Mexico - Knowledge

2575: 2371: 2401:, which was ratified in February 1917. The Constitution empowered the government to expropriate resources including land, gave rights to labor, and strengthened anticlerical provisions of the 1857 Constitution. With amendments, it remains the governing document of Mexico. It is estimated that the revolutionary war killed 900,000 people out of Mexico's 15 million population at the time. Consolidating power, President Carranza had peasant leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated in 1919. Carranza had gained the support of the peasantry during the Revolution, but once in power, he did little to institute land reform, which had motivated many to fight in the Revolution. Carranza returned some confiscated land to their original owners. President Carranza's best general, Obregón, served briefly in his administration but returned to his home state of Sonora to position himself to run in the 1920 presidential election. Since Carranza could not run for re-election, he chose a civilian to succeed him, intending to remain the power behind the presidency. Obregón and two other Sonoran revolutionary generals drew up the 13012: 1623: 5913: 6882: 1408: 1437: 7343: 4441: 1742: 4301:(CONEVAL), which is the organization in charge to measure the country's poverty reports that a huge percentage of Mexico's population lives in poverty. According to said council, from 2006 to 2010 (the year on which the CONEVAL published its first nationwide report of poverty) the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19% to 46% (52 million people). Despite this situation, CONEVAL reported in 2023 that the country's poverty rate has been decreasing in recent years, as the organization registered, within the period between 2018 and 2022, a 5.6% decrease, from 41.9% to 36.3% (from 51.9 million to 46.8 million people), according to its 6040: 4811: 7101: 3131: 19504: 3277: 6451: 6383: 7292: 7569: 4913: 1910: 3761:

power reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods. The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations. Most Mexicans have low confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens. There have been public demonstrations of outrage against what is considered a culture of

2537: 4151: 2795: 6257: 7479: 6549: 3614: 3307: 3727: 4459:. Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation, and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US$ 86 billion in sales a year. Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%. The largest hydro plant in Mexico is the 2,400 MW 3659:. The Secretariat of Public Security and Civil Protection has jurisdiction over the National Guard, which was formed in 2019 from the disbanded Federal Police and military police of the Army and Navy. Figures vary on personnel, but as of are approximately 223,000 armed forces personnel (160,000 Army; 8,000 Air Force; 55,000 Navy, including about 20,000 Marines); approximately 100,000 National Guard (2021). Government expenditures on the military are a small proportion of GDP: 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.), 0.6% of GDP (2020). 3483: 2432: 2734:, Andrés Manuel López Obrador won the 2018 presidential election with over 50% of the vote. His political coalition, led by his left-wing party founded after the 2012 elections, included parties and politicians from all over the political spectrum. The coalition also won a majority in both the upper and lower Congress chambers. His success is attributed to the country's other strong political alternatives exhausting their chances as well as the politician adopting a moderate discourse with a focus on conciliation. 4386:, providing a landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at 40 percent; however, 82% of Mexicans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 63 million lines. The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through 2674: 5276: 2472:(1940–46). The post-revolutionary project of the Mexican government sought to bring order to the country, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups. Workers, peasants, urban office workers, and even the army for a short period were incorporated as sectors of the single party that dominated Mexican politics from its founding in 1929. Obregón instigated land reform and strengthened the power of organized labor. He gained recognition from the United States and took steps to 6722: 4487:, located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Northwest of Mexico, will have a capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2013. All of the electricity will be sold directly to the CFE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system for distribution throughout their existing network. At an installed capacity of 46.8 MWp, when complete in 2013, the project will be the first utility-scale project of its kind in Mexico and the largest solar project of any kind in Latin America. 4118: 85: 4574: 3896: 2094: 155: 4502: 1925: 19347: 5286: 5958: 741: 3086: 596: 6137: 4358: 7224: 2994: 4322:

1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. The OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development are only about a third of the OECD average. This is also reflected by the fact that infant mortality in Mexico is three times higher than the average among OECD nations whereas its literacy levels are in the median range of OECD nations. Nevertheless, according to a

1687: 71: 4706: 4132: 2275: 145: 5026: 3738: 2173: 7418: 3631: 1848: 5065:. Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone—by far the top destination for both temporary and permanent migration—representing one of the largest mass migrations in modern history. As a result of these major migration flows in recent decades, an estimated 37.2 million U.S. residents, or 11.2% of the country's population, identified as being of full or partial Mexican ancestry. 3152:, 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins, and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species). Plants indigenous to Mexico are grown in many parts of the world and integrated into their national cuisines. Some of Mexico's native 2007: 1419: 17814: 766: 718: 699: 666: 647: 5924:

indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan. Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities, but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.

2784: 4180:(US$ 2.45 trillion). GDP annual average growth was 2.9% in 2016 and 2% in 2017. Agriculture has comprised 4% of the economy over the last two decades, while industry contributes 33% (mostly automotive, oil, and electronics) and services (notably financial services and tourism) contribute 63%. Mexico's GDP in PPP per capita was US$ 18,714.05. The World Bank reported in 2009 that the country's 15612: 3009:

of the world's most diverse weather systems. Maritime air masses bring seasonal precipitation from May until August. Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with only sporadic rainfall, while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than 2,000 mm (78.7 in) of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like

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Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (8 December 2020).

7172:. The embrace of rock and roll by young Mexicans in the 1960s and 1970s brought Mexico into the transnational, counterculture movement of the era. In Mexico, the native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement of the late 1960s, culminating in the 1968 protests and redirected into counterculture rebellion, 15608: 5939:(ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country. Medical training is done mostly at public universities with many specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the 13258: 8219: 2486:

and won the 1928 elections but was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a political crisis of succession. Calles could not become president again, so he sought to set up a structure to manage presidential succession, founding the party that was to dominate Mexico until the late twentieth century.

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Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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As of 2017, Mexico was the 6th most visited country in the world and had the 15th highest income from tourism in the world which is also the highest in Latin America. The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada followed by Europe and Asia. A smaller number also come

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report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world. According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $ 26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $ 8,403. Daily minimum wages are set annually.

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The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for the design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that

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for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies. The Senate comprises 128 senators: 64 (two for each state and two for Mexico City) are elected by plurality vote in pairs, 32 are the first minority or first-runner-up (one for each state and one for Mexico City), and 32 are elected

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in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. Carranza pushed back against U.S. troops being in northern Mexico. The expeditionary forces withdrew as the U.S. entered World War I. Although often viewed as an internal conflict, the revolution had significant international elements: Germany attempted to

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Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. Poetry had a rich cultural tradition in pre-Columbian Mexico, being divided into two broad categories—secular and religious. Aztec poetry was sung, chanted, or spoken, often to the accompaniment of

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Historically, and relative to other countries in the Western Hemisphere, Mexico has not been a destination of mass migration. As of 2020, an estimated 1.2 million foreigners settled in Mexico, up from nearly 1 million in 2010. In 2021, Mexico officially received 68,000 new immigrants, a 16% increase

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effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the Tropic of Cancer experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the Tropic of Cancer, temperatures are fairly constant year-round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one

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and Catholic guerrilla armies when he strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution wich ended with an agreement. Although the constitution prohibited the reelection of the president, Obregón wished to run again and the constitution was amended to allow non-consecutive re-election

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immigration into present-day Texas, a region that bordered that United States. Mexico by law was a Catholic country; the Anglo-Americans were primarily Protestant English speakers from the southern United States. Some brought their black slaves, which after 1829 was contrary to Mexican law. In 1835,

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creating in 1970s "soap operas for social change". The "Sabido method" has been adopted in many other countries subsequently, including India, Peru, Kenya, and China. The Mexican government successfully used a telenovela to promote family planning in the 1970s to curb the country's high birth rate.

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As of 2019, it is estimated that 11.7 million Mexicans live outside Mexico, in addition to 13.5 million born abroad and another 12 million descendants; the vast majority of this combined population (98–99%) are in the U.S. The largest Mexican communities outside Mexico are in the metropolitan areas

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1910–1920) greatly impacted population growth with the 1921 census reporting a loss of about 1 million inhabitants. The growth rate increased dramatically between the 1930s and the 1980s when the country registered growth rates of over 3% (1950–1980). The Mexican population doubled in twenty years,

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countries, Mexico has the second-highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after Chile – although it has been falling over the last decade, being one of few countries in which this is the case. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of

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established, amalgamating units of the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police. As of 2022, the National Guard is an estimated at 110,000. López Obrador has increasingly used military forces for domestic law enforcement, particularly against drug cartels. There have been serious abuses of

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where he said he was not going to run in the 1910 elections, when he would be 80. Political opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for a new generation of leaders. But his announcement set off a frenzy of political activity, including the unlikely candidacy of the scion of a rich

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was to burnish Mexico's stature internationally, with it being the first Latin American country to host the games. The government spent abundantly on sporting facilities and other infrastructure to make the games a success, but those expenditures helped fuel public discontent with the government's

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did organized sport become public diversions, with structured and ordered play governed by rules and authorities. Baseball was introduced from the United States and also via Cuba in the 1880s and organized teams were created. After the Mexican Revolution, the government sponsored sports to counter

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As a new sense of nationalism developed in the 20th century, a strengthening central government issued formal policies that sought to use architecture to show Mexico's modernity and differentiation from other nations. The development of a Mexican modernist architecture was especially manifested in

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evolved in style from simple to complex. Teotihuacan, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, is one of the foremost examples of ancient pyramid construction. The cities of the Maya stand out to modern architects as examples of integration between large urban centers (with elaborate stone

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was a government in internal exile, but with the end of the Civil War in the United States in April 1865, the Reunified U.S. government began aiding the Mexican Republic. Two years later, the French Army withdrew its support, but Maximilian remained in Mexico. Republican forces captured him and he

14771:"en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español" 2289:

was a decade-long transformational conflict. It began with scattered uprisings against President Díaz after the fraudulent 1910 election, his resignation in May 1911, demobilization of rebel forces, an interim presidency of a member of the old guard and the democratic election of a rich, civilian

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culture, which flourished on the Gulf Coast from around 1500 BC. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative-era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca, and the Valley of Mexico. The formative period saw the spread of distinct religious and symbolic traditions, as well as artistic and

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is the most commonly taught foreign language in Mexico. It is estimated that nearly 24 million, or around a fifth of the population, study the language through public schools, private institutions, or self-access channels. However, a high level of English proficiency is limited to only 5% of the

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rate rose by 0.1% (410 thousand people) within the same period, remaining at 7.1% (9.1 million people), and the number of people lacking access to healthcare services has significantly increased, from 16.2% to 39.1% (50.4 million people), though some specialists have expressed a degree of doubt

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Mexico City is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state. Formerly known as the Federal District, its autonomy was previously limited relative to that of the states. It dropped this designation in 2016 and is in the process of achieving

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gives statistics on crime in Mexico, with 10.7 million households with at least one victim of crime. As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing, most since 2007 when President Calderón attempted to stop the drug cartels. Drug cartels remain a major issue in Mexico, with a

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The Conservatives had been not only defeated militarily but also discredited politically for their collaboration with the French invaders and Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism. The Mexican Army that had its roots in the colonial royal army and then the army of the early republic was

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in 1915, and Villa's northern forces melted away Carranza became the de facto head of Mexico, and the U.S. recognized his government while Zapata's forces in the south reverted to guerrilla warfare. After Pancho Villa was defeated by revolutionary forces in 1915, he led an incursion raid into

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As with most art during the early modern era in the West, colonial-era Mexican art was religious during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Starting in the late seventeenth century, and, most prominently in the eighteenth century, secular portraits and images of racial types, so-called

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In the 1930s, Mexico made a commitment to rural health care, mandating that mostly urban medical students receive training in it and to make them agents of the state to assess marginal areas. Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some

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as "national languages" with status equal to that of Spanish. That notwithstanding, in practice, indigenous peoples often face discrimination and do not have full access to public services such as education and healthcare, or to the justice system, as Spanish is the prevailing language.

