305:
560:, attempted to restrict health care access for Compact citizens by eliminating all Compact residents of Hawaii from Med-QUEST, the state's comprehensive Medicaid coverage plan. COFA residents were instead subject to Basic Health Hawaii, a limited health care plan under which "transportation services are excluded and patients can receive no more than ten days of medically necessary inpatient hospital care per year, twelve outpatient visits per year, and a maximum of four medication prescriptions per calendar month. . . . BHH covers dialysis treatments as an emergency medical service only, and the approximate ten to twelve prescription medications dialysis patients take per month are not fully covered. BHH . . . caus cancer patients to exhaust their allotted doctors' visits within two to three months".
20:
433:
192:
3095:
166:
2278:
327:
for administering all international defense treaties and affairs, though it may not declare war on their behalf. It is not allowed to use nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons in
Palauan territory. In the territories of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia it is not allowed to store such weapons except in times of national emergency, state of war, or when necessary to defend against an actual or impending attack on the US, the Marshall Islands, or the Federated States of Micronesia.
584:, which ruled in favor of the state. When the United States Supreme Court refused to hear the case, the Abercrombie administration removed most COFA residents from Med-QUEST and transferred them onto Affordable Care Act plans. In other states, notably Arkansas, which has a significant population of Marshallese, COFA residents have not been eligible for Medicaid. In 2020, the United States Congress restored Medicaid eligibility for COFA residents with the
3023:
3010:
540:
diabetes, and obesity associated with " forced change in dietary patterns and lifestyle" resulting from US administration after the testing. In 2011, lawmakers further noted that the US Congress had continuously failed to cover the costs of promised medical care and services to displaced compact citizens who migrate to the United States for health care, education, and employment opportunities, particularly since the passage of the
2997:
218:
3036:
371:
126:"to promote the development of the people of the Trust Territory toward self-government or independence as appropriate to the particular circumstances of the Trust Territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned". Under the compacts, the US federal government provides guaranteed financial assistance over a 15-year period administered through its
506:. The number of CFA states so far has been limited, because it is reserved for only the closest allies of the US. Although the COFA are very expensive, support for the alliances has been popular in the US, and considered mutually beneficial, with the small island nations warning the US of dangers in the Pacific regions, such as global warming and influence of foreign powers.
1861:
Id. ("Defendants fail to show any particular State interest that is advanced by their decision to exclude COFA residents from the Old
Programs. . . . hile the court recognizes that BHH was created in response to the State's budget crisis, when applying strict scrutiny, the 'justification of limiting
394:
An amended
Compact, enacted December 17, 2003, as Public Law 108-188, provided financial assistance to the Marshall Islands and Micronesia through 2023. The Compact of Free Association agreement with the Republic of Palau, enshrined in US Public Law 99-658, was followed by a Compact Review Agreement
485:
during World War II. The CFA would be a way to give additional options for island difficulties and get extra development aid with limited natural resources, and unify it with other
Micronesian people living in the Pacific (this includes FSM, Marshall, Guam, etc.). For example, Marshall Islands and
418:
and U.S. Ambassador Yun signed Palau's COFA extension on May 22, 2023, with the island government previously requesting to advance their date more in line with the other two countries. On May 23, 2023, FSM negotiator Leo Falcam and a State
Department representative signed Micronesia's extension at
330:
Citizens of the associated states may serve in
America's armed forces, and there is a high level of military enlistment by Compact citizens. For example, in 2008, the Federated States of Micronesia had a higher per-capita enlistment rate than any US state, and had more than five times the national
326:
The COFA allows the United States to operate armed forces in
Compact areas and to demand land for operating bases, subject to negotiation, and excludes the militaries of other countries without US permission. The US in turn becomes responsible for protecting its affiliate countries and responsible
575:
against the implementation of Basic Health Hawaii. In finding a high likelihood of irreparable harm, Judge
Seabright took note of the "compelling evidence that BHH's limited coverage . . . is causing COFA Residents to forego much needed treatment because they cannot otherwise afford it". Lingle's
539:
had dismissed two lawsuits to enforce the judgment. With respect to these unaddressed claims, medical practitioners also noted the potential widespread impacts of nuclear testing within the
Pacific Proving Grounds, indicated by the prevalence of both radiogenic diseases, as well as heart disease,
514:
The United States' administration of the former trust territories now covered under the
Compacts of Free Association has been subject to ongoing criticism over the past several decades. A 1961 United Nations mission report initially noted deficiencies in "American administration in almost every
410:
to take over negotiation for amendment and continuation of COFA. As of Monday, October 16, 2023, agreements to renew all three compacts for a period of 20 years have been formally signed by representatives of each Freely Associated State (FAS) and the U.S. State Department. Total funding for all
519:
further noted that "fter winning the right to control Micronesia, proceeded to allow the islands to stagnate and decay through indifference and lack of assistance. . . . he people are still largely impoverished and lacking in all of the basic amenities which we consider essential â adequate
993:
then initial a compact agreement with the US allowing American ships and planes of all types to operate in Palau. A court ruling held the compact illegal without a 75 percent referendum vote, a constitutional stipulation. Salii dissented, arguing for a more flexible interpretation of the
423:
alongside Ambassador Yun signed RMI's agreement on October 16, 2023. Approval by each legislature, to include a funding mechanism in Congress, is the final step to bring each agreement into force. Legislation implementing the new agreements was enacted by the U.S. Congress in March 2024.
