397:. Several MPOs there, with governance over eight counties, have developed a greater regional planning committee, the Chairs Coordinating Committee (CCC), composed of the chairs of seven MPOs and the chairs of their appointed advisory committee (or their representatives) in order to coordinate transportation planning for the region, that is compatible with all, as well as addressing the challenges of long range planning for a large and growing region that has overlapping issues among the MPOs or transportation plans that extend throughout the entire area. Often the members of the executive committee of an MPO act interchangeably as the representative to this seven-MPO regional committee. This committee meets less frequently than the participating MPOs.
409:(ISTEA) ushered in a "renaissance" for MPOs. After a decade or more of being consigned to a minimal role in transportation planning, ISTEA directed additional federal funding to MPOs, expanded their authority to select projects, and mandated new metropolitan planning initiatives. For the first time, state transportation officials were required to consult seriously with local representatives on MPO governing boards regarding matters of project prioritization and decision-making. These changes had their roots in the need to address increasingly difficult transportation problems—in particular, the more complicated patterns of
190:
speak and act on behalf of that jurisdiction in the MPO setting. Federal law, however, does not require members of an MPO policy committee to be representatives of the metropolitan areas' populations. Systematic studies have found that MPO policy committees' representations of urban municipalities and disadvantaged minority populations in their areas are less than proportional to population. The policy committee's responsibilities include debating and making decisions on key MPO actions and issues, including adoption of the metropolitan long-range transportation plans,
198:
projects. Through this work, the technical committee develops recommendations on projects and programs for policy committee consideration. Metropolitan travel forecasting is one of the key roles that the technical committee supports. The technical committee typically comprises staff-level officials of local, state, and federal agencies. In addition, a technical committee may include representatives of interest groups, various transportation modes, and local citizens. A 2005 survey of MPOs nationally commissioned in preparation of "Special Report 288" of the
476:
community), since the imposition of fiscal discipline on plans now required, not only understanding how much money might be available, but how to prioritize investment needs and make difficult choices among competing needs. Adding to this complexity is the need to plan across transportation modes and develop approaches for multimodal investment prioritization and decision making. It is in this context of greater prominence, funding, and requirements that MPOs function today.
78:
58:(UZA) with a population greater than 50,000. Federal funding for transportation projects and programs are channeled through this planning process. Congress created MPOs in order to ensure that existing and future expenditures of governmental funds for transportation projects and programs are based on a continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive ("3-C") planning process. Statewide and metropolitan transportation planning processes are governed by federal law (
194:, annual planning work programs, budgets, and other policy documents. The policy committee also may play an active role in key decision points or milestones associated with MPO plans and studies, as well as conducting public hearings and meetings. An appointed advisory committee (CAC) develops the recommendations for consideration by the policy committee and establishes a ranked proposal for work plans.
316:
Presently, most MPOs have no authority to raise revenues such as to levy taxes on their own, rather, they are designed to allow local officials to decide collaboratively how to spend available federal and other governmental transportation funds in their urbanized areas. The funding for the operations
189:
With only a few unique exceptions nationwide, MPO policy committee members are not elected directly by citizens. Rather, a policy committee member typically is an elected or appointed official of one of the MPO's constituent local jurisdictions. The policy committee member thus has legal authority to
224:
process in an effective and expeditious manner. The size and qualifications of this staff may vary by MPO, since no two metropolitan areas have identical planning needs Most MPOs, however, require at least some staff dedicated solely to MPO process oversight and management because of the complexity
499:
SAFETEA-LU requires that the statewide transportation planning process and the metropolitan planning process provide for consideration of projects and strategies that will protect and enhance the environment, promote energy conservation, improve the quality of life, and promote consistency between
358:
MPOs differ greatly in various parts of the country and even within states. Some have large staffs, while others may include only a director and a transportation planner. Sometimes the professional staff of an MPO is provided by a county or a council of governments. In many urban areas, existing
475:
were fiscally constrained; in other words, adopted plans and programs can not include more projects than reasonably can be expected to be funded through existing or projected sources of revenues. This new requirement represented a major conceptual shift for many MPOs (and others in the planning
197:
Most MPOs also establish a technical committee to act as an advisory body to the policy committee for transportation issues that primarily are technical in nature. The technical committee interacts with the MPO's professional staff on technical matters related to planning, analysis tasks, and
491:
in 2005 created new and revised requirements for transportation planning and programs. Although SAFETEA-LU increased standards, most MPOs already were in compliance with the regulations. Some of the planning topic areas include transportation systems security, emergency preparedness, public
619:
Committee for
Determination of the State of the Practice in Metropolitan Area Travel Forecasting, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. (2007) Metropolitan Travel Forecasting: Current Practice and Future Direction. Transportation Research Board Special Report 288.