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with Mexico. In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt. The commercial and financial dependence on the US is a cause for concern. The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States are significant; after dipping during the 2008

3062:), have a yearly median temperature between 24 and 28 °C (75.2 and 82.4 °F). Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5 °C (9 °F) difference between winter and summer median temperatures. Both Mexican coasts, except for the south coast of the 132: 4519:

was officially established in 1910, and the university became one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico. UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering. Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as

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during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the Tropic of Cancer are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20 to 24 °C or 68.0 to 75.2 °F) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.

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from Europe. When no member of a European royal house desired the position, Iturbide himself was declared Emperor Agustín I. The United States was the first country to recognize Mexico's independence, sending an ambassador to the court and sending a message to Europe via the

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from the prior year; the overall number of migrants, including those unauthorized to enter or stay in the country, may be higher than official figures. The vast majority of migrants in Mexico come from the United States (900,000), making Mexico the top destination for

4219:. Mexico is the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States where it exported $ 71.4 billion worth of electronics in 2011. The Mexican electronics industry grew 20% between 2010 and 2011, up from its constant growth rate of 17% between 2003 and 2009. 1733:

in 1546, with the archbishop as the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Castilian Spanish was the language of rulers. The Catholic faith was the only one permitted, with non-Catholics and Catholics (excluding Indians) holding unorthodox views being subject to the

127: 126: 10179: 8223: 2916:. Although Mexico is large, much of its land mass is incompatible with agriculture due to aridity, soil, or terrain. In 2018, an estimated 54.9% of land is agricultural; 11.8% is arable; 1.4% is in permanent crops; 41.7% is permanent pasture; and 33.3% is forest. 2641:(EZLN) in Chiapas began armed peasant rebellion against the federal government, which captured a few towns but brought world attention to the situation in Mexico. The armed conflict was short-lived and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against 1817:. The volatility of the urban poor in Mexico City was evident in the 1692 riot in the Zócalo. The riot over the price of maize escalated to a full-scale attack on the seats of power, with the viceregal palace and the archbishop's residence attacked by the mob. 4831:

and at that rate, it was expected that by 2000 there would be 120 million people living in Mexico. Mexico's population grew from 70 million in 1982 to 123.5 million inhabitants in 2017. Life expectancy increased from 36 years in 1895 to 75 years in 2020.

1537:. The earliest written histories date from this era. The tradition of writing was important after the Spanish conquest in 1521, with indigenous scribes learning to write their languages in alphabetic letters, while also continuing to create pictorial texts. 4474:

Mexico is the country with the world's third-largest solar potential. The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m daily, which corresponds to 50 times the national electricity generation. Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of

4414:. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services. Satmex maintains its satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in Mexico. Major players in the broadcasting industry are 2618:, with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever. There were massive protests in Mexico City over the stolen election. Salinas took the oath of office on 1 December 1988. In 1990 the PRI was famously described by 2555:. The government poured huge resources into building new facilities, prompting political unrest among university students and others. Demonstrations in central Mexico City went on for weeks before the planned opening of the games, with the government of 7122:

had initially dominated the Mexican music conservatories and strongly influenced native opera composers (in both style and subject matter), elements of Mexican nationalism had already appeared by the latter part of the 19th century with operas such as

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Despite its difficult topography, Mexico's roadway is extensive and most areas in the country are covered. The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 366,095 km (227,481 mi), of which 116,802 km (72,577 mi) are paved, making it

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achieved worldwide recognition. They were commissioned by the Mexican government to paint large-scale historical murals on the walls of public buildings, which helped shape popular perceptions of the Mexican Revolution and Mexican cultural identity.

1683:). Two factors made Mexico a jewel in the Spanish Empire: the existence of large, hierarchically organized Mesoamerican populations that rendered tribute and performed obligatory labor and the discovery of vast silver deposits in northern Mexico. 15215: 9994: 4854:, degree of fluency in an indigenous language, and degree of adherence to indigenous customs, according to Mexico's 2020 census, 6.1% of Mexico's population speaks an Indigenous language and 19.4% of the population identifies as indigenous. 4195:

Mexico is established as an upper-middle-income country. After the slowdown of 2001 the country recovered and grew 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006, even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth. The

122: 11977: 5943:, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners. 4787:

remains the busiest in Latin America and the 36th busiest in the world transporting 45 million passengers a year. Two additional airports operate simultaneously to help relieve congestion from the Mexico City International Airport: the

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combined the shape of the space with forms of rural vernacular architecture of Mexico and Mediterranean countries (Spain-Morocco), integrating color that handles light and shade in different tones and opens a look at the international

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with companies and individuals that lost property during the Revolution. He imposed his fellow former Sonoran revolutionary general, Calles, as his successor, prompting an unsuccessful military revolt. As president, Calles provoked a

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Spanish military forces, sometimes accompanied by native allies, led expeditions to conquer territory or quell rebellions through the colonial era. Notable Amerindian revolts in sporadically populated northern New Spain include the

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The boundaries and constituent units of Mexico evolved from its colonial-era origins. Central America peacefully separated from Mexico after independence in 1821. Yucatán was briefly an independent republic. Texas separated in the

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remain an issue in Mexico. Other crime and human rights violations in Mexico have been criticized, including enforced disappearances (kidnappings), abuses against migrants, extrajudicial killings, gender-based violence, especially

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the native population into Christian European culture during the colonial era were only partially successful, with many pre-Columbian customs, traditions, and norms persisting regionally (particularly in rural areas) or becoming

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in sparsely populated central and northern Texas. Wanting to stabilize and develop that area — and as few people from central Mexico had chosen to resettle to this remote and hostile territory — the Mexican government encouraged

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Mexico's population is highly diverse, but research on Mexican ethnicity has felt the impact of nationalist discourses on identity. Since the 1930s, the Mexican government has promoted the view that all Mexicans are part of the

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were introduced. In the first few decades of Spanish presence in the continent, the high level of Christian missionary activity, especially by mendicant orders like the Dominicans or Franciscans, meant the construction of many

7614: 4555:(Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range. It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. Mexico was ranked 58th in the 15541: 10148: 4825:

Throughout the 19th century, the population of Mexico had barely doubled. This trend continued during the first two decades of the 20th century. In 1900, the Mexican population was 13.6 million. The Mexican Revolution

4744:. The train, which will travel at 300 kilometers per hour (190 miles per hour), will allow passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2 hours. The whole project was projected to cost 240 billion 10171: 10740: 4378:), previously a government monopoly privatized in 1990. By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States. Other players in the domestic industry are 14913: 7383:) came to Mexico 500 years ago with the arrival of the Spanish. Despite efforts by animal rights activists to outlaw it, bullfighting remains a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. 6904:

in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe.

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The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. Mexican satellites are operated by

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represent around 1% of the population each. While Mestizos are a prominent ethnic group in contemporary Mexico, the subjective and ever-changing definition of this category has led to its estimations being imprecise.

4524:(founded in 1936), were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973. In 1959, the 4982:, primarily settled in the northern states, fueled by the tolerance of the federal government towards this community by allowing them to set their educational system compatible with their customs and traditions. The 3804:

on 26 September 2014 triggered nationwide protests against the government's weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption that gives free rein to criminal organizations. More than 100 journalists and

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its former colony during the 1820s but eventually recognized its independence. France attempted to recoup losses it claimed for its citizens during Mexico's unrest and blockaded the Gulf Coast during the so-called

14353: 3433:, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the 3362:, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments. The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of 1977:

that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election. During his short term in office, from April to December 1829, he abolished slavery. His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General

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reforms, but Pemex, the state-owned petroleum company is only slowly being privatized, with exploration licenses being issued. In a push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex has been arrested.

2256:. Madero won a surprising amount of political support when Díaz changed his mind and ran in the election, jailing Madero. The September centennial celebration of independence was the last celebration of the 15750: 13177: 10210: 2002:

emerged as a national hero because of his role in both these conflicts; Santa Anna came to dominate the politics for the next 25 years, often known as the "Age of Santa Anna", until his overthrow in 1855.

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was created from the remnants of the Aztec empire. The two pillars of Spanish rule were the State and the Roman Catholic Church, both under the authority of the Spanish crown. In 1493 the pope had granted

6085:) (1876–1911), which brough relative peace after four decades of civil unrest and war, saw the development of philosophy and art, often with government support. Since that time, as accentuated during the 4748:, or about 25 billion US$ and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including one of the wealthiest men in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon 2336:

Following the revolutionaries' victory against Huerta, they sought to broker a peaceful political solution, but the coalition splintered, plunging Mexico again into a civil war. Constitutionalist general

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for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone. Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.

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hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC. In the subsequent formative eras, maize cultivation and cultural traits such as a mythological and religious complex, and a

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and fourth in overall species. About 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislation. In 2002, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil. It had a 2019

2161:, who now sought civilian power and challenged Juárez on his re-election in 1867. Díaz then rebelled but was crushed by Juárez. Having won re-election, Juárez died in office in July 1872, and Liberal 4298: 3058:(frozen land) (4,000-4,200 meters) in central Mexico. Areas south of the Tropic of Cancer with elevations up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft) (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the 7237:

There was a major reform of the telecommunications industry in 2013, with the creation of new broadcast television channels. There had been a longstanding limitation on the number of networks, with

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Mexico produces the most automobiles of any North American nation. The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. The "Big Three" (

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of UNESCO, the first time a country had presented its gastronomic tradition for this purpose. The result was negative, because the committee did not place the proper emphasis on the importance of

11965: 10271: 4314:'s own poverty line (defined as the percentage of a country's population who earns 60% or less of the national median income) 20% of Mexico's population lived in a situation of poverty in 2019. 1882:) is commemorated each year, on 16 September, as Mexico's independence day. The upheaval in the Spanish Empire that resulted in the independence of most of its New World territories was due to 10363: 6186:. Mural painting with Christian religious themes had an important flowering during the 16th century, early colonial era in newly constructed churches and monasteries. Examples can be found in 5971:

As of 2020, the literacy rate in Mexico is 95.25%, a slight increase from 94.86% in 2018, and significantly higher than 82.99% in 1980. Literacy between males and females is relatively equal.