515:
area: poor transportation, failure to settle war damage claims; failure to adequately compensate for land taken for military purposes; poor living conditions inadequate economic development; inadequate education programs; and almost nonexistent medical care." In 1971, congresswoman
473:
presented "Independence/Free Association" as an option; if the majority of voters had chosen it, a second round of voting would have been held to choose between free association and full independence. In 2022, the US Congress introduced the Puerto Rico Status Act, which would hold a
531:. Speakers noted that while section 177 of the Compact of Free Association recognized the United States' responsibility "to address past, present and future consequences of the nuclear testing claims," less than $ 4 million was awarded out of a $ 2.2 billion judgment rendered by a
247:
Each of the associated states actively participates in all Office of Insular Affairs technical assistance activities. The US gives only these countries access to many US domestic programs, including disaster response and recovery and hazard mitigation programs under the
1170:
974:
In July Oliver Berry's crew set a new milestone by deploying over the horizon to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The 4,400 nautical mile trip marked marking the furthest deployment of an FRC to date for the Coast Guard and is the first deployment of its kind in the
1604:
Oversight on the Compact of Free Association with the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI): Medical Treatment of the Marshallese People, U.S. Nuclear Tests, Nuclear Claims Tribunal, Forced Resettlement, Use of Kwajalein Atoll for Missile Programs and Land Use
994:
constitution: "It does not say we cannot allow nuclear-powered ships if they are in transit." The Palau compact also allows the American military the option of using the nation's big island of Babelthuap for bases if the US should lose those in the Philippines."
133:
The Compacts of Free Association were initiated by negotiators in 1980 and signed by the parties in the years 1982 and 1983. They were approved by the citizens of the Pacific states in plebiscites held in 1983. Legislation on the compacts was adopted by the
363:
was given the option to apply international postage rates for mail between the US and RMI/FSM, phased in over five years. The USPS began implementing the change in January 2006, but decided to resume domestic services and rates in November 2007.
480:
is another state that may consider a CFA, as it would be a way to gain immigration access to escape rising sea levels, as it has been a stalwart U.S. ally in the Pacific. Kiribati is home to Tarawa atoll, which is the site of the costly
382:
The economic provisions of the Compact for Palau which provided $ 18 million in annual subsidies and grants, expired on September 30, 2009, and the renewal talk was concluded in late 2010. US financial support for Palau is based on a
295:
benefits for resident foreigners from the states, even after the five-year waiting period that most other resident aliens have. However, in December 2020, Congress restored Medicaid for Compact of Free Association communities.
547:
Questions regarding US responsibility have also been raised regarding the issue of numerous derelict war ships and oil tankers abandoned or destroyed by the US military in atolls and islands throughout the compact area.
1174:
1383:
339:
In 2003, the compacts with the RMI and FSM were renewed for 20 years. These new compacts provided US$ 3.5 billion in funding for both countries. US$ 30 million will also be disbursed annually among
524:
1496:
Patrol vessels Teanoai from the Republic of Kiribati and Lomor from Marshall Islands conducted joint operations and open ocean exercises last week following Teanoai's arrival in Majuro Thursday.
987:
Patterson, Carolyn Bennett, et al. "At the Birth of Nations: In the Far Pacific." National Geographic Magazine, October 1986 page 498. National Geographic Virtual Library, Accessed 17 May 2018.
359:
for missile testing was renewed for the same period. The new compacts also changed certain immigration rules. RMI and FSM citizens traveling to the US are now required to have passports. The
1761:
The problem of more than 1000 WWII shipwrecks, amounting to over 3 million tons sunk across the pacific, has been with us for 60 years and will not fade away by continuing to ignore the issue
2887:
355:
in "Compact Impact" funding. This funding helps the governments of these localities cope with the expense of providing services to immigrants from the RMI, FSM, and Palau. The US use of
3760:
1582:
962:
1192:
287:
Most citizens of the associated states may live and work in the United States, and most US citizens and their spouses may live and work in the associated states. In 1996, the US
3181:
2973:
1032:
3115:
1486:
1625:
3309:
1375:
411:
three agreements is $ 7.1B paid over 20 years ($ 889M - Palau, $ 3.3B - FSM, $ 2.3B - RMI and a $ 634M U.S. Postal Service offset to continue domestic rate mail service).
833:
3775:
3161:
527:
regarding the unfulfilled commitments of the United States to address the impacts of US nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands, which were included as part of the
3217:
3810:
3166:
2093:
1324:
904:
407:
1779:
3785:
3278:
3171:
456:
on Guam's future political status, with free association following the model of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau as one of the possible options.
3191:
723:
Compact of Free Association in the Micronesian States of Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands: Environmental Impact Statement
581:
1941:
3745:
2966:
2846:
1882:("Micronesian community representatives reported that elimination of medical benefits has impacted many, including 27 who have died since Sept. 1, 2009")
1512:
1466:
3253:
3151:
2267:
1442:
1875:
1694:
231:
United States provides defense, funding grants, and access to U.S. social services for citizens of these areas under the Compact of Free Association.
