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absence of, for example, the collective-action constraints highlighted by Olson. Similarly, taxpayers lobby for loopholes and will spend the value of those loopholes, again, to obtain those loopholes (again absent collective-action constraints). The total of wastes from rent-seeking is then the total amount from the government-provided benefits and instances of tax avoidance (valuing benefits and avoided taxes at zero). Dougan says that the "total rent-seeking costs equal the sum of aggregate current income plus the net deficit of the public sector".
1511:, is that of a property owner who installs a chain across a river that flows through their land and then hires a collector to charge passing boats a fee to lower the chain. There is nothing productive about the chain or the collector, nor do passing boats get anything in return. The owner has made no improvements to the river and is not adding value in any way, directly or indirectly, except for themselves. All they are doing is finding a way to obtain money from something that used to be free.
1578:'s response to pressure from the United States to open the Dominican Republic's export market. At the time, the United States was a massive trading partner for sugar while providing foreign aid and military support which allowed Balaguer's regime to take hold. Joaquín Balaguer used EPZ to allow for some markets to remain tariffed while appeasing the markets facing political pressures. This created a sub-optimal environment for exporters as they were able to invest in rent seeking activities (
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1723:. As a country becomes increasingly dominated by organized interest groups, it loses economic vitality and falls into decline. Olson argued that countries that have a collapse of the political regime and the interest groups that have coalesced around it can radically improve productivity and increase national income because they start with a clean slate in the aftermath of the collapse. An example of this is
1460:
frames it by asking, "Why is there so little money in politics?" because a naïve model of political bribery and/or campaign spending should result in beneficiaries of government subsidies being willing to spend an amount approaching the value of the profits derived from the subsidies themselves, when
1455:
The paradox is that rent-seekers wanting political favors can bribe politicians at a cost much lower than the value of the favor to the rent-seeker. For instance, a rent seeker who hopes to gain a billion dollars from a particular political policy may need to bribe politicians with merely ten million
1554:
protection, quotas, subsidies, or extension of copyright law. Anne
Krueger concludes that "empirical evidence suggests that the value of rents associated with import licenses can be relatively large, and it has been shown that the welfare cost of quantitative restrictions equals that of their tariff
1537:
is a related term for the collusion between firms and the government agencies assigned to regulate them, which is seen as enabling extensive rent-seeking behavior, especially when the government agency must rely on the firms for knowledge about the market. Studies of rent-seeking focus on efforts to
1530:
The concept of rent-seeking would also apply to corruption of bureaucrats who solicit and extract "bribe" or "rent" for applying their legal but discretionary authority for awarding legitimate or illegitimate benefits to clients. For example, taxpayers may bribe officials to lessen their tax burden.
1787:
In retrospect it is not so surprising that free markets, or at least free markets with a government that permits and encourages rent seeking by the rich, should produce not equality but an extractive elite that predates on the population at large. Utopian rhetoric about freedom has led to an unjust
1514:
An example of rent-seeking in a modern economy is spending money on lobbying for government subsidies to be given wealth that has already been created, or to impose regulations on competitors, to increase one's own market share. Another example of rent-seeking is the limiting of access to lucrative
1696:
Rent-seeking can prove costly to economic growth; high rent-seeking activity makes more rent-seeking attractive because of the natural and growing returns that one sees as a result of rent-seeking. Thus organizations value rent-seeking over productivity. In this case, there are very high levels of
1387:
economic theory describes rent-seeking in terms of land rent, where the value of land largely comes from the natural resources native to the land, as well as collectively paid for services, for example: State schools, law enforcement, fire prevention, mitigation services, etc. Rent seeking to the
1624:
showed that the incentives for policy-makers to engage in rent-provision is conditional on the institutional incentives they face, with elected officials in stable high-income democracies the least likely to indulge in such activities vis-à-vis entrenched bureaucrats and/or their counterparts in
1735:
in 1988 estimated that rent-seeking had decreased total income in the US by 45 percent. Both Dougan and
Tullock affirm the difficulty of finding the cost of rent-seeking. Rent-seekers of government-provided benefits will in turn spend up to that amount of benefit to gain those benefits, in the
1775:
suggest that the lack of empirical evidence on rent-seeking is due to the broad scope of rent-seeking and rent avoidance activities. Additionally, they suggest that many economic performance measures, such as Gross
Domestic Product, include goods and services that are part of the rent-seeking
1739:
Mark
Gradstein writes about rent-seeking in relation to public goods provision, and says that public goods are determined by rent seeking or lobbying activities. But the question is whether private provision with free-riding incentives or public provision with rent-seeking incentives is more
1672:
of rent-seeking can be considerable. If "buying" a favorable regulatory environment seems cheaper than building more efficient production, a firm may choose the former option, reaping incomes entirely unrelated to any contribution to total wealth or well-being. This results in a sub-optimal
1743:
Political rent-seeking can also affect immigration. Welfare states incentivise unproductive migration and can create continuation of past behaviour of not accumulating personal wealth and being dependent on government transfers. Alternatively, productive migrants are incentivised to leave
1589:
In some cases, rent-seeking can provide a net positive for an economy. Shannon K. Mitchell's article "The
Welfare Effects of Rent-Saving and Rent-Seeking" provides such an example through a model of rent-seeking when firms need to expand to obtain their exporting rents.
1523:. According to some libertarian perspectives, taxi licensing is a textbook example of rent-seeking. To the extent that the issuing of licenses constrains overall supply of taxi services (rather than ensuring competence or quality), forbidding competition from other
1479:
Lack of trust between the rent-seekers and the politicians, due to the inherently underhanded nature of the deal and the unavailability of both legal recourse and reputational incentives to enforce compliance, pushes down the price that politicians can demand for
1697:
rent-seeking with very low levels of output. Rent-seeking may grow at the cost of economic growth because rent-seeking by the state can easily hurt innovation. Ultimately, public rent-seeking hurts the economy the most because innovation drives economic growth.