12981: 12739: 12952: 10241: 15772: 9729: 13425: 4961: 4671:, with remnants of the traditional motivations that drove tourists to Mexico's northern borderlands for nearly a century. Dominant medical tourism for tourism planning are the purchase of 3671:, digital war-fighting technologies, urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport. Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the 121: 14943: 14789:"Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)" 14649: 12123: 4728:

Starting in the late nineteenth century, Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development, and the network covers 30,952 km (19,233 mi). The

19116: 11626: 7249:. New technology has allowed the entry of foreign satellite and cable companies. Mexico became the first Latin American country to transition from analog to all digital transmissions. 3127:

especially in rural areas of Mexico. In the 2022 report it was noted environmental protection laws have improved in major cities but remain unenforced or unregulated in rural regions.

14897:

In the page 7 of the press release, the council reported that 53.5% of Mexican women and 39.4% of Mexican men identified with the lightest skin colors used in the census questionary,

9102: 7603: 2165:

became president, declaring a "religion of the state" for the rule of law, peace, and order. When Lerdo ran for re-election, Díaz rebelled against the civilian president, issuing the

15254: 1773:

was a regional Maya revolt. Most rebellions were small-scale and local, posing no major threat to the ruling elites. To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch

15533: 10139: 1316: 3852:

was the last loss of Mexican territory. The United Mexican States are a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over

2574: 2105:

The overthrow of Santa Anna and the establishment of a civilian government by Liberals allowed them to enact laws that they considered vital for Mexico's economic development. The

9897: 6093:: the blending of different races and cultures, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, 5832:

is the second Christian creed in Mexico, with more than 1.3 million adherents. Migratory phenomena have led to the spread of different aspects of Christianity, including branches

9557: 12612: 11318: 10736: 2239:

in favor of scientific methods being applied towards national development. An integral aspect of the liberal project was secular education. The Díaz government led a protracted

15339: 12827: 9798: 14910: 13322: 5205: 2947:. The majority of the Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and as such the highest elevations are found at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: 2128:

The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought another solution to gain power via foreign intervention by the French, asking Emperor

13146: 8196: 6328:

is also considered a preeminent institution and introduced foreign artists to a wider population. The country is also an epicenter for International art galleries including

2909: 14843: 13103: 10542: 9653: 6503:

was one of the first environmental architects in Mexico, developing the "organic" theory, trying to integrate the building with the landscape within the same approaches of

18850: 15678: 15369: 13395: 9933: 5936: 4822:, the country's estimated population in 2022 was of 129,150,971 people. Since at least the 1970s, Mexico has been the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. 19274: 16160: 10044: 2370: 15064: 7387:

in Mexico City, which seats 45,000 people, is the largest bullring in the world. Freestyle professional wrestling is a major crowd draw with national promotions such as

2367:

in 1917 to incite war between the U.S. and Mexico, with Mexico to regain the territory it lost in the Mexican-American War but Mexico remained neutral in the conflict.

1548:

in the pre-Columbian Americas. After the collapse of Teotihuacán around 600 AD, competition ensued between several important political centers in central Mexico such as

14361: 12481: 15834: 14550: 7801: 3148:

In Mexico, 170,000 square kilometers (65,637 sq mi) are considered "Protected Natural Areas". These include 34 biosphere reserves (unaltered ecosystems), 67

903: 16054: 6229:. In early post-independence Mexico, nineteenth-century painting had a marked romantic influence; landscapes and portraits were the greatest expressions of this era. 16872: 15642: 14748: 13926: 12576: 10443: 8645: 4729: 523: 16102: 14615: 10085: 2629:

reforms that fixed the exchange rate of the peso, controlled inflation, opened Mexico to foreign investment, and began talks with the U.S. and Canada to join their

18739: 15746: 15715: 14881: 14679: 14015: 11047: 6406:, often with Romanesque, Gothic or Mudéjar elements. In addition, the interaction between Spaniards and Indigenous people gave rise to artistic styles such as the 5789:

as the main religion, with 77.7% (97,864,218) of the population, while 11.2% (14,095,307) belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations—including Other

2853: 2314:

was inaugurated as president in March 1913, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's regime and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists. Wilson ordered troops to

1472:

found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to circa 10,000 years ago. Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato, and

614: 15742: 13169: 12930: 11659: 11022: 10202: 7339:

will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries: Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Mexico's most popular sport is association football.

6752: 5154:

In 2020 there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives. The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the

14386: 11909: 11035:... Mexico spent most of the twentieth century governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, a bigtent, catch-all alliance that included everyone ... 18805: 14582: 9679: 18768: 14974: 12550: 9956: 6002: 5088:(20,270); the latter two countries account for two-thirds of all Mexicans living in Europe. It is estimated that 69,000 Mexicans live in Latin America, led by 4318: 4311: 4200:

predicts growth rates of 2.3% and 2.7% for 2018 and 2019, respectively. By 2050, Mexico could potentially become the world's fifth or seventh-largest economy.

3806: 3565: 1210: 14412: 13354: 6431:

In the 19th century, the neoclassical movement arose as the country gained independence and sought to establish itself as a republic. A famous example is the

6371:

construction) and a thick jungle, generally with a complex network of roads. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica also saw distinctive architectural influences from the

5777:

put limits on the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, Roman Catholicism remains the country's dominant religious affiliation. The 2020 census by the

14231: 12092: 12066: 12044: 18983: 12292: 11847: 11406: 19107: 11817: 11722: 11376: 10593: 7115:

Mexico has a long tradition of music from the prehispanic era to the present. Much of the music from the colonial era was composed for religious purposes.

6613:, sugar, milk and all its derivatives, wheat and rice, citrus fruits and another constellation of ingredients that are part of the daily diet of Mexicans. 497: 16194: 13045: 12180: 9874: 5828:, the patron saint of Mexico, is celebrated on 12 December and is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country. The 4857:

It is not until very recently that the Mexican government began conducting surveys that account for other ethnic groups that live in the country, such as

1969:

became the first president of the republic — the first of many army generals to hold the presidency. In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal

19609: 19604: 17989: 16023: 15567: 14774: 14524: 13704: 2169:. Díaz had more support and waged guerrilla warfare against Lerdo. On the verge of Díaz's victory on the battlefield, Lerdo fled from office into exile. 1489:

culture area. In this period, villages became more dense in terms of population, becoming socially stratified with an artisan class, and developing into

12849: 6507:. In the search for a new architecture that does not resemble the styles of the past, it achieves a joint manifestation with the mural painting and the 5162:, which in 2020 had a population of 21.8 million, or around 18% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas in Mexico are 2121:); mandating the sale of Church-owned property and sale of indigenous community lands, and secularizing education. Conservatives revolted, touching off 15510: 13588: 11943: 10263: 9284: 7335:. With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments, Mexico will become the first country to host or co-host the men's World Cup three times. The 7273:

Bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education (1958–65) and since 1979 the

5780: 5198: 4819: 3793: 2717: 15454: 2563:, which killed around 300 protesters based on conservative estimates and perhaps as many as 800. Although the economy continued to flourish for some, 18544: 15910: 10359: 8158: 4294:

in 2021 they are topping other sources of foreign income. Remittances are directed to Mexico by direct links from a U.S. government banking program.

4203:

The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after

484: 15042: 12973: 12747: 1560:

began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of

14822: 13233: 13004: 12950: 12456: 10233: 7902: 7542: 3557: 2665:

bailout. Major macroeconomic reforms were started by Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.

1226: 600: 15783: 13620: 11762: 9737: 6018: 4297:

Although multiple international organizations coincide and classify Mexico as an upper middle income country, or a middle class country, Mexico's

1890:

on 31 July 1811. The first 35 years after Mexico's independence were marked by political instability and the changing of the Mexican state from a

14276: 13417: 12908: 12427: 12386: 9628: 8496: 7030: 5810: 15865:

Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.

14461: 11564: 11349: 10905: 10869: 10830: 2521:, the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, Mexico embarked on an aggressive program of economic development, known as the 17168: 14935: 14641: 12717: 12115: 8072: 6047:. Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the President of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City, 3786:

proliferation of smaller cartels when larger ones are broken up and increasingly the use of more sophisticated military equipment and tactics.

14525:"Acerca del AICM. Posicionamiento del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM) con los 50 aeropuertos más importantes del mundo" 7306:

having a long history dating to the early colonial era. Once the political turmoil of the early republic was replaced by the stability of the

6990:(2002) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized. Mexican directors 3772:

since 2022, and anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation have existed in the nation since 2003. However, hate crimes towards the

2101:. Known for his efforts to modernize the country, defend its sovereignty, and promote liberal reforms, especially during the mid-19th century. 14671: 14092: 13973: 11622: 7014: 5191: 3588: 1622: 1181:. Although Mexico has made significant political and socioeconomic gains in recent decades, it continues to struggle with social inequality, 722: 379: 9094: 1858:

on 16 September 1810, by J.J. del Moral. The call to arms marks the beginning of Mexico's War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.

1729:. The viceroy was the highest official of the State. In the religious sphere, the Diocese of Mexico was created in 1530 and elevated to the 19594: 18732: 18153: 15247: 10626: 6076:

or intermarriage. However, a high degree of stratification along the lines of class, ethnicity, and race perpetuated distinct subcultures.

3676: 777: 18893: 14306: 7145:(1899–1978), who composed six symphonies with indigenous themes, and rejuvenated Mexican music, founding the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional. 5007:

is the second most widely taught foreign language, as every year between 200,000 and 250,000 Mexican students enroll in language courses.

4483:(photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2012 there will be 1,8 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels. The project named 394: 18411: 15135:"Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" 13776: 12364: 11504: 11195: 11168: 9907: 8967:

Charlotte M. Gradie (2000). "The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism, and Colonialism in Seventeenth-Century Nueva Vizcaya".

7860:"Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" 7675: 4597:, the entirety of the coastlines is under federal ownership. On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the 4496: 16969: 11460: 8623: 8320: 6740:

was the cultural center; the Texcocan language was considered the most melodious and refined. The best well-known pre-Columbian poet is

17018: 16684: 16338: 16312: 15976: 15193: 14877: 13846: 13529: 11870: 9549: 6673: 6154:

is one of the oldest arts in Mexico. Cave painting in Mexican territory is about 7500 years old and has been found in the caves of the

3461: 1717:

based in Spain to oversee State power in its overseas territories; in New Spain the crown established a high court in Mexico City, the

564: 15130: 12001: 11596: 11322: 9071: 4957: 2567:

remained a factor of discontent. PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive in what is now referred to as the

2039:, which placed power in his hands. As a result, civil war spread across the country. Three new governments declared independence: the 19614: 19574: 19013: 18779: 18507: 17775: 16923: 15332: 14206: 14126: 13669: 13643: 13454: 12608: 11793: 11435: 11099: 9790: 9607: 7918: 4587: 2972: 2884:). From its farthest land points, Mexico is a little over 2,000 mi (3,219 km) in length. Mexico has nine distinct regions: 1544:, which formed a military and commercial empire. Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000 people, had some of the largest 670: 17258: 16136: 13329: 12823: 9423: 6780: 3336:. The Constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments, and the municipal governments. 19599: 19100: 16733: 16710: 15885: 15808: 15279: 13136: 12145: 12023: 10337: 6597:, and other fruits and spices. Similarly, some cooking techniques used today are inherited from pre-Columbian peoples, such as the 6466: 6101:(The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico and Latin America to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the 5975: 5965: 4516: 3809:

since 2000, and most of these crimes remained unsolved, improperly investigated, and with few perpetrators arrested and convicted.