205:
United States provides defense, funding grants, and access to U.S. social services for citizens of these areas under the Compact of Free Association.
179:
United States provides defense, funding grants, and access to U.S. social services for citizens of these areas under the Compact of Free Association.
2710:
2689:
2206:
2298:
1404:
541:
288:
3222:
3186:
3156:
3103:
1408:
3273:
3263:
3176:
3146:
3129:
2959:
2179:
3302:
3205:
3051:
2232:
2170:
1056:
1570:
3441:
1423:
952:
1188:
304:
3780:
3268:
1148:
1122:
926:
3790:
3283:
3258:
2740:
1736:
1545:
3815:
2664:
2318:
1271:
1024:
592:
1648:
116:
3318:
2801:
2669:
2313:
1768:
596:
123:
1350:
474:
federally-sponsored referendum on the territory's status, with a free association status expected to be presented as an option.
3820:
3400:
3351:
3084:
2323:
2308:
2252:
375:
101:
3750:
2831:
2199:
585:
281:
277:
1229:
2781:
2649:
19:
3800:
3795:
2863:
2750:
2679:
2674:
1300:
470:
249:
234:
208:
182:
1006:
3544:
3236:
2900:
2637:
2141:
1795:
Saunders, Aaron; Schiff, Teresa; Rieth, Katherine; Yamada, Seiji; Maskarinec, Gregory G.; Riklon, Sheldon (June 2010).
1491:
367:
The renewed compact, commonly called "Compact II", took effect for FSM on June 25, 2004, and for RMI on June 30, 2004.
2180:
Pacific Islands Report: Compacts of Free Association Renegotiations (includes the text of the 2003 RMI and FSM COFAs)
896:
837:
2745:
2694:
2659:
2286:
2115:
1607:
1553:
705:
680:
273:
1776:
1075:
432:
387:
passed by the US Congress. The Compact Trust Fund set up to replace US financial aid underperformed because of the
2806:
2684:
2192:
1713:
790:
622:
309:
3715:
3364:
2826:
2764:
2728:
2303:
2262:
2224:
2022:
269:
603:
after it had been dropped in the 1990s after a welfare reform bill. Medicaid had already been restored in 2020.
3094:
2982:
1952:
197:
122:
The compacts came into being as an extension of the USâUN territorial trusteeship agreement, which obliged the
74:
28:
2796:
536:
1096:
745:
395:
signed between the US and Palau in 2018, extending certain financial provisions through September 30, 2024.
3770:
2856:
2851:
2811:
2786:
2277:
1872:
600:
360:
265:
1862:
expenses is particularly inappropriate and unreasonable when the discriminated class consists of aliens'")
1244:
284:. The Compact area, while outside the customs area of the United States, is mainly duty-free for imports.
3595:
3569:
2841:
2242:
627:
465:
331:
per-capita average of casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan: nine soldiers out of a population of 107,000.
3805:
3765:
3524:
3344:
2867:
1674:
253:
3614:
2873:
768:
127:
3679:
3529:
3456:
2776:
441:
352:
261:
97:
2167:
1053:
3554:
3539:
3436:
2257:
1710:"Hawaii lawmakers ask feds to front Medicaid costs of COFA citizens - Pasifika Media Association"
564:
532:
528:
1977:
Hagiwara, Megan Kiyomi Inada; Yamada, Seiji; Tanaka, Wayne; Ostrowski, Deja Marie (2015-05-11).
3755:
3559:
3451:
3248:
1979:"Litigation and Community Advocacy to Ensure Health Access for Micronesian Migrants in Hawai'i"
1849:
1626:"Cancer, Reproductive Adnormalities, and Diabetes in Micronesia: The Effect of Nuclear Testing"
572:
568:
1144:
1118:
695:
3659:
3649:
3337:
721:
384:
1745:
3626:
3479:
3431:
2791:
1734:
812:
8:
3380:
3064:
563:
Noting that such a policy likely constituted unlawful discrimination in violation of the
2145:
3600:
3549:
3519:
3410:
3390:
3074:
2836:
2588:
2247:
2070:
2037:
2014:
1918:
1893:
1821:
1796:
1538:
1513:"Congress Restores Federal Benefits To COFA Migrants As Part Of $ 7.1 Billion Aid Deal"
1214:
112:
2094:"U.S restores Medicaid for Marshall Islands, exposing longtime injustice, experts say"
1765:
1119:"Compact of Free Association with the Republic of Palau: Assessing the 15-year Review"
419:
the U.S. embassy in Pohnpei. Marshall Islands' Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade,
3684:
3534:
3502:
3446:
3395:
3385:
3079:
3069:
2237:
2075:
2057:
2006:
1998:
1923:
1905:
1826:
1808:
1686:
1640:
1549:
1398:
1242:
989:"The problem? The Palauans had voted for a constitution that banned nuclear devices.