107:
In other words, the federal government requires that federal transportation funds be allocated to regions in a manner that has a basis in metropolitan plans developed through intergovernmental collaboration, rational analysis, and consensus-based decision making.
452:—were integrated to allow a "seamless" movement of both goods and people. New funding programs provided greater flexibility in the use of funds, particularly regarding using previously restricted highway funds for transit development, improved "
359:
organizations such as county governments or councils of government also function as MPOs. The MPO role also may be played by an independent governmental organization or a regional government. In the
Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, for example,
245:: establish and manage a fair and impartial setting for effective regional decision-making in the metropolitan planning area (MPA). This planning area is intended to be a future growth planning area extending beyond the urbanized area (UZA)
463:
solutions to roadway congestion and other transportation problems. MPOs also were required to broaden public participation in the planning process and to see that investment decisions contributed to meeting the air quality standards of the
479:
An annual element is composed of transportation improvement projects contained in an area's transportation improvement program (TIP), which is proposed for implementation during the current year. The annual element is submitted to the
120:
structure includes a variety of committees as well as a professional staff. The "policy committee" is the top-level decision-making body for the planning organization. In most MPOs, the policy committee comprises:
282:: develop a fiscally constrained program based on the long-range transportation plan and designed to serve the UZA's goals while using spending, regulating, operating, management, and financial tools
509:
251:: evaluate transportation alternatives, scaled to the size and complexity of the region, to the nature of its transportation issues, and to the realistically available options
417:
development boom in the previous decades. Many recognized that the problems could only be addressed effectively through a stronger federal commitment to regional planning.
424:
in
December 1991. It focused on improving transportation, not as an end in itself, but as the means to achieve important national goals including economic progress,
571:
471:
In addition, ISTEA placed a new requirement on MPOs to conduct "fiscally constrained planning", and ensure that long-range transportation plans and short-term
799:
261:: develop and update a fiscally constrained long-range transportation plan for the UZA covering a planning horizon of at least twenty years that fosters
103:
An MPO acts as a
Council of Governments; that is, it facilitates collaboration of governments, interested parties, and residents in the planning process.
17:
459:
To accomplish more serious metropolitan planning, ISTEA doubled federal funding for MPO operations and required the agencies to evaluate a variety of
50:
and governmental transportation authorities. They were created to ensure regional cooperation in transportation planning. MPOs were introduced by the
406:
824:
693:
420:
The legislation that emerged, the
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), was signed into federal law by President
317:
of an MPO comes from a combination of federal transportation funds and required matching funds from state and local governments.
621:
456:" connections, and emphasized upgrades to existing facilities over building new capacity—particularly roadway capacity.
100:
Adequate transportation planning requires a comprehensive examination of the region's future and investment alternatives; and
794:
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found that "forecast by negotiation" was a common method of projecting future population and employment growth for use in
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288:: involve the general public and all the significantly affected sub-groups in the four essential functions listed above.
472:
360:
277:
191:
59:
481:
819:
558:
368:
364:
179:
575:
453:
171:
167:
602:
199:
256:
160:
436:. ISTEA promoted a transportation system in which different modes and facilities—highway, transit,
217:
Usually MPOs retain a core professional staff in order to ensure the ability to carry out the required
207:
309:
308:: transportation plans, programs, and projects must conform with the air quality plan, known as the "
603:
An
Inherent Bias? Geographic and Racial-Ethnic Patterns of Metropolitan Planning Organization Boards
487:
The passage of Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient
Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
465:
500:
transportation improvements and state and local planned growth and economic development patterns.
814:
51:
94:
Transportation investment allocates scarce federal and other transportation funding resources;
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of plans now is required by federal law. As of 2015, there are 408 MPOs in the United States.
606:
346:
330:
81:
Chart showing the number of metropolitan planning organizations by state as of
September 2015
682:
Governing
Metropolitan Areas: Growth and Change in a Networked Age. David K. Hamilton, 2014.
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183:
8:
429:
296:
410:
375:
340:
203:
514:
There are a large number of metropolitan planning organizations in the United States.
