161:Egypt
1146:Benin
1005:Xueta
950:Lemba
569:First
434:Zohar
338:Torah
320:Texts
307:Rabbi
297:Rites
197:names
7065:Seri
7010:Ixil
6954:Pame
6929:Chuj
6873:Mayo
6848:Cora
6762:Mixe
6666:Arab
5763:Saba
5588:Cuba
5484:Saba
5309:Cuba
5081:and
5079:Jews
4702:2024
4680:2024
4644:2013
4588:ISBN
4567:2012
4541:2012
4503:2012
4458:ISBN
4388:2023
4377:ISSN
4355:2023
4329:2024
4302:2024
4272:2024
4251:2024
4224:2024
4197:2024
4171:2018
4145:2012
4129:ISSN
4091:2012
4060:2012
3958:2012
3900:2023
3852:2012
3815:2012
3680:2012
3664:ISSN
3608:2020
3532:2015
3391:and
3315:pita
3266:and
3264:Roma
3239:and
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2495:Jews
2491:The
1860:Guam
1855:Fiji
1810:Peru
1763:Cuba
1449:Oman
1419:Laos
1379:Iraq
1374:Iran
1331:Asia
1260:Igbo
1231:Mali
250:Brit
159:and
157:Jews
6868:Mam
5085:in
4997:doi
4837:doi
4728:doi
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