701:
2018:
3708:
3669:
3636:
3583:
3426:
3372:
2878:
2522:
2215:
2065:
2049:
1990:
1913:
1816:
1540:
Micronesia: Trust Betrayed -- Altruism vs. Self Interest in American Foreign Policy
1467:"A United States-Kiribati Compact of Free Association would Yield Mutual Dividends"
612:
577:
486:
Kiribati already work together on regional security such as 2018 the Marshall ship
482:
469:
movement advocates for the territory to be granted a freely associated status. The
171:
78:
59:
1873:
Judge Dismisses Hawaiiâs Request for Dismissal of Suit against Basic Health Hawaii
3654:
3564:
2951:
2549:
2516:
2174:
1879:
1783:
1772:
1611:
1272:"Memorandum: House Committee on Natural Resources Indo-Pacific Oversight Hearing"
1079:
1060:
1010:
388:
316:
280:, and US representation to the International Frequency Registration Board of the
70:
44:
697:
Defining Status: A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations
3724:
3674:
2509:
2503:
2466:
2406:
1735:
Trevor Gilbert; Sefania Nawadra; Andy Tafileichig; Leonard Young (April 2003).
591:
In 2024, access to COFA members to many federal programs was restored, such as
415:
340:
105:
58:) are international agreements establishing and governing the relationships of
1245:"Cost breakdown of proposed Compact of Free Association Amendment Act of 2023"
3739:
3664:
3028:
2611:
2486:
2061:
2053:
2038:"Effect of US Health Policies on Health Care Access for Marshallese Migrants"
2002:
1909:
1812:
1690:
1325:"U.S. signs agreement to continue Micronesia assistance under strategic pact"
1003:
990:
403:
135:
63:
36:
2497:
2184:
1481:
2895:
2595:
2580:
2491:
2400:
2387:
2365:
2352:
2122:
2079:
2010:
1927:
1830:
1644:
1443:"Lawmakers reach consensus on Puerto Rico status bill, call for plebiscite"
617:
557:
130:
in exchange for full international defense authority and responsibilities.
1994:
1603:
520:
education, housing, good health standards, modern sanitation facilities."
3644:
3002:
2603:
2528:
2456:
2394:
2380:
2373:
2346:
2341:
2333:
1217:. US Department of the Interior Office of Insular Affairs. April 2, 2022.
1072:
493:
460:
449:
108:
40:
32:
1709:
1675:""For the good of mankind": The legacy of nuclear testing in Micronesia"
556:
In 2009, the state of Hawaii, under the administration of then-Governor
525:
United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific
2618:
2572:
2564:
2535:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2358:
1145:"The Continued Free Association with the Republic of Palau Act of 2012"
516:
488:
453:
420:
257:
1978:
672:
3484:
3474:
3059:
3041:
2939:
2905:
2542:
2413:
2168:
Proclamation by Ronald Reagan about the 1986 COFA between RMI and FSM
399:
356:
3689:
1744:. 2003 International Oil Spill Conference. Vancouver. Archived from
1243:
Legislative Proposal and Memorandums of Understanding (2023-10-25).
1230:"Announcing the Special Presidential Envoy for Compact Negotiations"
2036:
McElfish, Pearl Anna; Hallgren, Emily; Yamada, Seiji (2015-02-25).
957:
679:. United States Department of the Interior; Honolulu Field Office.
477:
292:
927:"COVID-19 Relief Bill Restores Medicaid Access for COFA Community"
391:. The military and civil defense provisions remained until 2015.
3329:
2556:
2480:
2446:
2162:
1473:
1374:
Post, Kevin Kerrigan and Gaynor D. Daleno | The Guam Daily.
1092:
953:"USCGC Oliver Berry crew sets new horizons for cutter operations"
737:
67:
24:
3015:
2420:
348:
3360:
2473:
1976:
1942:"Korab v. Koller, Civ. No. 10-c00483-JMS-KSC (Jan. 10, 2011)"
1738:
Response to an Oil Spill from a Sunken WWII Oil Tanker in Yap
1351:"US, Marshall Islands Renew COFA Treaty For Another 20 Years"
1022:
503:
223:
82:
2157:
1054:
BUSH SIGNS $ 3.5 BILLION PACIFIC COMPACT â December 18, 2003
370:
950:
445:
344:
85:. As a result, these countries are sometimes known as the
1794:
141:
31:, in August 2019. Left to right: U.S. Secretary of State
1894:"Health care for Micronesians and constitutional rights"
1189:"Compact of Free Association with the Republic of Palau"
523:
After the compacts, criticism was also received by the
3761:
Federated States of MicronesiaâUnited States relations
2140:"Micronesia, Marshall Islands and Palau" is found at:
2035:
897:"House Health Bill Would Help Pacific Island Migrants"
580:
continued the state's appeal of the injunction to the
408:
US Special Presidential Envoy for Compact Negotiations
1424:"Guam pushes for native-only vote on US relationship"
1073:
USPS DOMESTIC MAIL SERVICE RETURNS TO THE FSM AND RMI
2163:
1986 Compact of Free Association between RMI and FSM
2121:. Republic of Palau. 10 January 1986. Archived from
1376:"GovGuam hopes for favorable decision on plebiscite"
582:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
1983:
Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
693:
334:
2981:
1707:
1537:
138:in 1986 and signed into law on November 13, 1986.
2711:Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site
1622:Id. (testimony of Neal H. Palafox, MD); see also
886:Federated States of Micronesia COFA, Section 141.
23:Representatives of the Compact states meeting in
3776:Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
3737:
1301:"US-Palau Compact awaits congressional approval"
542:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
509:
289:Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act
1777:Assessing potential oil spills from WWII Wrecks
944:
16:US-Micronesia-Marshall Islands-Palau agreements
3811:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
2703:
1673:Yamada, Seiji; Akiyama, Matthew (2013-01-27).
1421:
1025:"Uncle Sam wants Micronesians for US military"
700:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 651â.
3345:
2967:
2214:
2200:
1672:
1422:Sinco Kelleher, Jennifer (October 12, 2018).
427:
93:). All three agreements next expire in 2043.
1479:
1403:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1023:The Christian Science Monitor (5 May 2010).
687:
98:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
1892:Shek, Dina; Yamada, Seiji (November 2011).
1797:"Health as a human right: who is eligible?"
440:The former government of the United States
3746:1986 in the Federated States of Micronesia
3352:
3338:
2974:
2960:
2207:
2193:
2158:USCompact.org, USDOI Honolulu Field Office
2114:
1891:
1546:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1407:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
951:Amanda Levasseur, Sara Muir (2018-08-01).
874:
862:
850:
499:performed a joint patrol of their waters.
2069:
1917:
1820:
593:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
3786:Marshall IslandsâUnited States relations
1506:
1504:
1232:(Press release). US Department of State.
431:
369:
303:
18:
1568:
1535:
1440:
1227:
834:"Prime Award Spending Data by Location"
673:"About the Compact of Free Association"
597:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
535:created under the RMI Compact, and the
124:federal government of the United States
119:from 1951 to 1986 (to 1994 for Palau).
3738:
3401:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3085:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
2253:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1623:
1464:
694:Arnold H. Leibowitz (1 January 1989).
376:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
299:
242:
142:States in Compacts of Free Association
102:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3333:
2955:
2188:
1510:
1501:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1348:
1298:
1151:from the original on 15 February 2020
1035:from the original on 28 February 2016
646:Arranged by date of free association.
551:
282:International Telecommunication Union
278:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
2650:Constitution of the Marshall Islands
1494:from the original on 9 August 2018.
1099:from the original on 26 January 2016
769:"Marshall Islands at the CIA's page"
436:Overview of Pacific people's regions
1228:Blinken, Anthony (March 22, 2022).
810:
788:
766:
748:from the original on 8 October 2017
250:Federal Emergency Management Agency
96:These countries, together with the
13:
3781:Government of the Marshall Islands
3359:
2901:Marshall Islands War Memorial Park
1585:from the original on March 4, 2016
1465:Pruett, Richard K. (Mar 5, 2020).
1453:
1171:"Compact Trust Fund underperforms"
502:Other possible CFA states include
14:
3832:
2151:
2042:American Journal of Public Health
1766:WWII wrecks âthreaten Micronesiaâ
1716:from the original on 6 March 2016
1480:Hilary Hosia (16 February 2018).
1195:from the original on 4 March 2016
1125:from the original on 5 April 2017
907:from the original on 3 March 2016
836:. USASpending.gov. Archived from
274:Federal Communications Commission
3816:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
3093:
3034:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2276:
2025:from the original on 2017-08-30.
1697:from the original on 2017-08-14.
1482:"Kiribati, RMI joint sea patrol"
1441:Acevedo, Nicole (May 19, 2022).
1373:
683:from the original on 2017-05-01.
623:Territories of the United States
335:21st-century renewal and updates
216:
190:
164:
79:Republic of the Marshall Islands
2827:College of the Marshall Islands
2263:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll
2108:
2086:
2029:
1970:
1934:
1885:
1865:
1855:
1852: (D. Haw Dec 10, 2010).
1837:
1788:
1728:
1701:
1666:
1616:
1597:
1571:"Micronesia: Our Bungled Trust"
1562:
1529:
1434:
1415:
1386:from the original on 2019-10-07
1367:
1342:
1317:
1292:
1264:
1236:
1221:
1207:
1181:
1163:
1137:
1111:
1085:
1066:
1047:
1016:
997:
980:
965:from the original on 2018-08-09
919:
889:
880:
868:
856:
844:
586:Consolidated Appropriations Act
567:, federal District Court Judge
270:Federal Aviation Administration
260:, and services provided by the
2983:Federated States of Micronesia
1215:"Compacts of Free Association"
826:
804:
782:
760:
730:
714:
665:
640:
198:Federated States of Micronesia
75:Federated States of Micronesia
1:
3821:Treaties of the United States
3791:PalauâUnited States relations
2116:"Compact of Free Association"
1279:U.S. House of Representatives
1252:U.S. House of Representatives
1093:"Compact of Free Association"
1029:The Christian Science Monitor
738:"Compact of Free Association"
653:
537:United States Court of Claims
510:US fulfillment of commitments
117:US Department of the Interior
115:from 1947 to 1951 and by the
43:, and Palauan Vice President
3751:1986 in the Marshall Islands
1487:The Marshall Islands Journal
658:
633:
601:Supplemental Security Income
266:United States Postal Service
52:Compacts of Free Association
7:
3515:Compact of Free Association
3142:Compact of Free Association
2929:indicates populated islands
2655:Compact of Free Association
2243:Naval Base Marshall Islands
1536:McHenry, Donald F. (1975).
628:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
606:
151:
148:
100:, formerly constituted the
10:
3837:
3801:Treaties concluded in 1994
3796:Treaties concluded in 1986
2938:(parenthesis) indicates a
1569:Mink, Patsy T. (1970â71).
1511:Blair, Chad (2024-03-10).
1349:Blair, Chad (2023-10-18).
1281:. 2023-07-18. pp. 4â5
1147:. US Department of State.
1121:. US Department of State.
428:Other potential CFA states
254:US Department of Education
3702:
3635:
3622:
3613:
3591:
3582:
3510:
3501:
3467:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3371:
3296:
3244:
3235:
3213:
3204:
3137:
3128:
3111:
3102:
3091:
3050:
2990:
2922:
2886:
2874:Majuro Cooperative School
2820:
2772:
2763:
2736:
2727:
2645:
2636:
2455:
2332:
2294:
2285:
2274:
2223:
813:"Palau at the CIA's page"
398:In March 2022, President
128:Office of Insular Affairs
2299:Administrative divisions
2054:10.2105/ajph.2014.302452
1708:The Hawaii Independent.
1063:at archives.pireport.org
1059:January 3, 2006, at the
442:unincorporated territory
353:Northern Mariana Islands
262:National Weather Service
87:Freely Associated States
39:, Marshallese President
35:, Micronesian President
2258:Pacific Proving Grounds
1850:2010 WL 4688824
1004:"FSM COFA, Section 324"
791:"FSM at the CIA's page"
565:Equal Protection Clause
533:Nuclear Claims Tribunal
529:Pacific Proving Grounds
414:Palau Finance Minister
256:programs including the
2935:indicate single island
1898:Hawaii Medical Journal
1801:Hawaii Medical Journal
1624:Yamada, Seiji (2004).
573:preliminary injunction
569:John Michael Seabright
471:2017 status referendum
437:
379:
323:
47:
1995:10.1353/hpu.2015.0065
1633:Pacific Health Dialog
1575:Texas Int'l Law Forum
1177:on December 13, 2011.
726:. 1984. pp. 62â.
435:
385:continuing resolution
373:
307:
158:International status
155:Level of association
22:
3116:Divisions and places
2864:Kwajalein Jr./Sr. HS
2832:Public School System
1299:Admin (2023-05-22).
811:CIA (15 July 2010).
789:CIA (15 July 2010).
767:CIA (15 July 2010).
576:successor, Governor
111:administered by the
3771:Government of Palau
3381:Spanish East Indies
3162:Electoral districts
3065:Spanish East Indies
2857:Northern Islands HS
2852:Marshall Islands HS
1904:(11 Suppl 2): 4â8.
1517:Honolulu Civil Beat
1380:The Guam Daily Post
1355:Honolulu Civil Beat
452:, campaigned for a
300:Military provisions
243:Economic provisions
3596:Telecommunications
3570:Traditional chiefs
3442:Towns and villages
3391:South Seas Mandate
3218:Telecommunications
3075:South Seas Mandate
2842:Kwajalein Atoll HS
2741:Telecommunications
2336:(Sunrise, Eastern)
2324:Towns and villages
2268:Colonial governors
2248:South Seas Mandate
2173:2006-03-24 at the
1878:2012-02-04 at the
1807:(6 Suppl 3): 4â6.
1782:2012-04-26 at the
1771:2011-11-15 at the
1610:2012-04-26 at the
1078:2007-11-28 at the
1009:2009-10-10 at the
903:. 6 January 2010.
865:, Sections 241â242
552:Health care issues
448:, led by Governor
438:
380:
324:
149:Associated State
113:United States Navy
48:
3806:Treaties of Palau
3766:Associated states
3733:
3732:
3698:
3697:
3609:
3608:
3578:
3577:
3545:Political parties
3540:National Congress
3525:Foreign relations
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3396:Battle of Peleliu
3386:German New Guinea
3327:
3326:
3292:
3291:
3231:
3230:
3200:
3199:
3182:Political parties
3167:Foreign relations
3124:
3123:
3080:Battle of Peleliu
3070:German New Guinea
2949:
2948:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2759:
2758:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2690:Political parties
2665:Foreign relations
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2459:(Sunset, Western)
2238:German New Guinea
2128:on 6 October 2011
1751:on April 26, 2012
1654:on April 26, 2012
840:on March 8, 2021.
402:named Ambassador
361:US Postal Service
322:on a joint patrol
240:
239:
152:Associated since
83:Republic of Palau
3828:
3718:
3711:
3620:
3619:
3589:
3588:
3508:
3507:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3305:
3242:
3241:
3211:
3210:
3135:
3134:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2879:Delap SDA School
2818:
2817:
2770:
2769:
2734:
2733:
2701:
2700:
2643:
2642:
2330:
2329:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2216:Marshall Islands
2209:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1951:. Archived from
1946:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1889:
1883:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1647:. Archived from
1630:
1620:
1614:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:. Archived from
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1020:
1014:
1001:
995:
984:
978:
977:
971:
970:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
893:
887:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
841:
830:
824:
823:
821:
820:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
786:
780:
779:
777:
776:
764:
758:
757:
755:
753:
734:
728:
727:
718:
712:
711:
691:
685:
684:
669:
647:
644:
613:Associated state
578:Neil Abercrombie
483:Battle of Tarawa
222:
220:
219:
202:3 November 1986
196:
194:
193:
176:21 October 1986
172:Marshall Islands
170:
168:
167:
146:
145:
71:sovereign states
60:free association
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3694:
3680:Public holidays
3631:
3605:
3574:
3530:Law enforcement
3489:
3463:
3405:
3367:
3358:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3288:
3279:Public holidays
3227:
3196:
3172:Law enforcement
3120:
3098:
3089:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3022:
3020:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2950:
2945:
2910:
2882:
2816:
2802:Public holidays
2755:
2715:
2704:U.S. government
2699:
2670:Law enforcement
2624:
2451:
2441:Knox (Nadikdik)
2328:
2281:
2272:
2219:
2213:
2175:Wayback Machine
2154:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2034:
2030:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1958:on 4 March 2016
1955:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1890:
1886:
1880:Wayback Machine
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1845:Korab v. Koller
1843:
1842:
1838:
1793:
1789:
1784:Wayback Machine
1773:Wayback Machine
1754:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1679:Social Medicine
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1612:Wayback Machine
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1509:
1502:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1454:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1080:Wayback Machine
1071:
1067:
1061:Wayback Machine
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1021:
1017:
1011:Wayback Machine
1002:
998:
985:
981:
968:
966:
949:
945:
936:
934:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
895:
894:
890:
885:
881:
875:Palau COFA 1986
873:
869:
863:Palau COFA 1986
861:
857:
851:Palau COFA 1986
849:
845:
832:
831:
827:
818:
816:
809:
805:
796:
794:
787:
783:
774:
772:
765:
761:
751:
749:
736:
735:
731:
720:
719:
715:
708:
692:
688:
671:
670:
666:
661:
656:
651:
650:
645:
641:
636:
609:
554:
512:
430:
389:Great Recession
357:Kwajalein Atoll
337:
302:
245:
235:UN member state
228:1 October 1994
217:
215:
209:UN member state
191:
189:
183:UN member state
165:
163:
144:
81:(RMI), and the
45:Raynold Oilouch
17:
12:
11:
5:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3555:Vice President
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3192:Vice President
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:Bokak (Taongi)
2339:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Climate change
2306:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218: articles
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2152:External links
2150:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2085:
2048:(4): 637â643.
2028:
1989:(2): 137â145.
1969:
1933:
1884:
1871:Id.; see also
1864:
1854:
1836:
1787:
1727:
1700:
1665:
1615:
1596:
1561:
1554:
1528:
1500:
1472:
1452:
1433:
1414:
1366:
1341:
1316:
1291:
1263:
1235:
1220:
1206:
1180:
1162:
1136:
1110:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1015:
996:
979:
943:
918:
888:
879:
867:
855:
843:
825:
803:
781:
759:
742:www.fsmlaw.org
729:
713:
706:
686:
663:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
649:
648:
638:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
625:
620:
615:
608:
605:
553:
550:
511:
508:
429:
426:
416:Kaleb Udui Jr.
341:American Samoa
336:
333:
301:
298:
244:
241:
238:
237:
232:
229:
226:
212:
211:
206:
203:
200:
186:
185:
180:
177:
174:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
143:
140:
106:United Nations
68:Pacific Island
66:and the three
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3833:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
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3560:Supreme Court
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2888:NRHP listings
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136:U.S. Congress
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3660:Demographics
3650:Coat of arms
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3254:Demographics
3152:Constitution
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2782:Demographics
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2123:the original
2109:Bibliography
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2088:
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1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1953:the original
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1755:December 12,
1753:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1737:
1730:
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1703:
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1682:
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1658:December 12,
1656:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1636:
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1589:December 12,
1587:. Retrieved
1578:
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1331:. 2023-05-23
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1197:. Retrieved
1183:
1175:the original
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1139:
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1028:
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933:. 2020-12-21
930:
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900:
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784:
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762:
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741:
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618:Protectorate
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558:Linda Lingle
555:
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312:Oliver Berry
311:
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62:between the
55:
51:
49:
3627:LGBT rights
3432:Environment
2680:LGBT rights
2675:Legislature
2457:Ralik Chain
2334:Ratak Chain
1764:; see also
1605:Development
1581:: 181â208.