3111:

with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 different species. Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in

3099:. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity. Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in 1371: 9260: 8188: 4278:

sports car. In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.

3142: 1793:. Of greater concern to the crown was the issue of foreign invasion, especially after Britain seized in 1762 the Spanish ports of 18725: 17853: 15484: 13877: 10534: 9645: 5925: 4999: 4956:, with an estimated 500,000 native speakers each, are two other prominent language groups. Since its creation in March 2003, the 3487: 1709:

to the Spanish monarchy for its overseas empire, with the proviso that the crown spread Christianity in its new realms. In 1524,

16760:"Latin American Galleries Missing Out on Miami Beach Have Banded Together to Form Their Own Version of Art Basel in Mexico City" 16076: 15993: 15667: 15365: 13385: 12210: 10567: 8298: 4793: 4246:

alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen. In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging. In September 2016

2525:, which was characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and the increase of inequality between urban and rural areas. The 2298:, a military coup d'état overthrew Madero's government, with the support of the U.S., resulting in Madero's murder by agents of 18748: 18666: 18421: 18290: 17631: 16942: 16157: 12773: 12322: 12262: 12232: 10971: 10941: 10800: 10051: 9929: 9157: 8544: 4718: 3873: 2213:

and telecommunications, and investments in the arts and sciences. Díaz ruled with a group of advisors that became known as the

2145:

was executed. The "Restored Republic" saw the return of Juárez, "the personification of the embattled republic," as president.

1777:

and protect the Crown's monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic (connecting to

1143: 17686: 17536: 16833: 15427: 15072: 11682: 10501: 5991: 4974:

Aside from indigenous languages, there are several minority languages spoken in Mexico due to international migration such as

2452:

The first quarter-century of the post-revolutionary period (1920–1946) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as

2059:. Despite that disastrous loss, Santa Anna returned to the presidency yet again before being ousted and exiled in the Liberal 2021:

Mexico also contended with indigenous groups that controlled the territory that Mexico claimed in the north. For example, the

1886:'s invasion of Spain in 1808. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were eventually captured, Hidalgo was defrocked, and they were 1407: 18554: 17707: 17614: 17570: 16987: 16694: 16533: 14742: 13967: 13920: 13873: 13770: 12692: 12654: 12535: 12488: 10784: 10656: 10108: 9837: 8812: 8771: 8746: 8721: 8694: 8577: 8468: 8429: 8388: 8112: 8036: 6308:

In the 21st century, Mexico City became home to the highest concentration of art museums in the world. Institutions like the

5912: 4721:

of any country and has the 7th best connectivity index in the world. Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane

3663:

build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies. Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the

3549: 3379: 2638: 1230: 15849: 14557: 13297: 11135: 9843: 8474: 8435: 8394: 8118: 7790: 6059:

between various peoples through migration, conquest, and trade. Three centuries of Spanish rule resulted in the blending of

5983: 1913: 17954: 17919: 16046: 15159: 14151: 14070: 8881: 7971: 7797: 5898:, which take place within the framework of the Catholic Christian imaginary, but under a very particular reinterpretation. 4998:, by around 2,500 people, mainly descendants of Venetians that migrated to the area in the late 19th century. Furthermore, 3498: 2315: 1990: 1654: 1076: 1040: 15634: 12583: 9550:"The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress, U.S. Involvement Before 1913" 8649: 8346: 7892: 7532: 5820:

The 97,864,218 Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after

4331:(US$ 13.24) in 2024 ($ 375 in the country's northern border), making it comparable to the minimum wages of countries like 2281:, who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911 19569: 19093: 19008: 18877: 18383: 18268: 17388: 16158:"Cristianismos orientales: persecución, muerte, migración y cambio – Resonancias – Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales" 15391: 14788: 14619: 10077: 9489: 9197: 9133: 8050: 7261:

are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world. Mexico was a pioneer in

6881: 4783:

Mexico has 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 10 carry 72% of national cargo and 97% of international cargo. The

3756:

was dissolved in 2019 by a constitutional amendment during the administration of President López Obrador and the Mexican

2634: 2177: 2149:

destroyed and new military leaders had emerged from the War of the Reform and the conflict with the French, most notably

1958: 1165:, with 42.2 million international arrivals. Mexico's large economy and population, global cultural influence, and steady 1116: 17335: 17310: 15707: 14869: 14387:"Project for a Mexico City – Guadalajara High Speed Line. Rail transport engineering, public transport engineering" 14023: 13476: 11291: 11051: 9759: 6991: 4452: 2975:. Mexico is subject to several natural hazards, including hurricanes on both coasts, tsunamis on the Pacific coast, and 18285: 18194: 17902: 16385: 14436:"Tren Maya: así es el ambicioso proyecto que propone AMLO y tiene un costo de miles de millones de dólares para México" 12928: 11649: 11002: 9706: 9520: 9046: 4169: 3834: 3818: 3465: 2713: 2473: 1493:. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing the construction of large ceremonial centers. 1135: 703: 385: 17206:, "'Let's become fewer': Soap operas, contraception, and nationalizing the Mexican family in an overpopulated world." 15142: 14390: 12064: 11896: 9675: 8937: 7992:

Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733

7765: 6789:("El Periquillo Sarniento"), is said to be the first Latin American novel. Nineteenth-century liberal of Nahua origin 4909:

of the language spoken in the country, which differs from one region to another in sound, structure, and vocabulary.

2209:

was characterized by economic stability and growth, significant foreign investment and influence, an expansion of the

400: 19330: 18978: 18116: 18004: 17944: 17666: 17649: 17500: 17465: 17228: 16637: 15939: 14186: 14064: 13270: 12554: 11538: 11016: 10467: 10437: 10304: 9338: 6565:

The origin of the current Mexican cuisine was established during the Spanish colonial era, a mixture of the foods of

6462: 5932: 5863:. In the 2010 census 36,764 Mexicans reported belonging to a spiritualist religion, a category which includes a tiny 4784: 3441: 3426: 2761:

won a landslide victory in the July 2018 presidential elections and became the first leftwing president for decades.

2685: 2445: 2426: 1218: 19074: 19003: 15743:"Table 1: Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2017" 14966: 10913:

Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures)

10877:

Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures)

10838:

Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures)

7834: 5979: 19579: 19243: 18692: 18111: 18086: 17866: 16110: 14420: 11874: 8593: 7545:, the version with J is also correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one used in Mexico. 7431: 7194: 5029: 4144: 3255: 3149: 3116: 2758: 2709: 1949:

not to intervene in Mexico. The emperor's rule was short (1822–1823) and he was overthrown by army officers in the

1894:

to a fragile federated republic. There were military coups d'état, foreign invasions, ideological conflict between

1436: 364: 355: 18784: 14599: 14331: 14242: 12300: 12084: 12042: 11398: 11228: 11073: 6250: 2998: 18609: 18204: 18143: 12796: 11837: 11525: 11319:"El Presidente Felipe Calderón Hinojosa en la Ceremonia de Entrega de la Secretaría Pro Témpore del Grupo de Río" 7863: 6968: 6889: 6403: 6321: 6022: 5062: 4660: 3865: 3675:

in 1968 and pledged to use its nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes. Mexico signed the UN treaty on the

3545: 3351: 2502: 2035:

Santa Anna sought to centralize government rule in Mexico, suspending the 1824 constitution and promulgating the

1331: 1222: 1064: 974: 943: 429: 288: 179: 19054: 16785: 12885: 11814: 11714: 11372: 10597: 6305:'s largely personal portraiture is considered by many as the most important historical work by a female artist. 18994: 18353: 18081: 17284: 16188: 16178: 13747: 13034: 12168: 11496: 9866: 8013: 7766:"El Inegi da a conocer los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2022" 7392: 7274: 5916: 5109: 4521: 4302: 4173: 3868:

for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.

3591:

with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the

3457: 3236:

by international research bodies. The first highly successful instance was the discovery in 1947 of the tuber "

2731: 2701: 2318:

the strategic port of Veracruz in 1914, which was lifted. A coalition of anti-Huerta forces in the North, the

1810: 1449: 1379: 1139: 651: 16864: 16759: 16015: 14528: 13530:"Televisa Brings 2006 FIFA World Cup to Mexico in HD With Snell & Wilcox Kahuna SD/HD Production Switcher" 11268: 7342: 5878:

and Catholic traditions. Another religion of popular syncretism in Mexico (especially in recent years) is the

5536: 4921: 4440: 4343:. The minimum wage has rapidly increased throughout the last few years, as it was set at 88.15 pesos in 2018. 3468:(PRD) a left-wing party, founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties. 2745:, and a stagnant economy. Many state-owned industrial enterprises were privatized starting in the 1990s, with 2341:, commander of the Division of the North, broke with Carranza and allied with Zapata. Carranza's best general 2014: 1999: 18988: 18800: 18416: 18321: 18076: 17924: 17742: 16413: 13580: 12856: 7363: 7024: 6543: 5848: 5366: 5167: 5050: 3295: 2876:. Within these seas are about 6,000 km (2,317 sq mi) of islands (including the remote Pacific 2766: 2754: 2681: 2132:

to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico. The French Army defeated the Mexican Army and placed

1838: 1710: 1108: 883: 370: 17287:. The Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF). Archived from 14511: 11935: 9002:

Wasserstrom, Robert (1980). "Ethnic Violence and Indigenous Protest: The Tzeltal (Maya) Rebellion of 1712".

8141: 7197:

performs music and dance of the prehispanic period through the Mexican Revolution in regional attire in the

7168:. Corridos were particularly popular during the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) and in the present era include 2489:

Despite not holding the presidency, Calles remained the key political figure during the period known as the

2140:

of Mexico, supported by Mexican Conservatives and propped up by the French Army. The Liberal Republic under

19489: 19396: 18624: 18522: 18426: 18406: 18226: 18209: 18106: 15506: 15450: 12293:"Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital" 7214: 6900: 6688: 5806: 5267: 5252: 5247: 5232: 5216: 5149: 4851: 4789: 4435: 4352: 3782: 3355: 3310: 3271: 2497:, who expelled Calles from the country and implemented many economic and social reforms. This included the 1929: 1526: 1127: 967: 849: 444: 17476:

The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America. Vol. 1, The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century

16897: 15918: 15397:(in French). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. 6 September 2010. p. 132. Archived from 8594:"El cambio de la denominación de "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" por la de "México" en la Constitución Federal" 8166: 5502: 5068:

Among the remaining 2% of Mexican expatriates not residing in the U.S., the most popular destinations are

4960:

has been in charge of promoting and protecting the use of the country's indigenous languages, through the

4594: 3414:

and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law and has the power to

2162: 2109:

attempted to modernize Mexico's economy and institutions along liberal principles. They promulgated a new

1741: 18971: 18331: 18231: 18158: 17892: 17846: 17765: 15039: 13834: 10681:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity" 7928: 7743: 7707: 7441: 7070: 6454: 5786: 5400: 5332: 5290: 5171: 5163: 5140:

have had an outsized impact in the country's culture, particularly in its cuisine and traditional music.