533:
528:
421:
218:
632:
503:
70:). Transparency through public access to participation in the planning process and
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63:
658:
449:
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Another MPO planning organization has developed in the area of western central
383:
141:
137:
126:
39:
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In some regions, MPOs have been given authority to handle expanded functions:
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694:"Staffing and Administrative Capacity of Metropolitan Planning Organizations"
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425:
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elected or appointed officials from local governmental jurisdictions such as
43:
701:
Staffing and
Administrative Structure of Metropolitan Planning Organizations
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of the process and need to ensure that requirements are properly addressed.
336:
211:
77:
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523:
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behavior on the part of MPO committees influencing the technical staff.
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437:
153:
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55:
47:
721:
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Planning needs to reflect the region's shared vision for its future;
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participation plans for metropolitan planning, and requiring the
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394:
149:
145:
510:
List of metropolitan planning organizations in the United States
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List of metropolitan planning organizations in the United States
538:
130:
387:
182:, staff advisers from state departments of transportation,
175:
659:"ABAG Planning: Regional Housing Need Allocation (RHNA)"
789:
784:
335:Distributing a regional housing need allocation to
790:Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations
267:efficient system performance and preservation, and
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312:" (SIP), for the state within which the UZA lies.
54:, which required the formation of an MPO for any
806:
407:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
38:) is a federally mandated and federally funded
46:that is made up of representatives from local
292:If the metropolitan area is designated as an
136:representatives of different transportation
605:(Report). Series on Transportation Reform.
561:." Federalism in America: An Encyclopedia.
484:as part of the required planning process.
785:National Association of Regional Councils
564:
264:mobility and access for people and goods,
238:There are five core functions of an MPO:
374:An example of a medium-sized MPO is the
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14:
807:
771:49 USC 5303(g)(3) and 23 USC 134(g)(3)
482:U.S. Department of Transportation
159:state agency officials such as, state
745:
320:
365:Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota
353:
825:Metropolitan planning organizations
559:Metropolitan Planning Organizations
496:of plans and TIP/STIP by the MPOs.
473:transportation improvement programs
382:. An example of a small MPO is the
192:transportation improvement programs
24:
18:Metropolitan Planning Organizations
601:Thomas W. Sanchez (January 2006).
278:transportation improvement program
42:policy-making organization in the
32:Metropolitan Planning Organization
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836:
778:
233:
163:, environmental agency, etc.; and
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400:
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748:"Chairs Coordinating Committee"
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52:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962
752:www.regionaltransportation.org
714:
685:
676:
651:
625:
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576:Federal Highway Administration
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1:
544:
200:Transportation Research Board
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800:History of MPOs at njtpa.org
722:"/kacts/kacts.htm smrpc.org"
609:Metropolitan Policy Program.
557:Leckrone, J. Wesley. 2006. "
257:regional transportation plan
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161:Department of Transportation
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166:non-voting members such as
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507:
405:The enactment of the 1991
299:or maintenance area, then
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367:, metropolitan area, the
310:state implementation plan
27:Transportation committees
466:Clean Air Act Amendments
820:Transportation planning
633:"Urban growth boundary"
345:Operating the region's
304:
494:electronic publication
422:George H. W. Bush
82:
72:electronic publication
607:Brookings Institution
347:public transportation
331:urban growth boundary
249:evaluate alternatives
80:
413:that arose with the
369:Metropolitan Council
329:Managing a regional
184:Chambers of Commerce
572:"MPO Boundary Data"
430:energy conservation
363:is the MPO. In the
306:protect air quality
243:establish a setting
411:traffic congestion
376:Lexington Area MPO
341:affordable housing
321:Expanded functions
286:involve the public
208:travel forecasting
204:National Academies
116:Typically, an MPO
90:Purposes of MPOs:
83:
692:Bond, Alexander.
534:Regional planning
529:Land-use planning
354:Structure of MPOs
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578:. Archived from
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384:Kittery Area MPO
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270:quality of life
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60:23 U.S.C.
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461:multimodal
454:intermodal
438:pedestrian
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229:Functions
757:23 April
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518:See also
446:aviation
415:suburban
380:Kentucky
349:services
222:planning
131:counties
442:bicycle
395:Florida
202:of the
150:bicycle
146:freight
86:Purpose
539:Zoning
450:marine
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432:, and
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361:Metro
280:(TIP)
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168:FHWA
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180:FRA
176:FAA
172:FTA
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