1638:
is defined by rent-seeking theorists as a strictly physical property but ignores the rights that surround and define the product. He further asserts that rent-seeking theorists ignore a fundamental principle of being economic actors: that we live in markets of
4072:
1573:
Lotta Moberg presents an argument that export processing zones (EPZ) allow governments to choose exporting industries which receive tariffs allowing for rent seeking to take place. An example of this occurred in Latin
America in the 1960s with
1432:" by using social institutions, such as but not limited to the power of the state, to redistribute wealth among different groups without creating new wealth. In a practical context, income obtained through rent-seeking may contribute to
1388:
Georgist does not include those persons that may have invested substantial capital improvements to a piece of land, but rather those that perform in their role as mere titleholder. This is the dividing line between a rent-seeker and a
1755:
through lobbying for government policies that let the wealthy and powerful get income, not as a reward for creating wealth, but by grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort.
1727:
after World War Two. But new coalitions form over time, once again shackling society to redistribute wealth and income to themselves. However, social and technological changes have allowed new enterprises and groups to emerge.
1293:
is the act of growing one's existing wealth by manipulating the social or political environment without creating new wealth. Rent-seeking activities have negative effects on the rest of society. They result in reduced
2054:
the fact or process of seeking to gain larger profits by manipulating public policy or economic conditions, esp. by means of securing beneficial subsidies or tariffs, making a product artificially scarce, etc.
1700:
Government agents may initiate rent-seeking, as by soliciting bribes or other favors from the individuals or firms that stand to gain from having special economic privileges, which opens up the possibility of
1633:
In the 1980s, critiques of rent-seeking theory began to emerge, questioning the ambiguity of the concept of "wasted resources" and the reliability of the assumptions being made from it. Samuels argues that
2451:
3070:
2830:
Hamilton, Alexander (2013). "Small Is
Beautiful, at Least in High-Income Democracies: The Distribution of Policy-Making Responsibility, Electoral Accountability, and Incentives for Rent Extraction".
1361:, but rent-seeking only became the subject of durable interest among economists and political scientists more than a century later after the publication of two influential papers on the topic by
5234:
5061:
1410:. Because the nature of rent-seeking implies a fixed cost payment, only wealthy participants engage in these activities as a means of protecting their wealth from expropriation.
1689: – which slows economic growth. Claims that a firm is rent-seeking therefore often accompany allegations of government corruption, or the undue influence of
1402:
in excess of what is needed to keep it employed in its current use) by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather than by
1428:, in which entities seek to extract value by engaging in mutually beneficial transactions. Profit-seeking in this sense is the creation of wealth, while rent-seeking is "
1099:
1768:
have analyzed international economies and their changes in tax rates to conclude that much of income inequality is a result of rent-seeking among wealthy tax payers.
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5153:
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Voters may punish politicians who take large bribes, or live lavish lifestyles. This makes it hard for politicians to demand large bribes from rent-seekers.
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2463:
1527:
renders the (otherwise consensual) transaction of taxi service a forced transfer of part of the fee, from customers to taxi business proprietors.
5130:
2644:
Baohua, Liu; Yan, Lin; Kam.C, Chan; Hung-Gay, Fung (2018). "The dark side of rent-seeking: The impact of rent-seeking on earnings management".
580:
1550:
is an often-used label for this particular type of rent-seeking. Often-cited examples include a lobby that seeks economic regulations such as
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Rent-seekers can use a small part of the benefit gained to make contributions to the politicians who provided enabling legislation.
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2533:
2505:
2414:
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2214:
2607:"Copyrights, Criminal Sanctions and Economic Rents: Applying the Rent Seeking Model to the Criminal Law Formulation Process"
5394:
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5170:
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while imposing disadvantages on their uncorrupt competitors. This is one of many possible forms of rent-seeking behavior.
5316:
5211:
5205:
4181:
3824:
5041:
3221:"Taxing the rich or the poor?: Immigrants on the dole as the socially optimal policy outcome for rational egalitarians"
2111:
1724:
2981:
2775:
What do banks do, what should they do and what public policies are needed to ensure best results for the real economy?
1476:
Competition between different politicians eager to offer favors to rent-seekers may bid down the cost of rent-seeking.
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says that there may be difficulties distinguishing between beneficial profit-seeking and detrimental rent-seeking.
1652:
1503:, of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a ruler contributing generously to the Catholic Church
1005:
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5419:
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1938:
1713:. It has also been shown that rent-seeking by tax officials may cause loss in revenue to the public exchequer.
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517:
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387:
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1406:. Rent-seeking implies extraction of uncompensated value from others without making any contribution to
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3930:
3908:
2103:
1979:
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1118:
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826:
342:
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1613:
The phenomenon of rent-seeking in connection with monopolies was first formally identified in 1967 by
5384:
4861:
4024:
3071:"Distributional Coalitions, the Industrial Revolution, and the Origins of Economic Growth in Britain"
2322:
Tullock, Gordon (1980). "Efficient rent-seeking". In
Buchanan, J.; Tollison, R.; Tullock, G. (eds.).
2028:
600:
287:
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97:
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92:
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638:
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459:
332:
322:
250:
2754:(Report). School of Advanced International Studies. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from
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social dystopia, not for the first time. Free markets with rent seekers are not the same as
1647:, and the notion of "wasted resources" rejects our preferences to allocate those resources.
245:
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in 1974. The word "rent" does not refer specifically to payment on a lease but rather to
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272:
202:
192:
127:
3350:
2941:
2682:"Liberalizing rent-seeking: How export processing zones can save or sink an economy"
2277:
Conybeare, John A. C. (1982). "The Rent-Seeking State and
Revenue Diversification".
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2712:
Shannon, Mitchell (1993). "The
Welfare Effects of Rent-Saving and Rent-Seeking".