466:soberanista
461:Puerto Rico
450:Eddie Calvo
374:Map of the
109:trusteeship
77:(FSM), the
41:Hilda Heine
33:Mike Pompeo
3740:Categories
3480:Chelbacheb
2523:Ailinginae
2517:Ruwitƫntƫn
2498:WĆdejebato
1522:2024-07-02
1428:Navy Times
1390:2019-10-09
1360:2023-10-25
1335:2023-10-25
1310:2023-10-25
1285:2023-10-25
1257:2023-10-25
969:2018-08-09
937:2023-12-19
819:2010-07-15
797:2010-07-15
775:2010-07-15
654:References
517:Patsy Mink
454:plebiscite
421:Jack Ading
404:Joseph Yun
351:, and the
258:Pell Grant
29:Micronesia
3601:Transport
3550:President
3520:Elections
3485:Ioueldaob
3475:Babeldaob
3411:Geography
3223:Transport
3187:President
3157:Elections
3104:Geography
3060:Nan Madol
2940:submarine
2906:Roi-Namur
2837:Jaluit HS
2821:Education
2746:Transport
2695:President
2660:Elections
2550:Kwajalein
2319:Seamounts
2287:Geography
2142:48 U.S.C.
2062:0090-0036
2003:1548-6869
1910:0017-8594
1813:0017-8594
1720:2 January
1691:1557-7112
1199:2 January
1155:2 January
1129:2 January
1103:2 January
1082:at www.fm
1039:2 January
911:2 January
853:, Title 1
659:Citations
634:Footnotes
571:issued a
494:RKS
400:Joe Biden
3725:Category
3685:Religion
3670:Language
3535:Military
3503:Politics
3447:Wildlife
3365:articles
3319:Category
3274:Religion
3264:Football
3177:Military
3147:Congress
3130:Politics
2847:Laura HS
2807:Religion
2792:Language
2685:Military
2638:Politics
2510:Rongelap
2504:Rongerik
2467:Enewetak
2407:Maloelap
2171:Archived
2132:29 March
2098:NBC News
2080:25713965
2023:Archived
2019:35055370
2011:25981094
1928:22235150
1876:Archived
1831:20539993
1780:Archived
1769:Archived
1714:Archived
1695:Archived
1645:16281703
1608:Archived
1583:Archived
1492:Archived
1447:NBC News
1399:cite web
1384:Archived
1305:pactimes
1193:Archived
1149:Archived
1123:Archived
1097:Archived
1076:Archived
1057:Archived
1033:Archived
1007:Archived
975:Pacific.
963:Archived
958:Dvidshub
905:Archived
746:Archived
681:Archived
607:See also
478:Kiribati
315:and the
293:Medicaid
291:removed
3709:Outline
3655:Cuisine
3637:Culture
3615:Society
3584:Economy
3468:Regions
3457:Mammals
3427:Climate
3373:History
3303:Outline
3237:Culture
3206:Economy
3052:History
3029:Pohnpei
2942:feature
2933:Italics
2765:Culture
2751:Exports
2729:Economy
2612:Namdrik
2557:Lemkein
2487:Ujelang
2481:Lomilik
2447:Limalok
2314:Islands
2304:Climate
2225:History
2071:4358182
1919:3254229
1822:3123152
1329:Reuters
901:NPR.org
496:Teanoai
252:, some
73:of the
25:Kolonia
3690:Sports
3645:Anthem
3565:States
3437:Rivers
3363:
3249:Anthem
3039:
3026:
3016:Kosrae
3013:
3000:
2985:
2777:Anthem
2596:Jaluit
2492:Bikini
2421:Majuro
2401:Erikub
2388:Likiep
2353:Utirik
2146:ch. 19
2078:
2068:
2060:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1926:
1916:
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1848:,
1829:
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704:
599:, and
463:, the
378:(1962)
349:Hawaii
310:USCGC
276:, the
272:, the
268:, the
264:, the
221:
195:
169:
3716:Index
3675:Music
3452:Birds
3361:Palau
3310:Index
3269:Music
3003:Chuuk
2797:Music
2581:Jabat
2529:Wotho
2474:Lo-En
2395:Wotje
2374:Ailuk
2366:Mejit
2347:Bikar
2144:
2126:(PDF)
2119:(PDF)
2015:S2CID
1962:6 May
1956:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1629:(PDF)
1275:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
991:Salii
815:. CIA
793:. CIA
771:. CIA
752:6 May
504:Nauru
489:Lomor
319:Lomor
317:RMIS
224:Palau
3665:Flag
3284:Seal
3259:Flag
2927:Bold
2868:USAF
2812:Seal
2787:Flag
2619:Ebon
2604:Kili
2573:Namu
2536:Ujae
2435:Mili
2428:Arno
2381:Jemo
2359:Toke
2134:2012
2076:PMID
2058:ISSN
2007:PMID
1999:ISSN
1964:2018
1924:PMID
1906:ISSN
1827:PMID
1809:ISSN
1757:2011
1722:2016
1687:ISSN
1660:2011
1641:PMID
1591:2011
1550:ISBN
1409:link
1405:link
1201:2016
1157:2016
1131:2016
1105:2016
1041:2016
913:2016
754:2018
702:ISBN
492:and
446:Guam
345:Guam
308:The
104:, a
91:FASs
56:COFA
50:The
3042:Yap
2565:Lib
2543:Lae
2414:Aur
2066:PMC
2050:doi
2046:105
1991:doi
1914:PMC
1817:PMC
1775:;
459:In
444:of
406:as
3742::
2096:.
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2040:.
2021:.
2013:.
2005:.
1997:.
1987:26
1985:.
1981:.
1947:.
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1900:.
1896:.
1825:.
1815:.
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1759:.
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1637:11
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