Metrication - Knowledge

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World.' The flaw with this perspective was that the concept didn't recognize that the U.S. had been 'metric' since 1866, when the metric system was first legalized. A few years after the U.S. Metric Study was published, Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act adopting voluntary metrication that was signed into law by President Ford in 1975. Over time, various versions of the map/country list became integrated into even more metrication publications. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Factbook is one of the often cited sources of the U.S./Liberia/Burma metric myth. The first unclassified version of the CIA Factbook was published around the same time the U.S. Metric Study. It's likely that the original list of 'uncommitted' countries was incorporated, then edited as countries adopted mandatory metric laws. Over the years, many web resources have quoted the CIA Factbook, perpetuating the metric myth and elevating the map to a pop culture meme. The U.S. metrication status is best described as a Metric Continuum.

1077: 1491: 899: 3794: 185: 1379: 1553: 447: 250:. In addition to the Exposition Universelle and the second Statistical Congress held in Paris, an International Association for obtaining a uniform decimal system of measures, weights, and coins was created there in 1855. Copies of the Spanish standard would be made for Egypt, France and Germany. These standards were compared to each other and with Borda apparatus which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic baselines in France. These comparisons were essential, because of the 715: 33: 3581: 1097: 421: 1463:. Since then metric use has increased in the US, principally in the manufacturing and educational sectors. Public Law 93-380, enacted 21 August 1974, states that it is the policy of the US to encourage educational agencies and institutions to prepare students to use the metric system of measurement with ease and facility as a part of the regular education program. On 23 December 1975, President Gerald Ford signed Public Law 94–168, the 3290: 1108: 3928: 434: 334:("customary measures") was introduced for use in small retail businesses – all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education. That system reintroduced the names of many units used during the ancient regime, but their values were redefined in terms of metric units. Thus the 1446:

congressional committee who were considering the bill were in favor of it, but six were against. Four of these six dissenters represented manufacturing interests and the other two were from the United States Revenue service. The grounds cited were the cost and inconvenience of the change-over. The bill was not enacted. Subsequent bills suffered a similar fate.

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British industrial base fight off the challenge of the nascent German base passed through the House of Lords in 1904, but did not pass in the House of Commons before the next general election was called. Following opposition by the Lancashire cotton industry, a similar bill was defeated in the House of Commons in 1907 by 150 votes to 118.

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introduction underestimated the work involved. Paris alone needed 500,000 metre sticks, yet one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure, they only had 25,000 in store. This, combined with the excesses of the Revolution and the high level of illiteracy in 18th century France, made the metric system unpopular.

3003:. Distances and speed limits on road signs are shown in kilometres (per hour), and height clearance signs are shown in metres; fuel is measured and sold in litres; and meteorological data and weather reports are shown in degrees Celsius for temperatures, millimetres for precipitation and kilometres per hour for wind speed. 3998:" following the incident, ran out of fuel in midflight. The incident was caused, in a large part, by the confusion over the conversion between litres, kilograms, and pounds, resulting in the aircraft receiving 22,300 pounds (10,100 kg) of fuel instead of the required 22,300 kilograms (49,200 lb). 8548:

made up of 100 threads along the length of 2.54cm, plus 100 threads along the width of 2.54cm. Since 10 square centimetres is 3.16cm x 3.16cm, this equates to 124 threads along the 3.16cm length, plus 124 threads along the 3.16cm width. Threadcount per 10 sq cm is therefore 124+124, which rounds up to 250.

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Combining these technologies, we were able to read and write data in our laboratory system at a linear density of 818 000/in. For historical reasons, tape engineers around the world measure data density in inches. In combination with the 246 200 tracks per inch that the new technology can handle, our

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Thread count is typically quoted using the Imperial system of 1 square inch, whilst the Metric system (mainly used in Australia and New Zealand) is based upon 10 square centimeters. Suppose you pick up a bedsheet package that quotes 200 Threadcount per square inch (2.54cm x 2.54cm). Let's say that is

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In 1895, another Parliamentary select committee recommended the compulsory adoption of the metric system after a two-year permissive period. The 1897 Weights and Measures Act legalised the metric units for trade, but did not make them mandatory. A bill to make the metric system compulsory to help the

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to promote trade. This acceleration caused public backlash in the United Kingdom, and in 2007 the United Kingdom announced that it had secured permanent exemptions listed above and, to appease British public opinion and to facilitate trade with the United States, the option to include imperials units

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is still widespread for commercial and residential advertisements and partially in construction because of the close trade relations with the United States. Metric measurements on food products such as canned food are often merely the equivalent of the still widely used imperial units of measurement

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Metric, however AC units are still measured and advertised in horsepower. Informally, floorspace or rural/agrarian land measured differently in each local regions (Sundanese regions tend to use "bata/tumbak", Javanese regions use "ubin/rakit/kesuk/bahu/ru", "rante" in Malay regions, "borong/anggar"

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which redefined the customary units by referring to the national metric prototypes, but used the conversion factors of the 1866 act. In 1896, a bill that would make the metric system mandatory in the United States was presented to Congress. Twenty-three of the 29 people who gave evidence before the

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The United Kingdom and the United States face ongoing resistance toward metrication, rooted in a belief that their cultural identity is intertwined with the traditional measurement systems they historically have used. This has resulted in a review of mandatory sales and trade of metric units by the

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In 1971, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, now NIST) published the combined reports of the U.S. Metric Study, which also contained a map depicting a list of countries 'uncommitted' to mandatory metrication (Figure 2). The U.S. and other countries listed were described as 'Islands in a Metric

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permitted the use of metric measures in 1873, but the changeover was not completed in most Commonwealth countries other than India and Australia until the 1970s and 1980s when governments took an active role in metric conversion. In the United Kingdom and Canada, the process is still incomplete.

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was the first Commonwealth country to use this method of conversion. Its changeover lasted from 1 April 1960, when metric measurements became legal, to 1 April 1962, when all other systems were banned. The Indian model was extremely successful and was copied over much of the developing world. Two

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In addition imperial units may be used exclusively where a product is sold by description, rather than by weight/mass/volume: e.g. television screen and clothing sizes tend to be given in inches only, but a piece of material priced per inch would be unlawful unless the metric price was also shown.

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While metric use is mandatory in some countries and voluntary in others, all countries have recognised and adopted the SI, albeit to different degrees, including the United States. As of 2011, ninety-five percent of the world's population live in countries where the metric system is the only legal

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militated in favor of maintaining the decimal metric system in the French-speaking cantons and against the standardization of weights and measures in Switzerland on the basis of the metric foot. In 1868 the metric system was legalized alongside the federal foot, which was a first step towards its

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had also adopted the metric system, or had already adopted the system, such as the case of Chile by 1848. There was considerable resistance to metrication in the United Kingdom and in the United States. Despite this, they were actually the first countries in the World to use a metric standard for

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During the nineteenth century the metric system of weights and measures proved a convenient political compromise during the unification processes in the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. In 1814, Portugal became the second country not part of the French Empire to officially adopt the metric system.

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A measuring cup, manufactured and sold in the United States (circa 1980), features graduations in both metric and US customary systems. Held in the right hand, a person would have the metric graduations in front, facing them; but they might hold it in their left hand, and read from the customary

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Apart from the United Kingdom and Canada, which have effectively halted their metrication programs, the great majority of countries using the imperial system have completed official metrication during the second half of the 20th century or the first decade of the 21st century. The most recent to

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of 1975. This act declares a national policy of coordinating the increasing use of the metric system in the US. It established a US Metric Board whose functions as of 1 October 1982 were transferred to the Dept of Commerce, Office of Metric Programs, to coordinate the voluntary conversion to the

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using four 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in the United Kingdom and brought back in the United States in 1815. All distances measured by the Survey of the Coast, Coast Survey, and Coast and Geodetic Survey were referred to the metre. In 1866 the

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the next year. In 1867 at the second general conference of the geodetic association held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth. The conference

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in his meridian survey, the Government feared the French revolutionary movement and reinforced the Castilian units of measure to counter such movements. By 1849 however, it proved difficult to maintain the old system and in that year the metric system became the legal system of measure in Spain.

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of solid materials with raise in temperature. Indeed, one fact had constantly dominated all the fluctuations of ideas on the measurement of geodesic bases: it was the constant concern to accurately assess the temperature of standards in the field; and the determination of this variable, on which

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Mainly Metric. The Philippines first adopted the metric system in 1860 because of the Spanish Colonial government; imperial units were introduced by the American Colonial government; however, the metric system was made the official system of measurement in 1906 through Act No. 1519, s. 1906. US

5294:"XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of length by Sir Henry James" 1355:

remains the sole legal unit for milk in returnable bottles and for draught beer and cider in British pubs. Imperial units are also legally permitted to be used alongside metric units on food packaging and price indications for goods sold loose. The UK government undertook a "Choice on units of

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During the next eighty years a number of Parliamentary select committees recommended the adoption of the metric system, each with a greater degree of urgency, but Parliament prevaricated. A Select Committee report of 1862 recommended compulsory metrication, but with an "Intermediate permissive

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in 1875. The system was officially adopted by the federal government in 1975 for use in the military and government agencies, and as preferred system for trade and commerce. Attempts in the 1990s to make it mandatory for federal and state road signage to use metric units failed and it remains

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Metric, On 10 June 2015, the Jamaican government passed the Road Traffic Bill 2014, which formally repealed and replaced the Road Traffic Act and Regulations 1938. The act included updates to Jamaica's traffic laws along with the use of the metric system within regulatory descriptions. On 18

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The process of metrication is typically initiated and overseen by a country's government, generally motivated by the necessity of establishing a uniform measurement system for effective international cooperation in fields like trade and science. Governments achieve metrication through either

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The introduction of the metric system into France in 1795 was done on a district by district basis with Paris being the first district. By modern standards the transition was poorly managed. Although thousands of pamphlets were distributed, the Agency of Weights and Measures who oversaw the

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In the United Kingdom, some of the population continues to resist metrication to varying degrees. The traditional imperial measures are preferred by a majority and continue to have widespread use in some applications. The metric system is used by most businesses, and is used for most trade

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stated that supplementary units (imperial units alongside metric including labelling on packages) would become illegal from the beginning of 2010. In September 2007, a consultation process was started which resulted in the directive being modified to permit supplementary units to be used

683:(IPM) and the arrangement of a system where national standards could be compared with it. The French government gave practical support to the creation of an International Metre Commission, which met in Paris in 1870 and again in 1872 with the participation of about thirty countries. The 1044:

took part in the Committee of preparatory research from the first meeting of the International Metre Commission in 1870. He became president of the permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission in 1872. In 1874 he was elected as president of the Permanent Commission of the

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The United States mandated the acceptance of the metric system in 1866 for commercial and legal proceedings, without displacing their customary units. The non-mandatory nature of the adoption of the SI has resulted in a much slower pace of adoption in the US than in other countries.

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In 2018, the Liberia government had pledged to adopt the metric system, but still mainly uses the US customary units. In 2013, the Myanmar Ministry of Commerce announced that Myanmar was preparing to adopt the metric system as the country's official system of measurement, and

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The third method is to redefine traditional units in terms of metric values. These redefined "quasi-metric" units often stay in use long after metrication is said to have been completed. Resistance to metrication in post-revolutionary France convinced Napoleon to revert to

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After many years of informal or optional metrication, the American public and much of the private business and industry still use US customary units today. At least two states, Kentucky and California, have even moved towards demetrication of highway construction projects.

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are still used for the sale of fuel in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six states: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the

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There are three common ways that nations convert from traditional measurement systems to the metric system. The first is the quick or "Big-Bang" route. The second way is to phase in units over time and progressively outlaw traditional units. This method, favoured by some

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Surveys are performed by various interest groups or the government to determine the degree to which ordinary people change to using metric in their daily lives. In countries that have recently changed, older segments of the population tend still to use the older units.

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in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, the Philippines, Venezuela, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, some golf courses are measured in yards while others are measured in

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Metric and Imperial (body measurements are referred to in imperial units, and certain industries such as real estate, construction, and home appliances still use imperial measurements due to a high reliance on American manufacturing.) Metrication was halted in 1985.

1401:. The Congress opted for the British Parliamentary Standard from 1758 and the Troy Pound of Great Britain from 1824 as length and weight standards. Nevertheless, the primary baseline of the Survey of the Coast (renamed the United States Coast Survey in 1836 and the 3091:, which established a federal program to facilitate voluntary metrication, was passed in 1975. In 1988, the Metric Conversion Act was amended to officially recognize the SI as “the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce”. 8902:

A survey from the British Weights and Measures Association, admittedly a partial source, suggested that 80 per cent of people prefer imperial to metric and 70 per cent, including, remarkably, 18- to 24-year-olds, can make sense of weights only in imperial

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The phase-in way is to pass a law permitting the use of metric units in parallel with traditional ones, followed by education of metric units, then progressively ban the use of the older measures. This has generally been a slow route to metric. The

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In 1824, the Weights and Measures Act imposed one standard 'imperial' system of weights and measures on the British Empire. The effect of this Act was to standardise existing British units of measure rather than to align them with the metric system.