2431:
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1984:
1974:
1969:
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1852:
1824:
1772:
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1307:
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1677: – money spent on lobbyists and counter-lobbyists rather than on
1377:, wage, and economic rent. The origin of the term refers to gaining control of
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4992:
4909:
4435:
4206:
4189:
4126:
4099:
4082:
3771:
3704:
3668:
3648:
3451:
3443:
2803:
Tullock, Gordon (1967). "The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies, and Theft".
2447:
2406:
A Capitalism for the People: Recapturing the Lost Genius of American Prosperity
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A Capitalism for the People: Recapturing the Lost Genius of American Prosperity
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816:
312:
157:
147:
77:
62:
57:
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2148:
Tullock, Gordon (1967). "The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft".
678:
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3431:
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2224:
1994:
1964:
1932:
1926:
1912:
1907:
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is an attempt to obtain economic rent (i.e., the portion of income paid to a
1358:
1354:
1216:
1184:
929:
801:
761:
633:
297:
197:
177:
2201:. IMF Working Papers. Vol. 05. International Monetary Fund. p. 1.
2099:
Economics in America: An Immigrant Economist Explores the Land of Inequality
1452:, on the low costs of rent-seeking relative to the gains from rent-seeking.
4997:
4949:
4904:
4804:
4774:
4725:
4497:
4473:
4440:
4421:
4402:
4357:
4330:
4323:
4305:
4243:
4019:
3973:
3968:
3856:
3699:
2839:
2170:
Krueger, Anne (1974). "The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society".
2093:
1954:
1780:
1716:
1669:
1635:
1567:
1366:
1327:
1143:
1094:
851:
791:
718:
502:
277:
187:
3184:
Gradstein, Mark (1993). "Rent Seeking and the Provision of Public Goods".
3135:
1570:
but in doing so creates an exclusionary effect for more productive firms.
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4914:
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4729:
4465:
4265:
4150:
4039:
4014:
4002:
3983:
3866:
3846:
3756:
3653:
3284:
The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future
3149:
Dougan, William R. (1991). "The Cost of Rent Seeking: Is GNP Negative?".
2134:
1944:
1922:
1706:
1469:
Several possible explanations have been offered for the Tullock paradox:
1403:
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836:
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512:
207:
162:
132:
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1744:
rent-seeking societies, possibly resulting in further economic decline.
5414:
5235:
Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
4929:
4884:
4841:
4640:
4558:
4445:
4062:
3643:
3205:
2997:
2933:
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2183:
1862:
1838:
1621:
1543:
1370:
1319:
914:
623:
444:
375:
33:
3508:
The Rent-Seeking Society: The Selected Works of Gordon Tullock, Vol. 5
3409:
Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatization of Tax Enforcement in Bangladesh
2733:
2526:
Corrupt Bureaucracy and Privatization of Tax Enforcement in Bangladesh
4851:
4779:
4739:
4720:
4459:
4260:
4211:
4194:
4132:
4114:
3888:
3802:
3324:"Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale of Three Elasticities"
2720:(3). Wiley on behalf of the Canadian Economics Association: 660–669.
1559:
1558:
Rent-seeking through government enterprise takes the form of seeking
1520:
1132:
1062:
1036:
954:
944:
889:
713:
648:
492:
240:
47:
3197:
2749:
Securitisation, Shadow Banking and the Value of Financial Innovation
2622:
2292:
1832:
4924:
4894:
4664:
4347:
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4216:
4029:
4007:
3903:
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1892:
1640:
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781:
688:
142:
52:
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3010:
1566:. This seems like the actions of a firm looking for investment in
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4300:
4094:
4087:
3952:
3748:
1563:
1492:
1445:
1418:
969:
82:
2693:(4). Texas: Association of Private Enterprise Education: 61–89.
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4275:
4227:
3996:
1847:
1818:
1804:
1583:
1551:
1414:
1138:
981:
3322:
Piketty, Thomas; Saez, Emmanuel; Stantcheva, Stefanie (2014).
2834:. Policy Research Working Papers. Washington, DC: World Bank.
5124:
4784:
4609:
4364:
3960:
1516:
1421:
of politicians, are illegal in many market-driven economies.
167:
3015:
Dead Ends of Transition: Rentier Economies and Protectorates
4769:
3578:
1456:
dollars, which is about 1% of the gain to the rent-seeker.
5160:
Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania
1751:
has argued that rent-seeking contributes significantly to
4337:
2913:"Rent Seeking: Some Conceptual Problems and Implications"
2326:. College Station: Texas A&M Press. pp. 97–112.
16:
Growing one's existing wealth without creating new wealth
5357:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
4414:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
2980:
Murphy, Kevin; Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert (1993).
1705:
of the consumer. It has been shown that rent-seeking by
2869:
2867:
2020:
2643:
5154:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
5113:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
3321:
1792:
markets; indeed, they are often exactly the opposite.
1434:
profits in the standard, accounting sense of the word
5095:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
3252:
The Elgar Companion to Public Choice, Second Edition
2979:
2864:
1800:
1719:
traced the historic consequences of rent seeking in
1413:
Some rent-seeking behaviors, such as the forming of
5296:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
3117:
The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates
3011:Michael Dauderstädt; Arne Schildberg, eds. (2006).
1357:, was coined by the British 19th-century economist
3041:
3012:
2680:
2550:
2347:Connes, Richard; Hartley, Roger (September 2003).
2021:
1507:The classic example of rent-seeking, according to
2519:
2517:
1643:and it's how we use these resources which drives
1330:in institutions, and potential national decline.
5441:
3363:
2986:American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings
1461:in fact only a small fraction of that is spent.
2067:"Rent-seeking and Endogenous Income Inequality"
1341:can result in advantages for rent-seekers in a
5264:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
5131:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
5062:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
2548:
2514:
1542:such as manipulating government regulation of
4625:
3594:
2346:
2165:
2163:
1424:Rent-seeking is distinguished in theory from
1271:
1006:
5367:United Nations Convention against Corruption
5347:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
2088:
2086:
5405:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
5240:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
5084:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
3491:. Vol. 4. Palgrave Macmillan. 147–49.