4897:

national language spoken by the vast majority of the population, making Mexico the world's most populous

4653: 4525: 4197: 3797: 3769: 3742: 3717: 3544:

Mexico is a founding member of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations, the

3534: 3477: 3367: 2932: 2849:, however, Mexico is entirely considered part of North America, along with Canada and the United States. 2662: 2529:, a technological movement that led to a significant worldwide increase in crop production, began in the 2056: 1895: 1826: 1553: 1056: 978: 864: 859: 510: 451: 14819: 13226: 12449: 11758: 9930:""Mexico The 1988 Elections" (Sources: The Library of the Congress Country Studies, CIA World Factbook)" 6748: 6222: 3285: 84: 18634: 18455: 18346: 18336: 18009: 17964: 17413: 16993: 16290: 13711: 13611: 13141: 11687: 8902: 7388: 6494: 6008: 4552: 4505: 4112: 3608: 3434: 2084: 2044: 1989:

Mexico's ability to maintain its independence and establish a viable government was in question. Spain

1903: 1613: 1387: 1375: 831: 804: 17806: 12906: 12419: 12393: 9484: 9255: 8507: 6747:

There are historical chronicles of the conquest of Mexico by participants, and, later, by historians.

6105:) not only biologically but culturally as well. Other Mexican intellectuals grappled with the idea of 5348: 5275: 4551:

In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the

1324:

also used América Septentrional. On two occasions (1821–1823 and 1863–1867), the country was known as

19401: 18855: 18539: 18258: 18241: 18163: 18096: 14268: 12671: 12514: 10916: 10880: 10841: 10486: 9986: 7218: 7124: 6986: 6790: 6741: 6729: 6155: 6118: 5987: 5940: 5837: 5658: 5468: 5054: 4722: 4638: 3703: 3411: 3104: 2826: 2603: 2579: 2518: 2498: 2482: 1917: 1887: 1863: 1851: 1770: 1422: 939: 276: 19525: 17360: 16466: 14001: 12709: 11571: 11345: 6974: 6801:, who authored a series of historical novels as well as poetry. In the modern era, the novel of the 4158: 3232:

cacti is a major industry. Because of its high biodiversity Mexico has also been a frequent site of

19468: 18441: 18436: 18131: 18126: 18121: 18070: 18061: 17939: 17792: 15845: 14583:"On March 21, the three runways at the AMLO's General Felipe Ángeles Airport will begin to operate" 9811:...specifically the Yaqui Valley in Sonora... is considered the birthplace of the Green Revolution. 9152: 7359: 7008: 6273: 6226: 5257: 5237: 4983: 4700: 4536: 3921: 3877: 3845: 3828: 3325: 3281: 2607: 2386: 2260:. The Mexican Revolution starting in 1910 saw a decade of civil war, the "wind that swept Mexico." 2210: 2052: 1842: 1726: 1501:

architectural complexes. The formative-era of Mesoamerica is considered one of the six independent

1214: 1060: 981: 963: 955: 15534:"Before COVID-19, more Mexicans came to the U.S. than left for Mexico for the first time in years" 14096: 13949: 11202: 6773: 2622:

as the "perfect dictatorship", but by then there had been major challenges to the PRI's hegemony.

2461: 2435: 2113:, separating Church and State, stripping the Church and the military of their special privileges ( 1749: 1334:). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857, and 1917, the current constitution) used the name 18834: 18512: 18373: 18101: 17909: 17817: 17545: 16734:"Mexico City's kurimanzutto Gallery Opens a New York Outpost With a Scrappy Ode to the Big Apple" 16364: 10506: 7198: 6854: 6676:

and the wide repertoire of delights created in the convents of nuns in all parts of the country.

6490: 6444: 6386: 6039: 5841: 5668: 4556: 4177: 3757: 3449: 3371: 2924: 2897: 2355: 2072: 1786: 1666: 1506: 1502: 1402: 1282:, but it may have been the other way around. In the colonial era (1521–1821) Mexico was known as 1008: 755: 628: 282: 107: 31: 17: 17969: 17044: 16650: 13216:

The "economic distance" concept, and a level of income set at 60% of the median household income

10915:(in Spanish). Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. 15 August 1990. Archived from 10879:(in Spanish). Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. 15 August 1990. Archived from 10840:(in Spanish). Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. 15 August 1990. Archived from 10622: 10385: 6927:

in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director

6769: 6313: 6293: 5995: 3667:, increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, 3564:

to the United Nations regular budget. In addition, it was the only Latin American member of the

3130: 3119:

mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries. According to SGI there is

2963:(4,577 m or 15,016 ft). An important geologic feature of the Yucatán peninsula is the 2708:

from the PAN was declared the winner, with a very narrow margin (0.58%) over leftist politician

2513:(1940–1946) was more moderate, and relations between the U.S. and Mexico vastly improved during 2510: 1673:

on its ruins was the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial era during which Mexico was known as

19453: 18577: 18482: 18388: 18378: 18236: 18216: 17914: 17839: 17822: 17244: 17141: 17126: 17111: 11048:"Entrevista a la Lic. Beatriz Paredes Rangel, Presidenta dle Comité Ejecutivo Nacional del PRI" 9957:"Massacres, disappearances and 1968: Mexicans remember the victims of a 'perfect dictatorship'" 9585: 9464: 9447: 9399: 9373: 9356: 9232: 7403: 6980: 6486: 6450: 6425: 6361: 6289: 6014: 5961: 5802: 5016: 4810: 4805: 4121: 3848:

and major territorial loss to the U.S. The sale of northern territory known in the U.S. as the

3753: 3730: 3687: 3683: 3530: 3391: 3375: 3333: 3237: 3173: 2842: 2564: 2397:

In 1916, the winners of the Mexican revolution met at a constitutional convention to draft the

2133: 1962: 1899: 1834: 1561: 1383: 1162: 1096: 951: 678: 622: 582: 536: 270: 90: 19085: 17697: 16525: 16518: 14732: 14298: 13900: 13760: 12356: 11172: 10427: 8567: 7671: 6349: 5978:(UNAM) is the best university in the country. Other prominent public universities include the 5120:(27,600). Other major sources of migration are fellow Latin American countries, which include 3792:, ongoing since 2006, has left over 120,000 dead and perhaps another 37,000 missing. Mexico's 2901: 2228: 2048: 1937: 1805:. It created a standing military, increased coastal fortifications, and expanded the northern 1311: 1310:

has changed. The declaration of independence signed on 6 November 1813 by the deputies of the

19298: 19233: 18830: 18649: 18502: 18492: 18368: 18316: 18246: 18199: 18138: 17959: 17826: 17590:(Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright 17203: 16973: 16491: 16248: 14435: 12683:. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics (published October 2005). pp. 11464: 9236: 8711: 8684: 8619: 8324: 8290: 7898: 7538: 7494: 6815: 6064: 6056: 5891: 5825: 5020: 4929: 4916:

Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers

4912: 4906: 4189: 4181: 3773: 3617: 3347: 3096: 2920: 2893: 2881: 2614:, broke with the PRI and challenged Salinas in the 1988 elections. In 1988 there was massive 2137: 2080: 1909: 1730: 1714: 1453: 1279: 1154: 1080: 414: 16316: 16251:. "Bringing the Revolution to| Medical School: Social Service and a Rural Health Emphasis." 15189: 13533: 12684: 12678: 12527: 12521: 10264:"Mexico's presidential front runner on high alert for election fraud ahead of Sunday's vote" 4777: 3276: 2931:

from northern North America. From east to west at the center, the country is crossed by the

2724: 2556: 1564:. During the early post-classic era (ca. 1000–1519 AD), Central Mexico was dominated by the 19589: 19584: 19508: 18661: 18497: 18472: 18467: 18358: 18263: 17897: 17882: 17801: 17786: 17769: 17606: 17179: 17073: 14998:""The Map of the Mexican's Genome": Overlapping national identity, and population genomics" 14202: 13450: 12526:, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics (published October 2005), pp. 11998: 11789: 11743: 11600: 10692: 9063: 7932: 7323:

in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so. The country has also hosted the

7320: 7315: 7190: 7186: 7095: 6924: 6794: 6757: 6382: 6199: 5907: 5814: 5774: 5770: 5728: 5678: 5382: 5137: 4979: 4761: 4664: 3672: 3604: 3584: 3299: 2936: 2822: 2650: 2630: 2611: 2552: 2536: 2494: 2469: 2465: 2453: 2398: 2351: 2323: 2060: 1979: 1941: 1891: 1830: 1701: 1545: 1533:

and Zapotec cultures. The Mesoamerican writing tradition reached its height in the Classic

1514: 1398: 1186: 1072: 1044: 1024: 1000: 823: 299: 18019: 16927: 14119: 13673: 13647: 13172:[Experts and NGO doubt that poverty in Mexico has decreased as Coneval reported]. 11428: 11106: 9599: 7697: 7291: 6345: 4725:: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes. 4423: 4150: 3505:

are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for

3059: 2913: 8: 19355: 19248: 19143: 18614: 18604: 18487: 18393: 18273: 18221: 18044: 18024: 17262: 12959:"Most of the $ 33 Billion in Remittances to Mexico Flow Via U.S. Govt. Banking Program", 12149: 11904: 11842: 9415: 7399: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7100: 7036: 6680: 6645: 6256: 6230: 5952: 5718: 5314: 5298: 5285: 5280: 5159: 4883: 4544: 3943: 3522: 3494: 3437:, collegiate, unitary, and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary. 3395: 3242: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2778: 2727:. However, he won with a plurality of about 38% and did not have a legislative majority. 2689: 2658: 2599: 2560: 2545: 2457: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2364: 2326: 2319: 2307: 2291: 2278: 2253: 2010: 1802: 1735: 1573: 1150: 1104: 551: 349: 336: 233: 19391: 18866: 18817: 17581:

Good intentions, bad outcomes: Social policy, informality, and economic growth in Mexico

16342: 16132: 15877: 15286: 12153: 12020: 11539:"Capacitarán a militares en combates con rifles láser | Ediciones Impresas Milenio" 10696: 10329: 9250: 8372: 6912: 6907: 6836: 6432: 6094: 2794: 1032: 70: 19183: 18872: 18774: 18644: 18619: 18182: 18168: 17984: 17760: 17591: 17471: 16572: 16441: 15150:(9). Mexico City: 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). 15129: 14486: 13989: 12644: 11973: 10713: 10680: 10025: 9129: 9019: 8984: 8906: 8853: 8282: 8274: 8066: 7923: 7702: 7520: 7362:. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, 7210: 7064: 7052: 7047: 6802: 6765: 6737: 6716: 6696: 6504: 6447:

to mark the identity of the Mexican nation with Greek-Roman and pre-Columbian symbols.