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began with some progress was made (road signs and temperature are legislated to be in metric), however there had been very little progress in local trade. As of 2023, the United States has a national policy of adopting the metric system, and all

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are used in the United States and its territories (except for Puerto Rico, which has used litres since 1980), the Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia, Peru, and the Turks and Caicos

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Over time, the metric system has influenced the United States through international trade and standardisation. The use of the metric system was made legal as a system of measurement in 1866 and the United States was a founding member of the

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with Napoleon as its emperor. By 1812, all of Italy from Rome northwards was under the control of Napoleon, either as French Departments or as part of the Kingdom of Italy, ensuring that the metric system was in use throughout this region.

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monarchy in Spain in 1700, each region of Spain had its own system of measurement. The new Bourbon monarchy tried to centralise control and with it the system of measurement. There were debates regarding the desirability of retaining the

635:. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena in different points of the globe was of paramount importance and was at the origin of the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the 8508: 3885:, it was reported that some retailers requested to revert to imperial units, with some reverting without permission. A poll following the 2016 vote also found that 45% of Britons sought to revert to selling produce in imperial units. 143:, also officially metric, is moving slowly in its metrication process, with a new push in 2011 for all government agencies to convert by 2013 and the entire country to use the metric system by the first quarter of 2015. Other metric 6639: 1363:

The general public still use imperial units in common langange for their height and weight, and imperial units are the norm when discussing longer distances such as journeys by car, but otherwise metric measurements are often used.

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as so difficult and so important that one could almost say that the history of measuring instruments is almost identical with that of the precautions taken to avoid temperature errors. In 1867, the second general Conference of the

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Japan also followed this route and did not complete the changeover for 70 years. By law, loose goods sold with reference to units of quantity have to be weighed and sold using the metric system. In 2001, the EU directive

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Consistent with ICAO policy, aviation has undergone a significant amount of metrication over the years. For example, runway lengths are usually given in metres. The United States metricated the data interchange format

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Metric and Imperial. The Liberian government has begun transitioning from use of imperial units to the metric system. However, this change has been gradual, with government reports concurrently using both systems.

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for length) continue to be used informally in everyday language. The People's Republic of China has defined these units so that conversion factors to SI are simple fractions or whole numbers. (See the article on

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which had become a loose federation of kingdoms, principalities, free cities, bishoprics and other fiefdoms, each with its own system of measurement, though in most cases the systems were loosely derived from the

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Base du système métrique décimal, ou Mesure de l'arc du méridien compris entre les parallèles de Dunkerque et Barcelone. T. 3 /, exécutée en 1792 et années suivantes, par MM. Méchain et Delambre, rédigée par M.

7585: 3130:, is slower and generally less complete. The third way is to redefine traditional units in metric terms. This has been used successfully where traditional units were ill-defined and had regional variations. 8116: 568:(Customs Pound) which was defined as exactly 500 g and could be split into 30 'lot'. This unit was used for inter-state movement of goods, but was not applied in all states for internal use. 1418:

rather than with reference to the international prototype metre and kilogram. Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler's use of the metre in coastal surveying, which had been an argument for the introduction of the

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In 1875, Norway was the first country to ratify the metre convention, and it was seen as an important step towards Norwegian independence. The decision to adopt the metric system is said to have been

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The United Kingdom avoided having to comply with the 1989 European Units of Measurement Directive (89/617/EEC), which required all member states to make the metric system compulsory, by negotiating

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In June 2011, the Myanmar government's Ministry of Commerce began discussing proposals to reform the measurement system in Myanmar and adopt the metric system used by most of its trading partners.

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Canada legally allows for dual labelling of goods provided that the metric unit is listed first and that there is a distinction of whether a liquid measure is a US or a Canadian (imperial) unit.

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have adopted kilometres and kilometres per hour). Canadian railcars show weight figures in both imperial and metric. Most other Commonwealth countries adopted the metric system during the 1970s.

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measurement: consultation response", and found just over 1% of respondents wish to revert to an increase the use of imperial units, and a such kept the current regulations on the sale of goods.

2012:, redefined in 1876 as 10 km, is however still in everyday use e.g. fuel consumption for motor vehicles is always given as "litre per mil", both in everyday speech and in advertising; the 8984: 6631: 8866:...but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures. ...the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy... 8500: 6436: 4280: 1216:

tilted in the opposite direction to those of the map of France. The map commission wanted to adopt decimal measures; and Switzerland did not have an already existing map which, like the

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Metric and Imperial, The metric system is the legislated dominant system of measurement however, Imperial legislation remains for sales of some goods and speed and distance road signs.

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held in Paris in 1875, when the association decided the creation of an international geodetic standard for the bases' measurement. He represented Spain at the 1875 conference of the

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transactions. Metric units must be used for certain trading activities (selling by weight or measure for example), although imperial units may continue to be displayed in parallel.

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in 1971, and teaching the metric system in schools. No plans were made to make the use of the metric system compulsory, and the Metrication Board was abolished in 1980 following a

3677:) is usually estimated based on air pressure values, and in many countries, it is still described in nominal feet, although many others employ nominal metres. The policies of the 1414:

passed a bill making it lawful to use the metric system in the United States. The bill, which was permissive rather than mandatory in nature, defined the metric system in terms of

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Metrication in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa was essentially complete within a decade, while in Canada metrication has been halted since the 1970s. In that country, the

9011:"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC" 5692:

Die Mass-und Gewichtsreformen in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Rolle Carl August Steinheils und der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

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2466" .... "Weights and Measures Act, B.E. 2542" ... Government Gazette, Royal Decree Version, Volume 116, Part 29 a, dated 21 April 1999 ... effective since 18 October 1999

3824:, supplemented by some additional units of measure that may be used for specified purposes. Metric units could be legally used for trading purposes for nearly a century before 1242:

was adopted as a linear measure, and the entire map was divided into twenty-five sheets: five east–west and five north–south. Each sheet must have shown two scales, one purely

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allowing the use of the metre in the United States, probably also played a role in the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the

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Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...

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Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...

4388: 950:'s double-toise N°1 which was the main reference for measuring all geodetic bases in France and whose length was by definition 3.8980732 metres at a specified temperature. 36:

World map, colour-coded to show the years the countries started the process of official conversion to the metric system. Using data from PhD thesis by Hector Vera and NIST.

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Metric, in 2004 Trinidad and Tobago passed legislation making the International System of Units shall be the primary system of measurement in Trinidad and Tobago in 2015.

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brought copies of the French metre and kilogram to the United States. In 1830 the Congress decided to create uniform standards for length and weight in the United States.

3785:, some pipes and pipe threads are still designated in inch sizes due to historic international acceptance of particular sequences of pipe sizes and pipe threads, such as 1519:

services continue to measure their trackage in miles and speed limits in miles per hour because they also operate in the United States (although urban railways including

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customary units still in use for body measurements and small products while the metric system is used for larger measurements; e.g. floor area, highway length, tonnage.

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at about 150 kilometres (93 mi) in altitude, but the incorrect data meant that it descended to about 57 kilometres (35 mi). As a result, it burned up in the

3170:(usual measures), and, to some extent, the names remain throughout Europe. In 1814, Portugal adopted the metric system, but with the names of the units substituted by 486:

During the Napoleonic era, some of the German states moved to reform their systems of measurement using the prototype metre and kilogram as the basis of the new units.

4249: 9014: 7973: 8696: 7998: 5989: 5779: 8804: 6130: 1204:), although this point was much closer to the western end of Switzerland than to its eastern end. But its position was well known, and there was no more central 849: 7474: 5942: 8889: 6090:"Les origines du système métrique en France et la Convention du mètre de 1875, qui a ouvert la voie au Système international d'unités et à sa révision de 2018" 2928:

September 2015, the Jamaican government amended the Weights and Measure Act to include considerable fines to business owners who do not use the metric system.

8108: 7649:"ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΕΣΩΤΕΡΙΚΩΝ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΕΚΔΟΣΕΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΑΚΗΣ-ΛΟΓΙΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΕΞΥΠΗΡΕΤΗΣΗΣ : ΔΙΑΡΚΗΣ ΚΩΔΙΚΑΣ ΝΟΜΟΘΕΣΙΑΣ : ΙΔΡΥΤΗΣ – ΔΩΡΗΤΗΣ" 4604:

Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique.... T. 11 MEMO-O / par M. Pierre Larousse

8805:"Resolution A.351(IX) Use of metric units in the SI system in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and other future instruments" 1459: 9169: 8235: 6967: 6320: 6780: 5971: 5869: 424:

Conversion table in an 1848 German schoolbook showing the metric equivalent of the foot in use in over two dozen countries, including several German states

63:. Nonetheless, this also highlights that certain countries and sectors are either still transitioning or have chosen not to fully adopt the metric system. 6992: 7070: 1130:

promulgated a law introducing the metric system. However this was never applied, because in 1803 the competence for weights and measures returned to the

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Fuel economy is often advertised in miles per imperial gallon, which may lead to some confusion for users of US gallons for American manufactured cars.

1208:. The scale was set at 1:100 000 because it was considered more suitable for a country as rugged as Switzerland than the 1:80 000 adopted for the large 9239: 8146: 4579: 1329: 3532:

in multiple countries, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, India, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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phase"; Parliament responded in 1864 by legalising metric units only for 'contracts and dealings'. The United Kingdom initially declined to sign the

139:, adopted the metric system in 2002 and was only able to make it mandatory in local trade 2017 after the metric system was fully adopted in schools. 9534: 6926: 9893: 8389: 8302: 1494:

The metric units of measurement on Canadian canned food labels are merely the equivalent of the still widely used imperial units such as the ounce.

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Bericht über die Verhandlungen der vom 30. September bis 7. October 1867 zu BERLIN abgehaltenen allgemeinen Conferenz der Europäischen Gradmessung

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Bericht über die Verhandlungen der vom 30. September bis 7. October 1867 zu BERLIN abgehaltenen allgemeinen Conferenz der Europäischen Gradmessung

5780:"Heinrich Von Wild (1833-1902) in Comlté International Des Poids Et Mesures. Procès-Verbaux Des Séances. Deuxième Série. Tome Ii. Session De 1903" 7943: 6872: 6268: 6055: 5367: 5091:

Soler, T. (10 February 1997). "A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association".

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While not strictly an example of national metrication, the use of two different measurement systems was a contributing factor in the loss of the

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was appointed to undertake this task. All the scientific and technical material had to be created. Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero and Saavedra went to

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completed a three-year study of the impact of increasing worldwide metric use on the US. The study concluded with a report to Congress entitled

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himself ridiculed the metric system but, as an able administrator, recognised the value of a sound basis for a system of measurement. Under the

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The weights and measure reforms in Germany in the 19th century with special reference to Rolle Carl August and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences

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was in possession of national prototype metres and kilograms that were calibrated against those in use elsewhere in the world. This led to the

592: 80: 9607: 5074:

Expériences faites avec l'appareil à mesurer les bases appertant à la commission de la carte d'Espagne /: ouvrage publié par ordre de la reine

5000: 4807: 10088: 9567: 9321: 7883: 7819: 6528: 4006: 3297:

As of 2024, the metric system predominates in most of the world, however specific industries are more resistant to metrication. For example:

9482: 8332: 6846: 5627: 4865:

Narrative of the Origin and Formation of the International Association for Obtaining a Uniform Decimal System of Measures, Weights and Coins

8606: 7695: 7619: 7539: 6505: 6464: 5720: 3938: 1431: 688: 7699: 7623: 7543: 124: 7220: 6995:. Metric Program, Weights and Measures Division, United States National Institute of Standards, Technology and Technology. Archived from 6973:. Metric Program, Weights and Measures Division, United States National Institute of Standards, Technology and Technology. Archived from 5664: 5566: 4869: 9381: 9261: 9146: 8179: 5239:"Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures" 764:

passed legislation to introduce the metric system within five years. By 1860, most of Italy had been unified under the King of Sardinia

288:

in all scientific work. The same year, Napoleon III convened the International Metre Commission which was to meet in Paris in 1870. The

10660: 10407: 10132: 9351: 6609: 4459: 3821: 2596: 2415: 1116: 1085: 1070: 907: 670: 9291: 8212: 7366: 4362: 10685: 9411: 5652:

Der Marstall des Schlosses Anholt (16. bis 18. Jahrhundert) – Quellen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Pferdehaltung im Münsterland

5600: 3678: 1328:, but did so in 1883. Meanwhile, British scientists and technologists were at the forefront of the metrication movement – it was the 1112: 1041: 1030: 939: 243: 9672: 8272: 7335: 6217: 5952:. The Global and the Local: History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 5452: 978: 8921:(Report). London: Department of Trade and Industry Consumer and Competition Policy Directorate. para 1.6 & 1.10. Archived from 7164: 7100: 3817: 168: 163:

for returnable milk containers, and (with Ireland) for the pint for draught beer and cider sold in pubs. Throughout the 1990s, the

8774: 6410: 4396: 3747:

under their original name in all English-speaking countries despite metrication. In the Netherlands and Finland, it is known as a

1437:

By 1893, the reference standards for customary units had become unreliable. Moreover, the United States, being a signatory of the

1162:

and the north-east adopted a concordat based on the federal foot (exactly 0.3 m) which entered into force in 1836. The cantons of

1034: 10680: 10397: 10217: 9504: 6159: 5388: 1402: 1383: 9201: 9068: 8915: 6669: 6350: 5837: 4777: 4690: 4657: 4540: 1289:

from 1864. In 1875, the responsibility for weights and measures was transferred back from the cantons to the Confederation, and

413:

by reaffirming the laws of measurement of 1795 and 1799 to be used from 1 May 1840. However, many units of measure, such as the

8534: 7186: 6823: 4907: 1906: 1490: 1076: 8062: 7499: 7130: 5337: 10716: 10711: 10665: 10316: 10306: 10207: 9745: 9140: 7407: 7284: 7187:"Cap 68 Sched 2 Units of Measurement and Permitted Symbols or Abbreviations of Units of Measurement Lawful for Use for Trade" 6758: 5704: 5527: 5425: 5213: 5036: 4977: 4838: 4753: 3000: 2185: 1938: 1799:; screen sizes – polegada; tyre pressure – libra-força por polegada quadrada, but referred by its English abbreviation: psi. 222:

published the first Swiss official map for which the metre was adopted as unit of length. A Swiss-French binational officer,

8722: 8447: 6033: 5475: 4608: 4257: 4009:(NASA) specified metric units in the contract. NASA and other organisations worked in metric units, but one subcontractor, 3913:

Heating, air conditioning, and gas cooking appliances occasionally display power in British thermal units per hour (BTU/h).