3488:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
3411:. Dhaka: Pathak Shamabesh. pp. 25–34.
3120:. Princeton University Press. p. 191.
3004:
2611:The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
2452:"The Best, Brightest and Least Productive?"
2324:Toward a theory of the rent-seeking society
2315:
2196:
1747:The Nobel Memorial Prize-winning economist
5252:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
5148:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
4632:
4618:
3601:
3587:
3331:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
2982:"Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?"
2604:
2160:
1898:He who does not work, neither shall he eat
1555:equivalents plus the value of the rents".
1278:
1264:
1013:
999:
3530:
3406:
3183:
3177:
3044:Bureaucracy and Representative Government
2954:
2948:
2880:Essays on the Economic Role of Government
2847:
2523:
2500:. Pearson Higher Education. p. 224.
2495:
2360:
2276:
2083:
1239:Enforcement authorities and organizations
5182:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
3485:Tullock, Gordon (1987). "Rent seeking".
3364:Laband, David; Sophocleus, John (2019).
3276:
3068:
3039:
3033:
2829:
2402:
2396:
2375:
1663:
1608:
1582:) to gain access to EPZ to gain tax and
1491:
1464:
5224:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
5089:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
3505:
3484:
3315:
3245:
2873:
2832:Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6305
2802:
2711:
2549:Feenstra, Robert; Taylor, Alan (2008).
2476:
2446:
2349:"Loss Aversion and the Tullock Paradox"
2321:
2169:
2147:
5442:
5312:Freedom of information laws by country
5229:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
3148:
3142:
3113:
3107:
3094:RePEc:sej:ancoec:v:74:1:y:2007:p:50-70
2973:
2910:
2771:
2746:
2678:
2577:
2429:
2340:
2092:
1753:income inequality in the United States
1709:can push up the cost of production of
1353:The term rent, in the narrow sense of
5176:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
5118:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
5047:International Anti-Corruption Academy
4613:
3582:
3425:
3218:
3069:Mokyr, Joel; Nye, John V. C. (2007).
3062:
2581:The Political Economy of Rent-Seeking
2126:
1681:, on improved business practices, on
1392:, which need not be the same person.
5395:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
5390:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
5171:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
5101:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
3295:
3289:
2042:participating institution membership
1603:innovation in the financial industry
1444:The Tullock paradox is the apparent
5317:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
5212:National Anticorruption Directorate
5206:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
3282:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (4 June 2012).
2876:"A Critique of Rent-seeking Theory"
1668:From a theoretical standpoint, the
1519:or modern state certifications and
13:
5042:Group of States Against Corruption
3436:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
3400:
3298:"How rich "moochers" hurt America"
3090:10.1002/j.2325-8012.2007.tb00826.x
2817:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1967.tb01923.x
2245:
1597:, the former chair of the British
1439:
1035:
14:
5471:
5218:Investigative Committee of Russia
3541:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
3515:
2882:. Vol. 2. pp. 111–128.
2714:The Canadian Journal of Economics
2479:"An Introduction to Rent Seeking"
2433:Passional Christi und Antichristi
1605:is often a form of rent-seeking.
1247:International Competition Network
5410:Russian anti-corruption campaign
5400:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
5307:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
4581:
4580:
3546:Library of Economics and Liberty
3407:Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (2006).
3286:. p. 32. Norton. Kindle Edition.
2921:The Review of Austrian Economics
2578:Rowley, Charles Kershaw (1988).
2524:Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (2006).
1831:
1817:
1803:
1653:The Review of Austrian Economics
980:
968:
5246:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
5107:National Supervisory Commission
3357:
3296:Lind, Michael (22 March 2013).
3239:
3212:
2904:
2823:
2796:
2772:Turner, Adair (17 March 2010).
2765:
2747:Turner, Adair (19 April 2012).
2740:
2705:
2672:
2637:
2598:
2571:
2542:
2489:
2470:
2440:
2423:
2409:. Basic Books. pp. 75–78.
2376:Zingales, Luigi (5 June 2012).
2369:
2064:
1740:inefficient in its allocation.
1721:The Rise and Decline of Nations
1548:monopoly privilege rent-seeking
5194:Investigation Task Force Sweep
5188:National Accountability Bureau
4660:Corruption in local government
4648:Corruption in different fields
4639:
4146:Right of way (property access)
3544:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
2557:. New York: Worth Publishers.
2353:Discussion Papers in Economics
2270:
2239:
2190:
2141:
2120:
2058:
2013:
1939:The Logic of Collective Action
1348:
1335:capture of regulatory agencies
1252:List of competition regulators
1:
5302:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
5200:Central Anticorruption Bureau
2957:State, class, and development
2687:Journal of Private Enterprise
2658:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.05.037
2477:Samples, John (30 May 2012).
2197:Chakraborty, Shankha (2005).
2006:
1625:young and quasi-democracies.
1381:or other natural resources.
772:Critique of political economy
430:Critique of political economy
5362:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
5352:International asset recovery
5136:Central Vigilance Commission
4691:Corruption Perceptions Index
3608:
3151:Journal of Political Economy
3048:. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
2646:Journal of Business Research
1628:
1599:Financial Services Authority
1515:occupations, as by medieval
1373:'s division of incomes into
822:Periodizations of capitalism
7:
5420:2017–2019 Romanian protests
4452:Two Treatises of Government
3260:10.4337/9781849802857.00032
2955:Eisenhans, Hartmut (1996).
2888:10.1007/978-1-349-12377-3_6
2605:Saperstein, Lanier (1997).
2528:. Pathak Shamabesh, Dhaka.
2496:McTaggart, Douglas (2012).