6238: 6086: 5864: 5643: 4227: 4136: 3721: 3690:

to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in

3526: 3453: 3407: 3403: 3314: 3267: 3251: 3193: 3080: 2968: 2905: 2861: 2814: 2619: 2390: 2286: 2269: 2201:(r.1876–1911) allowed Mexico to rapidly modernize in a period characterized as one of " 1966: 1790: 1662: 1658: 1632: 1307: 1131: 1092: 330: 305: 17221:

Oaxaca Resurgent: Indigeneity, Development, and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Mexico

15476: 13869: 11370: 9732:[85th anniversary of the founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PRN)]. 7157: 6952: 6548: 5353: 4944:, are spoken by around half a million people each, primarily in the southern state of 4637:

with crowded beaches and multi-story hotels on the shores. At the southern tip of the

4051: 3796:

estimated that in 2014, one-fifth of Mexicans were victims of some sort of crime. The

3613: 3306: 2769:

and will become the first woman to lead the country when she takes office in October.

2705: 2551:

With robust economic growth, Mexico sought to showcase it to the world by hosting the

1762: 19386: 18823: 18685: 18569: 18549: 18534: 18431: 18363: 18304: 18278: 18091: 18066: 18056: 17874: 17703: 17662: 17645: 17628: 17610: 17566: 17496: 17461: 17224: 16690: 16658: 16633: 16529: 16184: 16080: 15989: 15151: 14738: 14182: 14060: 13963: 13916: 13766: 13504:"Mexican Operator Satmex Has Chosen Arianespace to Launch Its New Satmex 6 Satellite" 13266: 13106:[Decrease of nearly 9 million people in poverty between 2020-2022: Coneval]. 12688: 12650: 12531: 12206: 11868: 11623:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 11012: 10780: 10718: 10571: 10433: 9833: 9823: 9516: 9334: 9192: 9042: 9023: 8988: 8845: 8808: 8767: 8742: 8717: 8690: 8573: 8464: 8425: 8384: 8266: 8108: 8042: 8032: 8009: 7576: 7486: 7436: 7246: 7182: 7075: 6858: 6840: 6478: 6398: 6167: 6052: 6034: 5591: 5575: 5133: 4987: 4953: 4850:

community, within which they are distinguished only by residence in or outside of an

4769: 4630: 4568: 4291: 4106: 3962: 3652: 3506: 2988: 2762: 2583: 2568: 2303: 2122: 2040: 1950: 1690: 1577: 1530: 1510: 1485:(base 20) numeric system, were diffused from the Mexican cultures to the rest of the 1365: 1182: 1020: 971: 947: 17683: 17533: 16946: 15280:"The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection" 13507: 13418:"Mexico – Telecoms Infrastructure, Operators, Regulations – Statistics and Analyses" 12769: 12330: 12270: 12240: 10979: 10949: 10808: 10777:

Jungle Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill

9147: 9126:

The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Colonial Mexico City, 1660–1720

8858: 8841: 8536: 8286: 8246: 7302:

Organized sport in Mexico largely dates from the late nineteenth century, with only

7019: 6885: 5851:

dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several

4501: 3726: 3686:. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the 2594:

In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in the PRI's complete political dominance. In

2501:

in March 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the

2342: 2186: 2055:. Mexico lost much of its sparsely populated northern territory, sealed in the 1848 18811: 18587: 18341: 18034: 18029: 17929: 17019:"Latina chef Daniela Soto-Innes is youngest to be named 'World's Best Female Chef'" 16841: 16562: 16229: 15955: 15423: 15019: 15009: 14872:[March 21: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] 14052: 13955: 13908: 13842: 12172: 11692: 11133: 10708: 10700: 10512: 9206: 9011: 8976: 8837: 8258: 7563: 7554: 7510: 7473: 7460: 7193:

along with its music is both deeply regional and traditional. Founded in 1952, the

7079: 7042: 6944: 6895: 6876: 6798: 6785: 6500: 6474: 6297: 6246: 6191: 6060: 5883: 5604: 5262: 5242: 4949: 4937: 4933: 4888: 4680: 4618: 4266:

currently have plants in construction. The domestic car industry is represented by

3849: 3841: 3824: 3789: 3713: 3664: 3538: 3440:

Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the

3067: 3005: 2964: 2960: 2877: 2742: 2723:

After twelve years, in 2012, the PRI won the presidency again with the election of

2526: 2359: 2346: 2197:

After the turmoil in Mexico from 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal General

2182: 2166: 2156: 1970: 1875: 1650: 1263: 1198: 1194: 1120: 730: 55: 16997: 15333:"English in Mexico: An examination of policy, perceptions and influencing factors" 13200: 10648: 10360:"Ruling leftist party candidate Sheinbaum elected Mexico's first female president" 10116: 8828:

Cowgill, George L. (21 October 1997). "State and Society at Teotihuacan, Mexico".

7142: 6512: 5882:, mainly due to the large number of Cubans who settled in the territory after the 5570: 4732:

of Mexico proposed a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from

4460: 3641:

The Mexican Armed Forces are administered by the Secretariat of National Defense (

2852:

Mexico's total area is 1,972,550 km (761,606 sq mi), making it the

2247:

to Yucatán and Oaxaca. As the centennial of independence approached, Díaz gave an

2198: 2190: 2150: 2141: 2098: 1088: 1084: 19564: 19128: 19043: 18717: 18701: 18656: 18639: 18629: 18592: 18527: 18477: 18014: 17746: 17690: 17635: 17599: 17560: 17540: 17512: 17481: 16252: 16164: 15773:"Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos" 15595: 15046: 14917: 14826: 13912: 13290: 13170:"Expertos y ONG dudan que pobreza en México haya disminuido como reportó Coneval" 12956: 12934: 12912: 12640: 12070: 12048: 12027: 12005: 11821: 11745: 11295: 11166: 11142: 10471: 9902: 9827: 9224: 8786: 8458: 8417: 8376: 8145: 8100: 7286: 7091: 6598: 6533: 6394: 6317: 5895: 5856: 5620: 5473: 5439: 5421: 5058: 5004: 4941: 4902: 4709: 4668: 4540: 4532: 4306: 4287: 4002: 3992: 3936: 3914: 3707: 3561: 3510: 3445: 3363: 3063: 2948: 2928: 2889: 2885: 2798: 2787: 2738: 2654: 2615: 2595: 2522: 2382: 2330: 2295: 2031: 1983: 1946: 1867: 1814: 1299: 1291: 1190: 1166: 1100: 214: 15253:(in Spanish). National Indigenous Languages Institute. October 2012. p. 7. 15134: 14155: 14046: 11815:"A Woman's Haunting Disappearance Sparks Outrage in Mexico Over Gender Violence" 11565:"Strategy on recent equipment purchases: The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition" 8873: 8739:

The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization

8294: 7963: 7384: 6849: 6721: 6420:

styles prevailed in large cathedrals and civil buildings, while in rural areas,

6389:(Palace of Fine Arts), with murals, other artwork, and a major performance space 6269: 4281:

During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $ 46.0 billion

3004:

The climate of Mexico is quite varied due to the country's size and topography.

2952: 2374: 19458: 19313: 18326: 18148: 17654: 17556: 12960: 12577:"World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities" 12052: 11824: 10704: 10080:[2006 presidential Elections in Mexico. The Perspective of the Press]. 10078:"Elecciones presidenciales 2006 en México. La perspectiva de la prensa escrita" 9333:] (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa. p. 358. 8006:

The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State

7324: 7295: 7002: 6824: 6806: 6704: 6637: 6590: 6521: 6337: 6234: 6136: 6110: 6044: 6001:

In terms of private academic institutions, among the most highly ranked is the

5829: 5586: 5434: 5319: 5175: 4924:. It is estimated that around 8.3 million citizens speak these languages, with 4866: 4862: 4642: 4479:

panels installed in Mexico, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of

4468: 4243: 4223: 3931: 3900: 3576: 3502: 3233: 3022: 2873: 2865: 2587: 2578:

NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President

2311: 2248: 1974: 1871: 1855: 1758: 1720: 1706: 1642: 1321: 1295: 1249: 1242: 1202: 1178: 1170: 993: 813: 471: 76: 18932: 16567: 16550: 16234: 16217: 15398: 15310: 15096: 15014: 14997: 14870:"21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" 14795: 13104:"Reducción de casi 9 millones de personas en pobreza entre 2020-2022: Coneval" 10016:

Reding, Andrew (1991). "Mexico: The Crumbling of the "Perfect Dictatorship"".

9513:

The Wind that Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1942

9479: 9015: 8534: 8262: 6928: 6242: 6183: 6175: 6072:; conversely, many Spanish settlers integrated into local communities through 4573: 3781:, and attacks on journalists and human rights advocates. A 2020 report by the 3482: 3021:

experience temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or more in summer. In the

2431: 2093: 1522: 1392: 19558: 19540: 19527: 19346: 19325: 19308: 19253: 19120: 18928: 18905: 18763: 18706: 18559: 18253: 16711:"Museo Tamayo celebrates contemporary art in Mexico City - The Yucatan Times" 16662: 15674: 13480: 10763:

When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioproscpecting in Mexico

9767: 9210: 8849: 8270: 8046: 8028:

A wicked war : Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. invasion of Mexico

8001: 7423: 7266: 7169: 7119: 7104: 6956: 6948: 6933: 6918: 6828: 6768:

flourished in the 17th century; the most notable writers of this period were

6687:

in Mexican cuisine. On 16 November 2010 Mexican gastronomy was recognized as

6657: 6610: 6325: 6159: 6073: 5833: 5178:(2.3 million). Urban areas contain 76.81% of Mexico's total population. 4870: 4858: 4773: 4593:

The coastlines of Mexico are rich in sunny beach stretches. According to the

4476: 4323: 4282: 4275: 4259: 3907: 3880:, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a 3430: 3399: 3329: 3120: 2869: 2857: 2830: 2673: 2646: 2642: 2626: 1766: 1477: 989: 985: 935: 876: 194: 181: 16442:"Mexico | Ranking Web of Universities: Webometrics ranks 30000 institutions" 15155: 13901:"Unravelling unidentified γ-ray sources with the large millimeter telescope" 12974:"How much should you earn in Mexico to belong to the middle or upper class?" 10203:"Mexico's Oil And Gas Industry Privatization Efforts Nearing Critical Phase" 9702: 7138: 6557:, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of 5337: 4251: 4162: 4022: 2606:

as the candidate for the PRI, and therefore a foregone presidential victor,

2216: 2051:. The largest blow to Mexico was the U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846 in the 1298:

in 1821 and became a sovereign state, the territory came to be known as the

154: 19427: 19049: 18597: 18398: 17994: 16524:. Didier T. Jaén (translator). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14093:"Turismo de internación 2001–2005, Visitantes internacionales hacia México" 14056: 10722: 9730:"85º Aniversario de la Fundación del Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR)" 8945: 8350: 7370: 7303: 7058: 6996: 6832: 6586: 6539: 6482: 6376: 6329: 6285: 6261: 6203: 6140: 5887: 5860: 5798: 5794: 4898: 4865:

who range from 27% to 47% of the population using skin color as reference.