3535:

Car and bicycle rim diameters are still usually set as whole inch measurements, and tyre widths are measured in millimetres.

745:, with Napoleon as its head of state. The following year the Cisalpine system of measure was replaced by the metric system. 10721: 10291: 10229: 9886: 9630: 9036: 6890: 3868: 1423: 1081: 1050: 1046: 1001: 946:

to supervise the production by Brunner of a measuring instrument which they had devised and which they later compared with

903: 675: 640: 439: 261: 9010: 8653: 7965: 7912: 7853: 6246: 5690: 3550:

rather than mechanical horsepower), although in the EU from 2010 the horsepower is permitted only as a supplementary unit.

1503:

such as the ounce and the pound. Butter is everywhere sold in 454 g packagings, which is the equivalent of one pound. The

10655: 10442: 8853: 8815: 5790: 4058: 3715: 1351:

the metric is the official measurement system for all regulated trading by weight or measure purposes, however imperial

761: 247: 4183: 10695: 10670: 10523: 10271: 8685: 8006: 7054: 6000: 4492: 2705: 2233: 1192:

engraved on copper, suggested the relief by hatching and shadows. The map projection adopted by the commission was the

8819: 6141: 5997:

The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS

548:

there was a degree of commercial cooperation between the various German states resulting in the German Customs Union (

10579: 9855: 7467: 6522: 5877:

The Global and the Local:The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. Proceedings of the 2nd ICESHS

3825: 3807: 3621: 2824: 2663: 2535: 1314: 931: 650: 156: 9441: 8880: 7728: 4340: 238:. Among the scientific instruments calibrated on the metre, which were displayed at the Exposition Universelle, was 10549: 10513: 10422: 10160: 10098: 9860: 8752: 5657:

The stables of the castle Anholt (16th to 18th century) – sources and materials on the history of horses in Munster

5626:[Conversion tables for converting between Bavarian units of measure and metric units] (in German). Munich. 3922: 3774:

Inch-based spare parts are occasionally kept to service American and pre-1950s machines, but screws are changed to

3707:

In former Soviet countries and China, the metric system is used in aviation (whereby in Russia altitudes above the

3381: 3017:

Metric, The Metrology Act 2015 mandates the use of metric/SI units in trade, with a transition period of one year.

2758: 2153: 1373: 789: 8561: 95:), however a research paper completed by Vera (2011) stated in practice there were four additional countries (the 10635: 10620: 10574: 10452: 10427: 10412: 10372: 10296: 9879: 8246: 7433: 6974: 3946: 2890: 2810: 2522: 2394: 2104: 1744: 59:, and has persistently advanced over two centuries, accumulating into 95% of the world officially only using the 5880: 3878:(delayed switchovers), including for miles on road signs and for pints for draught beer, cider, and milk sales. 1017:

and the creation of an international metre commission, after a preliminary discussion held in Neuchâtel between

834:) in which metric units were simply given the names of units of measure that were then in use: for instance the 10630: 10615: 10605: 10595: 10533: 10503: 10473: 10437: 10362: 10281: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10239: 9943: 9795: 7078: 6996: 6723: 5155: 3137:

measurement, metricate, reissue all government publications and laws, and change education systems to metric.

2879: 2869: 2829: 2498: 2133: 2040: 1983: 1954: 1838: 1825: 1786: 1536: 1282: 1185: 231: 100: 6025:

Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749-1822) Auteur du texte; Méchain, Pierre (1744-1804) Auteur du texte (1806–1810).

4206: 898: 10625: 10600: 10564: 10528: 10508: 10498: 10483: 10478: 10468: 10377: 10301: 10202: 9933: 9923: 3655: 2903: 2763: 2378: 2293: 2249: 2088: 2072: 1854: 1809: 1752: 1715: 1675: 1475:

decided to use metric units for all future Moon missions, in line with the practice of other space agencies.

1415: 1302: 1301:. The same year a federal law imposed the metric system from 1 January 1877. In 1977, Switzerland joined the 1057:, which was ratified the same year in Paris. The Spanish geodesist was elected as the first president of the 860:

In August 1814, Portugal officially adopted the metric system but with the names of the units substituted by

749: 742: 235: 60: 17: 9231: 8421: 8310: 8138: 6781:"NIST Special Publication 1068 Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1843) A Twenty Year Retrospective, 1987–2007" 4571: 2750:

are widely used such as size of the real estate are often denoted by square feet rather than square metres.

922:

units of measure or, in the interests of harmonisation, adopting the French system. Although Spain assisted

10690: 10610: 10569: 10559: 10488: 10392: 10331: 10326: 10286: 10276: 10266: 10261: 10165: 10067: 10062: 9981: 9976: 9938: 6791: 5008: 4038: 3949:, which took effect in 1994, required labels on federally regulated "consumer commodities" to include both 2990: 2899: 2847: 2837: 2411: 2348: 2317: 2262: 2214: 2056: 2001: 1970: 1770: 1709: 1693: 1646: 284:

inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action with a view to ensuring the universal use of the

10025: 5624:"Tabellen zur Umwandlung des bayerischen Masses und Gewichtes in metrisches Maß und Gewicht und umgekehrt" 10518: 10493: 10432: 10382: 10367: 10357: 10321: 10212: 10175: 10144: 10015: 9541: 7757: 6918: 3529: 2449: 2431: 2362: 2201: 2137: 2120: 1922: 1890: 1872: 1614: 518:(points) (for simplicity at the expense of grammar, these are the singular forms of each name) while the 417:(for half a kilogram), remained in everyday use for many years, and to a residual extent up to this day. 265: 96: 8628: 8399: 8233: 7307: 3888:

The UK government started a consultation on 3 June 2022 on the choice of units of measurement markings.

10554: 10402: 10336: 10234: 10180: 10170: 9840: 9833: 9828: 9714: 8947: 7879: 6372: 6282: 4075: 3704:. Metrication is also gradually taking place in cargo mass and dimensions and in fuel volume and mass. 3385: 3171: 3156: 2773: 2743: 2725: 2680: 2613: 2558: 2473: 2229: 2024: 1867: 1659: 1630: 1269: 1213: 861: 815: 741:(Cisalpine cubit) which was defined to be half a metre. In 1802 the Cisalpine Republic was renamed the 269: 7935: 7742: 1040:

In November 1869 the French government issued invitations to join this commission. Spain accepted and

788:) began to use the metric system from 1799 but, as with its co-revolutionaries in France, encountered 10447: 9986: 9738: 7656: 6466:

Working man's pint – An investigation of the implementation of the metric system in Britain 1851–1979

4933: 4107: 2275: 1508: 1394: 1390: 576: 242:

apparatus, a geodetic instrument devised for measuring the central baseline of Spain whose designer,

7382: 5493: 3987:

Confusion over units during the process of metrication can sometimes lead to accidents. In 1983, an

2768:

Metric and US customary System. The US customary system remains the dominant system of measurement.

9790: 9770: 9601: 9472: 8040: 4799: 3855:

in 1969. Metrication occurred in some areas during this time period, including the re-surveying of

3793: 2999:

Metric and Imperial, Announcement of full metrication in 2014, with technical assistance from the

2631: 1512: 1504: 1254: 805: 129: 9576: 9329: 8340: 7533:"Comptes rendus des séances de la quatrième conférence générale des poids et mesures, pages 82-83" 6509: 5916: 5204:

Boucheron, Patrick; Delalande, Nicolas; Mazel, Florian; Potin, Yann; Singaravélou, Pierre (2018).

2641:

Metric, (real estate, especially farmland, above a certain size is still frequently advertised in

2351:

for differences in definitions between the PRC, ROC, and other Sinosphere countries and regions.)

1026: 558:

took the lead in establishing the General German Commercial Code in 1856. As part of the code the

470:

At the outbreak of the French Revolution, much of modern-day Germany and Austria were part of the

10010: 9961: 9775: 9477: 7689:"Comptes rendus des séances de la septième conférence générale des poids et mesures, pages 66-69" 5663:(Dr. med. vet thesis) (in German). Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover . pp. 14–20. 5623: 4112: 2169: 1748: 1726: 1484: 1483:

The British metrication programme signalled the start of metrication programmes elsewhere in the

1257:

and centesimal minutes; the latter, each subdivided into ten parts, had the advantage of showing

1006: 760:, the various Italian states reverted to their original systems of measurements, but in 1845 the 273: 8598: 8072:, No. 484-112, Pyongyang: Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK, 3 February 1993, archived from 6850: 6477: 5728: 2653:, and this is still in occasional use by older generations; this however is rapidly dying out.) 72:

mandatory changes to existing units within a specified timeframe or through voluntary adoption.

9815: 9805: 9758: 7316:. National Industrial Conference Board. October 1921. pp. 12–13. Research Report Number 42 7256: 4048: 3134: 2917: 2553: 1411: 1277: 1173: 1131: 1000:

In 1866, Spain and Portugal joined the Central European Arc Measurement which would become the

608: 219: 9128: 7688: 7612: 7532: 7444:: Ministry of finance and economy: Directorate of Measures and Precious Metals. Archived from 7213: 5650: 5562: 4863: 3732: 1340:

that was accepted by the CGPM in 1889 to cast the international prototype metre and kilogram.

1155: 184: 9902: 9850: 9780: 9389: 9106: 9073: 8234:

Wilcox, Jr. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tennessee, Michael D. (2008).

8168: 7887: 7875: 7804: 7786: 7613:"Comptes rendus des séances de la sixtième conférence générale des poids et mesures, page 65" 5492:. Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (LNE) (Métrologie française). Archived from 4165: 4139: 4120: 3974: 3786: 3088: 2658: 1996: 1464: 947: 772:

the metric system became the official system of measurement throughout the kingdom. Numerous

9359: 6601: 4451: 1378: 10768: 9820: 9810: 9800: 9785: 9731: 9723: 9299: 8204: 6707: 6174: 6101: 5250: 5186: 5100: 4715:

Dufour, G.-H. (1861). "Notice sur la carte de la Suisse dressée par l'État Major Fédéral".

4002: 3083:

The metric system was lawfully recognized and permitted for all purposes nationwide by the

2588:

for precious metals also legal. Floor area is still commonly advertised using square feet.

2444: 2288: 1688: 1262: 1127: 612: 572: 293: 51:

of measurement. All over the world, countries have transitioned from local and traditional

9419: 7276:

Revolution in Measurement – Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science

5590: 396:

as 120 centimetres. This intermediate step eased the transition to a metric-based system.

8: 10675: 10195: 10126: 9845: 9664: 9174: 8280: 7343: 6956:(in German). Berlin: Central-Bureau der Europäischen Gradmessung. 1868. pp. 123–134. 6209: 5442: 4053: 3049:

Many German states, particularly those under French tutelage during the Napoleonic Wars (

1804: 1532: 1333: 1325: 1209: 1167: 1163: 1061:. His activities resulted in the distribution of a platinum and iridium prototype of the 1018: 1010: 793: 702:

of 1866, the metric system became the official system of measurement in the newly formed

699: 646: 623:) preceded physics and contributed to the development of its methods. It was primarily a 289: 197: 164: 140: 52: 7108: 6711: 6178: 6105: 5906: 5254: 5190: 5104: 3891:

Imperial units remain in common everyday use for human body measurements, in particular

3828:

began in earnest. The government had been making preparations for the conversion of the

3797:

A shower hose sold in Germany with metric length (150 cm) and imperial (1/2 in) fittings

3395:

are usually advertised diagonally, using inches, along with centimetres supplementarily.

2016:

is even still used in legal texts, despite officially not being a legal unit of length.

804:

from their introduction in 1812 until the fall of his Empire in 1815. Under the (Dutch)

706:

in 1872 and of Austria in 1875. The Zollpfund ceased to be legal in Germany after 1877.

155:

has officially embraced a dual measurement system. The United Kingdom as of 2007 halted

10190: 9966: 9132: 8306: 7891: 7248:

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1875–1975: NBS Special Publication 420

6578: 6553: 6402: 6262: 6190: 6049: 5546:

Vestiges of Pre-metric Weights and Measures Persisting in Metric-system Europe, 1926–27

5361: 5268: 5151: 5116: 5052: 4624: 4101: 4026: 3954: 3848: 3398: 3084: 1419: 981:(representing France) completed the junction between the geodetic network of Spain and 919: 765: 757: 730: 624: 545: 9512: 7762:(in Thai). Northern Weights and Measures Center (Thailand). April 2004. Archived from 7246: 7031: 5999:. Cracow, Poland: The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from 5879:. Cracow, Poland: The Press of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from 5381: 4893:"19th Century French Scientific Instrument Makers - XI: The Brunners and Paul Gautier" 4572:"Video: Fox Host Attacks 'Inelegant, Creepy' Metric System That US Alone Has Resisted" 4516:"The battle of the standards: why the US and UK can't stop fighting the metric system" 1265:; so that there are new scales on the sides of the sheet to appreciate the distances. 9136: 9078: 8922: 7280: 7050: 6866: 6715: 6661: 6583: 6518: 6342: 6194: 5965: 5841: 5753: 5700: 5523: 5421: 5272: 5219: 5209: 5120: 4844: 4834: 4769: 4749: 4682: 4649: 4070: 3852: 3599: 3439: 3402: 3248: 3127: 3037: 2008: 1552: 1286: 1123: 785: 662: 471: 281: 277: 251: 167:

helped accelerate the metrication process for member states, for the implemented the

56: 9101: 8686:"Directive 2009/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009" 8530: 7190: 6847:"H.R. 596, An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures" 6816: 4892: 3101: 923: 718:

Tablet showing conversions of legacy units of weights and measures to metric units,

627:

whose object was the study of natural phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field,

255:

depended the length of the instrument of measurement, had always been considered by

10222: 8073: 7507: 7252: 7134: 7027: 6573: 6565: 6182: 6109: 5331: 5305: 5258: 5147: 5108: 4831:

From artefacts to atoms: the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards

4724: 4043: 3958: 3719: 3708: 3603: 3388:

is measured in bits per inch for density and bits per square inch for area density.

3343: 3220:), and in Germany and France, 500 g is informally referred to respectively as 3166: 1885: 1442: 1438: 1347:

In 1965, the UK began an official programme of metrication, and as of 2024, in the

1298: 1193: 1151: 1143: 1066: 1054: 914: 799: 684: 406: 329: 215: 214:. Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva. After the joining of 211: 206: 193: 176:

UK government and active opposition to metrication by some commentators in the US.

104: 7411: 7368:

International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry and Technology

7279:. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 186. pp. 242–245. 6750: 6077:. Berlin: Central Bureau der Europäischer Gradmessung. 1868. pp. 14. 123–134. 5699:] (in German). Munich: Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften . p. 129. 5382:"Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST" 5352: 5031: 4971: 4162:

The Social Life of Measures Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1789–2004

4136:

The Social Life of Measures Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1789–2004

1539:(traditional, imperial, and metric) and all three are permitted for use in trade. 300:

Spain found it expedient in 1849 to follow the French example and within a decade

10387: 9703: 8718: 8451: 7820:"Sebelum Pasang AC, Pahami Dulu AC 1 PK Berapa Watt & AC 1/2 PK Berapa Watt!" 7790: 6158:

Drewes, Hermann; Kuglitsch, Franz; Adám, József; Rózsa, Szabolcs (October 2016).

6026: 5915:] (in Dutch). 's Gravenhage and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 4743: 4602: 4065: 4010: 3961:) have passed laws permitting metric-only labels for the products they regulate. 3856: 3743: 3711:

are given in feet). Sailplanes use the metric system in many European countries.

3192: 1337: 451: 9639: 9043: 7904: 7897: 7594:] (in Russian). The New International Publishing, New York. 1920. p. 8. 6896: 5520:

World in the Balance: The Historical Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement

4169: 4143: 3847:

In 1965, with lobbying from British industries and the prospects of joining the

264:

recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise. In 1869, the

10737: 10311: 9928: 9449: 8845: 8663: 7849: 7800: 6473: 6240: 6114: 6089: 4080: 3864: 3860: 3519: 3460: 3151: 2994: 2971: 2955: 2939: 2922: 2895: 2851: 2833: 2814: 2794: 2747: 2729: 2709: 2684: 2650: 2636: 2618: 2600: 2566: 2540: 1561: 1348: 1294: 1251: 1201: 1147: 1135: 1022: 986: 982: 974: 666: 463: 446: 152: 135:

The metrication process can take years to implement and complete. For instance

6186: 5223: 1184:), which published under his direction, from 1845 to 1864, the first official 151:

officially metric 2000, are still in the process toward full conversion. The

10762: 10185: 10057: 9997: 9699: 8566: 6844: 6719: 5522:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 124 & 164. 5418:

The Measure of all Things – The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World

4848: 4018: 3829: 3775: 3738: 3639: 3635: 3525: 3375: 3371: 2581: 2562: 1557: 1535:, which began metric conversion in the 1970s and completed it in early 2005. 1520: 1516: 1398: 1247: 1243: 1159: 1139: 882: 825: 703: 654: 301: 285: 92: 48: 8427:. Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour of the Government of Samoa. 2016 6504: 4728: 4484: 3378:

are still used to describe graphical resolution with computers and printing.

1791:

Metric, but some non-metric units are used for specific areas: rural land –

714: 522:

was defined as 500 g, divided into 30 Loth, each of 16.67 g.

10742: 10030: 10020: 10005: 8394: 6587: 5310: 5293: 5263: 5238: 4967: 3995: 3896: 3892: 3851:, the government set a 10-year target for full conversion, and created the 3674: 3647: 3543: 3454: 3392: 3347: 3346:, are commonly graded by grit, corresponding to the level of abrasiviness ( 3329: 3209: 2784: 2778: 2478: 1565: 639:

would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German:

239: 223: 9102:"Historical perspectives by the last Director of the UK Metrication Board" 7874:

European Communities (Units of Measurement) (Amendment) Regulations 2010 (

5112: 4419:"St Lucia begins drive to implement metric system to catch up with region" 3547: 3432:

Surfboards are usually designed, constructed, and sold in feet and inches.

2299: 966: 733:, a North Italian republic set up by Napoleon in 1797 with its capital at 32: 10341: 9971: 9871: 8744: 7724: 6569: 6558:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

5476:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system" 4332: 4014: 3900: 3667: 3518:

Road signs for distance and speed limit are still displayed in miles and

3489: 3485: 3473: 3443: 3354: 3252: 3201: 3143: 2875: 2855: 2843: 2735: 2690: 1499: 1406: 1290: 1221: 1217: 1205: 1189: 1096: 1005:

proposed according to recommendations drawn up by a committee chaired by

480: 476: 148: 83:, there are only three countries that do not have mandatory metric laws ( 9606:. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. pp. (also available in French). 9042:. Department of Trade and Industry, United Kingdom. 1862. Archived from 8585:

prototype unit achieved an area density of 201 gigabits per square inch.

4224: 3306:

Photograph and video cameras are standardised to mount to tripods using

1212:

and the two maps were in any case inconsistent, as the meridians of the

607:, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with 9008: 8658: 3991: 3988: 3875: 3539: 3450: 3409: 2739: 2585: 2400:

in West Kalimantan, "ubin/iring/lupit/tampah" in other regions, etc.).

2342: 1524: 719: 616: 596: 550: 459: 188:

National Convention decree of April 1795 establishing the metric system

8028: 7445: 6960: 5990:"The units of length in the Spanish treatises of military engineering" 3731:

In Australia, pints are still used for beer (redefined to 570 ml (see

3700:) for temperature reports in 1996, and since indicates temperature in 3255:

had a non-metric system completely based on metric terms (e.g. 1

3435: 3339: 3179: 3050: 2336: 1397:

was mandated to work out the new standards and proposed to adopt the

1258: 1181: 1101: 934:

urged the Government to approve the creation of a large-scale map of

869: 658: 628: 564: 420: 326:(imperial decree of 12 February 1812), a new system of measure – the 144: 6892:

Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A brief history

6695: 5945:

Success and constraints in adoption of the metric system in Portugal

5135: 3522:

in the United States, United Kingdom, and multiple Caribbean states.

3505: 3289: 3284: 1714:

Metric, (some national and regional units are still in use and some

1170:, as well as the Alpine cantons, continued to use the old measures. 776:(conversion tables) were displayed in shops until 31 December 1870. 227: 9575:. State of California, Department of Transportation. Archived from 8065:"The Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Metrology" 7437: 3782: 3722:(SOLAS) and other future IMO instruments should use SI units only. 3663: 3643: 3335: 1792: 1281:

definitive introduction. Cantonal calibrators were supervised by a

1272:

the federal foot was to come into force throughout the country. In

990: 958: 588: 494:(rods) as being 3.0 m exactly and defined the subunits of the 455: 317: 201: 159:, and retain imperial units of the mile and yard in road markings, 9262:"Honeywell 9000 BTU Portable Air Conditioner - White - HT09CESAWK" 4389:"Finance minister outlines metrication plans, goals and timetable" 737:, first adopted a modified form of the metric system based on the 10747: 9037:"Report (1862) from the Select Committee on Weights and Measures" 3701: 3358: 3293:

Precious metals, such as gold, are often measured in troy ounces.

3072: 2694: 2689:

Metric, land and property areas are still at times measured with

2642: 723: 632: 620: 555: 535: 523: 256: 88: 84: 8948:"Weights and measures legislation – hallmarking and metrication" 5940: 5565:[Official units of measure in Europe 1842] (in German). 4446: 4444: 3927: 1107: 1073:

in 1889. These prototypes defined the metre right up until 1960.

10417: 9718: 9170:"After Brexit, some Brits want to ditch the metric system, too" 7727:. Northern Weights and Measures Center (Thailand). April 2004. 7441: 5988:

Loidi, Juan Navarro; Saenz, Pilar Merino (6–9 September 2006).

5177:

Guillaume, Ed. (1916). "Le Systeme Metrique est-il en Peril?".

5001:"Procès-verbaux des séances de la commission géodésique suisse" 4363:"Metrification plan to be implemented in all 10 regions – GNBS" 3882: 3756: 3562: 3554: 3500: 3240: 3236: 2484: 1796: 1273: 1177: 994: 962: 580: 136: 7763: 7018:

Smith, Jeanette C. (September 1998). "Take Me to Your Liter".

3326:-16 screws, which are dimensioned in inches, by ISO 1222:2010. 9569:

Declaration of Units of Measure—"Metric" or "English" Project

7133:. United States Metrication Association. 2009. Archived from 6845:

29th Congress of the United States, Session 1 (13 May 1866).

6214:

Geoportal oficial del Instituto Geográfico Nacional de España

4441: 3697: 3685:

there should be a single system of units throughout the world

3659: 3494: 3457:

insulation is commonly expressed in "cubic inches per ounce".

3269: 3217: 3138: 2577: 2327: 2303: 1239: 1235: 1062: 1014: 970: 965:. In 1866 at the conference of the Association of Geodesy in 954: 943: 935: 734: 584: 487: 192:

The metre was adopted as exclusive measure in 1801 under the

116: 112: 108: 9753: 8475:"Metric or imperial: what measures do Britons use? | YouGov" 5351:

texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864).

5203: 5030:

texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864).

3463:

are often sold in troy ounces, even in mostly metric states.

902:

Don Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, first president of the

530:

from 561.288 g to 560 g exactly, consisting of 32

9009:

The Council of the European Communities (9 February 2000).

7074: 4022: 3904: 3651: 3484:

Office space and housing space is often sold and rented in

3477: 3274: 2646: 2573: 1580:

point to articles about metrication in that country/region.

1472: 1352: 1197: 600: 554:). There were, however, still many barriers to trade until 234:

which would win the gold medal for the national map at the

210:

which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of

160: 9638:. Flight Safety Australia. pp. 22, 25. Archived from 7993: 7991: 7799:, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 345-3, 4601:

Larousse, Pierre (1817-1875) Auteur du texte (1866–1877).

3691:

the use of the foot for altitude is a permitted variation.

3133:

The "Big-Bang" way is to simultaneously outlaw the use of

1033:

Spanish representative, founder and first director of the

8562:"Why the Future of Data Storage is (Still) Magnetic Tape" 5298:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3650:

and it is precisely defined as 1 852 metres (about 1.151

3467: 2998: 2975: 2767: 2667: 2544: 1188:, on the basis of new cantonal measurements. This map at 808:

of 21 August 1816 and the Royal decree of 27 March 1817 (

433: 8339:. UK Metric Association. 8 February 2018. Archived from 8032: 6157: 8364:"Workshop to mull new weight and measurement standards" 7988: 7933: 6632:"Choice on units of measurement: consultation response" 6242:

Histoire abrégée de l'astronomie / par Ernest Lebon,...

5448:

Ministère de l'Economie, des Finances et de l'Industrie

4236:

All commercial engagements are to use the metric units.

4225:"Metrology – Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour" 3950: 3016: 2959: 2943: 2926: 2908: 2873: 2841: 2818: 2798: 2782: 2733: 2713: 2688: 2640: 2622: 2604: 2571: 2526: 2513: 2502: 2482: 2464: 2453: 2435: 2419: 2398: 2382: 2366: 2321: 2297: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2237: 2218: 2205: 2189: 2173: 2157: 2141: 2124: 2108: 2092: 2076: 2060: 2044: 2028: 2005: 1987: 1974: 1958: 1942: 1926: 1910: 1894: 1876: 1858: 1842: 1829: 1813: 1790: 1774: 1757: 1730: 1713: 1697: 1679: 1663: 1650: 1634: 1618: 1382:

Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, first superintendent of the

1250:

4800 metres in length. The frame would be divided into

673:(CIPM). In 1867, the European Arc Measurement (German: 8719:"Frequently Asked Questions about METAR/SPECI and TAF" 8501:"Find Standards using keywords and publication number" 8005:. US Central Intelligence Agency. 2010. Archived from 7245:

Page, Chester H; Vigoureux, Paul, eds. (20 May 1975).

5870:"The first applications of the metric system in Italy" 3720:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea

1460:

A Metric America – A Decision Whose Time Has Come

9535:"Metric to U.S. Customary Units (English) Transition" 6476:, United Kingdom: Bath Spa University. Archived from 4099: 3673:

The prime unit of measure for aviation (altitude, or

3488:

in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada and India,

3142:

industrialized Commonwealth countries, Australia and

81:

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

9202:"Choice on units of measurement: Markings and sales" 6024: 5867: 5840:(in German). Universal-Lexikon. 2010. Archived from 4541:"Choice on units of measurement: markings and sales" 4184:"U.S. Metrication Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" 4013:, provided thruster performance data to the team in 172:

alongside metric units could continue indefinitely.

8629:"How to choose the right surfboard: Ultimate Guide" 7578: 7387:

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

5597:

Theoretical and practical instruction in arithmetic

1884: 1866: 1556:

Countries by their dominant system of measurement (

1478: 1285:created in 1862, whose management was entrusted to 1021:director of the Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute, 9665:"NASA's metric confusion caused Mars orbiter loss" 8879: 8721:. National Weather Service METAR/TAF Information. 6696:"Swiss Geodesy and the United States Coast Survey" 6239:Lebon, Ernest (1846–1922) Auteur du texte (1899). 5809: 5333:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4100: 1966: 1568:) as of 2023 (based on popular and official usage) 1330:British Association for the Advancement of Science 748:In 1806, the Italian Republic was replaced by the 9505:"Design Memorandum No. 11-98: English Conversion" 9382:"National Highway System Designation Act of 1995" 8775:"Why doesn't the aviation industry use SI units?" 8236:"Reforming Cocoa and Coffee Marketing in Liberia" 8115:, London: The Economist Group, 10 February 2017, 7725:"History of weights and measures in Thailand.htm" 7500:"Metric usage and metrication in other countries" 7049:. Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 1–69. 7044: 6751:"Weights and Measures: New Standards for the USA" 6554:"The kilogram and measurements of mass and force" 5805: 5803: 5621: 5588: 4250:"Gov't Pledges Commitment to Adopt Metric System" 3546:countries and German-speaking countries (this is 3285:Industries and countries resistant to metrication 1336:as a coherent system and it was the British firm 1049:. He also presided the General Conference of the 10760: 9594: 9232:"UK owners... MPG imperial or US gallons ?" 8877: 8464:"1 zeste de citron par livre (500g) de rhubarbe" 7561: 6088:Débarbat, Suzanne; Quinn, Terry (January 2019). 5970:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5478:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69. 4021:-seconds. The spacecraft was intended to orbit 3842:Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act of 1896 3300: 1308: 1117:International Committee for Weights and Measures 1086:International Committee for Weights and Measures 1059:International Committee for Weights and Measures 908:International Committee for Weights and Measures 671:International Committee for Weights and Measures 9628: 6462: 5904: 4745:Guillaume-Henri Dufour dans son Temps 1787-1875 4256:. Liberian Observer Corporation. Archived from 3512: 2649:. Human weights were traditionally measured in 1542: 1367: 8361: 7850:"Definisi PK Dalam AC yang Harus Anda Ketahui" 6884: 6882: 6545: 5983: 5981: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5800: 5599:] (in German). München. pp. 307–322. 526:, in its reform of 1811, trimmed the Bavarian 226:was present when a baseline was measured near 27:Conversion to the metric system of measurement 9887: 9739: 8745:"Aviation's Crazy, Mixed Up Units of Measure" 8499:ANSI, American National Standards Institute. 7884:Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment 7683: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7527: 7525: 7244: 7214:"Notes on the standardization of paper sizes" 6888: 6500: 6498: 6087: 5812:"The Metric System – Shall it be compulsory?" 5592:Theoretisch-practischer Unterricht im Rechnen 5557: 5555: 4900:Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 4600: 4007:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3718:(IMO) decided that future conventions of the 3588:The examples and perspective in this section 3570: 1432:international bureau for weights and measures 179: 8983:. National Weights and Measures Laboratory. 8916:Final Report of the Metrication Board (1980) 8039:, Asia–Pacific Legal Metrology Forum, 2015, 6919:"Metric Act of 1866 – US Metric Association" 6889:Barbrow, Louis E.; Judson, Lewis V. (1976). 6551: 6506:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 5648: 5446: 5007:(in French). pp. 14, 18. Archived from 4479: 4477: 3939:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 3666:for maritime and air navigation remains the 3634:Air and sea transportation commonly use the 3365: 3204:, 500 g is informally referred to as a 3174:. In this system, the basic units were the 819: 797: 796:since 1809, the Netherlands used Napoleon's 698:Although the Zollverein collapsed after the 689:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 400: 371: 361: 351: 341: 335: 327: 321: 55:to the metric system. This process began in 8846:"Will British people ever think in metric?" 8445: 6879: 6871:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6552:Jabbour, Z.J.; Yaniv, S.L. (January 2001). 6267:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6054:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5978: 5941:Fátima Paixão; Fátima Regina Jorge (2006). 5868:Maria Teresa Borgato (6–9 September 2006). 5856: 5688: 5473: 5366:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5057:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4804:Musée national - Blog sur l'histoire suisse 4629:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4241: 3881:Immediately following the United Kingdom's 3763:. In Latin America and Spain, it is called 3725: 3442:in most English speaking countries, or the 3332:is frequently measured in threads per inch. 2298:Metric, with continued informal use of the 1547: 850:the Norwegian Parliament's fastest decision 835: 829: 809: 687:was signed on 20 May 1875 in Paris and the 47:is the act or process of converting to the 9901: 9894: 9880: 9746: 9732: 9099: 7674: 7598: 7522: 7468:"Kapittel 4 : Internasjonale avtaler" 7313:the English System of Weights and Measures 7063: 6817:"Interlude in Europe: Ups... and Downs..." 6495: 5987: 5682: 5552: 5474:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). 5140:Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée 4934:"Le centenaire du général Ibañez de Ibéro" 4748:(in French). Librairie Droz. p. 145. 4155: 4153: 3822:General Conference on Weights and Measures 3816:British law has enacted the provisions of 3606:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1091: 1071:General Conference on Weights and Measures 985:and thus completed the measurement of the 864:. In this system the basic units were the 779: 340:was defined as being two metres, with six 9448:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 9418:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 9388:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 9358:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 9328:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 9298:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 9129:The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 8978:"Weights and Measures Report 1995 – 2008" 8843: 8270: 8245:. University of Tennessee. Archived from 7817: 7787:"Japan's Transition to the Metric System" 7506:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 7342:. U.S. Metric Association. Archived from 7179: 6993:"U.S. Metric System (SI) Legal Resources" 6577: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6403:"Journal de Genève - 14.02.1852 - Page 4" 6373:"Journal de Genève - 22.03.1854 - Page 1" 6283:"Journal de Genève - 22.03.1854 - Page 1" 6113: 5936: 5934: 5513: 5511: 5440: 5309: 5262: 5176: 5133: 4474: 3679:International Civil Aviation Organization 3622:Learn how and when to remove this message 3146:, also did a quick conversion to metric. 3040:, most of them now independent countries. 1220:, used a scale close to 1:86 400, i.e. 1 1113:International Meteorological Organization 811:Koningklijk besluit van den 27 Maart 1817 691:was created under the supervision of the 651:International Meteorological Organisation 9603:Chapter 2 – Basic Labelling Requirements 9470: 8176:Commonwealth Legal Information Institute 7364: 7255:: National Bureau of Standards. p. 7101:"A. Classes of Track - Transport Canada" 5543: 5411: 5409: 5136:"La mesure rapide des bases géodésiques" 4569: 4425:. Associated Press. 2005. Archived from 3926: 3883:vote to withdraw from the European Union 3834:Select Committee on Weights and Measures 3792: 3288: 3120: 2334:for weight, land area is still given in 1551: 1489: 1377: 1158:in 1857. In 1835, twelve cantons of the 1106: 1095: 1075: 897: 713: 619:(the study of the Earth by the means of 445: 432: 419: 183: 31: 7211: 6317:Office fédéral de topographie swisstopo 5482: 5467: 5329: 4800:"Henri Dufour et la carte de la Suisse" 4717:Le Globe. Revue genevoise de géographie 4513: 4207:"Busting Myths about the Metric System" 4150: 3492:in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and 1603:Current official status of metrication 1403:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 1146:adopted the metric system in 1813, the 14: 10761: 9167: 9145:. Statutory Instrument 1995 No. 1804. 8693:Official Journal of the European Union 8596: 8511:from the original on 11 September 2017 8414: 8387: 7852:(in Indonesian). ASTRO. 21 July 2020. 7803:: US Department of Commerce, pp. 7784: 6693: 6511:The International System of Units (SI) 6451: 6245:Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 171. 6128: 5931: 5563:"Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842" 5517: 5508: 5434: 4938:Revue internationale de l'enseignement 4931: 4913:from the original on 18 September 2021 4890: 4833:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 4741: 4714: 4278: 4204: 3982: 3947:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA) 3468:Land, area and distances on the ground 3412:for electronic components is based on 3273:now has a value of 500 g and the 1142:), the metre was adopted in 1800. The 1013:in St. Petersburg the adoption of the 784:The Netherlands (as the revolutionary 490:, in 1810, for example, redefined the 428: 376:was defined as being 500 g, each 9875: 9727: 9485:from the original on 19 December 2014 9272:from the original on 18 November 2023 9242:from the original on 18 November 2023 8958:from the original on 14 February 2017 8725:from the original on 20 February 2009 8699:from the original on 4 September 2015 8609:from the original on 18 November 2023 8559: 8537:from the original on 18 November 2023 8027: 7272: 7226:from the original on 15 November 2017 7017: 6929:from the original on 28 February 2021 6826:from the original on 12 February 2018 6761:from the original on 12 February 2018 6745: 6743: 6741: 6689: 6687: 6672:from the original on 12 February 2018 6353:from the original on 24 November 2020 6238: 5748: 5746: 5455:from the original on 28 February 2011 5415: 5406: 5350: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5236: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5039:from the original on 18 December 2021 5029: 4980:from the original on 18 December 2021 4966: 4948:from the original on 16 December 2021 4872:from the original on 22 December 2021 4861: 4828: 4780:from the original on 14 December 2021 4710: 4708: 4677: 4675: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4611:from the original on 22 December 2021 4495:from the original on 17 February 2009 4343:from the original on 28 November 2023 4247: 3405:across the world in metric countries. 2783:Metric, with formal continued use of 2340:, and other traditional units (e.g., 2322:Metric. Wet markets continue to use 1597: 973:would collaborate in remeasuring the 308: 9675:from the original on 18 January 2013 9629:Merran Williams (July–August 2003). 9565: 9212:from the original on 7 November 2023 9149:from the original on 17 October 2010 8881:"In the merry old land of lb and oz" 8755:from the original on 7 December 2019 8273:"Ditch the viss, govt urges traders" 8215:from the original on 10 January 2014 8149:from the original on 18 October 2019 8061: 8043:from the original on 9 February 2017 7976:from the original on 9 November 2023 7818:Ratnasari, Kartika (22 March 2022). 7705:from the original on 4 December 2020 7629:from the original on 4 December 2020 7549:from the original on 4 December 2020 7480:from the original on 3 December 2014 6642:from the original on 20 January 2024 6612:from the original on 30 October 2023 6439:from the original on 6 November 2010 6433:"Industry and community – Key dates" 6413:from the original on 7 November 2023 6383:from the original on 7 November 2023 6293:from the original on 7 November 2023 6220:from the original on 16 January 2021 6207: 5630:from the original on 22 January 2011 5603:from the original on 14 October 2011 5569:from the original on 14 October 2011 5394:from the original on 19 October 2015 4693:from the original on 2 February 2021 4660:from the original on 10 January 2021 4551:from the original on 7 November 2023 4462:from the original on 30 October 2023 4205:Benham, Elizabeth (6 October 2020). 4159: 4133: 4121:participating institution membership 3957:. As of 2013, all but one US state ( 3681:(ICAO) relating to measurement are: 3574: 3538:Engine power is usually measured in 3267:(line) = 3 mm). In China, the 2981: 2964: 2006:Metric, the previous unit of length 1111:Heinrich von Wild, president of the 893: 709: 679:) called for the creation of a new, 437:Johann Jacob Baeyer, founder of the 266:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 9182:from the original on 5 October 2016 9017:from the original on 23 August 2011 8940: 8892:from the original on 13 August 2022 8816:International Maritime Organization 8574:from the original on 8 January 2021 8531:"What is threadcount? – domus home" 8362:Htar Htar Khin (20 February 2012). 8107: 6313:"Systèmes de référence historiques" 6249:from the original on 24 August 2017 6036:from the original on 9 January 2021 5908:Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst 5548:. New York: Macmillan. p. vii. 5158:from the original on 6 October 2023 4998: 4810:from the original on 8 January 2022 4381: 4059:Metric engine (American expression) 3836:recommended the conversion and the 3818:European Union directive 80/181/EEC 3716:International Maritime Organization 3200:(pound) = 1 kilogram. In the 3062:Phased transition announced in 1965 3001:German National Metrology Institute 1100:Guillaume Henri Dufour, founder of 840:(ounce) was defined as 100 g. 603:, second). In 1836, he founded the 296:collapsed, but the metre survived. 248:International Statistical Institute 132:agencies are required to adopt it. 119:has since mandated metric trade). 24: 9924:International System of Units (SI) 8856:from the original on 24 April 2012 8818:. 12 November 1975. Archived from 8119:from the original on 8 August 2020 7946:from the original on 29 April 2018 7915:from the original on 25 April 2011 6738: 6684: 5743: 5340:from the original on 8 April 2023. 5330:Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolf (1825). 5318: 5279: 5081: 4705: 4672: 4637: 4514:Vincent, James (16 January 2023). 3751:while Sweden also refers to it as 3688:the single system should be the SI 1787:Brazilian (variants of Portuguese) 1200:Observatory (5° 6' 10.8'' east of 1134:. On the territory of the current 1082:International Geodetic Association 904:International Geodetic Association 855: 653:whose second president, the Swiss 323:décret impérial du 12 février 1812 25: 10780: 9691: 9610:from the original on 10 June 2007 9566:Land, Richard D. (16 June 2006). 9511:. 4 November 1998. Archived from 9412:"Fair Packaging and Labeling Act" 8603:DPC | Digital Photography Courses 8597:Bester, Danie (16 October 2018). 8388:Kohler, Nicholas (3 March 2014). 8309:. 10 October 2013. Archived from 8185:from the original on 4 March 2016 7878:). Signed on 2 March 2010 by 7731:from the original on 2 April 2012 7020:Journal of Government Information 5810:W Leconte Stephens (March 1904). 5727:. 8 December 2015. Archived from 5725:World Meteorological Organization 5670:from the original on 19 July 2011 4582:from the original on 10 June 2019 4395:. 18 October 2011. Archived from 4317:. 10 October 2013. Archived from 4279:Kohler, Nicholas (3 March 2014). 4127: 3808:Metrication in the United Kingdom 3801: 3426: 3071:Including South-West Africa, now 2154:Costa Rican (variants of Spanish) 1405:in 1878) was measured in 1834 at 1315:Metrication in the United Kingdom 1180:a topographic office (the future 1080:Adolphe Hirsch, secretary of the 9657: 9622: 9559: 9527: 9497: 9471:Zengerle, Jason (January 1999). 9464: 9442:"U.S. Metric Association (USMA)" 9434: 9404: 9374: 9344: 9314: 9284: 9254: 9224: 9194: 9161: 9121: 9093: 9061: 9029: 9002: 8990:from the original on 5 July 2018 8970: 8908: 8878:Melanie McDonagh (10 May 2007). 8871: 8837: 8797: 8785:from the original on 4 July 2018 8767: 8737: 8711: 8678: 8646: 8621: 8590: 8553: 8523: 8498: 8492: 8467: 8439: 8381: 8355: 8325: 8303:"Myanmar to adopt metric system" 8295: 8264: 8227: 8197: 8161: 8131: 8101: 8055: 8021: 8003:Appendix G: Weights and Measures 7958: 7934:Dr. Natarajan Ganapathy (2009). 7927: 7868: 7856:from the original on 29 May 2022 7842: 7830:from the original on 18 May 2022 7811: 7792:US Metric Study Interim Report, 7778: 7750: 7717: 7641: 7492: 7460: 7426: 7410:. Inmetro.gov.br. Archived from 7400: 7375: 7358: 7328: 7300: 7266: 7131:"Metrication status and history" 6790:. pp. 51–52. Archived from 6726:from the original on 6 June 2021 6534:from the original on 4 June 2021 6208:Nacional, Instituto Geográfico. 5208:. Éditions Points. p. 694. 5152:10.1051/jphystap:019060050024200 4485:"EU gives up on 'metric Britain" 4311:"Myanmar to Adopt Metric System" 3923:Metrication in the United States 3916: 3838:Weights and Measures Act of 1864 3767:. In Taiwan, it is known as the 3579: 3107: 3094: 3077: 3065: 3056: 3043: 3030: 2105:Paraguayan (variants of Spanish) 1718:also in use in some industries) 1479:Other English-speaking countries 1374:Metrication in the United States 1069:during the first meeting of the 932:Spanish Royal Academy of Science 843: 762:Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia 534:, each of 17.5 g while the 204:decreed the introduction of the 9352:"Metric Conversion Act of 1975" 9168:Taylor, Adam (31 August 2016). 9100:Jim Humble (12 December 2002). 8333:"Metric in Myanmar - an update" 8113:The Economist Intelligence Unit 7796:Commercial Weights and Measures 7383:"Act No. 1519, s. 1906 | GOVPH" 7365:Washburn, Edward Wight (1926). 7238: 7205: 7149: 7123: 7093: 7045:Howard B. Bradley, ed. (1987). 7038: 7011: 6941: 6911: 6838: 6820:E-Expo Ferdinand Rudolf Hassler 6809: 6773: 6755:E-Expo Ferdinand Rudolf Hassler 6666:E-Expo Ferdinand Rudolf Hassler 6662:"Emigration: Off to New Shores" 6654: 6624: 6602:"Weights and measures: the law" 6594: 6425: 6395: 6365: 6335: 6305: 6275: 6232: 6210:"Instituto Geográfico Nacional" 6201: 6160:"The Geodesist's Handbook 2016" 6151: 6131:"Don Carlos IBANEZ (1825-1891)" 6122: 6081: 6062: 6018: 5898: 5830: 5772: 5713: 5642: 5615: 5582: 5579:Text version of Malaisé's book. 5536: 5374: 5344: 5230: 5197: 5170: 5127: 5065: 5023: 4992: 4960: 4925: 4884: 4855: 4822: 4792: 4762: 4735: 4594: 4570:Croucher, Shane (6 June 2019). 4563: 4533: 4507: 4452:"Weights and measures: the law" 4411: 4355: 4325: 2487:of floorspace is still in use. 1839:Argentine (variants of Spanish) 1826:Uruguayan (variants of Spanish) 1585:Overview of global metrication 1042:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1031:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 940:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 792:. Subsequently, as part of the 790:numerous practical difficulties 409:effectively revoked the use of 244:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 8844:Jon Kelly (21 December 2011). 8560:Lantz, Mark (28 August 2018). 7886:. Statutory Instrument of the 7741:..."Weights and Measures Act, 7587:Настольный Советский Календарь 7047:Petroleum Engineering Handbook 6140:. pp. 8–9. Archived from 5689:Meyer-Stoll, Cornelia (2010). 5206:Histoire mondiale de la France 5077:(in French). J. Dumaine. 1860. 4303: 4272: 4217: 4198: 4176: 4093: 3508:" in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. 2734:Metric, with some traditional 2645:or, somewhat less frequently, 2363:Afghan (Persian, Arab, Indian) 1810:Peruvian (variants of Spanish) 1531:complete this process was the 1283:Federal Bureau of Verification 236:Exposition Universelle of 1855 101:Federated States of Micronesia 13: 1: 9934:US customary units (USCS/USC) 8271:Ko Ko Gyi (18–24 July 2011). 8243:Presentation and Policy Brief 8169:"Numerical Metric Conversion" 7942:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 7911:. Minister of Justice. 1985. 7574:(in Russian) (66): 725. 1918. 7273:Zupko, Ronald Edward (1990). 7032:10.1016/S1352-0237(98)00030-6 6435:. United Kingdom Parliament. 5304:: 445–469. 31 December 1873. 4086: 3844:legalised the metric system. 3714:In 1975, the assembly of the 3401:are still sold with imperial 3301:Manufacturing and engineering 2972:United States customary units 2904:United States customary units 2854:, and real estates still use 2764:United States customary units 1716:United States customary units 1710:Mexican (variants of Spanish) 1694:Chilean (variants of Spanish) 1309:United Kingdom (1824–present) 1303:International System of Units 1065:to all States parties to the 1035:Instituto Geográfico Nacional 953:In 1865 the triangulation of 681:international prototype metre 642:Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung 462:(10 km), a unit used in 246:would represent Spain at the 9540:. Dot.ca.gov. Archived from 7785:Mitsuo, Tamano (July 1971), 7571:ru:Собрание узаконений РСФСР 7371:. National Research Council. 7157:"Ireland goes metric - fast" 6463:Frederik Hyttel (May 2009). 5544:Kennelly, Arthur E. (1928). 5336:. Vol. 2. p. 252. 4248:Dopoe, Robin (25 May 2018). 4039:History of the metric system 3513:Road and rail transportation 3259:(foot) = 30 cm, 1 3190:(yard) = 1 metre), the 3053:) adopted the metre 1806–15. 2349:Chinese units of measurement 2215:Haitian (variants of French) 1543:Global status of metrication 1537:Hong Kong uses three systems 1455:National Bureau of Standards 1368:United States (1830–present) 1238:(i.e. 600 French feet). The 1182:Federal Office of topography 938:in 1852. The following year 880:(yard) = 1 metre), the 649:in 1863, and by that of the 541:remained at 467.711 g. 7: 9322:"Metric Convention of 1875" 8450:(in French). Archived from 6319:(in French). Archived from 4806:(in French). 14 July 2019. 4032: 3602:, discuss the issue on the 3263:(inch) = 3 cm, 1 3231:In Denmark, the re-defined 3172:Portuguese traditional ones 2858:as area measurement unit.) 2580:are required to be sold by 2041:Mauritian (English, French) 1430:) to “establish a European 957:was connected with that of 890:(pound) = 1 kilogram. 862:Portuguese traditional ones 831:Nederlands metrisch stelsel 66: 10: 10785: 9632:The 156-tonne GIMLI GLIDER 8139:"Ghana Gets Metric System" 7966:"Metrication in Singapore" 7905:"Weights and Measures Act" 6115:10.1016/j.crhy.2018.12.002 5622:Heinrich Grebenau (1870). 5589:Ferdinand Malaisé (1842). 5518:Crease, Robert P. (2011). 5134:Guillaume, Ch.-Ed (1906). 4076:Spread of the Latin script 3972: 3920: 3805: 3670:(nautical mile per hour). 3571:Air and sea transportation 3386:magnetic tape data storage 3102:Liberia measurement system 2878:and real estate still use 1868:North German Confederation 1389:In 1805 a Swiss geodesist 1384:United States Coast Survey 1371: 1312: 1138:, then annexed to France ( 816:Kingdom of the Netherlands 583:to the basic units of the 483:a thousand years earlier. 405:(the law of 4 July 1837), 270:French Academy of Sciences 180:Forerunners of metrication 169:Units of Measure Directive 10730: 10704: 10648: 10588: 10542: 10461: 10350: 10153: 10119: 10112: 10081: 10050: 10043: 9996: 9987:English Engineering Units 9954: 9916: 9909: 9766: 6187:10.1007/s00190-016-0948-z 5542:Crease (2011) refers to: 5237:Quinn, Terry (May 2019). 4999:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek. 4108:Oxford English Dictionary 3968: 3765:Cuarto de Libra con Queso 3366:Computers and televisions 3010: 2986: 2967: 2951: 2935: 2916: 2889: 2865: 2823: 2806: 2803: 2790: 2772: 2757: 2754: 2721: 2701: 2676: 2673: 2657: 2630: 2627: 2612: 2592: 2552: 2549: 2534: 2518: 2507: 2494: 2491: 2472: 2458: 2443: 2440: 2427: 2407: 2390: 2374: 2358: 2313: 2287: 2271: 2258: 2245: 2242: 2223: 2210: 2197: 2194: 2181: 2165: 2149: 2129: 2116: 2113: 2100: 2084: 2068: 2052: 2036: 2020: 1995: 1992: 1979: 1963: 1950: 1934: 1918: 1902: 1850: 1834: 1821: 1818: 1803: 1782: 1779: 1766: 1740: 1722: 1705: 1702: 1687: 1671: 1655: 1642: 1639: 1626: 1610: 1602: 1594: 1590:Year official metrication 1589: 1391:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 1276:, a committee chaired by 1234:of a French inch) to 100 824:in favour of the "Dutch" 8390:"Metrication in Myanmar" 7999:"CIA The World Factbook" 7894: on 22 January 2019. 7758: 7586: 6694:Cajori, Florian (1921). 6129:Hirsch, Adolphe (1891). 5913:Introduction to Numeracy 5905:Jacob de Gelder (1824). 5490:"History of measurement" 5443:"Un historique du mètre" 5387:. pp. 40, 143–144. 4281:"Metrication in Myanmar" 3945:A 1992 amendment to the 3726:Legacy of previous units 3658:unit. The prime unit of 3528:is commonly measured in 3422: in (2.54 mm). 2759:United States of America 2572:Metric, however Draught 1548:Status by country/region 1424:European Arc Measurement 1261:in the direction of the 1051:European Arc Measurement 1047:European Arc Measurement 1002:European Arc Measurement 969:, Ibáñez announced that 913:Until the ascent of the 806:Weights and Measures Act 579:and proposed adding the 262:European Arc Measurement 224:Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 218:to Switzerland in 1815, 130:United States Government 10026:Quantum chromodynamical 9709:considered for deletion 8448:"Confiture de rhubarbe" 7336:"Metrication in Mexico" 6216:(in European Spanish). 6094:Comptes Rendus Physique 5816:Popular Science Monthly 4729:10.3406/globe.1861.7582 4138:(Thesis). p. 49, ch 2. 4113:Oxford University Press 3733:Australian beer glasses 3361:is still commonly used. 3212:) and 100 g as an 3196:= 1 litre and the 2250:Moroccan (Arabic, Turc) 2073:Tunisian (Arabic, Turc) 1428:Europäische Gradmessung 1092:Switzerland (1801–1877) 1007:Otto Wilhelm von Struve 886:= 1 litre and the 780:Netherlands (1799–1817) 770:Law 132 of 28 July 1861 676:Europäische Gradmessung 645:) on the initiative of 440:Europäische Gradmessung 274:Otto Wilhelm von Struve 157:its metrication process 76:system of measurement. 57:France during the 1790s 10139:centimetre–gram–second 9903:Systems of measurement 9077:. 2008. Archived from 9069:"Metrication Timeline" 8779:Aviation StackExchange 8654:"Units of Measurement" 8599:"Standard Print Sizes" 8109:"North Korea: Summary" 7940:Science & Medicine 7408:"Histórico do Inmetro" 7219:. Ottawa. p. 11. 7077:. 2007. Archived from 6895:. NIST. Archived from 6700:The Scientific Monthly 6407:www.letempsarchives.ch 6377:www.letempsarchives.ch 6287:www.letempsarchives.ch 5789:. 1903. Archived from 5447: 5311:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014 5264:10.1002/andp.201800355 4891:Brenni, Paolo (1996). 4742:Durand, Roger (1991). 4049:Metrication opposition 3933: 3798: 3769:four-ounce beef burger 3749:Quarter Pounder Cheese 3530:pounds per square inch 3438:are still sold by the 3350:size) per square inch. 3294: 1967:Ottoman Empire/Turkey 1569: 1495: 1412:United States Congress 1386: 1278:Guillaume Henri Dufour 1174:Guillaume-Henri Dufour 1126:at the instigation of 1119: 1104: 1088: 910: 836: 830: 820: 810: 798: 726: 609:Alexander von Humboldt 577:Earth's magnetic field 514:(lines) = 10,000 510:(inches) = 1,000 467: 443: 425: 401: 372: 362: 352: 342: 336: 328: 322: 220:Guillaume Henri Dufour 189: 125:metrication in Myanmar 37: 10661:Biblical and Talmudic 10127:metre–kilogram–second 9671:. 30 September 1999. 9509:transportation.ky.gov 9107:UK Metric Association 9074:UK Metric Association 8662:. n.d. Archived from 7890:. Retrieved from 7888:Government of Ireland 5649:Silke Parras (2006). 5113:10.1007/s001900050086 4932:Appell, Paul (1925). 4862:Yates, James (1856). 4491:. 11 September 2007. 4333:"Metric (SI) Program" 4160:Vera, Hector (2012). 4134:Vera, Hector (2012). 3975:Metrication in Canada 3930: 3796: 3292: 3121:Methods of conversion 3089:Metric Conversion Act 2416:Biblical and Talmudic 1555: 1493: 1465:Metric Conversion Act 1381: 1246:, the other in Swiss 1110: 1099: 1079: 1027:Neuchâtel Observatory 977:. In 1879 Ibáñez and 901: 717: 613:Wilhelm Edouard Weber 479:system instituted by 449: 436: 423: 402:Loi du 4 juillet 1837 187: 35: 9473:"Waits and Measures" 9292:"Metric Act of 1866" 8812:Assembly Resolutions 8751:. 5 September 2014. 8454:on 28 September 2007 8422:"Metrology Act 2015" 8145:. 3 September 1975. 7909:Chapter 36 Section 7 7824:artikel.rumah123.com 7759:ประวัติชั่งตวงวัดไทย 7592:Desk Soviet Calendar 6968:"Metric Act of 1866" 6570:10.6028/jres.106.003 4829:Quinn, T. J (2012). 4423:The Jamaica Observer 4321:on 10 February 2014. 4017:-seconds instead of 4003:Mars Climate Orbiter 3869:change in government 3638:. This is about one 3600:improve this section 3590:may not represent a 2936:Trinidad and Tobago 2874:Metric (traditional 1128:Johann Georg Tralles 989:which extended from 814:), the newly formed 774:Tavole di ragguaglio 573:Carl Friedrich Gauss 294:Second French Empire 272:a report drafted by 61:modern metric system 53:units of measurement 9645:on 27 November 2007 9582:on 16 December 2017 9547:on 16 December 2017 9515:on 24 November 2010 9452:on 20 December 2012 9422:on 14 December 2002 9392:on 14 December 2002 9175:The Washington Post 8402:on 16 December 2014 8313:on 20 December 2013 7936:"Metric Conversion" 7876:S.I. No. 89 of 2010 7510:on 21 February 1999 7414:on 28 February 2015 7193:on 3 September 2015 6797:on 28 November 2017 6712:1921SciMo..13..117C 6323:on 26 November 2020 6179:2016JGeod..90..907D 6147:on 26 October 2020. 6106:2019CRPhy..20....6D 6032:pp. 139, 228. 5844:on 6 September 2014 5796:on 24 January 2021. 5731:on 18 December 2023 5416:Alder, Ken (2002). 5255:2019AnP...53100355Q 5191:1916LAstr..30..242G 5105:1997JGeod..71..176S 4339:. 5 February 2015. 4111:(Online ed.). 4054:Conversion of units 3983:Metrication mishaps 3826:metrication efforts 3038:Portuguese colonies 2565:prior to 1824, and 2483:Metric, use of the 2462:Sudanese (various) 2166:Dominican Republic 1886:South German states 1586: 1533:Republic of Ireland 1334:CGS system of units 1326:Treaty of the Metre 1176:founded in 1838 in 1168:eastern Switzerland 1156:canton of Neuchâtel 1019:Johann Jacob Baeyer 1011:Pulkovo Observatory 987:French meridian arc 975:French meridian arc 794:First French Empire 700:Austro-Prussian War 647:Johann Jacob Baeyer 637:Magnetischer Verein 605:Magnetischer Verein 591:in the form of the 466:in the 19th century 454:/Italian border at 429:Germany (1810–1877) 380:comprising sixteen 290:Franco-Prussian War 198:First French Empire 165:European Commission 147:countries, such as 141:Antigua and Barbuda 10133:metre–tonne–second 9929:UK imperial system 9302:on 10 October 2014 9266:Airconcentre.co.uk 9133:legislation.gov.uk 8307:Eleven Media Group 8143:The New York Times 7892:Irish Statute Book 7473:. Regjeringen.no. 7167:on 29 October 2014 6167:Journal of Geodesy 5886:on 6 November 2020 5420:. London: Abacus. 5243:Annalen der Physik 5093:Journal of Geodesy 4973:Traité de géodésie 4868:. Bell and Daldy. 4650:"Système métrique" 4429:on 18 October 2007 4399:on 10 January 2014 4260:on 9 November 2020 4190:. 28 August 2023. 4027:Martian atmosphere 3955:US customary units 3934: 3799: 3787:BSP/ISO 7/EN 10226 3561:The United States 3399:Photographic paper 3295: 3128:industrial nations 3085:Metric Act of 1866 3014:Traditional units 2511:Laotian (various) 1795:; cattle weight – 1584: 1570: 1505:railways of Canada 1496: 1420:Metric Act of 1866 1387: 1332:that promoted the 1214:map of Switzerland 1186:map of Switzerland 1120: 1115:and member of the 1105: 1089: 911: 766:Victor Emmanuel II 758:Congress of Vienna 731:Cisalpine Republic 727: 625:natural philosophy 546:Congress of Vienna 506:(feet) = 100 468: 450:Stone marking the 444: 426: 309:France (1795–1840) 190: 97:United States COFA 38: 10756: 10755: 10644: 10643: 10108: 10107: 10099:Foot–pound–second 10039: 10038: 10016:Heaviside–Lorentz 9869: 9868: 9142:978-0-11-053334-6 8954:. UK Government. 8825:on 28 August 2013 8781:. 22 March 2014. 8533:. 10 March 2017. 8446:Hubert Fontaine. 8368:The Myanmar Times 8277:The Myanmar Times 8079:on 8 January 2019 7826:(in Indonesian). 7346:on 31 August 2012 7286:978-0-87169-186-6 7111:on 25 August 2012 6343:"Hirsch, Adolphe" 6006:on 3 October 2011 5706:978-3-7696-0124-4 5529:978-0-393-34354-0 5427:978-0-349-11507-8 5215:978-2-7578-7442-4 4921:– via UNAV. 4840:978-0-19-990991-9 4755:978-2-600-05069-2 4291:on 18 August 2017 4119:(Subscription or 4071:Preferred numbers 3994:, nicknamed the " 3853:Metrication Board 3759:, it is called a 3632: 3631: 3624: 3548:metric horsepower 3344:sharpening stones 3249:Scandinavian mile 3021: 3020: 2785:traditional units 1509:Canadian National 1287:Heinrich von Wild 1270:1848 Constitution 1268:According to the 1196:, centred on the 1124:Helvetic Republic 894:Spain (1700–1889) 786:Batavian Republic 739:braccio cisalpino 710:Italy (1797–1870) 663:Heinrich von Wild 472:Holy Roman Empire 282:Moritz von Jacobi 278:Heinrich von Wild 200:until 1812, when 79:According to the 16:(Redirected from 10776: 10223:Mesures usuelles 10117: 10116: 10048: 10047: 9914: 9913: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9873: 9872: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9725: 9724: 9712: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9644: 9637: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9581: 9574: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9048: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8989: 8982: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8927: 8920: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8899: 8897: 8883: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8861: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8824: 8809: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8690: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8581: 8579: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8544: 8542: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8426: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8398:. Archived from 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8279:. Archived from 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8251: 8240: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8184: 8173: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8071: 8059: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7901: 7895: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7815: 7809: 7807: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7754: 7748: 7747: 7738: 7736: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7704: 7693: 7685: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7661: 7655:. Archived from 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7628: 7617: 7609: 7596: 7595: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7537: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7293: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7253:Washington, D.C. 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7225: 7218: 7212:AD Dunn (1969). 7209: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7189:. Archived from 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7163:. Archived from 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7107:. Archived from 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6999:on 1 August 2009 6989: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6886: 6877: 6876: 6870: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6849:. Archived from 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6796: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6747: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6691: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6581: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6517:(8th ed.), 6516: 6502: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6471: 6460: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6173:(10): 907–1205. 6164: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6005: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5938: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5874: 5865: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5754:"Wild, Heinrich" 5750: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5721:"History of IMO" 5717: 5711: 5710: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5669: 5662: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5496:on 25 April 2011 5486: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5450: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5413: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5327: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5290: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4646: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4448: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4393:Antigua Observer 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4367:Guyana Chronicle 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4287:. Archived from 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4116: 4104: 4097: 4044:Metre Convention 3899:for weight, and 3744:Quarter Pounders 3709:transition level 3654:). It is not an 3627: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3476:are measured in 3421: 3420: 3416: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3178:(hand) = 1 3167:mesures usuelles 3114: 3111: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3041: 3034: 2742:still using the 2306:for floorspace. 1592:process started 1587: 1583: 1513:Canadian Pacific 1471:In January 2007 1453:In 1971, the US 1443:Mendenhall Order 1439:Metre Convention 1299:Metre Convention 1293:(represented by 1233: 1232: 1228: 1194:Bonne projection 1154:in 1824 and the 1152:canton of Valais 1144:Canton of Geneva 1067:Metre Convention 1055:Metre Convention 1009:director of the 979:François Perrier 868:(hand) = 1 839: 833: 823: 821:mesures usuelles 813: 803: 800:mesures usuelles 750:Kingdom of Italy 743:Italian Republic 685:Metre Convention 452:Austro-Hungarian 411:mesures usuelles 407:Louis Philippe I 404: 375: 365: 355: 345: 339: 333: 330:mesures usuelles 325: 216:canton of Geneva 207:mesures usuelles 194:French Consulate 105:Marshall Islands 21: 10784: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10773: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10752: 10726: 10700: 10640: 10584: 10538: 10457: 10346: 10149: 10104: 10077: 10035: 9992: 9950: 9905: 9900: 9870: 9865: 9762: 9752: 9697: 9694: 9689: 9688: 9678: 9676: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9635: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9488: 9486: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9453: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9425: 9423: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9380: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9362:on 14 July 2003 9350: 9349: 9345: 9335: 9333: 9332:on 1 March 2005 9320: 9319: 9315: 9305: 9303: 9290: 9289: 9285: 9275: 9273: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9215: 9213: 9208:. 3 June 2022. 9200: 9199: 9195: 9185: 9183: 9166: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9143: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9098: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9067: 9066: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8959: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8895: 8893: 8876: 8872: 8859: 8857: 8842: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8669: 8667: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8595: 8591: 8577: 8575: 8558: 8554: 8540: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8514: 8512: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8457: 8455: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8343:on 19 June 2019 8331: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8252:on 24 June 2010 8249: 8238: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8106: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8009:on 6 April 2011 7997: 7996: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7932: 7928: 7918: 7916: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7873: 7869: 7859: 7857: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7833: 7831: 7816: 7812: 7783: 7779: 7769: 7767: 7766:on 2 April 2012 7760: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7734: 7732: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7662:on 4 March 2016 7659: 7653:E-themis.gov.gr 7647: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7626: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7599: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7449: 7448:on 5 March 2016 7432: 7431: 7427: 7417: 7415: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7363: 7359: 7349: 7347: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7243: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7170: 7168: 7161:The Independent 7155: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7137:on 24 July 2010 7129: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7081:on 11 July 2010 7069: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7043: 7039: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6887: 6880: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6854: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6749: 6748: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6692: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6550: 6546: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6514: 6503: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6483:on 6 March 2016 6480: 6469: 6461: 6452: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6250: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6206: 6202: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5872: 5866: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5660: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5570: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5516: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5441:Denis Février. 5439: 5435: 5428: 5414: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5359: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5328: 5319: 5292: 5291: 5280: 5235: 5231: 5216: 5202: 5198: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5132: 5128: 5089: 5082: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5040: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5011:on 29 July 2021 4997: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4860: 4856: 4841: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4713: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4607:. p. 163. 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4564: 4554: 4552: 4547:. 3 June 2022. 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4246: 4242: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4203: 4199: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4158: 4151: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4066:Language reform 4035: 4011:Lockheed Martin 3985: 3977: 3971: 3925: 3919: 3857:Ordnance Survey 3832:since the 1862 3810: 3804: 3778:at maintenance. 3728: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3597: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3542:in most former 3515: 3470: 3461:Precious metals 3429: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3376:pixels per inch 3368: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3287: 3228:("one pound"). 3123: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3099: 3095: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 2983: 2880:Taiwanese units 2225: 1737: 1599: 1598:Previous system 1595:Country/Region 1591: 1572: 1550: 1545: 1481: 1468:metric system. 1416:customary units 1376: 1370: 1338:Johnson Matthey 1317: 1311: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1094: 1025:founder of the 896: 858: 856:Portugal (1814) 846: 782: 712: 562:introduced the 431: 370:. Likewise the 311: 292:broke out, the 182: 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10782: 10772: 10771: 10754: 10753: 10751: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10738:Absolute scale 10734: 10732: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10708: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10465: 10463: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10232: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10157: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10121: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10096: 10091: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10054: 10052: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10002: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9991: 9990: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9946: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9899: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9876: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9856:United Kingdom 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9751: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9693: 9692:External links 9690: 9687: 9686: 9656: 9621: 9593: 9558: 9526: 9496: 9463: 9433: 9403: 9373: 9343: 9313: 9283: 9253: 9223: 9193: 9160: 9141: 9120: 9092: 9081:on 8 June 2009 9060: 9049:on 9 June 2009 9028: 9001: 8969: 8939: 8907: 8870: 8836: 8796: 8766: 8736: 8710: 8677: 8666:on 7 June 2019 8645: 8620: 8589: 8552: 8522: 8491: 8466: 8438: 8413: 8380: 8354: 8324: 8294: 8283:on 28 May 2013 8263: 8226: 8196: 8160: 8130: 8100: 8054: 8020: 7987: 7970:www.nlb.gov.sg 7957: 7926: 7896: 7867: 7841: 7810: 7777: 7749: 7716: 7673: 7640: 7597: 7577: 7560: 7521: 7491: 7459: 7425: 7399: 7374: 7357: 7327: 7299: 7285: 7265: 7237: 7204: 7178: 7148: 7122: 7092: 7062: 7056:978-1555630102 7055: 7037: 7026:(5): 419–438. 7010: 6980:on 27 May 2010 6959: 6940: 6910: 6899:on 3 June 2011 6878: 6853:on 5 July 2015 6837: 6808: 6772: 6737: 6706:(2): 117–129. 6683: 6653: 6623: 6593: 6544: 6523: 6494: 6450: 6424: 6394: 6364: 6347:hls-dhs-dss.ch 6334: 6304: 6274: 6231: 6200: 6150: 6121: 6080: 6061: 6017: 5977: 5930: 5897: 5855: 5829: 5799: 5771: 5758:hls-dhs-dss.ch 5742: 5712: 5705: 5681: 5641: 5614: 5581: 5551: 5535: 5528: 5507: 5481: 5466: 5433: 5426: 5405: 5373: 5343: 5317: 5278: 5229: 5214: 5196: 5169: 5146:(1): 242–263. 5126: 5099:(3): 176–188. 5080: 5064: 5022: 4991: 4976:. p. 25. 4959: 4944:(1): 208–211. 4924: 4883: 4854: 4839: 4821: 4791: 4774:hls-dhs-dss.ch 4770:"Napoleon III" 4761: 4754: 4734: 4704: 4687:hls-dhs-dss.ch 4683:"Cartographie" 4671: 4654:hls-dhs-dss.ch 4636: 4593: 4562: 4532: 4506: 4473: 4440: 4410: 4380: 4369:. 25 June 2017 4354: 4324: 4302: 4271: 4240: 4216: 4197: 4175: 4149: 4126: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4081:Decimalisation 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4005:in 1999. The 3984: 3981: 3970: 3967: 3918: 3915: 3861:decimalisation 3859:maps in 1970, 3803: 3802:United Kingdom 3800: 3791: 3790: 3779: 3772: 3761:Quart de livre 3736: 3727: 3724: 3693: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3630: 3629: 3612:September 2008 3594:of the subject 3592:worldwide view 3587: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3536: 3533: 3523: 3520:miles per hour 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3482: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3447: 3433: 3428: 3427:Consumer goods 3425: 3424: 3423: 3406: 3396: 3389: 3379: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3351: 3333: 3327: 3302: 3299: 3286: 3283: 3277:is 50 g. 3160:indefinitely. 3152:British Empire 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3106: 3093: 3076: 3064: 3055: 3042: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2965:Indeterminate 2962: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2852:imperial units 2846:still use the 2840: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2748:Imperial units 2732: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2687: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2570: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2536:United Kingdom 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2302:serving size, 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1814:Mainly Metric 1812: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1578:country/region 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1480: 1477: 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1349:United Kingdom 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1295:Adolphe Hirsch 1202:Paris meridian 1148:canton of Vaud 1136:canton of Jura 1093: 1090: 1023:Adolphe Hirsch 895: 892: 857: 854: 852:in peacetime. 845: 842: 818:abandoned the 781: 778: 711: 708: 464:Central Europe 430: 427: 366:making up one 356:making up one 346:making up one 310: 307: 212:Louis Philippe 181: 178: 153:United Kingdom 68: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10781: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10705:List articles 10703: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10589:South America 10587: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543:North America 10541: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10524:South African 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10272:Luxembourgian 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10188: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10145:gravitational 10143: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9995: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9962:Apothecaries' 9960: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9897: 9892: 9890: 9885: 9883: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9862: 9861:United States 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 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8817: 8813: 8806: 8800: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8681: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8649: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8586: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8567:IEEE Spectrum 8563: 8556: 8549: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8510: 8506: 8505:ANSI Webstore 8502: 8495: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8423: 8417: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8391: 8384: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8164: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8075: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8058: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8035:Official site 8034: 8030: 8024: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7880:Mary Coughlan 7877: 7871: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7781: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7744: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7701: 7697: 7694:(in French). 7690: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7625: 7621: 7618:(in French). 7614: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7572: 7564: 7545: 7541: 7538:(in French). 7534: 7528: 7526: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7370: 7369: 7361: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7249: 7241: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7071:"Metric Moon" 7066: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6885: 6883: 6874: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6812: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6776: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6688: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6589: 6585: 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5525: 5521: 5514: 5512: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5449: 5445:(in French). 5444: 5437: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5412: 5410: 5390: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4968:Tardi, Pierre 4963: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4779: 4776:(in German). 4775: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4692: 4689:(in French). 4688: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4659: 4656:(in French). 4655: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4632: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4226: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4102:"Metrication" 4096: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3929: 3924: 3917:United States 3914: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849:Common Market 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3830:imperial unit 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3776:metric thread 3773: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640:minute of arc 3637: 3636:nautical mile 3626: 3623: 3615: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3586: 3577: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3526:Tyre pressure 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3411: 3408:The dominant 3407: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3393:display sizes 3390: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3372:Dots per inch 3370: 3369: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3184:mão-travessas 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3110: 3103: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848:Chinese units 2845: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2706:South African 2704: 2702:South Africa 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582:imperial pint 2579: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2563:Irish measure 2560: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2234:Ancient Greek 2231: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1735: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1645: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1576:Links in the 1573: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:commuter rail 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:metric system 1396: 1392: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1297:) joined the 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:map of France 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:Swiss Plateau 1157: 1153: 1150:in 1822, the 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:Mont-Terrible 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1122:In 1801, the 1118: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1098: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 925: 921: 916: 909: 905: 900: 891: 889: 885: 884: 879: 875: 874:mão-travessas 871: 867: 863: 853: 851: 844:Norway (1875) 841: 838: 832: 827: 826:metric system 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 801: 795: 791: 787: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 725: 721: 716: 707: 705: 704:German Empire 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:meteorologist 652: 648: 644: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 566: 561: 557: 553: 552: 547: 542: 540: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 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Retrieved 9668: 9659: 9647:. Retrieved 9640:the original 9631: 9624: 9612:. Retrieved 9602: 9596: 9584:. Retrieved 9577:the original 9568: 9561: 9549:. Retrieved 9542:the original 9529: 9517:. Retrieved 9513:the original 9508: 9499: 9487:. Retrieved 9478:Mother Jones 9476: 9466: 9454:. Retrieved 9450:the original 9445: 9436: 9424:. Retrieved 9420:the original 9415: 9406: 9394:. Retrieved 9390:the original 9385: 9376: 9364:. Retrieved 9360:the original 9355: 9346: 9334:. Retrieved 9330:the original 9325: 9316: 9304:. Retrieved 9300:the original 9295: 9286: 9274:. Retrieved 9265: 9256: 9244:. Retrieved 9235: 9226: 9214:. Retrieved 9205: 9196: 9184:. Retrieved 9173: 9163: 9151:. Retrieved 9123: 9111:. Retrieved 9105: 9095: 9083:. Retrieved 9079:the original 9072: 9063: 9051:. Retrieved 9044:the original 9031: 9019:. Retrieved 9004: 8992:. Retrieved 8972: 8960:. Retrieved 8951: 8942: 8930:. Retrieved 8923:the original 8910: 8901: 8894:. Retrieved 8885: 8873: 8865: 8858:. 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Cyprus. 8209:Daily News 8153:18 October 7980:9 November 7801:Washington 7568:"Metric". 7230:7 December 7115:11 January 6253:12 January 5500:6 February 5224:1057452808 5162:9 December 4433:5 November 4264:8 December 4164:(Thesis). 4123:required.) 4087:References 3992:Boeing 767 3989:Air Canada 3973:See also: 3921:See also: 3806:See also: 3739:McDonald's 3646:along any 3540:horsepower 3451:fill power 3446:in Europe. 3440:barleycorn 3338:, such as 3157:80/181/EEC 3135:pre-metric 3036:Including 2811:Sri Lankan 2807:Sri Lanka 2740:pasar pagi 2677:Singapore 2586:troy ounce 2523:Vietnamese 2395:Indonesian 2391:Indonesia 2037:Mauritius 1835:Argentina 1745:Philippine 1631:Portuguese 1525:light rail 1259:Kilometres 756:After the 720:Vicopisano 617:Geophysics 597:centimetre 593:CGS system 560:Zollverein 551:Zollverein 544:After the 502:= 10 257:geodesists 232:Dufour map 91:, and the 10631:Uruguayan 10616:Colombian 10606:Brazilian 10596:Argentine 10534:Tanzanian 10504:Mauritian 10474:Ethiopian 10438:Taiwanese 10408:Pakistani 10388:Mongolian 10363:Cambodian 10282:Norwegian 10252:Icelandic 10247:Hungarian 10240:Byzantine 10196:Exchequer 9944:Hong Kong 9796:Hong Kong 9791:Guatemala 9771:Australia 9707:is being 9236:PriusChat 9186:4 October 9153:27 August 8896:13 August 8886:The Times 8749:AeroSavvy 8729:21 August 8373:14 August 8287:14 August 8013:14 August 7434:"History" 6933:4 January 6822:. METAS. 6757:. METAS. 6730:4 January 6720:0096-3771 6668:. METAS. 6357:8 January 6263:cite book 6224:7 January 6195:125925505 6050:cite book 6040:5 January 5818:: 394–405 5764:7 January 5735:7 January 5398:7 October 5362:cite book 5273:125240402 5121:119447198 5053:cite book 4849:861693071 4664:8 January 4625:cite book 4520:The Verge 4295:18 August 4170:924487292 4144:924487292 3753:QP Cheese 3604:talk page 3553:Imperial 3340:sandpaper 3336:Abrasives 3226:une livre 3222:ein Pfund 3186:= 1 3182:(10 3180:decimetre 3100:See also 3051:Rheinbund 2870:Taiwanese 2830:Hong Kong 2825:Hong Kong 2722:Malaysia 2632:Australia 2597:Pakistani 2593:Pakistan 2499:Ethiopian 2495:Ethiopia 2272:Thailand 2134:Icelandic 2101:Paraguay 1984:Norwegian 1955:Hungarian 1627:Portugal 1426:(German: 1263:meridians 1190:1:100,000 1102:Swisstopo 967:Neuchâtel 920:Castilian 876:= 1 872:(10 870:decimetre 659:physicist 629:lightning 571:In 1832, 565:Zollpfund 384:and each 350:, twelve 145:Caribbean 10763:Category 10717:Obsolete 10712:Humorous 10666:Egyptian 10626:Peruvian 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