1796:
1487:
518:Simple commodity production
10:
5476:
5425:2017–2018 Russian protests
5057:Transparency International
5032:Global Financial Integrity
3452:10.4135/9781412965811.n259
3040:Niskanen, William (1971).
2104:Princeton University Press
1980:Tragedy of the anticommons
1300:misallocation of resources
1119:Anti-competitive practices
1085:Herfindahl–Hirschman index
1054:History of competition law
827:Perspectives on capitalism
5385:2011 Azerbaijani protests
5375:
5335:
5286:
5277:
5070:
5024:
5015:
4970:
4872:
4862:Offshore financial centre
4713:
4704:
4683:
4665:Interest group corruption
4647:
4576:
4373:
4175:
4055:
3948:
3941:
3790:
3747:
3692:
3616:
3382:10.1007/s11127-018-0566-9
3114:Leeson, Peter T. (2009).
3078:Southern Economic Journal
2584:. Springer. p. 226.
2392:– via Google Books.
2365:– via ResearchGate.
2207:10.5089/9781451860627.001
2029:Oxford English Dictionary
1448:, described by economist
5327:Whistleblower protection
4815:Cryptocurrency and crime
4504:The Great Transformation
3862:Labor theory of property
3506:Tullock, Gordon (2005).
3366:"Measuring rent-seeking"
2805:Western Economic Journal
2403:Zingales, Luigi (2014).
2172:American Economic Review
2150:Western Economic Journal
1679:research and development
98:Economic interventionism
4696:Economics of corruption
4073:Forest-dwelling (India)
4035:restraint on alienation
3815:Common good (economics)
3572:Rent-Seeking as Process
3426:Ikeda, Sanford (2008).
2874:Samuels, W. J. (1992).
2553:International Economics
2430:Luther, Martin (1521).
2034:Oxford University Press
1675:allocation of resources
1501:Lucas Cranach the Elder
767:Criticism of capitalism
5322:UK Bribery Act of 2010
5078:Oficina Anticorrupción
4827:Noble cause corruption
4684:Measures of corruption
4512:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
4286:Primitive accumulation
4141:Right of way (transit)
3926:Tragedy of the commons
3808:fictitious commodities
3246:Hillman, Ayre (2013).
2959:. Radiant Publishers.
2911:Pasour, E. C. (1987).
2840:10.1596/1813-9450-6305
2679:Moberg, Lotta (2018).
1950:Occupational licensing
1794:
1731:A study by Laband and
1546:competition. The term
1504:
1164:Occupational licensing
1040:
797:Exploitation of labour
508:Primitive accumulation
5450:Factors of production
5052:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
4832:Professional courtesy
4795:Honest services fraud
4565:The Wealth of Nations
4545:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
4537:The Ethics of Liberty
3438:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
2456:project-syndicate.org
2450:(20 September 2013).
1903:Intellectual property
1785:
1664:Possible consequences
1609:Development of theory
1495:
1465:Possible explanations
1039:
975:Capitalism portal
787:Culture of capitalism
742:Capitalist propaganda
498:Industrial Revolution
488:Commercial Revolution
5460:Public choice theory
5455:Political corruption
5016:Institutions dealing
4750:Conflict of interest
4675:Political corruption
4428:Progress and Poverty
3762:Common-pool resource
3254:. pp. 307–330.
3186:The Economic Journal
3103:on 16 December 2019.
1878:Elasticity of supply
1620:A 2013 study by the
1400:factor of production
1207:Occupational closure
1202:Dividing territories
1190:Essential facilities
1090:Market concentration
950:Right-libertarianism
880:Classical liberalism
847:Venture philanthropy
483:Capitalism and Islam
478:Age of Enlightenment
73:Capital accumulation
4857:Offshore investment
4551:The Social Contract
4239:population transfer
4156:prior-appropriation
3835:homestead principle
3532:Henderson, David R.
3446:. pp. 422–23.
3343:10.1257/pol.6.1.230
2466:on 16 October 2021.
2128:Henderson, David R.
2032:(Online ed.).
1766:Stefanie Stantcheva
1685:, or on additional
1601:, have argued that
1593:Economists such as
1540:monopoly privileges
1404:creating new wealth
1337:(if any) to gain a
1296:economic efficiency
987:Business portal
103:Economic liberalism
93:Competitive markets
5258:Warioba Commission
5196:(Papua New Guinea)
4940:Regulatory capture
4745:Commercial bribery
4531:Murray N. Rothbard
3842:Free-rider problem
3219:Nannestad, Peter.
3192:(420): 1236–1243.
2934:10.1007/BF01539337
2792:on 7 October 2010.
2761:on 3 October 2012.
2483:libertarianism.org
2000:White-collar crime
1960:Prisoner's dilemma
1535:Regulatory capture
1505:
1390:property developer
1318:, risk of growing
1312:government revenue
1226:Regulatory capture
1041:
747:Capitalist realism
138:Goods and services
118:Fictitious capital
5437:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5273:
5272:
5011:
5010:
4988:Election security
4935:Political scandal
4670:Police corruption
4607:
4606:
4518:What Is Property?
4311:human trafficking
4296:Regulatory taking
4171:
4170:
3916:Right to property
3555:978-0-86597-665-8
3498:978-0-333-37235-7
3461:978-1-4129-6580-4
3418:978-984-8120-62-0
3127:978-0-691-15009-3
3055:978-0-202-06040-8
3026:978-3-593-38154-1
3019:. Campus Verlag.
2966:978-81-7027-214-4
2897:978-1-349-12379-7
2591:978-0-89838-241-9
2564:978-0-7167-9283-3
2535:978-984-8120-62-0
2507:978-1-4425-5077-3
2460:Project Syndicate
2416:978-0-465-03870-1
2389:978-0-465-02947-1
2355:. No. 3/17.
2258:on 3 January 2006
2216:978-1-4518-6062-7
2040:(Subscription or
1990:Unjust enrichment
1888:Geolibertarianism
1691:special interests
1683:employee training
1645:supply and demand
1595:Lord Adair Turner
1525:vehicles for hire
1339:coercive monopoly
1316:income inequality
1288:
1287:
1217:Misuse of patents
1212:Predatory pricing
1197:Exclusive dealing
1080:Barriers to entry
1068:Coercive monopoly
1023:
1022:
842:Spontaneous order
812:History of theory
455:New institutional
425:Market monetarism
360:Economic theories
193:Supply and demand
128:Free price system
5467:
5284:
5283:
5022:
5021:
5003:Vote suppression
4890:Crony capitalism
4820:Hawala and crime
4810:Money laundering
4790:Graft (politics)
4770:Confidence trick
4711:
4710:
4705:Forms or aspects
4634:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4584:
4583:
4488:John Stuart Mill
4408:Friedrich Engels
4389:Frédéric Bastiat
4382:
4234:Forced migration
4202:Collectivization
3946:
3945:
3825:First possession
3798:Bundle of rights
3603:
3596:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3567:
3511:
3502:
3481:
3422:
3394:
3393:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3096:. Archived from
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2917:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2785:. Archived from
2780:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2617:(4): 1470–1510.
2602:
2596:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2462:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2254:. Archived from
2246:Schenk, Robert.
2243:
2237:
2236:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2025:
2017:
1883:Enshittification
1868:Crony capitalism
1841:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1811:economics portal
1808:
1807:
1658:Ernest C. Pasour
1641:scarce resources
1576:Joaquín Balaguer
1538:capture special
1280:
1273:
1266:
1171:Product bundling
1073:Natural monopoly
1025:
1024:
1015:
1008:
1001:
985:
984:
973:
972:
777:Critique of work
752:Capitalist state
435:Critique of work
318:Regulated market
220:Economic systems
173:Private property
123:Financial market
113:Entrepreneurship
108:Economic surplus
21:
20:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5429:
5377:
5371:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5288:
5279:Anti-corruption
5269:
5066:
5018:with corruption
5017:
5007:
4983:Electoral fraud
4978:Ballot stuffing
4966:
4868:
4706:
4700:
4679:
4655:Corporate crime
4643:
4638:
4608:
4603:
4572:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4319:husband-selling
4256:Illegal logging
4251:Illegal fishing
4180:
4167:
4078:Freedom to roam
4051:
3964:(agrarian land)
3937:
3894:Property rights
3786:
3743:
3705:Estate (landed)
3688:
3612:
3607:
3575:by Mushtaq Khan
3556:
3518:
3499:
3462:
3419:
3403:
3401:Further reading
3398:
3397:
3362:
3358:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3198:10.2307/2234249
3182:
3178:
3147:
3143:
3128:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3009:
3005:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2953:
2949:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2872:
2865:
2828:
2824:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2710:
2706:
2677:
2673:
2642:
2638:
2623:10.2307/1144023
2603:
2599:
2592:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2448:Shiller, Robert
2445:
2441:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:. Basic Books.
2374:
2370:
2362:10.1.1.624.4082
2345:
2341:
2334:
2320:
2316:
2293:10.2307/2010278
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2217:
2195:
2191:
2168:
2161:
2146:
2142:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2091:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2039:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1985:Unearned income
1975:Software patent
1970:Royalty payment
1858:Competition law
1853:Client politics
1837:
1830:
1825:business portal
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1773:John Sophocleus
1749:Joseph Stiglitz
1733:John Sophocleus
1666:
1631:
1611:
1544:free enterprise
1499:, a woodcut by
1490:
1467:
1442:
1440:Tullock paradox
1351:
1308:wealth creation
1284:
1180:Refusal to deal
1159:Tacit collusion
1105:Relevant market
1029:Competition law
1019:
979:
967:
960:
959:
865:
857:
856:
832:Post-capitalism
737:Anti-capitalism
732:
724:
723:
619:
611:
610:
531:
523:
522:
473:
465:
464:
361:
353:
352:
343:State-sponsored
221:
213:
212:
78:Capital markets
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5473:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5104:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5037:Global Witness
5034:
5028:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Gerrymandering
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4910:Ghost soldiers
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4589:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4443:
4438:
4436:Garrett Hardin
4433:
4432:
4431:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4385:
4383:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Eminent domain
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4190:Bioprospecting
4186:
4184:
4182:redistribution
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3884:Natural rights
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3568:
3554:
3536:"Rent Seeking"
3528:
3517:
3516:External links
3514:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3482:
3460:
3444:Cato Institute
3432:Hamowy, Ronald
3428:"Rent Seeking"
3423:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3376:(1–2): 49–69.
3356:
3314:
3288:
3275:
3268:
3248:"Rent Seeking"
3238:
3211:
3176:
3163:10.1086/261773
3157:(3): 660–664.
3141:
3126:
3106:
3061:
3054:
3032:
3025:
3003:
2992:(2): 409–414.
2972:
2965:
2947:
2928:(1): 123–143.
2903:
2896:
2863:
2822:
2795:
2764:
2739:
2726:10.2307/135893
2704:
2671:
2636:
2597:
2590:
2570:
2563:
2541:
2534:
2513:
2506:
2488:
2469:
2439:
2422:
2415:
2395:
2388:
2368:
2339:
2332:
2314:
2280:World Politics
2269:
2252:CyberEconomics
2248:"Rent Seeking"
2238:
2215:
2189:
2178:(3): 291–303.
2159:
2140:
2131:"Rent Seeking"
2119:
2113:978-0691247625
2112:
2106:. p. 95.
2082:
2057:
2023:"rent-seeking"
2011:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1918:Land value tax
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Cybersquatting
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1828:
1814:
1798:
1795:
1758:Thomas Piketty
1665:
1662:
1630:
1627:
1615:Gordon Tullock
1610:
1607:
1509:Robert Shiller
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1458:Luigi Zingales
1450:Gordon Tullock
1441:
1438:
1426:profit-seeking
1363:Gordon Tullock
1350:
1347:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1130:
1128:Monopolization
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:Merger control
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1046:Basic concepts
1043:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1003:
995:
992:
991:
990:
989:
977:
962:
961:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
940:Ordoliberalism
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Market economy
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
733:
731:Related topics
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
601:State monopoly
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
400:
395:
390:
385:
384:
383:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
158:Liberalization
155:
150:
148:Invisible hand
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
63:Businessperson
60:
58:Business cycle
55:
50:
44:
41:
40:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5472:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5336:International
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5242:(South Korea)
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:International
5023:
5020:
5014:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:State capture
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4900:Elite capture
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:of corruption
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:Categories:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:David Ricardo
4524:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Elinor Ostrom
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Privatization
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:Legal plunder
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:Expropriation
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:(watercourse)
3955:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:primogeniture
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Legal plunder
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:appropriation
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Excludability
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3526:The Economist
3523:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:Public Choice
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:(1): 230–71.
3336:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3271:
3269:9781849806039
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2811:(3): 224–32.
2810:
2806:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:(1): 94–107.
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2333:0-89096-090-9
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:Deaton, Angus
2089:
2087:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Value capture
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Rentier state
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:Legal plunder
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Land monopoly
1911:
1909:
1908:Landed gentry
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:Emmanuel Saez
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:capital goods
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:and avoiding
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:in 1967, and
1364:
1360:
1359:David Ricardo
1356:
1355:economic rent
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:, heightened
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:Group boycott
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:Formation of
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
994:
993:
988:
983:
978:
976:
971:
966:
965:
964:
963:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
930:Neoliberalism
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
875:Authoritarian
873:
871:
868:
867:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
802:Globalization
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
762:Crisis theory
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
728:
727:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:Intellectuals
615:
614:
607:
606:Technological
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
468:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
399:
398:Institutional
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
357:
356:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:
257:Laissez-faire
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Authoritarian
229:
227:
224:
223:
217:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
198:Surplus value
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Privatization
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5167:(Madagascar)
5091:(Bangladesh)
4998:Vote pairing
4950:Rent-setting
4945:Rent-seeking
4944:
4905:Failed state
4805:Match fixing
4775:Embezzlement
4754:Corporation
4726:Black market
4592:Property law
4563:
4549:
4535:
4516:
4502:
4498:Karl Polanyi
4478:
4474:Marcel Mauss
4464:
4450:
4441:David Harvey
4426:
4422:Henry George
4412:
4403:Ronald Coase
4393:
4378:
4324:wife selling
4306:bride buying
4244:repatriation
4226:
4177:Disposession
4131:
4020:Property law
3995:
3991:Forest types
3961:
3953:
3942:Applications
3872:rent-seeking
3871:
3857:Gift economy
3715:Intellectual
3571:
3539:
3525:
3522:Rent-seeking
3507:
3487:
3435:
3408:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3291:
3283:
3278:
3251:
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:researchgate
3224:
3214:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3116:
3109:
3098:the original
3084:(1): 50–70.
3081:
3077:
3064:
3043:
3035:
3014:
3006:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2956:
2950:
2925:
2919:
2906:
2879:
2831:
2825:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2787:the original
2782:
2774:
2767:
2756:the original
2742:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2690:
2686:
2674:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2580:
2573:
2552:
2544:
2525:
2497:
2491:
2482:
2472:
2464:the original
2455:
2442:
2432:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2378:
2371:
2352:
2342:
2323:
2317:
2287:(1): 25–42.
2284:
2278:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2251:
2241:
2199:Rent Seeking
2198:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2122:
2098:
2073:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2048:rent-seeking
2047:
2027:
2015:
1955:Patent troll
1937:
1789:
1786:
1781:Angus Deaton
1778:
1770:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1720:
1717:Mançur Olson
1715:
1711:public goods
1703:exploitation
1699:
1695:
1670:moral hazard
1667:
1651:
1649:
1636:productivity
1632:
1619:
1612:
1592:
1588:
1586:exemptions.
1572:
1568:productivity
1557:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1513:
1506:
1497:Antichristus
1496:
1468:
1454:
1443:
1430:profiteering
1423:
1412:
1408:productivity
1396:Rent-seeking
1395:
1394:
1383:
1367:Anne Krueger
1352:
1332:
1328:public trust
1326:, decreased
1291:Rent-seeking
1290:
1289:
1231:Rent-seeking
1230:
1144:Price fixing
1095:Market power
852:Wage slavery
792:Evergreening
503:Mercantilism
450:Neoclassical
278:Mercantilist
255:
188:Rent seeking
153:Visible hand
18:
5340:and efforts
5338:instruments
5289:enforcement
5231:(Singapore)
5144:(Indonesia)
5080:(Argentina)
4962:State crime
4920:Mafia state
4915:Kleptocracy
4880:Clientelism
4847:Tax evasion
4730:Grey market
4466:Das Kapital
4353:progressive
4343:inheritance
4266:Land reform
4040:real estate
4015:Land tenure
4003:Inheritance
3931:anticommons
3867:Law of rent
3847:Game theory
3777:Information
3757:Common land
3654:Cooperative
2849:10986/12197
2262:11 February
2135:Econlib.org
1945:Manorialism
1923:Law of rent
1790:competitive
1771:Laband and
1707:bureaucracy
1650:Writing in
1349:Description
1333:Successful
1304:competition
1154:Bid rigging
935:Objectivism
920:Libertarian
837:Speculation
757:Consumerism
591:Progressive
530:Development
513:Physiocracy
460:Supply-side
268:Libertarian
246:Free-market
226:Anglo-Saxon
208:Wage labour
163:Marginalism
133:Free market
88:Corporation
5444:Categories
5415:Yo Soy 132
5260:(Tanzania)
5190:(Pakistan)
5103:(Cameroon)
4930:Plutocracy
4885:Coronelism
4842:Slush fund
4641:Corruption
4597:by country
4559:Adam Smith
4446:John Locke
4110:indigenous
4105:aboriginal
4025:alienation
3720:indigenous
3710:Intangible
3624:Collective
3470:2008009151
3136:j.ctt7t3fh
2783:FSA.gov.uk
2781:(Speech).
2156:: 224–232.
2044:required.)
2007:References
1863:Corruption
1839:law portal
1622:World Bank
1521:licensures
1371:Adam Smith
1320:corruption
1306:, reduced
1302:, stifled
1221:copyrights
1100:SSNIP test
915:Liberalism
900:Humanistic
885:Democratic
864:Ideologies
699:Schumpeter
445:Monetarist
376:Chartalism
323:Regulatory
298:Neoliberal
251:Humanistic
34:Capitalism
5378:movements
5298:(pending)
5266:(Vietnam)
5254:(Ukraine)
5214:(Romania)
5208:(Romania)
5184:(Nigeria)
5178:(Myanmar)
5156:(Liberia)
5127:(Croatia)
5097:(Burundi)
4971:Elections
4852:Tax haven
4780:Extortion
4740:Collusion
4721:Baksheesh
4460:Karl Marx
4261:Land Back
4212:Enclosure
4195:biopiracy
4133:Bergregal
4115:squatting
3889:Ownership
3803:Commodity
3782:Knowledge
3693:By nature
3649:Customary
3639:Community
3564:237794267
3478:750831024
3390:254934890
3171:154489617
2699:0890-913X
2666:158315455
2498:Economics
2357:CiteSeerX
2309:154601921
2225:1018-5941
2052:Economics
2019:Compare:
1779:In 2023,
1776:process.
1629:Criticism
1560:subsidies
1133:Collusion
1063:oligopoly
955:Third Way
945:Privatism
905:Inclusive
890:Dirigisme
684:von Mises
571:Illiberal
551:Corporate
546:Community
493:Feudalism
403:Keynesian
393:Classical
236:Corporate
48:Austerity
5287:Laws and
5220:(Russia)
5202:(Poland)
5150:(Latvia)
5109:(China)
5071:National
4925:Nepotism
4895:Cronyism
4800:Kickback
4587:Property
4480:The Gift
4379:key work
4374:Scholars
4358:property
4315:spousal
4281:Poaching
4217:Eviction
4161:riparian
4122:Littoral
4030:easement
4008:executor
3979:literary
3904:usufruct
3852:Georgism
3732:Tangible
3727:Personal
3634:Communal
3617:By owner
3610:Property
3534:(2008).
3351:13028796
2942:18809359
2233:15557383
2096:(2023).
2075:30 April
1893:Georgism
1797:See also
1580:lobbying
1488:Examples
1385:Georgist
1324:cronyism
1298:through
1059:Monopoly
782:Cronyism
694:Rothbard
669:Marshall
654:Friedman
586:Merchant
541:Consumer
536:Advanced
371:Austrian
366:American
293:National
288:Monopoly
241:Dirigist
143:Investor
53:Business
42:Concepts
26:a series
24:Part of
5376:Protest
5248:(Spain)
5138:(India)
4837:Scandal
4735:Bribery
4714:General
4395:The Law
4301:Slavery
4127:Mineral
4095:Hunting
4088:pannage
4083:Grazing
4068:Fishing
3954:Acequia
3921:Rivalry
3909:women's
3767:Digital
3749:Commons
3684:Unowned
3659:Private
3434:(ed.).
3307:7 April
3206:2234249
2998:2117699
2858:9605795
2631:1144023
2301:2010278
2184:1808883
1927:Ricardo
1564:tariffs
1480:favors.
1446:paradox
1419:bribing
1417:or the
1415:cartels
1310:, lost
1139:cartels
910:Liberal
870:Anarcho
807:History
639:Malthus
634:Ricardo
596:Rentier
581:Marxist
561:Finance
472:Origins
440:Marxist
388:Chicago
348:Welfare
308:Private
263:Liberal
83:Company
68:Capital
5165:BIANCO
4276:Piracy
4228:Farhud
4056:Rights
3997:Huerta
3969:Estate
3791:Theory
3772:Global
3674:Social
3664:Public
3629:Common
3562:
3552:
3495:
3476:
3468:
3458:
3415:
3388:
3349:
3266:
3204:
3169:
3134:
3124:
3052:
3023:
2996:
2963:
2940:
2894:
2856:
2734:135893
2732:
2697:
2664:
2629:
2588:
2561:
2532:
2504:
2413:
2386:
2359:
2330:
2307:
2299:
2231:
2223:
2213:
2182:
2110:
1848:Cartel
1783:wrote:
1764:, and
1584:tariff
1552:tariff
1517:guilds
1375:profit
1343:market
709:Weaver
704:Veblen
679:Walras
674:Pareto
664:Keynes
566:Global
333:Social
303:Nordic
273:Market
183:Profit
5125:USKOK
4873:State
4785:Fraud
4763:Shell
4758:Dummy
4365:Theft
4151:Water
4045:title
3974:legal
3962:Ejido
3700:Croft
3679:State
3644:Crown
3430:. In
3386:S2CID
3347:S2CID
3327:(PDF)
3302:Salon
3231:3 May
3227:. Res
3202:JSTOR
3167:S2CID
3132:JSTOR
3101:(PDF)
3074:(PDF)
2994:JSTOR
2938:S2CID
2916:(PDF)
2854:S2CID
2790:(PDF)
2779:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
2752:(PDF)
2730:JSTOR
2662:S2CID
2627:JSTOR
2305:S2CID
2297:JSTOR
2229:S2CID
2180:JSTOR
2070:(PDF)
2065:IMF.
2038:
1725:Japan
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