4765: 4688: 4614: 4610: 4328: 4117: 4044: 3895: 3691: 3656: 3648: 3635: 3518: 3344: 3209: 3205: 3177: 3153: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3089: 2956: 2821:

in the southern portion of North America. Almost all of Mexico lies in the

2753:

Although there were fears of electoral fraud in Mexico's 2018 presidential

2649:. In 1994, following the assassination of the PRI's presidential candidate 2530: 2514: 2478: 2378: 2338: 2299: 2129: 2110: 1924: 1597: 1593: 1557: 1476:, which produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from 1441: 1430: 1346:, all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". The phrase 1259: 1174: 1158: 1048: 788: 243: 17516:

The Transformation of Mexican Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico

16604:

The Embodiment of the National in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexican Painting

11542: 11232: 10464: 10293: 8980: 8026: 7640:"Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40" 5557: 5541: 4039: 4007: 2940: 1540:

In Central Mexico, the height of the classic period saw the ascendancy of

19484: 19238: 19188: 19148: 19019: 18911: 18582: 17338:[Mexico is the World Baseball Champion in the Under-23 bracket], 17313:[Mexico, a history of success in the Minor League World Series], 16265: 12073:"How Mexico's Cartels Have Learned Military Tactics", accessed 8 May 2022 11008: 8247:"How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics" 7827: 7375: 7351: 7262: 7258: 7231: 7153: 7129: 6820: 6725: 6653: 6508: 6367: 6333: 6309: 6302: 6277: 6218: 6195: 6144: 6131: 6113: 5688: 5303: 4749: 4737: 4733: 4598: 4212: 4140: 4125: 3926: 3861: 3853: 3668: 3592: 3514: 3383: 3370:. The Chamber of Deputies has 500 deputies. Of these, 300 are elected by 3359: 3340: 2846: 2834: 2697: 2677: 2416: 2036: 2026: 1782: 1670: 1601: 1541: 1534: 1486: 1457: 1411: 1353: 1303: 1052: 1028: 1012: 959: 438: 423: 173: 18899: 16183:(University of Texas ed.). Mexico City: UNAM School of Psychology. 14487:"De 70 a 100 kilómetros por hora tiene el tren del Istmo de Tehuantepec" 13959: 10029: 9064:"Campeche, Mexico – largest pirate attack in history, now UNESCO listed" 8597: 8506:. Sydney: Institute for Economics & Peace. June 2019. Archived from 8278: 7181:

On an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as

5886:. One of the most exemplary cases of popular religiosity is the cult of 5879: 5824:'s. 47% percent of them attend church services weekly. The feast day of 5518: 4928:

being the most widely spoken by more than 1.7 million, followed by

4629:. To the south of Cancún is the town of Tulum, notable for its ruins of 4184:

in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America, after

3217: 3085: 19463: 19291: 19286: 19168: 18998: 18966: 17979: 17974: 17949: 17934: 16576: 15315: 15101: 15024: 14763: 13108: 12916: 11869:

International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (23 April 2003).

11654: 11134:

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (5 February 1917).

11077: 10330:"Mexico's López Obrador sworn in as first leftist president in decades" 10232:

Barrera Diaz, Cyntia; Villamil, Justin; Still, Amy (14 February 2020).

9734:

Instituto Nacional de Estudios Historicos de las Revoluciones de Mexico

8418:"Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)" 7307: 7253: 7223: 6960: 6931:

realized in Mexico between 1947 and 1965 some of his masterpieces like

6844: 6621: 6569:

with native indigenous ingredients. Foods indigenous to Mexico include

6553: 6517: 6470: 6341: 6081: 6069: 5871: 5790: 5507: 5484: 5037: 4975: 4922:

sixty-eight linguistic groups and 364 varieties of indigenous languages

4672: 4606: 4484: 4357: 4235: 4154: 4073: 3982: 3694:, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it. 3456:

and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the

3321: 3014: 2838: 2746: 2405:, overthrowing Carranza, who died fleeing Mexico City in 1920. General 2257: 2240: 2232: 2206: 2202: 2106: 2088: 2076: 1995: 1549: 1469: 1112: 1068: 1004: 19422: 15835:"These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout" 15635:"Number of Mexican emigrants worldwide by country of destination 2020" 14969:[Proven with data: in Mexico you do better if you are white]. 13390: 12800: 11371:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (18 May 1994).

8535:

Brianna Lee; Danielle Renwick; Rocio Cara Labrador (24 January 2019).

7859: 6661: 6616:

From this meeting of millennia old two culinary traditions, were born

5387: 4752:. The federal government has also been funding the construction of an 4590:, Mexico was ranked 22nd in the world, which was 3rd in the Americas. 4254:, with Audi also opening an assembling plant in Puebla the same year. 4088: 3844:

and when it was annexed to the U.S. in 1845, it set the stage for the

3682:

Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts,

3095:

Mexico ranks fourth in the world in biodiversity and is one of the 17

2919:

Mexico is crossed from north to south by two mountain ranges known as

2333:

defeated the Federal Army in 1914, leaving only revolutionary forces.

1686: 1581: 19370: 19320: 19223: 19198: 17887: 16811: 16167:, "UNAM", Mexico DF, 29 November 2019. Retrieved on 28 November 2020. 15477:"Seminar: "Statistical Information of the Mexican Population Abroad"" 14439: 12881: 9537:

La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History

9313:

The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest under Mexico,

8789:, "A History of the New Philology and the New Philology in History", 8424:(3rd ed.). Nelson Thornes. pp. 563, 576–579, 633, and 640. 7242: 6939: 6633: 6602: 6417: 6408: 5957: 5875: 5748: 5708: 5125: 5113: 5089: 5033: 4753: 4705: 4684: 4676: 4419: 4411: 4383: 4271: 4267: 4131: 4093: 3589:

reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods

3422: 3247: 3197: 3112: 3108: 3046:(cold land) extending to 3,500 meters. Beyond the cold lands are the 3010: 2993: 2976: 2274: 1745: 1725:('royal audience' or 'royal tribunal'), and then in 1535 created the 1694: 1680: 1646: 1617: 1482: 1473: 1426: 1287: 1283: 17673:

Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico

17311:"México, una historia de éxito en la Serie Mundial de Ligas Menores" 17288: 14241:. México: Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. Archived from 14038: 12329:. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from 12269:. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from 12239:. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from 11167:

Internal Rules of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (10 August 2001).

10978:. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from 10948:. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from 10807:. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from 6469:. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including 5025: 4626: 4602: 4578: 4451:

Energy production in Mexico is managed by the state-owned companies

3741:

Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the

3737: 3290: 3181: 2541: 2172: 19443: 19269: 19208: 19178: 19153: 19036: 18949: 18517: 17999: 17796: 17190:

Hanna Rosin, "Life Lessons: How Soap Operas Can Change the World",

15040:"Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico, pag 9 note 1" 12938: 12030: 12008: 10870:"Third Title, First Chapter, About Electoral systems, Article 11–1" 7346: 7238: 7227: 7161: 7149: 7141:. The most well-known Mexican composer of the twentieth century is 7108: 6863: 6625: 6601:

of corn, the cooking of food in ovens at ground level, grinding in

6578: 6574: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6151: 6109:, which seeks "to discover the national ethos of Mexican culture." 5852: 5698: 5625: 5609: 5455: 5450: 5416: 5121: 4893: 4840: 4776:

connecting the city of Toluca and Mexico City and has restored the

4634: 4480: 4418:, the largest Mexican media company in the Spanish-speaking world, 4415: 4231: 4083: 4078: 3987: 3967: 3952: 3857: 3778: 3762: 3630: 3213: 3189: 3018: 2490: 2440: 2422: 2236: 2022: 1883: 1847: 1806: 1752:

of 1819 (not including the island territories of the Pacific Ocean)

1628: 1518: 1490: 1275: 914: 871: 792: 323: 144: 17831: 17109:

Russell, Craig. "Music: Mesoamerica through Seventeenth Century",

15880:[The Arabs of Mexico: Assimilation and cultural heritage] 15248:"Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages" 14095:(in Spanish). Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR). 2006. Archived from 12021:"Mexico disappearances reach record high of 100,000 amid impunity" 11264: 9791:"He left India for Mexico to solve global hunger: Meet Ravi Singh" 9583:

Matute, Alvaro. "Mexican Revolution: May 1917 – December 1920" in

8686:

Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia

8217: 4471:. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant. 3254:

in the 1950s and 1960s and eventually leading to the invention of

1953:. After the forced abdication of the monarch, Central America and 19448: 19303: 19213: 19193: 18861: 17738: 16339:"Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud – Infraestructura" 13759:

Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004).

13388:[The Mexican minimum wage will increase by 20% in 2024]. 12824:"London 2008: Mastretta MXT will be Mexico's first homegrown car" 11262: 8139: 7674:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 7174: 7165: 6665: 6582: 6413: 6187: 5855:. According to the 2020 census, there are 58,876 Jews in Mexico. 5738: 5552: 5523: 5489: 5371: 5093: 5085: 5073: 5041: 4991: 4966: 4945: 4925: 4847: 4757: 4741: 4649: 4464: 4387: 4382:, Maxcom, Alestra, Marcatel, AT&T Mexico. Because of Mexican 4340: 4332: 4068: 4058: 4017: 4012: 3997: 3977: 3957: 3460:(PAN), a conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the 3387:

by proportional representation from national closed party lists.

3225: 3221: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3100: 2696:

In 2000, after 71 years, the PRI lost a presidential election to

2688:

since 1929, and the first elected from an opposition party since

2006: 1954: 1418: 1271: 1255: 1201:

syndicates has led to over 120,000 deaths. Mexico is a member of

318: 17562:

Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996

17158:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1999. 16619:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2012. 15451:"Le Mexique, l'acteur qui monte dans la francophonie d'Amérique" 15111: 11497:"Mexico, Canada Introduce Third Plan to Expand Security Council" 10172:"López Obrador, winner of Mexican election, given broad mandate" 8682: 7366:

has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles.

7277:

has established a national network of bilingual radio stations.

6736:

a drum or a harp. While Tenochtitlan was the political capital,

6679:

In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for

4528:

was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.

4299:

National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy

3410:

of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the

2517:, when Mexico was a significant ally. From 1946 the election of 2448:, that held uninterrupted power in the country from 1929 to 2000 2125:

between rival Liberal and Conservative governments (1858–1861).

1649:

starting in 1493 the Spanish first learned of Mexico during the

1607: 1414:, the 6th largest city in the world at its peak (1 AD to 500 AD) 1266:

and surrounding territories, with its people being known as the

938:. Covering 1,972,550 km (761,610 sq mi), it is the world's 19281: 19228: 19163: 19158: 19115: 18984:

Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl

18894:

Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl

17491:

Coerver, Don M., Suzanne B. Pasztor, and Robert M. Buffington.

15589:

Facts on Hispanics of Mexican origin in the United States, 2021

15216:"Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas" 14719:

Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity

13741: 13139:[Good and bad news regarding the decrease in poverty]. 12169:"Más de 100 periodistas asesinados en México desde el año 2000" 8347:"G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power" 8105:

Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy

7736:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Mexico)" 6776:. Sor Juana was famous in her own time, called the "Ten Muse." 6692: 6669: 6629: 6617: 6606: 6393:

With the arrival of the Spanish, architectural theories of the

6320:, changed the notion of contemporary art in Latin America. The 5821: 5405: 5101: 5077: 5069: 4995: 4646: 4622: 4509: 4445: 4407: 4369: 4361: 4263: 4239: 4216: 4185: 4063: 4034: 4029: 3972: 3801: 3746: 3624: 3553: 3201: 2944: 2306:. During the Revolution, the U.S. Republican administration of 2116: 1798: 1794: 1774: 1604:), extending from central Mexico to the border with Guatemala. 1589: 1585: 1569: 1565: 1267: 1147: 15190:"Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older" 14354:"Bullet Train To Mexico City Looks To Be Back On Track ?" 11247: 10906:"Fourth Title, Second Chapter, About coalitions, Article 59–1" 9039:

Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages

8737:

Carmack, Robert M.; Gasco, Janine L.; Gossen, Gary H. (2016).

7133:, a romanticized account of the defense of Mexico by its last 6217:

appeared. Important painters of the late colonial period were

5890:(Santa Muerte). Other examples are the representations of the 2935:

also known as the Sierra Nevada. A fourth mountain range, the

2783: 2409:

became interim president, followed by the election of General

19417: 19203: 19060: 18942: 18938: 16786:"Gabriel Orozco: The pioneer of Mexico's modern art movement" 15779: 13905:

The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources

13641: 11429:"Japan's Regional Diplomacy, Latin America and the Caribbean" 10294:"Mexico's 2018 Elections: Results and Potential Implications" 8497:"Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World" 7134: 6943:(1961). Famous actors and actresses from this period include 6649: 6566: 6265: 6211: 6158:. Pre-Columbian Mexico is present in buildings and caves, in 5117: 5097: 5081: 4456: 4379: 4336: 4208: 4204: 3881: 3872:

greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with

3580: 3569: 3229: 3185: 3165: 3156:

ingredients include maize, tomato, beans, squash, chocolate,

3066:

and northern Baja California, are also vulnerable to serious

2506: 2244: 1778: 1497: 1465: 1445: 1055:). The colonial era ended in the early 19th century with the 1036: 1016: 457: 18851:

Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila

17779: 16809: 16467:"URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance" 16047:"Catolicismo y otras religiones pierden creyentes en México" 14967:"Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco" 13005:"Mexico Is Solidly Middle Class (No Matter What Trump Says)" 11479: 10429:

Mexico and the Law of the Sea: Contributions and Compromises

9703:"Missing millions: the human cost of the Mexican Revolution" 7828:"General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" 7319:

lack of spending on social programs. Mexico City hosted the

6609:. With the Spaniards came the pork, beef and chicken meats; 5937:

Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers

4652:. Closer to the United States border is the weekend draw of 2310:

supported the Huerta coup against Madero, but when Democrat

1286:. In the eighteenth century, this central region became the 942:

by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the

19173: 17623:

Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds.

17493:

Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History

17124:

Hess, Carol A. "Carlos Antonio de Padua Chávez y Ramírez",

16591:

Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico

15914: 14995: 13762:

Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History

13705:"Perspectiva Del Mercado De La Energía Renovable En México" 12646:

Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics

12420:"A Nasty, Nafta-Related Surprise: Mexico's Soaring Obesity" 11936:"Mexico sees deadliest year for LGBT+ people in five years" 11871:"Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law" 11316: 7379:(freestyle professional wrestling). Bullfighting (Spanish: 7311:

the international image of political turmoil and violence.

6684: 6641: 6594: 6570: 6435:, an orphanage and hospital complex completed in 1829. The 6372: 6312:, the largest collection of its kind, founded by collector 5129: 4270:, which has built buses and trucks since 1962, and the new 3415: 3220:. Most of these names come from the indigenous language of 2243:

that culminated with the forced relocation of thousands of

1452:

at the time. The city was completely destroyed in the 1521

1393:

Indigenous civilizations before European contact (pre-1519)

1161:. It is a major tourist destination: as of 2022, it is the 17223:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2021, 47–49, 69–70. 16176: 15990:"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Cuestionario básico" 15426:(in French). Ambassade de France à Mexico. 19 March 2013. 14694: 11680: 11196:"La Doctrina Estrada y el Principio de la No-Intervención" 3452:

that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the

3382:) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with 3294:, the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of 904:

General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples

17659:

Stormy Passage: Mexico from Colony to Republic, 1750-1850

16615:

Anreus, Robin Adèle Greeley, and Leonard Folgarait, eds.

16285: 16283: 12649:. Lynne Reiner Publishers (published 30 September 2004). 12417: 12176: 11171:(in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 10231: 7118:

Although the traditions of European opera and especially

4745: 4255: 4247: 1247: 1206: 888: 17486:

Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation or Decline?

17414:"Los medallistas que ha tenido el Box Olímpico mexicano" 16989:

Cocina, fiesta y cantos mexicanos reconocidos por UNESCO

16943:"Presentan en París candidatura de gastronomía mexicana" 16686:

Art Museums of Latin America: Structuring Representation

16151: 15977:"Programa Nacional de Ordenamiento Territorial y Urbano" 15747:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

15192:. National Institute of Statistics and Geography. 2015. 15184: 15182: 15180: 14600:

Estadísticas a propósito del día mundial de la población

13758: 12051:"In Mexico, One Cartel Is Cleared, but Others Storm In" 10677: 10410: 8975:(2). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press: 302–303. 8648:. Cervantesvirtual.com. 29 November 2010. Archived from 8189:"México ocupa el sexto lugar en turismo a nivel mundial" 4310:

regarding the accuracy of these rates. According to the

4188:

at US$ 1,830.392 billion, which led to the highest

3579:

hence its presence in major economic groups such as the

3541:

has served as a crucial complement to these principles.

1059:, followed by political and socioeconomic upheaval. The 918:

the official language in the Mexican federal government.

17261:. San Diego Metropolitan. December 2003. Archived from 16045:

Olvera, Graciela; Martínez, Armando (25 January 2021).

15878:"Los árabes de México. Asimilación y herencia cultural" 14152:"Cabo Fishing Information - Sport Fishing in Los Cabos" 12450:"GNI per capita 2009, Atlas method and PPP, World Bank" 12116:"Mexicans in biggest protest yet over missing students" 11683:"Diputados, en Favor de Derogar Neutralidad en Guerras" 11461:"Latin America: Region is losing ground to competitors" 10389: 10140:"Enrique Pena Nieto wins Mexican presidential election" 8383:. Princeton University Press. p. 126 (table 5.1). 6116:

explores the notion of a Mexican national character in

5928:

can be used to evaluate the state of health in Mexico.

5785:(National Institute of Statistics and Geography) gives 4368:

The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by

4234:) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while 2505:, wich would result in the creation of the state-owned 1920:'s army on 28 September 1810, by José Díaz del Castillo 1866:

declared against "bad government" in the small town of

984:

to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the

30:

This article is about the country. For other uses, see

18769:

El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve

17731: 17680:

Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture

17167:"An Introduction to the Ballet Folklórico de México" ( 16980: 16683:

Greet, Michele; Tarver, Gina McDaniel (8 March 2018).

16280: 16218:"La Santa Muerte y la cultura de los derechos humanos" 15662: 15660: 15366:"En México sólo 5% de la población habla inglés: IMCO" 14844:"Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación (ENADIS) 2022" 14120:"The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017" 13386:"El salario mínimo en México aumentará un 20% en 2024" 13323:"Goldman Sachs Paper No.153 Relevant Emerging Markets" 10737:"SGI 2022 | Mexico | Environmental Policies" 8664: 7604:"Global Religion - Religious Beliefs Across the World" 7529:

is used alongside the usual version. According to the

7358:

The Mexican professional baseball league is named the

6063:

with those of different indigenous groups. Efforts to

6003:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

3566:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2417:

Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)

1302:, with the new country being named after its capital: 1211:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

17597:

Meyer, Michael C.; Beezley, William H., eds. (2000).

17552:. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986. 17507:

Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century

17453:. 3rd. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2005. 16921: 15177: 14996:

Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto; Silva-Zolezzi, Irma (2010).

14730: 13867: 12770:"Automaker Kia plans $ 1 bn assembly plant in Mexico" 10831:"Third Title, First Chapter, About Electoral systems" 10234:"Pemex Ex-CEO Arrest Puts AMLO in Delicate Situation" 9324: 9117: 9095:"The mysterious aftermath of an infamous pirate raid" 9041:(1st ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press. 4861:(who comprised 2% of Mexico's population in 2020) or 4613:. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called 3228:, the distilled alcoholic drink made from cultivated 3025:

temperatures reach 50 °C (122 °F) or more.

2841:, some geographers include the territory east of the 2657:. Salinas left Zedillo's government to deal with the 1576:, and the lowland Maya area had important centers at 19035:

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of

18806:

Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro

17416:[The Mexican Olympic boxing medal winners], 17242:

Baker, Shannon L. and William H. Beezley, "Sports",

16651:"Urs Fischer Spotlights Pluralistic Notions of Love" 15668:"Yearbook of Migration and Remittances: Mexico 2018" 14602:"INEGI", July 2023. Retrieved on September 20, 2024. 13291:"Perspectivas OCDE: México; Reformas para el Cambio" 11530: 10535:"Ocupa México cuarto lugar mundial de biodiversidad" 9727: 8463:(4th ed.). Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. 7413: 7082:

are some of the most known present-day film makers.

6412:(from the Nahuatl: worker or builder). Years later, 4962:

General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights

3493:

The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the

3028:

Descriptors of regions are by temperature, with the

2653:, Salinas was succeeded by victorious PRI candidate 1940:

became regent, as newly independent Mexico sought a

1785:). Among the best-known pirate attacks are the 1663 1496:

The earliest complex civilization in Mexico was the

1095:

in 1910, which led to profound changes, such as the

17336:"México es Campeón en el Mundial Sub-23 de beisbol" 17071: 15657: 14556:. Mexico City International Airport. Archived from 14462:"Tren México-Toluca funcionaría a finales del 2022" 13501: 12821: 12327: