Merit (Buddhism) - Knowledge

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He and his works stand in a mutual relation, somewhat like that of child to parent in the case of past works, of parent to child in the case of future works. Now no normal mother is indifferent as to whether or how she is carrying out her creative potency. Nor can any normal Buddhist not care whether his acts, wrought up hourly in their effect into his present and future character, are making a happy or a miserable successor. And so, without any definite belief as to how, or in what realm of the universe he will re-arise as that successor to his present self, the pious Buddhist, no less than his pious brethren of other creeds, goes on giving money and effort, time and thought to good works, cheerfully believing that nothing of it can possibly forgo its effect, but that it is all a piling up of merit or creative potency, to result, somewhere, somewhere, somehow, in future happiness—happiness which, though he be altruistic the while, is yet more a future asset of his, than of some one in whom he naturally is less interested than in his present self. He believes that, because of what he is now doing, some one now in process of mental creation by him, and to all intents and purposes his future " self," will one day taste less or more of life's trials. To that embryonic character he is inextricably bound ever making or marring it, and for it he is therefore and thus far responsible.

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in the present, as in the case of someone ordaining as a monk for a few years. And vice versa, if someone's social status quickly deteriorates, for example, due to quick changes in the bureaucratic structure, these changes might be justified in Buddhist societies because someone's store of merit is believed to have run out. Someone's position in society, even in the cosmos, is always subject to the impermanent workings of merit and demerit. In traditional Buddhist societies, quick changes in position, status, or roles are therefore considered part of life, and this insecurity is a motivator in trying to improve the situation through merit-making. Findly points out that in Buddhist ideals of merit-making, the earned value gained by doing good deeds is more important than the assigned value gained by social status at birth.

2031:, the merit of the giver is in no way decreased during such an act, just like a candle is used to light another candle, but the light does not diminish. The merit transferred cannot always be received, however. The dead relatives must also be able to sympathize with the meritorious act. If the relatives do not receive the merit, the act of transferring merit will still be beneficial for the giver himself. The transfer of merit is thus connected with the idea of rejoicing. The other person who rejoices in one's meritorious deeds, in that way also receives merit, if he approves of the merit done. Thus, rejoicing in others' merits, apart from being one of the ten meritorious acts mentioned, is also a prerequisite for the transferring of merit to occur. 2462:

spending resources on a Buddhist temple does stimulate economic growth through the investment in goods for the temple. It has also been suggested that even if the economy of Buddhist countries would be better off without merit-making, it would result in an economy that the majority of the population would not prefer. Another criticism often leveled at merit-making in modern times is that it prevents people from using their resources to help the poor and needy. Very often, however, temples do have many social roles in society, and offer help to many groups in society—resources are therefore redistributed widely. Moreover, since merit-making is often done as a community, merit-making may strengthen

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themselves, but also for their parents who have allowed them to ordain. In China, Thailand and India, it used to be common to offer land or the first harvest to a monastery. Also, more socially oriented activities such as building a hospital or bridge, or giving to the poor are included in the Tipiṭaka, and by many Buddhists considered meritorious. In fieldwork studies done by researchers, devotees appreciated the merits of becoming ordained and supporting the building of a temple the most. Fisher found that building a temple was considered a great merit by devotees, because they believed they would in that way have part in all the wisdom which would be taught at that temple.

2579: 2372:(tied with the United States, and followed by many other Buddhist countries), scholars attributed this to the Burmese habit of merit-making. Studies done in Thailand, however, showed that in the 1980s merit-making was declining, and a significant group did no longer believe in karma—though this was not a majority. Some scholars disagree with these findings, however, saying that Buddhist practices such as merit-making are still very widespread. Similar observations have been made about Cambodia and even about Thai people in the United States. As for Buddhist "converts" in the west, for example 1025:, the merit gained will be much less than if the giver is motivated by loving-kindness or other noble intentions. Even the intention of going to heaven, though in itself not considered wrong, is not seen as lofty as the intention to want to develop and purify the mind. If the recipient is spiritually "not worthy of the gift", the gift will still be meritorious provided the giver's intention is good, and this is also valid the other way around. Good thoughts must also be maintained after the good deed is done, as regretting the gift will also decrease the merit. 2120:. In Buddhism, however, ancestor worship was discontinued, as it was believed that the dead would not reach heavenly bliss through rituals or worship, but only through the law of karma. Nevertheless, the practice of transfer of merit arose by using the ethical and psychological principles of karma and merit, and connect these with the sense of responsibility towards one's parents. This sense of responsibility was typical for pre-Buddhist practices of ancestor worship. As for the veneration of dead ancestors, this was replaced by veneration of the Sangha. 2002: 630:), whether internal or external, are the aim in merit-making, and are often subject of Dharma teachings and texts. Thus, merit is the foundation of heavenly bliss in the future, and in some countries merit was also considered to contribute to the good fortune of the country. Because merit is understood to have these many beneficial effects, it is sometimes compared with cool water, which is poured or which is bathed in. This symbol is used in merit transfer ceremonies, for example. 1850:, through the ledgers a practice of systematic merit accumulation was established for the first time. The merit ledgers were lists of good deeds and bad deeds, organized in the form of a calendar for users to calculate to what extent they had been practicing good deeds and avoiding bad deeds every day. The ledgers also listed the exact retributions of every number of deeds done, to the detail. Through these ledgers it was believed someone could offset bad karma. 924: 29: 13564: 2619:, create a black market for wildlife, as well as pose a threat for public hygiene. In Thailand, there are cases where animals are captured for the explicit purpose of being sold to be released—often into unsuitable ecosystems. Some Buddhist organizations have responded to this by adjusting their practices, by working together with conservationist organizations to educate people, and even by pushing for new laws controlling the practice. In 2016, the 13575: 10973: 10960: 1699: 10950: 591:

may take a while to bear fruit. Merit or demerit may cause a good or bad future respectively, including in the next lives to come. A bad destination after rebirth may be caused by demerit, but merely a lack of merit may also lead a person to be born in an unhappy destination. When someone is reborn in a happy destination, however, one can only stay there as long as merits last. Thus, it is stated in the

1718:(ninth until fourteenth century Burma). On a similar note, in Sri Lanka, kings and commoners would offer slaves to the temple, and then donate money to pay for their freedom, that way accruing two merits at once. Even more symbolically, kings would sometimes offer their kingdom to a temple, which, returned the gift immediately, together with some Dhamma teaching. Also in Sri Lanka, 1364:(Keown), Buddhism has two quite separate aims, which are pursued by separate groups, that is, laypeople (kammatic) and monks (nibbanic). This view has, however, been downplayed or criticized by many other scholars, who believe that kammatic practices are in many ways connected to nibbanic practices, and the aims of monks and laypeople cannot be that easily separated. 1029:

anyone. With regard to the size of the gift, a larger gift is usually more meritorious than a smaller one, but purity of mind affects merit more than the gift's size. It is therefore recommended to give as much as you can afford, no more and no less. Such care in choosing whom to give to and how to give, is called being 'skilled in merit' (

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needed each other. In times of famine or other hardship, it was traditionally believed that the king was failing, and the king would typically perform meritorious activities on a grand scale. In this way the king would be able to improve the kingdom's conditions, through his "overflow karma" (Walters). A similar role was played by queens.

1758:) by keeping five precepts, listening to teachings, practicing meditation and living at the temple. Besides these weekly observances, ceremonies and festivities are yearly held and are often occasions to make merit, and are sometimes believed to yield greater merits than other, ordinary days. In Thailand and Laos, a yearly festival 2045:(deities), since it is believed that these are not able to make merits themselves. In this way it is believed their favor can be obtained. Finally, many Buddhists transfer merits to resolve a bond of revenge that may exist between people, as it is believed that someone else's vengefulness may create harm in one's life. 2623:(SCB) started discussing possible solutions with religious communities on how the practice could be adapted. According to the SCB, the communities have generally responded positively. In the meantime, in some countries, laws have been issued to control the practice. In Singapore, to limit merit release on 1668:), and this expression is frequently used, especially in relation to giving. In Buddhist societies, such merit-making is common, especially those meritorious deeds which are connected to monks and temples. In this regard, there is a saying in Burma, "Your hands are always close to offering donations". 906:, and therefore some western ethical concepts may not apply. Besides, as Keown notices, moral action would not be possible if it was not preceded by moral concern for others, as is illustrated by the example of the Buddha himself. Such moral concern is also part of the Buddhist path, cultivated through 2597:

One merit-making practice that has received more scholarly attention since the 1990s is the practice of "merit release". Merit release is a ritual of releasing animals from captivity, as a way to make merit. Merit release is a practice common in many Buddhist societies, and has since the 2010s made a

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Studies done in the 1960s and 1970s in Thailand, Sri Lanka and Burma showed that a great deal of time, effort and money was invested by people in merit-making, e.g. Spiro described Burma's rural economy as "geared to the overriding goal of the accumulation of wealth as a means of acquiring merit". In

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The purposes for merit transfer differ. In many Buddhist countries, transferring merit is connected to the notion of an intermediate state. The merit that is transferred to the deceased will help them to cross over safely to the next rebirth. Some Mahāyāna traditions believe that it can help deceased

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People may pursue merit-making for different reasons, as Buddhist orthodoxy allows for various ideals, this-worldly or ultimate. Although many scholars have pointed out that devotees often aim for this-worldly benefits in merit-making, it has also been pointed out that in old age, people tend to make

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says, all fit within the three first bases of merit: 'Giving' includes 'Transferring merit to others' and 'Rejoicing in others' merit' by extension, whereas 'Virtue' includes 'Honouring others' and 'Offering service'. The remaining items 'Listening to Teachings', 'Instructing others in the Teachings'

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In Buddhist texts and practice, giving is considered the easiest of the three bases of merit. It helps to overcome selfishness and stills the mind; it prepares the mind for the practice of virtue. It is also considered a form of saving, considering there is a rebirth in which people receive back what

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Internally, merit makes the mind happy and virtuous. Externally, present good circumstances, such as a long life, health and wealth, as well as the character and abilities someone is born with, arise from merits done in the past and vice versa, with demerits. The merits and demerits a person has done

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in the caste. Just like in the case of karma, some scholars believe that a belief in merit can cause social differences to stay unchanged. This would be the case when the poor, who cannot make much merit, resign to their fate. Other scholars point out that merit can be used to improve social status

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Two practices mentioned in the list of meritorious acts have been studied quite extensively by scholars: dedicating (or transferring) merit to others, and rejoicing in others' merits. Transferring merit is a widespread custom in all Buddhist countries, Mahāyāna, Vajrayāna and Theravāda. In the Pāli

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Thus the Buddhist's view of his present activities has a wider basis, they being but one group of incidents in an indefinitely prolonged past, present and future series. They are, as has been said, no mere train of witnesses for or against him, but a stage in a cumulative force of tremendous power.

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In some cases, merit-making took the form of a community-wide competition, in which different donors tried to outdo each other to prove their generosity and social status. This was the case during merit-making festivals in nineteenth-century Thailand. In modern Thailand, businesses and politicians

1675:, meditation, chanting and other rituals. Giving is the fundamental way of making merit for many laypeople, as monks are not allowed to cook by themselves. Monastics in their turn practice themselves to be a good field of merit and make merit by teaching the donors. Merit-making has thus created a 2630:

Despite its critics, merit release continues to grow, and has also developed new forms in western countries. In 2016, it was widely reported that the Canada-based Great Enlightenment Buddhist Institute Society (GEBIS) had released 600 pounds (270 kg) of lobsters in the ocean. The release was

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Giving can be done in several ways. Some laypeople offer food, others offer robes and supplies, and others fund ceremonies, build monasteries or persuade a relative to ordain as a monk. Young people often temporary ordain as monks, because they believe this will not only yield fruits of merit for

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is said to be neutral in terms of karma, that is, the person no longer generates karma, merit, or demerit. Some scholars have interpreted this to mean that an enlightened person attains a state where distinctions between good and evil no longer exist. Other scholars have criticized this as making

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and waste of resources. In pre-modern Thailand, a great deal of the funds of temples were derived from the profits of land that were offered to temples by royalty and nobility. During the period of religious reform and administrative centralization in the nineteenth and early twentieth century,

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and Winston King have distinguished two forms of Buddhism found in traditional Buddhist societies, "kammatic Buddhism" focused on activities such as merit-making, and "nibbanic Buddhism" which focuses on the liberation from suffering and rebirth. In this theory, called the "transcendency thesis"

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Whether the giver pronounces a certain wish or intention also affects the meritorious deed, as the power of the merits can be channeled toward a certain purpose. The manner in which people give is also important: whether someone gives respectfully or not, and whether by giving someone is harming

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In Buddhist texts further details are given in what way and to what extent a meritorious deed will bring results: this depends on the spiritual quality of the recipient, the spiritual attitude of the giver, the manner in which one gives and the object given. If the recipient is a human, the gift

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were established accordingly. In short, kingship in traditional Buddhist societies was connected with the Sangha as a field of merit: the king assumed an exemplary role as a donor to the Sangha, and the Sangha legitimated the king as a leader of the state. Both facilitated one another, and both

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master Zhao Yizhen recommended the use of the ledgers to examine oneself, to bring emotion in harmony with reason. From the fourth to the sixteenth centuries, many types of ledgers were produced by Buddhist and Tao schools, and the usage of the ledgers grew widespread. The practice of recording

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The main concept of the field of merit is that good deeds done towards some recipients accrue more merit than good deeds to other recipients. This is compared with a seed planted in fertile ground which reaps more and better fruits than in infertile ground. The Sangha is described as a field of

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and calculative, citing its quantitative nature and emphasis on personal benefits in observing morality. Other scholars have pointed out that in Buddhist ethics egoism and altruism may not be as strictly separated as in western thought, personal benefit and that of the other becoming one as the

86:, but in Buddhism it gained a more general ethical meaning. Merit is a force that results from good deeds done; it is capable of attracting good circumstances in a person's life, as well as improving the person's mind and inner well-being. Moreover, it affects the next lives to come, as well as 2461:

Some scholars have suggested that merit-making may have affected the economies of Buddhist countries in a negative way, because spending savings on the local temple would prevent consumption and investment and therefore stunt economic growth. Other researchers have disagreed, pointing out that

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Buddhists are not in agreement with regard to the interpretation, role, and importance of merit. The role of merit-making in Buddhism has been discussed throughout Buddhist history, but much more so in the last centuries. In the nineteenth century, during the rise of Buddhist modernism and the

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region of southern India. In addition, inscriptions at numerous sites across South Asia provide definitive evidence that the transfer of merit was widely practiced in the first few centuries CE. In Theravāda Buddhism, it has become customary for donors to share merits during ceremonies held at

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From the 1980s onward, the communist regimes in Laos and Cambodia no longer viewed Buddhism as an obstacle to the development of the state, and many of the restrictions with regard to Buddhist practice were lifted. In Burma, the former military government approached merit-making practices

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in the heavens are capable of transferring merits, and will do so to help relief the suffering of their devotees, who then can dedicate it to others. This concept has led to several Buddhist traditions focused on devotion. Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna Buddhists transfer merits as part of the

1571:. But in many texts, the Buddha and the Dhamma, and their representations, are also described as fields of merit. For example, Mahāyāna tradition considers production and reverence of Dharma texts very meritorious—this tradition, sometimes referred to as the "cult of the book" ( 1499:(sacrifices) and thereby generating merit for the donors who provided gifts for the sacrifice. In Buddhism, it was the Buddhist monk who assumed this role, considered qualified to receive generosity from devotees and thereby generating merit for them. He came to be described as 1340:) aspect of cleanliness, with enlightenment as its benefit. Phra Payutto does add that both need to be accumulated on the Buddhist path. In making this comparison, he says this only holds for worldly merit, not for transcendental merit. Collins equates transcendental merit with 2349:, which had been rising in South and Southeast Asia. Furthermore, in some Buddhist countries, such as Thailand, there is a tendency among teachers and practitioners to dismiss and even revile merit-making in favor of teachings about detachment and attaining Nirvana, for which 1455:), since they are already perfected. They therefore do not need to accumulate goodness and the resulting happiness anymore. They no longer need to strive for a happy rebirth in the next life, because they have gone beyond rebirth. Their enlightenment is, however, an 2199:

In South and South-East Asia, merit-making was not only a practice for the mass, but was also practiced by the higher echelons of society. Kingship and merit-making went together. In the Tipiṭaka, ideas about good governance were framed in terms of the ideal of the

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that people cannot take anything with them when they die, except for whatever merit and demerit they have done, which will affect their future. Merit can be accumulated in different quantities, and stored up, but also has an impermanent character: it can run out.

551:(the language of Theravada Buddhism, as practiced in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, etc.) definition indicates, this force is associated with goodness and purity of mind. In traditional Buddhist societies, it is believed that merit is more sustainable than that of 1932:

and Jōtika. In Buddhism, by emphasizing the usage of wealth for generosity, accumulating wealth for giving purposes thus became a spiritual practice. But using wealth in unrighteous ways, or hoarding it instead of sharing and giving it, is condemned extensively.

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A meritorious deed will also be very valuable (and sometimes viewed in terms of a field of merit) if performed to repay gratitude to someone (such as parents), or performed out of compassion for those who suffer. Deeds of merit done towards the Sangha as a whole

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is a moral example to the people and possesses enough spiritual merit. It is through this that he earns his sovereignty, as opposed to merely inheriting it. Also, the Buddha himself was born as a prince, and was also a king (Vessantara) in a previous life.

1011:. Not only is the quality of people's next rebirth affected by their merits, but also the circumstances in which they are reborn; not only in the next life, but also in adjacent lives after that. Wealth, lifespan, and position are all contingent on merit. 2058:

the idea is partly refuted by Theravādins. Other scholars have pointed out that the doctrine of the transfer of merit can be found early in the Theravāda tradition. Then there also scholars who propose that, although the transfer of merit did not exist

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The main concept of the field of merit is that good deeds done towards some recipients accrue more merit than good deeds to other recipients. This is compared with a seed planted in fertile ground, which reaps more and better fruits than in infertile

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dated the Buddhist doctrine of transfer of merit in its fully developed form to the period between the fifth and seventh centuries CE. Scholars perceived that it was discordant with early Buddhist understandings of karma, and noticed that in the

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The association of wealth with merits done has deeply affected many Buddhist countries. The relation between giving and wealth is ubiquitous in vernacular Pāli literature, and many stories of exemplary donors exist, such as the stories of

1691:. Very often, merit-making is done as a group, and it is believed that such shared merit-making will cause people to be born together in next lives. This belief holds for families, friends, communities and even the country as a whole. 9758: 7096: 10599: 7492: 7333: 740:. When people die, what world they will be reborn into depends on how intense they practice these three bases of merit. It is, however, only mental development that can take someone to the highest heavenly worlds, or to Nirvana. 562:

or worldly power. The way merit works, is that acts of merit bring good and agreeable results, whereas demeritorious acts bring bad and disagreeable results. A mixture of the two generates mixed results in a person's life. This

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planned in agreement with local lobster-men. In the same year, Wendy Cook from Lincoln, United States, bought about 135 rabbits from a farm to raise them under better conditions. The costly release, advertised on Facebook as

2608:, making a resolution, and transfer of merits. Though the most common practice is the releasing of fish and birds back in nature, there are also other forms: in Tibet, animals are bought from the slaughterhouse to release. 1367:

This transcendency thesis has also been applied to scriptural interpretation. When discussing the path to the attainment of Nirvana, in some passages in the Tipiṭaka merit is rejected. For example, in the Padhāna Sutta, the

1946:, instead of becoming liberated. It is the attachment to wealth that is an obstacle on the spiritual path, not wealth per se. Stories illustrating these themes in vernacular Buddhist literature, have profoundly influenced 1871: 2635:, was supported by Buddhist monastics from Singapore and the Tibetan tradition, and was based on the idea of merit-making. In a less successful attempt, two Taiwanese Buddhists released crab and lobsters in the sea at 2309:(doing good deeds, developing good habits to become a Buddha) were greatly emphasized in this festival, through the story about Prince Vessantara's generosity. During the reform period of Rama IV, as Thai Buddhism was 2048:

Initially in the Western study of Buddhism, some scholars believed that the transfer of merit was a uniquely Mahāyāna practice and that it was developed only at a late period after the historical Buddha. For example,

10243: 603:, some scholars conclude that merit is inherently stronger than demerit. Moreover, many merits together have the power to prevent demerits from having an effect, by pushing them "to the back of the queue" ( 2152:

of all main schools of Buddhism. Indeed, the transfer of merits has grown that important in Buddhism, that it has become a major way for Buddhism to sustain itself. In Japan, some temples are even called

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In some cases, merit-making was even continued after a person's death: in ancient Thai tradition, it was considered meritorious for people to dedicate their corpses to feed the wild animals after death.

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did not really change. In Buddhism, the idea of an eternal heaven was rejected, but it was believed that merit could help achieve a rebirth in a temporary heaven. Merit was no longer merely a product of

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is subject to different interpretations. Considering that no other similar passage can be found in the Tipiṭaka, Keown believes that only this passage is not enough to base the transcendency thesis on.

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In the last seven centuries in Thailand, the Vessantara Jātaka has played a significant role in legitimating kingship in Thailand, through a yearly festival known as the 'Preaching of the Great Life' (

7660: 726:, and are also considered a merit itself, helping the practitioner to become strong and healthy. The benefits of practicing the three bases of merits are also summarised as three forms of happiness ( 2027:

Buddhist traditions provide detailed descriptions of how this transfer proceeds. Transferring merit to another person, usually deceased relatives, is simply done by a mental wish. Despite the word

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and scholars. Studies done in Cambodia, Hong Kong and Taiwan have shown that the practice may not only be fatal for a high percentage of the released animals, but may also affect the survival of

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is used for transferring merit, meaning 'bending round or towards, transfer, dedication'. Of these translations, 'transfer of merit' has become commonplace, though objected to by some scholars.

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disguised himself as a peasant and started to earn his living working on a paddy field, so he would be able to gain more merit by working himself to obtain resources to give to Buddhist monks.

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and Anisaṃsa texts, as well as in many Mahāyāna texts, merit is the main concept. It is regarded as something which can be accumulated throughout different lifetimes in the process of attaining

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Lehman, F. K. (1 January 1972). "Doctrine, Practice, and Belief in Theravada Buddhism (Review of Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and its Burmese Vicissitudes by Melford E. Spiro)".

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evidence from South and South-East Asia. In Sri Lanka, from the tenth century CE onward, kings have assumed the role of a lay protector of the Sangha, and so have Thai kings, during the

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In several Buddhist countries, it has been common to record merits done. In China, it was common for many centuries to keep record of someone's meritorious deeds in 'merit ledgers' (

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often make merit to improve their public image and increase confidence among customers or voters. In Burma, lay devotees form associations to engage in merit-making as a community.

149:. In Buddhist societies, a great variety of practices involving merit-making has grown throughout the centuries, sometimes involving great self-sacrifice. Merit has become part of 9695: 8851: 8814: 6096: 5879: 5502: 3776: 1007:

Another aspect of meritorious acts, emphasised more in later literature, is the idea that a single meritorious act done will reap many fruits, as, for example, expressed in the

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Salguero, C. Pierce (November 2013), "Fields of Merit, Harvests of Health: Some Notes on the Role of Medical Karma in the Popularization of Buddhism in Early Medieval China",

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Since the 2000s, studies in China have shown a growing interest among local government officials to promote merit-making activities, believing it to stimulate local economy.

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would be regarded as an indirect path or obstacle to Nirvana, and there are passages that directly relate merit to Nirvana. Sometimes a distinction is made between worldly (

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may have contributed to the ideals of Buddhist kingship. In these vernacular Pāli works, examples are given of royalty performing meritorious acts, sometimes as a form of

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intent on accomplishing Buddhahood and bringing other beings across the ocean of suffering, must do so by accumulating all sorts of merits, in this context also called

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Schlieter, Jens (October 2013). "Checking the heavenly 'bank account of karma': cognitive metaphors for karma in Western perception and early Theravāda Buddhism".

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merit with a view on the next life and liberation. Among lay people, women tend to engage in merit-making more than men, and this may be a way for them to enhance

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Communist regimes, Buddhists in South and Southeast Asia became more critical about merit-making when it became associated with magical practices, privileging,

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and Buddhist societies, and explains why people are different and lead different lives in many ways. Karma is self-regulatory and natural: it operates without

490:, a concept of rebirth was established and it was believed that life in heaven was determined by the merit accumulated in previous lives, but the focus on the 2639:, United Kingdom, to make merit. They were fined by the authorities for £15,000 for a wildlife offense that could have significant impact on native species. 7681: 9666: 7816: 5373: 2527:, to the extent of becoming an insurgency which was suppressed by the government. This insurgency became known to Thai historians as the "rebellion of the 11714: 10746: 8545: 10338: 9131: 7213: 6160: 5205: 454:. The Buddhist term has, however, more of an impermanent character than the English translation implies, and the Buddhist term does not imply a sense of 10039: 7021: 6499: 6260: 5981: 5566: 5352: 5115: 2263:

Because of these traditions, kings have had an important role in maintaining the Sangha, and publicly performed grand acts of merit, as is testified by

12629: 11104: 8911: 2376:, the interest in merit is less than among Asian Buddhists, but they strongly appreciate the generosity and reverence as exhibited by Asian Buddhists. 2063:

in early Buddhism, early doctrines did form a basis for it, the transfer of merit being an "inherent consequence" (Bechert) of these early doctrines.

1579:. In other traditions a Buddha image is also considered a field of merit, and any good deed involving a Buddha image is considered very meritorious. 9832: 2148:), and there is almost no ceremony without some form of merit transfer. Thus, merit transfer has developed to become a standard element in the basic 870:

Buddhism, merit is always accrued through morally (good) actions. Such good deeds are also highly valued in the other two Buddhist schools, that is

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by Schumann, Hans Wolfgang, trans. by Georg Fenerstein, Rider: 1973, p. 92. Cited in "The Notion of Merit in Indian Religions," by Tommi Lehtonen,

129:) is also known, which is different from merit in some details. The most fruitful form of merit-making is those good deeds done with regard to the 10666: 165:

to one's deceased relatives, of which the origin is still a matter of scholarly debate. Merit has been that important in Buddhist societies, that

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The idea that a certain power could be transferred from one to another was known before the arising of Buddhism. In religious texts such as the

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Contrary to popular conceptions, merit-making is done by both monastics and laypeople alike. Buddhist monks or lay Buddhists earn merit through

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some studies done in rural Burma, up to thirty percent of people's income was spent on merit-making. In 2014, when Burma ranked highest on the

1399:). Some scholars, supporting the transcendency thesis, have interpreted this to mean that merit can only lead to happiness and progress within 75:, merit-making remains essential in traditional Buddhist countries and has had a significant impact on the rural economies in these countries. 10284:

Shiu, Henry; Stokes, Leah (November 2008), "Buddhist Animal Release Practices: Historic, Environmental, Public Health And Economic Concerns",

1563:: giving to the Sangha was the first Buddhist activity which allowed for community participation, and preceded the first rituals in Buddhism. 1451:). Keown attempts to overcome this problem by proposing that enlightened people are beyond the accumulative experience of good deeds (merit, 11074: 3128: 2513:

is often used in traditional Thai texts about the previous lives of the Buddha. Besides the example of the king himself, certain monks and

1021:(a young monk), a monk, many monks, and the Buddha yield even more fruits, in ascending order. If the giver is motivated by greed or other 184:

rebellions which took place in the last centuries, as well as in the revival of certain forms of merit-making, such as the much discussed

10543: 9716: 9381: 8876: 8839: 8518: 8313: 6121: 5904: 5527: 3801: 2102:. In the period preceding the arising of Buddhism, it was believed that after a person's death he had to be transformed from a wandering 9626: 11182: 2533: 2293: 1762: 1658: 1646: 1330: 1314: 1298: 367: 10917: 527:

Merit is a "beneficial and protective force which extends over a long period of time" (B.J. Terwiel)—and is the effect of good deeds (

10939: 4709: 2341:

At the beginning of the twentieth century, perspectives of merit-making had changed again, as merit-making was being associated with

9999: 1403:, but does not lead to Nirvana, and must in fact be discarded before attaining Nirvana. Marasinghe believes, however, that the word 878:(Tibet, Nepal, etc.). In some forms of Mahāyāna or Vajrayāna it is believed, however, that even more merit will accrue from certain 13600: 9729: 3480:

Elucidation of the intrinsic meaning so named the Commentary on the Vimāna stories (Paramattha-dīpanī nāma Vimānavatthu-aṭṭhakathā)

2275:(fourteenth until eighteenth centuries). In fact, a number of kings in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Burma have described themselves as 9409:

Jory, Patrick (2002), "The Vessantara Jataka, barami and the bodhisatta kings: The origin and spread of a Thai concept of power",

4692: 1824:. Other kinds of occasions of merit-making are also upheld. A special form of merit-making less frequently engaged in is going on 180:, but merit-making is still ubiquitous in many societies. Examples of the impact of beliefs about merit-making can be seen in the 13449: 12901: 10450: 8204: 6895:"Saccaka's Challenge–A Study of the Saṃyukta-āgama Parallel to the Cūḷasaccaka-sutta in Relation to the Notion of Merit Transfer" 6774: 6679: 4286: 2128:

Sree Padma and Anthony Barber note that merit transfer was well-established and a very integral part of Buddhist practice in the

1576: 1407:

in this passage refers to merit in the pre-Buddhist Brahmanical sense, connected with rituals and sacrifice, and the lay life.

927:

Merit is a "beneficial and protective force which extends over a long period of time" (Terwiel)—and is the effect of good deeds.

13104: 11084: 10703: 9351:

Holt, John C. (1 January 1981), "Assisting the Dead by Venerating the Living: Merit Transfer in the Early Buddhist Tradition",

9091:(1 January 1971), ""Merit Transference" in Sinhalese Buddhism: A Case Study of the Interaction between Doctrine and Practice", 7769: 4494: 9077: 1679:

relationship between laypeople and Sangha, and the Sangha is obligated to be accessible to laypeople, for them to make merit.

10660: 10618: 10589: 10515: 10444: 10415: 10391: 10367: 10332: 10260: 10225: 10187: 10131: 10111: 10084: 10033: 9969: 9933: 9897: 9777: 9710: 9605: 9575: 9498: 9471: 9444: 9342: 9303: 9229: 9206: 9182: 9144: 8995: 8971: 8898: 8870: 8833: 8804: 8780: 8634: 8055: 7924: 7717: 7675: 7565: 7509: 7352: 7207: 7163: 7115: 7076: 6768: 6673: 6493: 6395: 6254: 6222: 6154: 6115: 6019: 5975: 5941: 5898: 5560: 5521: 5346: 5199: 5163: 5109: 4951: 4717: 4377: 4280: 4109: 3795: 3664: 3542: 3493: 3441: 3045: 1004:), and an intention to enlighten others as well, as well as the transferring of merits to all living beings to that effect. 71:. In addition, merit is also shared with a deceased loved one, in order to help the deceased in their new existence. Despite 10231: 9801:

Mulder, Niels (1969), "Merit: An investigation of the motivational qualities of the Buddhist concept of merit in Thailand",

1778:, a story of a previous life of the Buddha which is held sacred. This festival, seven centuries old, played a major role in 11267: 11109: 9194:

Land of bliss: The paradise of the Buddha of measureless light (Sanskrit and Chinese versions of the Sukhāvatīvyūha sutras)

1805:

are typically occasions to make merit, as gifts are given to elders, and robes are sewn for the Sangha. In South Korea, a

13444: 10787: 9611: 9309: 3521: 1865: 9597: 8486: 1907:) was sometimes kept by someone for years and read in the last moments of life. This practice was based on the story of 13341: 12891: 10986: 10610: 10383: 10252: 9995: 8419: 7501: 7344: 7068: 3337: 1719: 11187: 8645: 1640:

The ten bases of merit are very popular in Buddhist countries. In China, other similar lists are also well-known. In

13434: 10759: 2501:

are people who are considered to have much merit from past lives, whose influence morally affects society at large.

520:; the Buddhist scriptures), the importance of merit is often stressed. Merit is generally considered fundamental to 13119: 12864: 2620: 1801:, when they offer robes, money and other requisites to the Sangha as a way to make merit. In Burma, the two yearly 1739: 751: 10572: 7907: 7020:. Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica. Vol. 186 (1 ed.). Sri Satguru Publications. pp. 33, 37. Archived from 1965:, and in seventeenth-century China. Moreover, Schopen has shown that Buddhism has had strong connections with the 13511: 13501: 11330: 10461: 3016:(in Russian). Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, National public and Science Foundation. 2604:, among other sources. It often involves a large number of animals which are released simultaneously, as well as 2598:

comeback in some societies. Its origins are unclear, but traditionally it is said to originate from the Mahāyāna

2556: 2338:

however, Thai temples were no longer supported in this manner and had to find other ways to maintain themselves.

902:

practitioner progresses on the spiritual path. Buddhist ethics is informed by Buddhist metaphysics, notably, the

98:), and it is believed that merit is able to weaken demerit. Indeed, merit has even been connected to the path to 10714: 10541:

Walsh, Michael J. (24 May 2007), "The Economics of Salvation: Toward a Theory of Exchange in Chinese Buddhism",

8643:

Bao, Jiemin (2005), "Merit-Making Capitalism: Re-territorializing Thai Buddhism in Silicon Valley, California",

1883:

In Theravāda countries, for example in Burma and Sri Lanka, similar customs have been observed. In Sri Lanka, a

524:, in nearly all Buddhist traditions. Merit-making is very important to Buddhist practice in Buddhist societies. 13456: 13109: 12911: 12802: 12747: 11320: 10780: 10407: 10359: 10217: 9567: 9198: 9174: 8987: 3714: 2373: 1828:, which is mostly common in Tibet and Japan. This practice is highly regarded and considered very meritorious. 1201:. Both pairs are used for distinguishing between ethically right and wrong. However, even though the negatives 465:

sacrifice, and it was believed that merit accrued through such sacrifice would bring the devotee to an eternal

9150: 7879:

Bell, Sandra (25 June 2008). "British theravada Buddhism: Otherworldly theories, and the theory of exchange".

13426: 13124: 12807: 11099: 10932: 9165: 8772: 4757:

Aronson, Harvey B. (1 January 1979). "The Relationship of the Karmic to the Nirvanic in Theravāda Buddhism".

1411: 10692:

Field research study on how merit-making practices benefit disabled people in a traditional Buddhist country

8459: 6002: 1098:

In giving up wrongful (sexual) conduct, the practitioner will find inner peace and peace in the family life;

743: 446:, has in the latter part of the twentieth century gradually been used as a translation of the Buddhist term 13009: 12881: 12852: 12554: 9961: 9925: 9889: 9524: 9010: 1846:). Although a belief in merit and retribution had preceded the merit ledgers by many centuries, during the 1475: 1257:) practices such as meditation are also included in the path of merit. It is unlikely that in the Tipiṭaka 1095:

In giving up stealing, the practitioner will find security in life, economically, socially and spiritually;

9854: 4469: 747:

Giving helps to overcome selfishness and stills the mind; it prepares the mind for the practice of virtue.

63:

is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, determines the quality of the

59:. It is a beneficial and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts. 12700: 12609: 12079: 11724: 11237: 11132: 9840: 8212: 7040: 3827: 1559:

emphasized offerings to the Brahmin priest. That is not to say that such offerings were not important in

12244: 2551:

have taken place in the history of Thai, Laos, Cambodia and Burma. For example, in Cambodia, there were

1548:

The difference with the Brahmanical tradition was, according to Marasinghe, that Buddhism did recognize

13549: 13029: 12505: 11991: 11114: 10947: 10750: 9334: 9295: 9039: 8796: 8626: 8290: 5155: 1382: 12439: 7155: 714:. Being the main criterion for moral behaviour in Buddhism, virtue is mostly about the undertaking of 13439: 13252: 13242: 13114: 12097: 11677: 11438: 11413: 9463: 9235: 8580:"The Impossibility of the Given: Representations of Merit and Emptiness in Medieval Chinese Buddhism" 8047: 5933: 5151: 2284: 2099: 1447:

neutral. Indeed, the Buddha is quoted in the Tipiṭaka as saying he is foremost in 'higher morality' (

885: 68: 11463: 9454: 8036: 7789: 7739: 5922: 3463: 2519:

have assumed this role throughout history. In Thailand, around the turn of the twentieth century, a

2486: 13605: 13544: 12896: 12710: 12688: 12681: 12584: 12117: 11737: 11553: 11498: 11119: 10925: 10723: 9855:"Theravada Buddhism and Traditional Religion in Lathao, A Tai Khampti Village in Arunachal Pradesh" 9631: 9053: 2763:

may also originate from a translation of Pāli terms. In Pāli texts several of such terms were used.

1245:

refers to the experience of the consequences of the action. He further points out that in the Pāli

248: 10607:

Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia

7494:

Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia

7341:

Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia

7065:

Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia

1710:

People were so intent on merit-making and giving, that in some societies, people would even offer

13481: 13461: 12792: 12772: 12529: 12259: 11503: 9953: 9917: 9881: 9255: 9073: 8673: 8268: 7916: 7006: 4943: 3820:"Funerary rites and the Buddhist meaning of death: An interpretative text from Northern Thailand" 2564: 2544: 443: 6214: 6203: 13491: 13331: 12999: 12969: 12742: 12693: 12534: 12482: 12477: 12239: 12060: 11957: 11709: 11704: 11453: 10828: 10803: 6011: 5998: 3708: 2039:. Another way of transferring merit, apart from helping the deceased, is to dedicate it to the 1779: 1672: 1560: 170: 11821: 8737:

Brekke, Torkel (1 January 1998), "Contradiction and the Merit of Giving in Indian Religions",

7707: 6894: 5145: 4099: 2578: 13496: 13466: 13047: 12979: 12812: 12727: 12722: 12646: 12641: 12559: 11089: 9687: 5385: 1802: 1113:

In giving up lust, the practitioner finds freedom in life through contentment and simplicity;

423: 177: 91: 12112: 7996: 13519: 13486: 13471: 12989: 12886: 12832: 12717: 12656: 12624: 12619: 12604: 12589: 12579: 12544: 12457: 12149: 12072: 11375: 11315: 11064: 11031: 10981: 9522:

Keyes, Charles F. (1 January 1977), "Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and Thai Society",

8701: 7765: 5282: 2653: 1641: 1627: 1568: 703: 395: 13359: 11974: 11843: 11769: 11645: 11383: 1369: 1324:) aspect of such cleanliness, with worldly benefits such as wealth, praise and happiness; 1119:

In giving up wrong views, the practitioner will not falter in the good and spiritual path.

770:

can make merit by performing ten deeds. Seven items are then added to the previous three:

8: 13326: 13205: 13039: 13014: 13004: 12964: 12941: 12824: 12797: 12757: 12676: 12666: 12594: 12521: 11952: 11809: 11590: 11568: 11520: 11340: 11140: 10996: 10976: 10906: 10880: 10823: 10718: 10652: 10581: 10200: 9006:"The Spiritual Land Rush: Merit and Morality in New Chinese Buddhist Temple Construction" 8318: 3534: 1908: 1521:, the sacrificial offering itself. The Sangha (monastic community) was also described as 1092:

In giving up the taking of life, the practitioner will accomplish freedom from vexations;

723: 381: 162: 158: 11300: 11227: 10479: 6388:

Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins.

4167:

Perrett, Roy W. (March 1987). "Egoism, altruism and intentionalism in Buddhist ethics".

2582:

Merit release is a ritual of releasing animals from captivity, as a way of making merit.

2085: 1875:

introduced the basics of the system of merit ledgers. In the fourteenth century CE, the

1443:. The fact that an enlightened person is neutral in terms of karma, does not mean he is 13389: 13294: 13136: 13099: 13094: 13024: 12974: 12921: 12916: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12767: 12752: 12737: 12732: 12671: 12651: 12614: 12539: 12344: 12045: 11969: 11847: 11789: 11630: 11530: 11458: 11433: 11079: 11009: 10733: 10560: 10467: 10301: 10157: 9820: 9746: 9648: 9549: 9541: 9490: 9418: 9368: 9116: 9108: 9027: 8963: 8726: 8718: 8689: 8662: 8608: 8600: 8284: 7777: 7727: 6428: 5853: 4936: 4766: 4184: 4146: 3919: 3911: 3652:

Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins

3451: 3218: 3210: 2616: 2369: 2322: 2310: 1984:", but he does speculate on a historical relation between the concept of merit and the 1714:

and their family to a Buddhist temple, as one high-ranking minister did in the ancient

1055: 1022: 99: 87: 79: 72: 64: 13188: 10729: 10245:

Nirvana for Sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakāya Temple in Contemporary Thailand

10076:

History of Buddhism in Ceylon: The Anuradhapura Period, 3rd Century BC-10th Century AC

8792:

The Ledgers of Merit and Demerit: Social Change and Moral Order in Late Imperial China

8368: 5292: 13567: 13529: 13225: 13210: 13173: 13158: 12931: 12847: 12762: 12599: 12564: 12549: 12276: 12266: 11947: 11794: 11779: 11650: 11573: 11493: 11428: 11360: 11247: 11004: 10854: 10738: 10656: 10614: 10585: 10564: 10511: 10489: 10440: 10411: 10387: 10363: 10328: 10256: 10221: 10183: 10170: 10161: 10127: 10107: 10103: 10080: 10029: 9965: 9929: 9893: 9866: 9824: 9773: 9706: 9660: 9601: 9571: 9553: 9494: 9467: 9440: 9398: 9338: 9299: 9274: 9225: 9202: 9178: 9140: 9120: 9031: 8991: 8967: 8927: 8894: 8866: 8829: 8800: 8776: 8754: 8730: 8666: 8630: 8612: 8051: 7920: 7713: 7671: 7561: 7505: 7348: 7203: 7159: 7111: 7072: 6909: 6764: 6669: 6489: 6432: 6391: 6250: 6218: 6150: 6111: 6015: 5971: 5937: 5894: 5556: 5517: 5342: 5195: 5159: 5105: 4947: 4713: 4373: 4276: 4188: 4150: 4105: 3923: 3791: 3660: 3538: 3489: 3485: 3437: 3222: 3041: 2783: 2663: 2600: 2437: 2417: 2253: 2216: 2180: 2166: 2140: 2090: 2076: 1997: 1899: 1775: 1703: 1537: 1147: 1131: 996: 972: 622: 539: 512: 476: 288: 166: 154: 40: 12511: 11305: 11205: 10305: 9432:

Thailand's Theory of Monarchy: The Vessantara Jataka and the Idea of the Perfect Man

6763:. Vol. 2. New York (u.a.): Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale. p. 379. 3033:"Theravāda Buddhism and Brahmanical Hinduism: Brahmanical Terms in a Buddhist Guise" 981: 13215: 13168: 13163: 13019: 12984: 12959: 12954: 12705: 12661: 12574: 12249: 11898: 11682: 11672: 11558: 11222: 11094: 10864: 10552: 10475: 10293: 10149: 10093: 9812: 9738: 9679: 9640: 9622: 9533: 9390: 9360: 9264: 9161: 9127: 9100: 9088: 9019: 8746: 8710: 8685: 8654: 8592: 8496: 8364: 7888: 6420: 4176: 4138: 3903: 3429: 3200: 2787: 2612: 2407: 2272: 2268: 2225: 2149: 2067: 2020:

is used, meaning 'giving of the acquired'. And in the Sanskrit tradition, the word

1735: 1552:

ways of generating merit apart from offerings to the monk, whereas the Brahmanical

711: 604: 565: 328: 262: 236: 150: 83: 32:

Merit, demerit and its retributions at the level of the individual. Based on Spiro.

20: 12294: 9269: 8768:

Of Beggars and Buddhas: The Politics of Humor in the Vessantara Jataka in Thailand

6384:

The History of the Buddha's Relic Shrine: A Translation of the Sinhala Thupavamsa.

2725:

The announcing of a certain intention in reference to the actions someone has done

1104:

In giving up slander, the practitioner will be protected socially and spiritually;

548: 13579: 13524: 13476: 13404: 13274: 13072: 13052: 12994: 12906: 12569: 12467: 12314: 12050: 12033: 12018: 11996: 11548: 11418: 11252: 11232: 10818: 10763: 10691: 10501: 10401: 10377: 10353: 10204: 10196: 10179: 10153: 10121: 10074: 10050: 9675: 9584: 9561: 9484: 9456:

People of virtue: Reconfiguring religion, power and moral order in Cambodia today

9430: 9394: 9328: 9192: 9046:

Religious Propensity of Urban Communities: A Case Study of Phra Dhammakaya Temple

8981: 8957: 8941:

Interdependence, Impermanence, and Buddhist Responses to the Environmental Crisis

8888: 8790: 8766: 8620: 8044:

People of virtue: Reconfiguring religion, power and moral order in Cambodia today

7553: 7147: 6890: 6424: 5930:

People of virtue: Reconfiguring religion, power and moral order in Cambodia today

4369:

The way to Nirvana: Six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation

4367: 3650: 2772:

There are also other forms that are practiced, varying from four to eleven parts.

2041: 1947: 1811: 1611:

yields even more fruits than deeds of merit to the person of the Buddha himself.

1572: 1285: 1218: 702:

they have given. As for virtue, this comprises three out of eight aspects of the

521: 106: 56: 12324: 11478: 11468: 8676:(1989), "'False Consciousness' and the Problem of Merit and Power in Thailand", 3710:

A History of the Thet Maha Chat and its Contribution to a Thai Political Culture

3523:

The connected discourses of the Buddha: a new translation of the Saṃyutta Nikāya

3433: 1209:

have almost the same meaning, there are some differences between the positives,

897:

A number of scholars have criticized the concepts of merit and karma as amoral,

28: 13534: 13237: 13087: 12869: 12449: 12429: 12349: 12038: 12028: 11962: 11799: 11285: 11148: 10890: 10859: 10838: 10507: 10070: 9816: 9803: 8714: 3425: 2605: 2129: 1110:

In giving up frivolous speech, the practitioner will become wise and dignified;

866:

and 'Straightening one's own views' are part of 'Mental development'. Thus, in

719: 580: 559: 118: 10297: 10097: 10054: 9023: 8604: 7892: 2055: 1940: 13594: 13304: 13153: 12462: 12364: 12222: 12023: 12001: 11937: 11608: 11403: 11398: 11290: 10959: 10493: 10349: 9870: 9833:"The concepts of power and moral goodness in the contemporary Thai worldview" 9402: 9278: 9060: 8931: 8907: 8758: 8750: 8696: 8263: 7753: 7656: 7038:

Keyes, Charles F. (1975). "Tug-of-war for merit cremation of a senior monk".

6913: 3530: 3133: 2729: 2648: 2520: 2350: 2334: 2206: 2176: 2050: 1962: 1929: 1916: 1889: 1750: 1715: 1599: 1587: 1527: 1391: 1360: 1273: 1263: 1179:

are roots connected with good qualities of the mind. Both of them are called

1107:

In giving up harsh language, the practitioner's words will be more effective;

1070: 1031: 986: 962: 957: 912: 871: 759: 728: 715: 612: 600: 571: 529: 359: 350: 48: 11762: 11752: 11124: 10556: 8355:

Severinghaus, Lucia Liu; Chi, Li (1999). "Prayer animal release in Taiwan".

5286: 4938:

Consequences of Compassion: An Interpretation and Defense of Buddhist Ethics

2133:

intervals, and during a teaching. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, it is believed that

1911:, and was mostly practiced by the royalty and rich during the period of the 1806: 644: 102:

itself, but many scholars say that this refers only to some types of merit.

13394: 13379: 13349: 13299: 13289: 13131: 12926: 12419: 12254: 12132: 11920: 11915: 11742: 11613: 11488: 10949: 10436: 10324: 10171:"Religious merit and social status among Burmese Buddhist Lay Associations" 9480: 9133:

Theravada Buddhism a social history: from ancient Benares to modern Colombo

8890:

Nirvana and other Buddhist felicities : utopias of the Pali imaginaire

8862: 8825: 8658: 8550: 8523: 8309: 6665: 6485: 6107: 5890: 5513: 5191: 4272: 3787: 3484:. Translated by Masefield, Peter; Jayawickrama, N.A. (1 ed.). Oxford: 3027: 2724: 2712: 2683: 2592: 2241: 2112: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1847: 1376: 1234: 1116:

In giving up hatred, the practitioner will develop kindness and gentleness;

1101:

In giving up lying, the practitioner will attain purity of speech and mind;

1008: 907: 796: 707: 690: 592: 507: 314: 185: 12177: 12162: 12122: 11819: 11483: 11059: 10605:, in Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.), 9560:

Keyes, Charles F. (1983), Keyes, Charles F.; Daniel, E. Valentine (eds.),

7339:. In Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.). 7063:. In Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.). 6813: 6811: 4142: 2006:

Sometimes transferring merit is symbolized by pouring water into a vessel.

1935: 1237:, however, believes they are merely different angles of the same concept: 875: 867: 688: 674: 657: 461:

Before the arising of Buddhism, merit was commonly used in the context of

422:", meaning 'it cleans or purifies the life-continuity'. Its opposites are 411: 13364: 13193: 12334: 12319: 12102: 11910: 11838: 11618: 11448: 11350: 11197: 11069: 10772: 9949: 9913: 9877: 9379:

Jones, Richard H. (1 September 1979), "Theravāda Buddhism and Morality",

8699:(July 1992), "Buddha-field and transfer of merit in a Theravāda source", 8258: 2470: 2463: 2346: 2305: 2201: 1974: 1954: 1953:

Several scholars have described merit as a sort of spiritual currency or

1915:. More recent practice has also been observed, for example, as a form of 1790:) Making merit is the central theme of the festival. Since the period of 1688: 1183:

because they are qualities that can be cultivated and grown in the mind.

1080: 862: 853:

Straightening one's own views in accordance with the Buddha's Teachings (

763: 462: 13354: 11814: 10403:

Practically religious: worldly benefits and the common religion of Japan

10176:

Merit and blessing in mainland Southeast Asia in comparative perspective

9422: 8722: 4770: 2497:

movements as has been studied in Thailand and other Buddhist societies.

2228:. His roles and duties are discussed extensively in Buddhist texts. The 432:('infertile, barren, harmful, bringing ill fortune'), of which the term 13309: 13267: 13143: 12949: 12874: 12488: 12472: 12434: 12414: 12309: 12284: 12192: 12127: 12107: 11853: 11784: 11655: 11538: 11508: 11443: 11393: 11051: 11041: 11014: 10833: 10503:

A History of Myanmar since Ancient Times Traditions and Transformations

9727:

McDermott, James P. (1 January 1975), "The Kathāvatthu Kamma Debates",

9652: 9545: 9436: 9372: 9112: 7930: 6808: 4180: 4126: 3915: 3214: 2342: 2264: 2245: 1966: 1854: 1825: 1597:

yield greater fruits than deeds done towards one particular recipient (

1485: 1258: 1015:

yields more fruits than if the recipient is an animal, but a gift to a

949: 937: 755: 487: 415: 130: 12329: 11325: 9750: 8939: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5472: 5470: 1515:('qualified to accept the offering'), by analogy with the Brahmanical 1511:('worthy of sacrifice', used in offerings to the ritual fire); and as 13284: 13257: 12424: 12299: 12011: 11927: 11804: 11694: 11667: 11660: 11623: 11580: 11543: 11310: 11275: 11242: 11217: 11172: 10485: 9769: 9218:

Being a Buddhist nun: the struggle for enlightenment in the Himalayas

8487:"P.E.I. monks buy 600 lbs of lobster to release them into ocean" 7491:

Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (2003).

7202:. Vol. 11 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 7496–7. 7107: 7092: 6149:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 9840–1. 4127:"On the Classification of Śāntideva's Ethics in the Bodhicaryāvatāra" 3656: 2687: 2036: 1939:(thirst, desire, greed, craving) is what keeps a person wandering in 1912: 1676: 470: 110: 13057: 11893: 11747: 11513: 11295: 11164: 11156: 10574:

The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya

10355:

Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes

10314:"Worship and devotional life: Buddhist devotional life in East Asia" 9644: 9596:, translated by Webb-Boin, Sara; Dantinne, Jean (English ed.), 9537: 9509: 9364: 9253:

Hanks, Lucien M (1962), "Merit and power in the Thai social order",

8440: 7460: 5104:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. pp. 1261–4. 3907: 3205: 3188: 3032: 2098:). Apart from these transfers of power, a second origin is found in 1422:

should be let go of in order to attain liberation. Whereas the term

941: 923: 736:)—happiness as a human being, happiness in heaven, and happiness in 579:) or "automatic cosmic reaction" (Brokaw) is a common idea found in 300: 13574: 13414: 13369: 13314: 13279: 13183: 12842: 12409: 12404: 12354: 12289: 12207: 12172: 12167: 11828: 11699: 11687: 11598: 11257: 10954: 10901: 10600:"Communal Karma and Karmic Community in Theravada Buddhist History" 9742: 9411:

Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies

9104: 8596: 8579: 8491: 7758: 6989: 5804: 5467: 3007: 2636: 2280: 1958: 1745: 1517: 1017: 208: 12399: 12389: 12374: 12197: 12067: 11335: 10126:, Oxford University Press, Moral economies and market moralities, 9288:

An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues

7558:

Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures

6364: 5921:

Ledgerwood, Judy (2008), Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.),

3942: 2563:

have profoundly affected the way Thai people relate to authority.

2538: 2298: 1767: 1663: 1651: 1439:

little sense, considering how the Buddha would normally emphasise

1335: 1319: 1303: 1281:) merit, in which only transcendental merit leads to liberation. 371: 13319: 13262: 13247: 12394: 12384: 12359: 12234: 12229: 12187: 12157: 12089: 12055: 11942: 11883: 11878: 11732: 11635: 11473: 11423: 11210: 11036: 10896: 10055:"Interpretation of Two Principal Ethical Terms in Early Buddhism" 8959:

Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism

8622:

Narrating karma and rebirth: Buddhist and Jain multi-life stories

6249:. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. p. 2187. 6210: 5970:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. p. 1306. 5861:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Universities

5555:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. p. 1155. 5341:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson Gale. p. 9094. 5125: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2515: 2396: 2224:), the king who rules righteously and non-violently according to 1919:. or as part of the activities of lay merit-making associations. 1859: 1798: 1791: 1504: 1226: 1078:). In Mahāyāna, this teaching is described as the way in which a 945: 767: 737: 500: 117:. In addition, there are many forms of merit-making described in 114: 12006: 11774: 10885: 9224:(online ed.), Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard university press, 8546:"Two Buddhists fined £15,000 for releasing crustaceans into sea" 8314:"Buddhist Ceremonial Release of Captive Birds May Harm Wildlife" 8236: 6944: 6140:"Worship and devotional life: Buddhist devotional life in Tibet" 5608: 5606: 4960: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2786:

by citing that the labor there yielded merit. At the same time,

2380:

Average expenses in merit-making per person, in Thailand, 2005.

2188: 2116:

ceremonies, which would secure the destiny of the deceased as a

2084:). A similar belief existed with regard to the energy gained by 1706:, a story of a previous life of the Buddha which is held sacred. 1702:

In Thailand and Laos, a yearly festival is held, focused on the

786: 776: 676: 659: 13399: 13384: 13220: 13082: 13062: 12837: 12499: 12379: 12369: 12304: 11932: 11888: 11873: 11863: 11833: 11757: 11640: 11408: 11280: 11024: 11019: 5729: 5038: 4864: 2249: 2192: 1880:

merits has survived in China and Japan until the present day.

1837: 1440: 1435: 1248: 1172: 1085: 903: 898: 879: 838: 584: 496: 466: 407: 274: 146: 138: 134: 8399: 8387: 8088: 6706: 6704: 4513: 4236: 4224: 4026: 4024: 3990: 3755: 3753: 3371: 3369: 3367: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2896: 13539: 13374: 13232: 13198: 13178: 13148: 13077: 12494: 12339: 12217: 12212: 12182: 12137: 11984: 11979: 11858: 11563: 11388: 11355: 11345: 10174:, in Kammerer, Cornelia Ann; Tannenbaum, Nicola Beth (eds.), 9853:

Namchoom, Vijanti; Lalhmingpuii, Janet C. (8 December 2016),

9330:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

8338: 8336: 7836: 6636: 6634: 6456: 6454: 5765: 5603: 5026: 5004: 5002: 4989: 4987: 4347: 4101:

The golden rule: the ethics of reciprocity in world religions

2828: 2658: 2624: 1970: 1491: 722:

may be kept now and then. The five precepts are part of many

82:

and goodness. Before Buddhism, merit was used with regard to

10123:

Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism

9590:

History of Indian Buddhism: from the origins to the Saka era

7817:"You'll Never Guess The Most Charitable Nation In The World" 7639: 7637: 7586: 7172: 6328: 6182: 6170: 6052: 5455: 4900: 4840: 4573: 4391: 4389: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3818:

Anusaraṇaśāsanakiarti, Phra Khrū; Keyes, Charles F. (1980).

3556: 3554: 3336:. Kasikorn Research Center. 22 February 2005. Archived from 2260:) is featured as an important patron supporting the Sangha. 1356:

mostly being used in the context of the practice of giving.

882:

actions, sometimes called the 'power of blessed substances'

13409: 12202: 11868: 11365: 9958:

Buddhist dictionary: manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines

9922:

Buddhist dictionary: manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines

9886:

Buddhist dictionary: manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines

8037:"Buddhist Practice in Rural Kandal Province, 1960 and 2003" 7848: 7622: 7610: 7303: 7301: 7288: 7286: 7271: 6968: 6871: 6716: 6701: 6590: 6588: 5923:"Buddhist Practice in Rural Kandal Province, 1960 and 2003" 5777: 4876: 4806: 4804: 4425: 4021: 3750: 3364: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 2967: 2854: 2852: 2611:

However, the practice has come under criticism by wildlife

2427: 2388: 2123: 1961:, it is not new. Similar comparisons have been made in the 1821: 1698: 1567:

merit, mostly because the members of the Sangha follow the

643:

Merit is not only a concept, but also a way of living. The

555: 552: 222: 8375: 8333: 8224: 7984: 7533: 6956: 6835: 6631: 6533: 6451: 4999: 4984: 4638: 4636: 4597: 4335: 3875: 3817: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3422:

Cultural Climate and Conceptual Roots of Indian Psychology

3403: 3401: 2989: 2987: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2567:, however, believed that in contemporary Thai society the 547:) done through physical action, words, or thought. As its 13067: 11603: 7821: 7634: 7247: 6664:. Vol. 2. New York (u.a.): Macmillan Reference USA, 6619: 6557: 6386:

Oxford University Press. Quoted in: Langer, Rita (2007).

6340: 6299: 6297: 6076: 5683: 5681: 5445: 5443: 5215: 4726: 4386: 4271:. Vol. 2. New York (u.a.): Macmillan Reference USA, 4207: 4036: 4002: 3608: 3551: 3334:"Thai Merit-Making: Bt3.3 Billion Cashflow for Merchants" 3307: 3249: 3247: 3153: 3151: 2469:

Scholars have often connected the notion of karma to the

1876: 1426:

in the text clearly refers to evil views, the meaning of

1296:

are both used to describe the 'cleanliness of the mind' (

8160: 8124: 8112: 8076: 7972: 7313: 7298: 7283: 6920: 6847: 6823: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6689: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6585: 6545: 6352: 5833: 5741: 5404: 5227: 4888: 4852: 4801: 4789: 4525: 4301: 4299: 4055: 3978: 3851: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 2849: 587:

intervention and human intention is fundamental to it.

9041:ศาสนาทัศน์ของชุมชนเมืองสมัยใหม่: ศึกษากรณีวัดพระธรรมกาย 8172: 8064: 7598: 7223: 6932: 6784: 6439: 6270: 5717: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5416: 4672: 4660: 4633: 4401: 3966: 3733: 3673: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3571: 3569: 3398: 2984: 2879: 2746:

There is some discussion as to the best translation of

1459:

perfection as well, though this is solely described as

176:

In modern society, merit-making has been criticized as

8148: 8016: 7960: 7948: 7796: 7574: 7472: 7436: 7388: 7376: 7235: 6796: 6521: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6294: 6282: 6064: 5794: 5792: 5693: 5678: 5642: 5482: 5440: 5392: 5311: 5263: 5074: 5050: 5014: 4777: 4561: 4537: 4311: 4067: 3685: 3596: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3259: 3244: 3148: 3129:"The act of giving: what makes Myanmar so charitable?" 3059: 3057: 2930: 2928: 2869: 2867: 1957:

system. Though objections have been made against this

1740:

Buddhist devotion § Festivals and observance days

766:, elaborating on the three bases of merit, state that 340: 333: 8184: 8136: 7412: 7259: 6728: 6600: 6509: 6028: 5666: 5654: 5618: 5299: 5251: 5239: 4912: 4621: 4585: 4549: 4449: 4413: 4296: 4195: 3863: 3839: 3502: 3271: 3234: 3232: 3163: 3069: 2940: 2750:, some preferring 'skilful' or 'intelligent' instead. 2682:

In the Sangīti Sutta ("Chanting together discourse,"

1068:

is the teaching on the Ten Wholesome Ways of Action (

10499: 9852: 8100: 7466: 6040: 5821: 5815: 5576: 5476: 4972: 4816: 4648: 4609: 4437: 4365: 3954: 3948: 3930: 3620: 3586: 3584: 3566: 3352: 3283: 2913: 2575:

more of a secular term than a deeply-rooted belief.

2559:. Lucien Hanks has shown that beliefs pertaining to 1410:

Another example often quoted in this context is the

406:

literally translates as 'merit, meritorious action,

10079:(2 ed.), Colombo: MD Gunasena & Co. Ltd., 10028:, vol. 9 (2 ed.), Detroit: Thomson Gale, 7909:

Zen ritual : studies of Zen theory in practice

7448: 7424: 6859: 6309: 5789: 5753: 5705: 5630: 5428: 5062: 4828: 4495:"The discourse on the ten wholesome ways of action" 4470:"The Discourse on the Ten Wholesome Ways of Action" 4323: 4079: 3381: 3295: 3054: 2957: 2955: 2925: 2864: 2816: 1389:

replies that even a bit of merit is no use to him (

818:

Dedicating (or transferring) merit to others (Pāli:

10169: 9508: 8578: 8253: 8251: 7757: 7490: 6988: 6406: 6404: 6202: 6201:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1977). 5380:. In Mathes, Klaus-Dieter; Freese, Harald (eds.). 5147:The impact of Buddhism on Chinese material culture 4935: 4738: 3770: 3768: 3477: 3229: 3040:. New Delhi: Heritage Publishers. pp. 197–8. 3031: 2248:for previously committed wrongdoings. The emperor 1872:Ledger of Merit and Demerit of the Taiwei Immortal 1794:, however, the festival has become less popular. 633: 10527:Dānavaggo: On giving gifts (Anguttara Nikaya 8.4) 10500:Aung-Thwin, Michael; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2013), 7668:Indian insights: Buddhism, Brahamanism and bhakti 7400: 7011:"The evolution of the concept of the Bodhisattva" 6576:Buddhism. An Outline of its Teachings and Schools 5384:(in German). Vol. 9. Asia-Africa Institute, 3581: 3413: 1614: 1241:refers to the moral status of an action, whereas 105:Merit can be gained in a number of ways, such as 16:Concept considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics 13592: 10216:, Studies in the Buddhist Traditions, Honolulu: 10092: 9665:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8771:, New Perspectives in South-East Asian Studies, 7860: 7190: 6205:The Buddhist religion: a historical introduction 5954: 5952: 5854:"Meditations on the Foul in Thai Manuscript Art" 5376:[The Thai Wat Phra Dhammakaya Movement] 5150:. New Jersey: University Presses of California, 5095:"Buddhist Books and Texts: Ritual Uses of Books" 5044: 4929: 4927: 3420:Rao, K. Ramakrishna; Paranjpe, Anand C. (2015). 2952: 2843: 2240:, Pāli chronicles such as the Mahāvaṃsa and the 1977:. Gombrich objects to calling merit-making "dry 980:). This form of merit-making is always led by a 952:, and is also instrumental in attaining it. The 386: 9705:, vol. 2, Farmington Hills: Thomson Gale, 9627:""Transference of Merit" in Ceylonese Buddhism" 9517:, Bangkok: The Buddhist Association of Thailand 8893:, Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 8354: 8248: 6646: 6401: 6200: 5374:"Die thailändische Wat Phra Thammakai-Bewegung" 3765: 3182: 3180: 3178: 908:loving-kindness and the other sublime attitudes 161:. In addition, there is a widespread custom of 9988:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra 8417: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8042:. In Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.). 6569: 5500: 4162: 4160: 4097: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 2491:The idea of merit is also at the basis of the 1396:"anumattenāpi puññena attho mayhaṃ na vijjati" 1385:practices to do meritorious acts instead. The 1139:), and when abstaining from them it is called 846:Instructing others in the Buddha's Teachings ( 304: 293: 213: 10933: 10788: 9764:, in Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira (eds.), 9703:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 9655:, archived from the original on 28 March 2015 8859:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 8822:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 7699: 7102:. In Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira (eds.). 6104:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 5949: 5887:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 5510:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 4924: 4684: 3784:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 2509:in Buddhist societies, and in fact, the word 1973:may have informed Buddhist texts such as the 706:, the path central in the Buddhist teaching: 278: 267: 252: 241: 67:and contributes to a person's growth towards 11715:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 10645:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 10399: 10178:, Monograph series, New Haven, Connecticut: 9948: 9912: 9876: 9621: 9452: 9037: 8986:, Buddhist Traditions, vol. 52, Delhi: 8849: 8230: 8002: 7854: 7706:McCargo, Duncan (2016). Haynes, Jeff (ed.). 7666:. In Connolly, Peter; Hamilton, Sue (eds.). 7592: 7277: 7150:. In Doniger, Wendy; Eliade, Mircea (eds.). 6877: 6710: 6625: 6176: 5771: 5612: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4030: 3759: 3702: 3700: 3375: 3175: 2890: 2505:are in many ways similar to people declared 2191:works as an important patron supporting the 1577:the development of print technology in China 1042: 944:stories of the Buddha's previous lives, the 931: 10708:by Mahinda Wijesinghe and Ven. Ñāṇadassana 10544:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 10400:Reader, Ian; Tanabe, George J. Jr. (1998), 9984: 9382:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 8297: 7905: 6974: 6382:Pandita, P., & Berkwitz, S. C. (2007). 6094: 5281: 4372:. Hibbert lectures. Library of Alexandria. 4157: 4118: 3637: 3419: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3111: 2737:) is a common theme in all Indian religion 2157:, which means a temple for merit transfer. 1969:class, and Rotman thinks that a mercantile 1656:) is often combined with "to do, to make" ( 1312:aims for the 'beautiful and praiseworthy' ( 10940: 10926: 10802: 10795: 10781: 10382:(Rev. and expanded ed.), Albany, NY: 10283: 9766:Companion encyclopedia of Asian philosophy 9673: 8937: 8478: 8446: 8418:Mahavongtrakul, Melalin (7 October 2019). 8405: 8393: 8381: 8342: 7709:The politics of Buddhism in Southeast Asia 7484: 7152:Britannica encyclopedia of world religions 7104:Companion encyclopedia of Asian philosophy 6841: 6640: 5920: 5367: 5365: 5143: 5008: 4906: 4870: 4846: 4603: 4579: 4519: 4395: 4015: 3996: 3774: 3614: 3560: 3157: 3038:The Buddhist forum: Seminar Papers 1988–90 2978: 2858: 2790:referred to the struggle for democracy as 2327: 2010: 1225:is used to describe a more direct path to 355: 227: 19:For the concept of merit in Hinduism, see 10049: 10016: 9756: 9726: 9453:Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (2008), 9268: 8983:Dāna: giving and getting in Pali Buddhism 8812: 8516: 7616: 7178: 6652: 6410: 6237: 6082: 4894: 4882: 4810: 4710:Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University 4567: 4248: 4218: 4049: 3697: 3204: 3105: 2993: 2907: 2690:is described as teaching the same triad: 2523:movement arose regarding the coming of a 2456: 1797:Many countries also celebrate the yearly 1607:) or deeds done with favoritism. Indeed, 319: 55:) is a concept considered fundamental to 10747:Merit: Does Happiness Need to Be Earned? 10641: 10311: 10139: 9730:Journal of the American Oriental Society 9214: 9160: 9126: 9087: 8944:(podcast), Chautauqua, New York: prx.org 8618: 8070: 7752: 7643: 7292: 7253: 7145: 7058: 6926: 6853: 6829: 6790: 6722: 6695: 6594: 6551: 6539: 6358: 6137: 5735: 5543: 5233: 5221: 5131: 4242: 4230: 4061: 3984: 3972: 3744: 3727: 3691: 3679: 3508: 3407: 3319: 3313: 3265: 3253: 3189:"A Model for the Study of Thai Buddhism" 2577: 2170: 2124:Application in the spreading of Buddhism 2001: 1697: 1474: 1060:A teaching that exists in both Mahāyāna 922: 742: 607:), though demerits can never be undone. 27: 12902:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 10597: 10523: 10463:The Group of Ones, 22 (Itivuttaka 1.22) 10375: 10195: 10167: 10059:The Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities 9960:(4th rev. ed.), Kandy, Sri Lanka: 9924:(4th rev. ed.), Kandy, Sri Lanka: 9888:(4th rev. ed.), Kandy, Sri Lanka: 9693: 9583: 8906: 8886: 8850:Cate, Sandra; Lefferts, Leedom (2006), 8695: 8202: 8010: 7906:Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale S. (2008). 7705: 7670:. London: Luzac Oriental. p. 188. 7661:"Aspects of Esoteric Southern Buddhism" 7655: 7604: 7551: 7478: 7334:"Toward a Theory of Buddhist Queenship" 7229: 6986: 6962: 6938: 6889: 6817: 6445: 6346: 6058: 5958: 5783: 5747: 5723: 5699: 5660: 5461: 5422: 5362: 5317: 4933: 4783: 4756: 4732: 4690: 4678: 4666: 4642: 4531: 4407: 4166: 4098:Neusner, Jacob; Chilton, Bruce (2008). 3706: 3186: 2946: 2547:. Several of such rebellions involving 2487:Faith in Buddhism § Millenarianism 2477: 1171:are the roots of evil in the mind (the 78:Merit is connected with the notions of 13593: 13105:List of Buddhist architecture in China 10715:What are the benefits of making merit? 10570: 10474: 10423: 10323:, vol. 14 (2 ed.), Detroit: 10119: 10069: 10017:Pye, Michael; Strong, John S. (1987), 9830: 9800: 9326: 9284: 9059: 9003: 8979: 8788: 8736: 8672: 8576: 8242: 8205:"The 1901–1902" Holy Man's" Rebellion" 8154: 8130: 8118: 8082: 8034: 8006: 7990: 7978: 7966: 7954: 7842: 7802: 7770:School of Oriental and African Studies 7442: 7394: 7382: 7331: 7319: 7241: 7005: 6802: 6751: 6739: 6563: 6484:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). Detroit: 6370: 6322: 6303: 6288: 6276: 6188: 6070: 5997: 5851: 5839: 5687: 5648: 5636: 5488: 5449: 5410: 5398: 5371: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5190:. Vol. 14 (2 ed.). Detroit: 5178: 5092: 5080: 5056: 5032: 4993: 4555: 4455: 4431: 4353: 4341: 4305: 4124: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3648: 3631: 3575: 3289: 3169: 3126: 3084: 3063: 3026: 3005: 2934: 2873: 1744:Many devout Buddhists observe regular 10921: 10776: 10540: 10348: 10241: 9559: 9521: 9506: 9479: 9378: 9252: 9190: 8938:Darlington, Susan M. (28 July 2016), 8764: 8517:Wangsness, Lisa (17 September 2016). 8308: 8259:"A religious revival: Animal spirits" 8178: 8166: 8142: 8106: 8094: 8022: 7628: 7580: 7418: 7307: 7265: 7037: 6613: 6527: 6515: 6472: 6460: 6334: 6209:(4th ed.). Belmont, California: 6046: 5827: 5672: 5624: 5597: 5585: 5329: 5305: 4978: 4966: 4918: 4858: 4822: 4795: 4744: 4654: 4615: 4591: 4543: 4443: 4419: 4329: 4317: 4201: 4085: 4073: 3960: 3936: 3602: 3590: 3392: 3358: 3301: 3277: 2919: 2822: 1820:is held, on which Buddhists pray and 358: 10379:The Buddhist world of Southeast Asia 9859:Journal of Northeast Indian Cultures 9428: 9408: 9350: 9052:(in Thai), Buddhist Studies Center, 8955: 8484: 8190: 7878: 7539: 7454: 7430: 7406: 7018:The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism 6950: 6865: 6034: 5877: 5798: 5759: 5434: 5068: 5020: 4834: 4627: 4366:de La Vallée Poussin, Louis (1917). 4259: 3238: 2961: 2543:), commonly known in English as the 2466:, which Walters calls "sociokarma". 2362: 2316: 9489:(revised, published Ph.D. Thesis), 9139:(2 ed.), New York: Routledge, 9004:Fisher, Gareth (13 February 2008), 8642: 8577:Adamek, Wendi L. (1 January 2005), 8460:"Religion and Conservation Biology" 7866: 7091: 5711: 5291:. London: T. Butterworth. pp. 4697:พจนานุกรมพุทธศาสตร์ ฉบับประมาลศัพท์ 4467: 2633:The Great Rabbit Liberation of 2016 2106:to reach the blissful world of the 1922: 1866:Treatise On the Response of the Tao 1123:These ten actions are described as 599:Summarising from the Buddhist text 88:the destination a person is reborn. 13: 12892:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 10685: 10611:State University of New York Press 10384:State University of New York Press 10253:State University of New York Press 9996:State University of New York Press 8690:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1989.tb00101.x 8466:. Society for Conservation Biology 8420:"Human cruelty for a false belief" 7502:State University of New York Press 7345:State University of New York Press 7191:Tuladhar-Douglas, William (2005). 7069:State University of New York Press 4702:Dictionary of Buddhism, Vocabulary 4694:พจนานุกรมพุทธศาสน์ ฉบับประมวลศัพท์ 4104:. London: Continuum. p. 117. 2782:differently: they justified their 2110:This was done through the complex 1630:, A Study of the Buddhist Norm 1488:, Brahmin priests used to perform 14: 13617: 10697: 10210:Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks 9563:Karma: an anthropological inquiry 8861:, vol. 2, Farmington Hills: 8824:, vol. 3, Farmington Hills: 8646:Journal of Asian American Studies 8519:"The great rabbit pardon of 2016" 7760:The Origins of Insight Meditation 6106:. Vol. 3. Farmington Hills: 5889:. Vol. 3. Farmington Hills: 5512:. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills: 4708:(in Thai) (7 ed.). Bangkok: 3786:. Vol. 3. Farmington Hills: 3187:Terwiel, B. J. (1 January 1976). 3127:Fuller, Paul (4 September 2015). 2627:celebrations, people were fined. 1863:, and in the twelfth century the 1470: 1348:was much more commonly used than 1253:(discourses) mental development ( 1088:". These ten wholesome ways are: 836:Listening to Buddha's Teachings ( 647:identifies three bases of merit ( 436:has become most common. The term 13573: 13563: 13562: 13120:Thai temple art and architecture 12865:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 11105:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 10971: 10958: 10948: 10435:, vol. 2, New York (u.a.): 9759:"Morals and society in Buddhism" 9598:Université catholique de Louvain 9462:(Reprint ed.), Copenhagen: 8538: 8510: 8452: 8411: 8348: 8196: 8046:(Reprint ed.). Copenhagen: 8028: 7899: 7881:Journal of Contemporary Religion 7872: 7814: 7808: 7746: 7649: 7545: 7467:Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2013 7325: 7184: 7139: 7085: 7052: 7031: 7016:. In Kawamura, Leslie S. (ed.). 6999: 6980: 6883: 6745: 6466: 6376: 6231: 6194: 6131: 6095:Reinschmidt, Michael C. (2006). 6088: 6004:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 5991: 5914: 5871: 5845: 5816:Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2013 5537: 5494: 5477:Namchoom & Lalhmingpuii 2016 5382:Buddhism in the Past and Present 5323: 5275: 5172: 5137: 5086: 4750: 3949:Namchoom & Lalhmingpuii 2016 2797: 2775: 2766: 2753: 2621:Society for Conservation Biology 2586: 1163:are depicted as having 'roots' ( 13601:Buddhist philosophical concepts 10972: 10481:The History Of Buddhist Thought 10431:, in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.), 9566:(2nd ed.), Berkeley u.a.: 7556:. In Athyal, Jesudas M. (ed.). 6759:. In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). 6660:. In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). 4759:The Journal of Religious Ethics 4487: 4461: 4359: 4267:. In Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). 4091: 3887: 3811: 3514: 3470: 3036:. 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In the earlier Pāli texts, 940:Pāli literature, such as the 610:All these benefits of merit ( 191: 12882:Buddhism and the Roman world 12858:Decline of Buddhism in India 12853:History of Buddhism in India 10953: Topics in 10207:; Stevenson, Daniel (eds.), 10154:10.1080/09552367.2013.831537 9962:Buddhist Publication Society 9926:Buddhist Publication Society 9890:Buddhist Publication Society 9525:The Journal of Asian Studies 9011:The Journal of Asian Studies 8765:Bowie, Katherine A. (2017), 8485:Ross, Shane (13 July 2016). 6425:10.1080/0048721X.2013.765630 6138:Pommaret, Françoise (2005). 5288:A Study of the Buddhist Norm 5045:Rhys Davids & Stede 1921 4169:Journal of Indian Philosophy 3896:The Journal of Asian Studies 3488:. 1989. pp. xxxv, xlv. 3193:The Journal of Asian Studies 2844:Rhys Davids & Stede 1921 2810: 1988:of ancient India's economy. 1831: 829:Rejoicing in others' merit ( 7: 12080:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 11820: 10408:University of Hawai'i Press 10376:Swearer, Donald K. 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(2002), 9167:What the Buddha thought 9074:Oxford University Press 9066:Foundations of Buddhism 8357:Biological Conservation 7917:Oxford University Press 7156:Encyclopædia Britannica 6975:Padma & Barber 2009 6473:Davis, Winston (1987). 5501:Kinnard, Jacob (2006). 5372:Seeger, Martin (2006). 4944:Oxford University Press 4356:, pp. 301, 309–10. 2374:from the United Kingdom 2328:19th–early 20th century 2187:) is featured in later 2070:, it is described that 2011:Description and origins 1774:is held focused on the 1720:King Mahakuli Mahatissa 1328:aims for the 'purity' ( 1023:defilements of the mind 121:. A similar concept of 12970:Buddhism and democracy 12483:Tibetan Buddhist canon 12478:Chinese Buddhist canon 11710:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 11705:Early Buddhist schools 10094:Rhys Davids, Thomas W. 9985:Padma; Barber (2009), 9831:Mulder, Niels (1979), 9694:Marston, John (2006), 9429:Jory, Patrick (2016), 9327:Harvey, Peter (2012), 9285:Harvey, Peter (2000), 9215:Gutschow, Kim (2004), 8709:(2–3), Brill: 95–108, 8659:10.1353/jaas.2005.0035 8382:Shiu & Stokes 2008 8343:Shiu & Stokes 2008 8289:: CS1 maint: others ( 7845:, pp. 128–9, 133. 6987:Fogelin, Lars (2006). 6820:, note 34, pp. 99–100. 6337:, pp. 111–2, 454. 6012:Snow Lion Publications 5878:Holt, John C. 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Merit-making and 2269:periods of Sukhothai 2016:tradition, the word 1644:, the word "merit" ( 1628:C. A. F. Rhys Davids 1569:Noble Eightfold Path 1305:khwam sa-at mot chot 794:Mental development ( 752:Post-canonical texts 704:Noble Eightfold Path 686:mental development ( 396:Glossary of Buddhism 13580:Religion portal 13327:Temple of the Tooth 13206:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 12245:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 11738:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 11521:Two truths doctrine 11341:Mahapajapati Gotamī 11141:Mahapajapati Gotamī 10719:Luang Por Dattajivo 10582:Wisdom Publications 10468:Bhikkhu, Thanissaro 9623:Malalasekera, G. P. 9617:on 15 February 2015 8554:. 23 September 2017 8319:Scientific American 8271:. 12 September 2015 8269:China print edition 8005:, pp. 53, 57; 7097:"Buddhism in Japan" 6668:. pp. 309–10. 4996:, pp. 299–300. 4501:. 23 September 2009 3535:Wisdom Publications 2381: 1913:Mahāvaṁsa chronicle 724:Buddhist ceremonies 710:, right action and 13502:Western philosophy 13100:Dzong architecture 12922:Vipassana movement 12917:Buddhist modernism 12345:Emperor Wen of Sui 12113:Pratyekabuddhayāna 12046:Threefold Training 11848:Vipassana movement 11564:Hungry Ghost realm 11384:Avidyā (Ignorance) 11331:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 11080:Great Renunciation 11075:Eight Great Events 10957: 10734:Thanissaro Bhikkhu 10580:, Somerville, MA: 9515:Annual Publication 9491:Palgrave Macmillan 9315:on 28 January 2016 9241:on 23 January 2017 8964:Taylor and Francis 8912:"Good or skilful? 8312:(8 January 2012). 8267:. Originally from 8169:, pp. 288–90. 7772:. p. 39 n.10. 7310:, pp. 98–102. 7181:, pp. 5874–5. 6965:, pp. 99–100. 6725:, pp. 209–10. 6566:, pp. 109–10. 5158:. pp. 180–1. 4861:, pp. 94–105. 4798:, pp. 85–105. 4181:10.1007/BF00213993 3860:, pp. 109–10. 3730:, pp. 9832–3. 3340:on 18 October 2016 2784:forced labor camps 2759:However, the term 2617:threatened species 2584: 2399:Metropolitan Area 2379: 2370:World Giving Index 2323:Buddhist modernism 2197: 2008: 1816:seog-ga-tan-sin-il 1708: 1482: 1436:enlightened person 1412:simile of the raft 1056:Nirvana (Buddhism) 929: 831:Pattānumodanā-maya 811:Offering service ( 804:Honouring others ( 749: 649:puññakiriyā-vatthu 503:meaning and role. 163:transferring merit 115:mental development 34: 13588: 13587: 13226:Om mani padme hum 12932:Women in Buddhism 12848:Buddhist councils 12718:Western countries 12506:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 12267:Shaolin Monastery 11844:Samatha-vipassanā 11454:Pratītyasamutpāda 11258:Metteyya/Maitreya 11176: 11168: 11160: 11152: 11144: 11136: 11128: 11005:Four Noble Truths 10915: 10914: 10743:30 November 2013. 10739:Access to Insight 10662:978-0-203-42847-4 10620:978-0-7914-5691-0 10591:978-0-86171-103-1 10517:978-1-86189-939-2 10476:Thomas, Edward J. 10446:978-0-02-865720-2 10417:978-0-8248-2090-9 10393:978-0-7914-2459-9 10369:978-0-520-04672-6 10350:Spiro, Melford E. 10334:978-0-02-865983-1 10262:978-1-4416-2410-9 10227:978-0-8248-1748-0 10189:978-0-938692-61-4 10133:978-0-19-045117-2 10113:978-81-208-1144-7 10104:Pali Text Society 10086:978-955-663-433-4 10035:978-0-02-865742-4 9971:978-955-24-0019-3 9935:978-955-24-0019-3 9899:978-955-24-0019-3 9779:978-0-203-01350-2 9712:978-0-7876-6613-2 9607:978-90-6831-100-6 9577:978-0-520-04429-6 9500:978-1-349-22092-2 9473:978-87-7694-036-2 9446:978-1-4384-6090-1 9344:978-1-139-85126-8 9305:978-0-511-07584-1 9231:978-0-674-01287-5 9208:978-81-208-1813-2 9184:978-1-84553-612-1 9146:978-0-203-08864-7 8997:978-81-208-1956-6 8973:978-1-136-85915-1 8900:978-0-521-57054-1 8872:978-0-7876-6613-2 8835:978-0-7876-6614-9 8806:978-1-4008-6194-1 8782:978-0-299-30950-3 8636:978-1-107-03393-1 8181:, pp. 101–2. 8133:, pp. 261–2. 8121:, pp. 261–2. 8085:, pp. 127–8. 8057:978-87-7694-036-2 8003:Fuengfusakul 1998 7981:, pp. 193–4. 7926:978-0-19-530467-1 7719:978-1-349-27038-5 7677:978-1-898942-15-3 7619:, pp. 106–7. 7567:978-1-61069-250-2 7511:978-0-7914-5691-0 7354:978-0-7914-5691-0 7322:, pp. 114–5. 7209:978-0-02-865740-0 7165:978-1-59339-491-2 7117:978-0-203-01350-2 7078:978-0-7914-5691-0 6878:Malalasekera 1967 6770:978-0-02-865720-2 6711:Malalasekera 1967 6675:978-0-02-865720-2 6626:Nyanatiloka 1980a 6542:, pp. 127–8. 6495:978-0-02-865983-1 6396:978-1-134-15872-0 6349:, pp. 430–1. 6256:978-0-02-865737-0 6224:978-0-534-20718-2 6156:978-0-02-865983-1 6117:978-0-7876-6614-9 6021:978-1-55939-835-0 5977:978-0-02-865735-6 5943:978-87-7694-036-2 5900:978-0-7876-6614-9 5842:, pp. 255–6. 5772:Fuengfusakul 1998 5613:Fuengfusakul 1998 5600:, pp. 362–6. 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1334: 1318: 1302: 904:not-self doctrine 848:Dhammadesanā-maya 401: 400: 13613: 13578: 13577: 13566: 13565: 13405:Sacred languages 13253:Maya Devi Temple 13216:Mahabodhi Temple 13020:Secular Buddhism 12985:Engaged Buddhism 11825: 11673:Tibetan Buddhism 11624:Vietnamese Thiền 11223:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 11174: 11166: 11158: 11150: 11142: 11134: 11126: 10975: 10974: 10962: 10952: 10942: 10935: 10928: 10919: 10918: 10865:Bodhisattva vows 10797: 10790: 10783: 10774: 10773: 10741:(Legacy Edition) 10710:Archived Version 10680: 10679: 10677: 10671: 10665:, archived from 10650: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10630:on 14 April 2020 10629: 10623:, archived from 10604: 10594: 10579: 10567: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10520: 10496: 10484:(2nd ed.), 10471: 10466:, translated by 10457: 10455: 10449:, archived from 10430: 10420: 10396: 10372: 10345: 10343: 10337:, archived from 10318: 10308: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10272:on 7 August 2015 10271: 10265:, archived from 10250: 10238: 10236: 10230:, archived from 10215: 10205:Schopen, Gregory 10201:Lopez, Donald S. 10197:Schopen, Gregory 10192: 10173: 10164: 10142:Asian Philosophy 10136: 10116: 10089: 10066: 10046: 10044: 10038:, archived from 10023: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10004: 9998:, archived from 9993: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9873: 9849: 9837: 9827: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9789:on 26 March 2023 9788: 9782:, archived from 9763: 9753: 9723: 9721: 9715:, archived from 9700: 9690: 9680:Malalasekera, GP 9670: 9664: 9656: 9618: 9616: 9610:, archived from 9595: 9585:Lamotte, Etienne 9580: 9556: 9518: 9512: 9503: 9476: 9461: 9449: 9425: 9405: 9375: 9347: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9314: 9308:, archived from 9293: 9281: 9272: 9263:(6): 1247–1261, 9249: 9248: 9246: 9240: 9234:, archived from 9223: 9211: 9187: 9172: 9157: 9155: 9149:, archived from 9138: 9123: 9084: 9083:on 2 August 2014 9082: 9076:, archived from 9071: 9056: 9051: 9034: 9000: 8976: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8934: 8903: 8883: 8881: 8875:, archived from 8856: 8846: 8844: 8838:, archived from 8819: 8809: 8785: 8761: 8733: 8692: 8669: 8639: 8615: 8582: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8497:CBC/Radio-Canada 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8450: 8449:, 29,32–33 min.. 8444: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8424: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8306: 8295: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8255: 8246: 8245:, pp. 134–5 n.1. 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8209: 8200: 8194: 8193:, pp. 45–6. 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8041: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7935: 7929:. Archived from 7914: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7852: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7781: 7773: 7763: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7737: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7687:on 18 March 2016 7686: 7680:. Archived from 7665: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7583:, pp. 90–1. 7578: 7572: 7571: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7521:on 14 April 2020 7520: 7514:. Archived from 7499: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7464: 7458: 7452: 7446: 7440: 7434: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7364:on 14 April 2020 7363: 7357:. Archived from 7338: 7329: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7219:on 2 March 2017. 7218: 7212:. Archived from 7197: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7127:on 26 March 2023 7126: 7120:. Archived from 7101: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7027:on 3 April 2017. 7026: 7015: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6899: 6891:Anālayo, Bhikkhu 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6773:. Archived from 6758: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6678:. Archived from 6659: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6598: 6592: 6583: 6580:Asian Philosophy 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6530:, pp. 18–9. 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6505:on 2 March 2017. 6504: 6498:. Archived from 6488:. p. 9708. 6479: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6408: 6399: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6320: 6307: 6301: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6279:, pp. 31–2. 6274: 6268: 6267: 6266:on 2 March 2017. 6265: 6259:. Archived from 6244: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6208: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6166:on 2 March 2017. 6165: 6159:. Archived from 6144: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6127:on 2 March 2017. 6126: 6120:. Archived from 6101: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6037:, pp. 63–4. 6032: 6026: 6025: 6009: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5987:on 2 March 2017. 5986: 5980:. Archived from 5965: 5956: 5947: 5946: 5927: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5910:on 2 March 2017. 5909: 5903:. Archived from 5884: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5802: 5796: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5774:, pp. 54–5. 5769: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5750:, pp. 20–2. 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5615:, pp. 53–4. 5610: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5574: 5573: 5572:on 2 March 2017. 5571: 5565:. Archived from 5550: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5533:on 2 March 2017. 5532: 5526:. Archived from 5507: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5358:on 2 March 2017. 5357: 5351:. Archived from 5336: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5211:on 2 March 2017. 5210: 5204:. Archived from 5194:. p. 9623. 5185: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5121:on 2 March 2017. 5120: 5114:. Archived from 5099: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 4997: 4991: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4941: 4931: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4707: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4631: 4630:, pp. 55–6. 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4499:Undumbara Garden 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4422:, pp. 30–1. 4417: 4411: 4410:, pp. 23–4. 4405: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4285:. Archived from 4266: 4257: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4205: 4204:, pp. 74–6. 4199: 4193: 4192: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4064:, pp. 14–5. 4059: 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3824: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3807:on 2 March 2017. 3806: 3800:. Archived from 3781: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3704: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3659:. Introduction. 3646: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3529:. Translated by 3528: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3447: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3379: 3373: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3330: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3208: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3067: 3061: 3052: 3051: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2894: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2788:Aung San Suu Kyi 2779: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2722: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2680: 2613:conservationists 2542: 2540:Kabot Phu Mi Bun 2532: 2382: 2378: 2311:being modernized 2302: 2292: 2259: 2222: 2212: 2186: 2146: 2096: 2082: 1923:Merit and wealth 1905: 1895: 1844: 1819: 1789: 1773: 1771: 1761: 1756: 1736:Buddhist culture 1667: 1657: 1655: 1645: 1631: 1605: 1593: 1543: 1533: 1523:'field of merit' 1484:In pre-Buddhist 1397: 1339: 1329: 1323: 1313: 1307: 1297: 1279: 1269: 1153: 1137: 1129:('unwholesome'; 1076: 1037: 1002: 992: 978: 968: 918: 891: 886:Standard Tibetan 734: 712:right livelihood 695: 681: 664: 628: 618: 605:Richard Gombrich 577: 576:kamma-sarikkhatā 545: 535: 518: 482: 444:a Christian term 390: 375: 364: 363: 362: 344: 337: 336: 323: 322: 308: 297: 296: 282: 271: 270: 256: 245: 244: 231: 217: 196: 195: 143:Sanskrit: Dharma 127:Sanskrit: kusala 84:ancestor worship 21:Punya (Hinduism) 13621: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13606:Buddhist ethics 13591: 13590: 13589: 13584: 13572: 13554: 13506: 13421: 13336: 13073:Ordination hall 13034: 12936: 12907:Buddhist crisis 12819: 12516: 12468:Mahayana sutras 12444: 12440:Thích Nhất Hạnh 12271: 12144: 12084: 12034:Bodhisattva vow 11719: 11585: 11525: 11484:Taṇhā (Craving) 11419:Five hindrances 11370: 11262: 11192: 11046: 10991: 10963: 10946: 10916: 10911: 10869: 10843: 10807: 10801: 10764:Sharon Salzberg 10700: 10688: 10686:Further reading 10683: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10648: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10602: 10592: 10577: 10532: 10530: 10518: 10460: 10453: 10447: 10428: 10418: 10394: 10370: 10344:on 2 March 2017 10341: 10335: 10316: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10248: 10234: 10228: 10213: 10190: 10180:Yale University 10134: 10114: 10087: 10071:Rāhula, Walpola 10045:on 2 March 2017 10042: 10036: 10021: 10008: 10006: 10005:on 3 April 2017 10002: 9991: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9835: 9792: 9790: 9786: 9780: 9761: 9722:on 2 March 2017 9719: 9713: 9698: 9658: 9657: 9645:10.2307/1397047 9614: 9608: 9593: 9578: 9538:10.2307/2053724 9501: 9474: 9459: 9447: 9365:10.2307/3269794 9345: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9221: 9209: 9185: 9170: 9156:on 5 March 2016 9153: 9147: 9136: 9080: 9069: 9049: 9042: 8998: 8974: 8947: 8945: 8910:(1 July 1996), 8901: 8882:on 2 March 2017 8879: 8873: 8854: 8845:on 2 March 2017 8842: 8836: 8817: 8807: 8783: 8674:Basham, Richard 8637: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8555: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8515: 8511: 8501: 8499: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8447:Darlington 2016 8445: 8441: 8431: 8429: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8406:Darlington 2016 8404: 8400: 8394:Darlington 2016 8392: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8307: 8298: 8282: 8281: 8274: 8272: 8257: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8058: 8050:. p. 276. 8039: 8033: 8029: 8025:, p. 1248. 8021: 8017: 8001: 7997: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7877: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7813: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7785: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7751: 7747: 7735: 7734: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7678: 7663: 7654: 7650: 7646:, p. 9833. 7642: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7603: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7550: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7429: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7256:, p. 9839. 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7224: 7216: 7210: 7195: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7158:. p. 683. 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7110:. p. 693. 7099: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7071:. p. 158. 7057: 7053: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6897: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6842:Marasinghe 2003 6840: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6816: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6641:Marasinghe 2003 6639: 6632: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6601: 6593: 6586: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6409: 6402: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6310: 6302: 6295: 6291:, pp. 3–4. 6287: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6142: 6136: 6132: 6124: 6118: 6110:. p. 363. 6099: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6014:. p. 219. 6007: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5963: 5957: 5950: 5944: 5936:, p. 149, 5925: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5901: 5893:. p. 379. 5882: 5876: 5872: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5805: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5548: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5524: 5505: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5332:"Thai religion" 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224:, p. 9829. 5220: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5183: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5009:Marasinghe 2003 5007: 5000: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4907:Marasinghe 2003 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4871:Marasinghe 2003 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4847:Marasinghe 2003 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4705: 4698: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4604:Marasinghe 2003 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4580:Marasinghe 2003 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4520:Marasinghe 2003 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4396:Marasinghe 2003 4394: 4387: 4380: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4297: 4289: 4283: 4275:. p. 196. 4264: 4258: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4221:, p. 5874. 4217: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4165: 4158: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052:, p. 5873. 4048: 4037: 4029: 4022: 4016:Marasinghe 2003 4014: 4003: 3997:Marasinghe 2003 3995: 3991: 3987:, p. 9832. 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3908:10.2307/2052605 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3798: 3790:. p. 447. 3779: 3773: 3766: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3647: 3638: 3630: 3621: 3615:Marasinghe 2003 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3561:Marasinghe 2003 3559: 3552: 3545: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3459: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3382: 3374: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280:, p. 1254. 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3245: 3237: 3230: 3206:10.2307/2053271 3185: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3158:Marasinghe 2003 3156: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3125: 3112: 3104: 3091: 3083: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3025: 3021: 3010: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2985: 2979:Marasinghe 2003 2977: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2922:, p. 1247. 2918: 2914: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2859:Marasinghe 2003 2857: 2850: 2842: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2745: 2741: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2686:33), verse 38, 2681: 2677: 2672: 2645: 2595: 2589: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2459: 2365: 2357: 2330: 2325: 2319: 2169: 2163: 2126: 2013: 2000: 1994: 1948:popular culture 1925: 1886: 1885:'book of merit' 1834: 1809: 1803:Light Festivals 1786:§ Kingship 1759: 1742: 1732: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1617: 1596: 1573:Gregory Schopen 1524: 1495: 1473: 1381:to give up his 1308:). But whereas 1252: 1219:P. D. Premasiri 1217:. According to 1175:), whereas the 1144: 1128: 1064:and Theravādin 1058: 1052: 1036:puññassa kovidā 1020: 934: 824:puṇyapariṇāmanā 718:, although the 671: 641: 636: 568: 522:Buddhist ethics 485: 441: 365: 338: 298: 272: 246: 200: 199:Translations of 194: 133:, that is, the 57:Buddhist ethics 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13619: 13609: 13608: 13603: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13582: 13570: 13559: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13516: 13514: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13453: 13452: 13447: 13437: 13431: 13429: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13346: 13344: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13228: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13137:Greco-Buddhist 13129: 13128: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13091: 13090: 13088:Burmese pagoda 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13044: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12946: 12944: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12878: 12877: 12870:Greco-Buddhism 12867: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12829: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12803:United Kingdom 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12748:Czech Republic 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12708: 12698: 12697: 12696: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12679: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12627: 12622: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12526: 12524: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12514: 12512:Abhidharmadīpa 12509: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12454: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12430:B. R. Ambedkar 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12350:Songtsen Gampo 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12281: 12279: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12269: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12094: 12092: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12076: 12075: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12029:Eight precepts 12026: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11908: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11817: 11807: 11802: 11800:Five Strengths 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11740: 11735: 11729: 11727: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11595: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11577: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11541: 11535: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11439:Mental factors 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11291:Mahamoggallāna 11288: 11283: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11206:Avalokiteśvara 11202: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11179: 11178: 11170: 11162: 11154: 11146: 11138: 11130: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11056: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11007: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10945: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10922: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10800: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10757: 10755:Study Buddhism 10744: 10727: 10712: 10699: 10698:External links 10696: 10695: 10694: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10672:on 5 June 2018 10661: 10651:(2 ed.), 10639: 10619: 10595: 10590: 10568: 10551:(2): 353–382, 10538: 10521: 10516: 10508:Reaktion Books 10497: 10472: 10458: 10445: 10421: 10416: 10397: 10392: 10373: 10368: 10346: 10333: 10309: 10292:(2): 181–196, 10281: 10261: 10239: 10226: 10193: 10188: 10165: 10148:(4): 341–349, 10137: 10132: 10117: 10112: 10090: 10085: 10067: 10047: 10034: 10014: 9982: 9970: 9946: 9934: 9910: 9898: 9874: 9850: 9828: 9811:(1): 109–120, 9804:Social Compass 9798: 9778: 9754: 9743:10.2307/599354 9737:(3): 424–433, 9724: 9711: 9691: 9671: 9639:(1/4): 85–90, 9619: 9606: 9581: 9576: 9557: 9532:(2): 283–302, 9519: 9504: 9499: 9477: 9472: 9450: 9445: 9426: 9406: 9389:(3): 371–387, 9376: 9348: 9343: 9333:(2 ed.), 9324: 9304: 9282: 9250: 9230: 9212: 9207: 9188: 9183: 9158: 9145: 9124: 9105:10.1086/462651 9099:(2): 203–219, 9085: 9061:Gethin, Rupert 9057: 9035: 9018:(1): 143–170, 9001: 8996: 8977: 8972: 8953: 8935: 8904: 8899: 8884: 8871: 8847: 8834: 8810: 8805: 8786: 8781: 8762: 8745:(3): 287–320, 8734: 8697:Bechert, Heinz 8693: 8684:(2): 126–137, 8670: 8653:(2): 115–142, 8640: 8635: 8616: 8605:10.1086/502698 8597:10.1086/502698 8591:(2): 135–180, 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8537: 8509: 8477: 8451: 8439: 8410: 8398: 8386: 8384:, p. 186. 8374: 8347: 8345:, p. 184. 8332: 8296: 8247: 8235: 8223: 8195: 8183: 8171: 8159: 8157:, p. 117. 8147: 8145:, p. 269. 8135: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8087: 8075: 8063: 8056: 8027: 8015: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7969:, p. 152. 7959: 7957:, p. 193. 7947: 7925: 7919:. p. 64. 7898: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7807: 7805:, p. 192. 7795: 7745: 7718: 7698: 7676: 7648: 7633: 7621: 7617:Calkowski 2006 7609: 7607:, p. 169. 7597: 7595:, p. 588. 7585: 7573: 7566: 7544: 7532: 7510: 7483: 7471: 7469:, p. 183. 7459: 7447: 7445:, p. 117. 7435: 7423: 7421:, p. 288. 7411: 7399: 7397:, p. 256. 7387: 7385:, p. 115. 7375: 7353: 7347:. p. 47. 7324: 7312: 7297: 7295:, p. 346. 7282: 7270: 7268:, p. 293. 7258: 7246: 7244:, p. 196. 7234: 7232:, p. 433. 7222: 7208: 7183: 7171: 7164: 7138: 7116: 7084: 7077: 7051: 7030: 6998: 6979: 6977:, p. 116. 6967: 6955: 6943: 6941:, p. 105. 6931: 6929:, p. 210. 6919: 6882: 6870: 6858: 6856:, p. 216. 6846: 6844:, p. 469. 6834: 6832:, p. 204. 6822: 6807: 6805:, p. 335. 6795: 6783: 6769: 6744: 6727: 6715: 6700: 6698:, p. 126. 6688: 6674: 6645: 6643:, p. 472. 6630: 6618: 6616:, p. 287. 6599: 6597:, p. 203. 6584: 6568: 6556: 6554:, p. 208. 6544: 6532: 6520: 6518:, p. 111. 6508: 6494: 6465: 6450: 6448:, p. 205. 6438: 6400: 6375: 6363: 6361:, p. 140. 6351: 6339: 6327: 6308: 6306:, p. 533. 6293: 6281: 6269: 6255: 6230: 6223: 6193: 6181: 6179:, p. 200. 6169: 6155: 6130: 6116: 6087: 6085:, p. 105. 6083:Calkowski 2006 6075: 6073:, p. 285. 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6020: 5990: 5976: 5948: 5942: 5932:, Copenhagen: 5913: 5899: 5870: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5803: 5788: 5776: 5764: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5726:, p. 172. 5716: 5714:, p. 124. 5704: 5692: 5690:, p. 127. 5677: 5675:, p. 101. 5665: 5653: 5651:, p. 148. 5641: 5629: 5627:, p. 126. 5617: 5602: 5590: 5575: 5561: 5536: 5522: 5516:. p. 68. 5493: 5491:, p. 226. 5481: 5466: 5454: 5452:, p. 115. 5439: 5427: 5425:, p. 171. 5415: 5403: 5401:, p. 110. 5391: 5361: 5347: 5322: 5310: 5308:, p. 361. 5298: 5274: 5272:, p. 140. 5262: 5250: 5238: 5236:, p. 345. 5226: 5214: 5200: 5171: 5164: 5136: 5124: 5110: 5085: 5083:, p. 141. 5073: 5061: 5059:, p. 299. 5049: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5011:, p. 459. 4998: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4952: 4923: 4921:, p. 113. 4911: 4899: 4895:Premasiri 1976 4887: 4883:McDermott 1975 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4811:Premasiri 1976 4800: 4788: 4776: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4718: 4683: 4681:, p. 495. 4671: 4669:, p. 482. 4659: 4647: 4645:, p. 290. 4632: 4620: 4608: 4606:, p. 467. 4596: 4594:, p. 123. 4584: 4572: 4568:Premasiri 1976 4560: 4558:, p. 120. 4548: 4536: 4524: 4512: 4486: 4460: 4458:, p. 260. 4448: 4446:, p. 110. 4436: 4424: 4412: 4400: 4398:, p. 468. 4385: 4378: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4308:, p. 301. 4295: 4281: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4206: 4194: 4156: 4137:(1): 249–275. 4117: 4110: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4035: 4033:, p. 275. 4020: 4018:, p. 470. 4001: 3989: 3977: 3975:, p. 344. 3965: 3963:, p. 374. 3953: 3941: 3939:, p. 372. 3929: 3902:(2): 373–380. 3886: 3874: 3872:, p. 485. 3862: 3850: 3848:, p. 109. 3838: 3810: 3796: 3764: 3762:, p. 590. 3749: 3747:, p. 342. 3732: 3720: 3696: 3684: 3682:, p. 127. 3672: 3665: 3636: 3619: 3617:, p. 471. 3607: 3595: 3580: 3565: 3563:, p. 460. 3550: 3543: 3531:Bodhi, Bhikkhu 3513: 3501: 3494: 3469: 3442: 3426:Springer India 3412: 3410:, p. 158. 3397: 3380: 3378:, p. 589. 3363: 3361:, p. 268. 3351: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3243: 3228: 3199:(3): 391–403. 3174: 3172:, p. 126. 3162: 3147: 3110: 3108:, p. 409. 3106:McFarlane 1997 3089: 3087:, p. 532. 3068: 3053: 3046: 3019: 2998: 2994:Premasiri 1976 2983: 2966: 2951: 2949:, p. 155. 2939: 2924: 2912: 2895: 2878: 2863: 2861:, p. 461. 2848: 2827: 2825:, p. 141. 2814: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2796: 2774: 2765: 2752: 2739: 2717: 2704: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2591:Main article: 2588: 2585: 2492: 2482: 2476: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2329: 2326: 2318: 2315: 2285:royal language 2162: 2159: 2125: 2122: 2062: 2012: 2009: 1996:Main article: 1993: 1990: 1924: 1921: 1894:puñña-potthaka 1884: 1833: 1830: 1731: 1728: 1713: 1637: 1634: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1584: 1575:), stimulated 1561:early Buddhism 1558: 1551: 1522: 1489: 1472: 1471:Field of merit 1469: 1458: 1446: 1375:is tempted by 1288:believes that 1246: 1145:('wholesome'; 1140: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1086:evil destinies 1051: 1041: 1016: 933: 930: 859: 858: 851: 844: 834: 827: 820:Pattidāna-maya 816: 813:Veyyāvaca-maya 809: 806:Apacāyana-maya 802: 792: 782: 720:eight precepts 699: 698: 684: 669: 667: 640: 637: 635: 632: 581:Buddhist texts 564: 560:spirit worship 473: 437: 399: 398: 392: 391: 384: 378: 377: 353: 347: 346: 331: 325: 324: 317: 311: 310: 291: 285: 284: 265: 259: 258: 239: 233: 232: 225: 219: 218: 211: 205: 204: 193: 190: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13618: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13569: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13424: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13345: 13343: 13342:Miscellaneous 13339: 13333: 13332:Vegetarianism 13330: 13328: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13154:Buddha in art 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13089: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13037: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12943: 12939: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12808:United States 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12702: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12690: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12519: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12507: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12365:Padmasambhava 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12277:Major figures 12274: 12268: 12265: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12224: 12223:Western tulku 12221: 12220: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12024:Five precepts 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12002:Dhamma vicaya 12000: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11990: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11770:Buddhābhiṣeka 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11722: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11414:Enlightenment 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11404:Dhamma theory 11402: 11400: 11399:Buddha-nature 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11238:Samantabhadra 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11212: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11169: 11163: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11147: 11145: 11139: 11137: 11131: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10943: 10938: 10936: 10931: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848:Precepts/Vows 10846: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10798: 10793: 10791: 10786: 10784: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10707: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10646: 10640: 10626: 10622: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10601: 10596: 10593: 10587: 10583: 10576: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10539: 10529: 10528: 10522: 10519: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10504: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10427: 10422: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10398: 10395: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10374: 10371: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10310: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10282: 10268: 10264: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10135: 10129: 10125: 10124: 10118: 10115: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10082: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10015: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9989: 9983: 9973: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9834: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9799: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9760: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9725: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9558: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9502: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9481:Keown, Damien 9478: 9475: 9469: 9465: 9458: 9457: 9451: 9448: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9349: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9325: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9290: 9289: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9251: 9237: 9233: 9227: 9220: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9195: 9189: 9186: 9180: 9176: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9148: 9142: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9079: 9075: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8999: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8984: 8978: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8954: 8943: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8915: 8909: 8908:Cousins, L.S. 8905: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8891: 8885: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8848: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8811: 8808: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8641: 8638: 8632: 8628: 8625:, Cambridge: 8624: 8623: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8553: 8552: 8547: 8541: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8465: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8337: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8310:Nuwer, Rachel 8305: 8303: 8301: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8264:The Economist 8260: 8254: 8252: 8244: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8109:, p. 97. 8108: 8103: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8079: 8073:, p. 18. 8072: 8071:Gutschow 2004 8067: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8012: 8008: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7936:on 9 May 2016 7932: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7910: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7868: 7863: 7857:, p. 13. 7856: 7851: 7844: 7839: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7815:Cole, Diane. 7811: 7804: 7799: 7791: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7754:Cousins, L.S. 7749: 7741: 7729: 7721: 7715: 7711: 7710: 7702: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7658: 7657:Cousins, L.S. 7652: 7645: 7644:Skilling 2005 7640: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7582: 7577: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7517: 7513: 7507: 7504:. p. 3. 7503: 7496: 7495: 7487: 7481:, p. 19. 7480: 7475: 7468: 7463: 7457:, p. 53. 7456: 7451: 7444: 7439: 7433:, p. 52. 7432: 7427: 7420: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7384: 7379: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7302: 7294: 7293:Salguero 2013 7289: 7287: 7280:, p. 85. 7279: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7254:Skilling 2005 7250: 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7167: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6995:. p. 43. 6993: 6992: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6927:Gombrich 1971 6923: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6880:, p. 89. 6879: 6874: 6868:, p. 96. 6867: 6862: 6855: 6854:Gombrich 1971 6850: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6830:Gombrich 1971 6826: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6804: 6799: 6793:, p. 36. 6792: 6791:Gombrich 2009 6787: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6742:, p. 45. 6741: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6724: 6723:Gombrich 1971 6719: 6713:, p. 85. 6712: 6707: 6705: 6697: 6696:Gombrich 2006 6692: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595:Williams 2008 6591: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6552:Gombrich 1971 6548: 6541: 6540:Gombrich 2006 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419:(4): 463–86. 6418: 6414: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6359:Gombrich 2006 6355: 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6097:"South Korea" 6091: 6084: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6049:, p. 45. 6048: 6043: 6036: 6031: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5983: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5830:, p. 19. 5829: 5824: 5818:, p. 84. 5817: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5801:, p. 37. 5800: 5795: 5793: 5785: 5780: 5773: 5768: 5762:, p. 61. 5761: 5756: 5749: 5744: 5737: 5736:Appleton 2014 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5702:, p. 22. 5701: 5696: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5588:, p. 95. 5587: 5582: 5580: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5479:, p. 52. 5478: 5473: 5471: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5444: 5437:, p. 61. 5436: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5368: 5366: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5320:, p. 72. 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5260:, p. 22. 5259: 5254: 5248:, p. 23. 5247: 5242: 5235: 5234:Salguero 2013 5230: 5223: 5222:Skilling 2005 5218: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5133: 5132:Williams 2008 5128: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5071:, p. 20. 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5047:, p. 87. 5046: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4981:, p. 43. 4980: 4975: 4968: 4963: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4897:, p. 73. 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4837:, p. 23. 4836: 4831: 4825:, p. 89. 4824: 4819: 4813:, p. 68. 4812: 4807: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4786:, p. 10. 4785: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4657:, p. 95. 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4629: 4624: 4618:, p. 90. 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4332:, p. 94. 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243:Skilling 2005 4239: 4232: 4231:Williams 2008 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4088:, p. 13. 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4062:Gutschow 2004 4058: 4051: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3985:Skilling 2005 3981: 3974: 3973:Salguero 2013 3969: 3962: 3957: 3951:, p. 47. 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3746: 3745:Salguero 2013 3741: 3739: 3737: 3729: 3728:Skilling 2005 3724: 3717:. p. 74. 3716: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3701: 3694:, p. 15. 3693: 3692:Gutschow 2004 3688: 3681: 3680:Gombrich 2006 3676: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3634:, p. 20. 3633: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3578:, p. 19. 3577: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3509:Gutschow 2004 3505: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3465: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3408:Williams 2008 3404: 3402: 3395:, p. 29. 3394: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3360: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3314:Gombrich 1971 3310: 3304:, p. 96. 3303: 3298: 3292:, p. 28. 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3268:, p. 44. 3267: 3266:Gombrich 2009 3262: 3256:, p. 14. 3255: 3254:Gutschow 2004 3250: 3248: 3241:, p. 21. 3240: 3235: 3233: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3136: 3135: 3134:Myanmar Times 3130: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3002: 2996:, p. 66. 2995: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2937:, p. 18. 2936: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2876:, p. 44. 2875: 2870: 2868: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2846:, p. 86. 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2649:Three Refuges 2647: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2594: 2587:Merit release 2580: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:millennialist 2518: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2391:/Person/Year 2390: 2383: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2351:L. S. Cousins 2348: 2344: 2339: 2336: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2300:Thet Mahachat 2295: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2177:emperor Asoka 2173: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2136: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2051:Heinz Bechert 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2004: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1963:Milinda Pañhā 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1930:Anāthapiṇḍika 1920: 1918: 1917:terminal care 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1769:Thet Mahachat 1764: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1716:Pagan Kingdom 1711: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1643: 1642:Thai Buddhism 1632: 1629: 1623: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1361:Melford Spiro 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155:). Moreover, 1154: 1149: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 925: 921: 919: 917:brahamavihāra 914: 909: 905: 900: 895: 893: 887: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 856: 855:Diṭṭhujukamma 852: 849: 845: 842: 840: 839:Dhammassavana 835: 832: 828: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 807: 803: 800: 798: 793: 790: 788: 783: 780: 778: 773: 772: 771: 769: 765: 761: 760:Dhammasaṅganī 757: 753: 745: 741: 739: 735: 730: 725: 721: 717: 716:five precepts 713: 709: 705: 696: 694: 692: 685: 682: 680: 678: 668: 665: 663: 661: 654: 653: 652: 650: 646: 631: 629: 624: 619: 614: 608: 606: 602: 601:Milinda Pañhā 597: 594: 588: 586: 582: 578: 573: 567: 561: 557: 554: 550: 549:Pāli language 546: 541: 536: 531: 525: 523: 519: 514: 509: 504: 502: 498: 493: 489: 483: 478: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442:, originally 440: 435: 431: 430: 427:(demerit) or 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 397: 393: 389: 385: 383: 379: 374: 369: 361: 360:[būn] 354: 352: 348: 343: 332: 330: 326: 318: 316: 312: 307: 302: 292: 290: 286: 281: 276: 266: 264: 260: 255: 250: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 210: 206: 203: 197: 189: 187: 186:merit release 183: 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 74: 73:modernization 70: 69:enlightenment 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 30: 26: 22: 13520:Bodhisattvas 13440:Christianity 13435:Baháʼí Faith 13300:Dharmachakra 13290:Prayer wheel 13280:Prayer beads 13048:Architecture 12927:969 Movement 12711:Saudi Arabia 12689:Central Asia 12682:South Africa 12504: 12487: 12420:Panchen Lama 12325:Buddhapālita 11921:Satipatthana 11916:Mindful Yoga 11905: 11829:Recollection 11743:Brahmavihara 11614:Japanese Zen 11609:Chinese Chan 11569:Animal realm 11376:Key concepts 11198:Bodhisattvas 11010:Three Jewels 10804:Lay Buddhist 10767: 10754: 10737: 10722: 10704: 10676:30 September 10674:, retrieved 10667:the original 10655:e-Library., 10644: 10632:, retrieved 10625:the original 10606: 10573: 10548: 10542: 10531:, retrieved 10526: 10502: 10480: 10462: 10451:the original 10437:Thomson Gale 10432: 10402: 10378: 10354: 10339:the original 10325:Thomson Gale 10320: 10289: 10285: 10274:, retrieved 10267:the original 10244: 10232:the original 10209: 10175: 10145: 10141: 10122: 10098: 10075: 10062: 10058: 10040:the original 10025: 10007:, retrieved 10000:the original 9987: 9977:19 September 9975:, retrieved 9957: 9941:19 September 9939:, retrieved 9921: 9905:19 September 9903:, retrieved 9885: 9882:"Patti-dāna" 9862: 9858: 9845: 9839: 9808: 9802: 9791:, retrieved 9784:the original 9765: 9734: 9728: 9717:the original 9702: 9683: 9636: 9630: 9612:the original 9589: 9562: 9529: 9523: 9514: 9485: 9455: 9431: 9417:(2): 36–78, 9414: 9410: 9386: 9380: 9356: 9352: 9329: 9317:, retrieved 9310:the original 9294:, New York: 9287: 9260: 9254: 9243:, retrieved 9236:the original 9217: 9193: 9166: 9151:the original 9132: 9096: 9092: 9078:the original 9065: 9045: 9015: 9009: 8982: 8958: 8946:, retrieved 8940: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8889: 8877:the original 8863:Thomson Gale 8858: 8840:the original 8826:Thomson Gale 8821: 8791: 8767: 8742: 8738: 8706: 8700: 8681: 8677: 8650: 8644: 8621: 8588: 8584: 8556:. Retrieved 8551:The Guardian 8549: 8540: 8528:. Retrieved 8524:Boston Globe 8522: 8512: 8500:. Retrieved 8490: 8480: 8468:. Retrieved 8463: 8454: 8442: 8430:. Retrieved 8427:Bangkok Post 8426: 8413: 8401: 8389: 8377: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8323:. Retrieved 8317: 8273:. Retrieved 8262: 8238: 8233:, p. 5. 8226: 8217: 8211: 8198: 8186: 8174: 8162: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8114: 8102: 8090: 8078: 8066: 8043: 8030: 8018: 8013:, p. 3. 8011:Walters 2003 7998: 7986: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7938:. Retrieved 7931:the original 7915:. New York: 7908: 7901: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826:. Retrieved 7820: 7810: 7798: 7759: 7748: 7708: 7701: 7689:. Retrieved 7682:the original 7667: 7651: 7624: 7612: 7605:Marston 2006 7600: 7588: 7576: 7557: 7547: 7535: 7523:. Retrieved 7516:the original 7493: 7486: 7479:Walters 2003 7474: 7462: 7450: 7438: 7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7378: 7366:. Retrieved 7359:the original 7340: 7327: 7315: 7273: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7230:Lamotte 1988 7225: 7214:the original 7199: 7186: 7174: 7151: 7141: 7129:. Retrieved 7122:the original 7103: 7087: 7064: 7054: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7022:the original 7017: 7007:Basham, A.L. 7001: 6990: 6982: 6970: 6963:Bechert 1992 6958: 6946: 6939:Bechert 1992 6934: 6922: 6905: 6901: 6885: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6818:Bechert 1992 6798: 6786: 6775:the original 6760: 6747: 6718: 6691: 6680:the original 6666:Thomson Gale 6661: 6648: 6621: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6500:the original 6486:Thomson Gale 6481: 6468: 6446:Schober 1996 6441: 6416: 6412: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6347:Lamotte 1988 6342: 6330: 6284: 6272: 6261:the original 6246: 6233: 6204: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6161:the original 6146: 6133: 6122:the original 6108:Thomson Gale 6103: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6059:Swearer 1995 6054: 6042: 6030: 6003: 5999:Powers, John 5993: 5982:the original 5967: 5929: 5916: 5905:the original 5891:Thomson Gale 5886: 5873: 5864: 5860: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5784:Schober 1996 5779: 5767: 5755: 5748:Walters 2003 5743: 5731: 5724:Marston 2006 5719: 5707: 5700:Swearer 1995 5695: 5668: 5663:, p. 6. 5661:Swearer 1995 5656: 5644: 5632: 5620: 5593: 5567:the original 5552: 5539: 5528:the original 5514:Thomson Gale 5509: 5496: 5484: 5462:Schopen 1997 5457: 5430: 5423:Marston 2006 5418: 5406: 5394: 5381: 5353:the original 5338: 5325: 5318:Lamotte 1988 5313: 5301: 5287: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5206:the original 5192:Thomson Gale 5187: 5174: 5146: 5139: 5127: 5116:the original 5101: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 4974: 4962: 4937: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4791: 4784:Swearer 1995 4779: 4765:(1): 28–36. 4762: 4758: 4752: 4740: 4733:Cousins 1996 4728: 4701: 4693: 4686: 4679:Collins 1997 4674: 4667:Collins 1997 4662: 4650: 4643:Collins 1997 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4532:Cousins 1996 4527: 4515: 4503:. Retrieved 4498: 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4474:Buddhistdoor 4473: 4463: 4451: 4439: 4427: 4415: 4408:Walters 2003 4403: 4368: 4361: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4287:the original 4273:Thomson Gale 4268: 4238: 4226: 4197: 4175:(1): 71–85. 4172: 4168: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4100: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4057: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3802:the original 3788:Thomson-Gale 3783: 3723: 3709: 3687: 3675: 3651: 3610: 3598: 3522: 3516: 3511:, p. 2. 3504: 3479: 3472: 3421: 3415: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3196: 3192: 3165: 3138:. Retrieved 3132: 3066:, p. 2. 3037: 3028:Norman, K.R. 3022: 3013: 3001: 2947:Cousins 1996 2942: 2915: 2818: 2799: 2791: 2777: 2768: 2761:merit-making 2760: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2728: 2720: 2713:Digha Nikāya 2707: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684:Digha Nikaya 2678: 2632: 2629: 2610: 2599: 2596: 2593:Life release 2572: 2568: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2510: 2507:Bodhisattvas 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2478: 2468: 2460: 2366: 2354: 2340: 2331: 2304: 2290: 2276: 2262: 2242:Jinakālamālī 2237: 2235: 2229: 2215: 2205: 2198: 2154: 2145:saptāṇgapūjā 2139: 2135:Bodhisattvas 2134: 2127: 2117: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2089: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2047: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2014: 1986:monetisation 1982:mercantilism 1979:metaphysical 1952: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1904:puṇyapustaka 1898: 1888: 1882: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1848:Ming dynasty 1841: 1835: 1815: 1796: 1780:legitimating 1749: 1743: 1724: 1709: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1670: 1639: 1636:Merit-making 1625: 1620: 1608: 1598: 1586: 1581: 1565: 1553: 1547: 1536: 1532:puññakkhetta 1526: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1386: 1383:self-torture 1377: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1325: 1309: 1293: 1289: 1286:Phra Payutto 1283: 1272: 1262: 1254: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1235:Damien Keown 1230: 1222: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1141: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1079: 1075:kusaladhamma 1069: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1047: 1043: 1030: 1027: 1013: 1009:Vimānavatthu 1006: 995: 985: 971: 961: 953: 935: 911: 896: 883: 860: 854: 847: 837: 830: 823: 822:; Sanskrit: 819: 812: 805: 795: 785: 775: 768:lay devotees 758:such as the 756:commentaries 750: 727: 708:right speech 700: 687: 673: 656: 648: 642: 621: 611: 609: 598: 589: 570: 538: 528: 526: 511: 505: 491: 481:pitṛ, pitara 475: 460: 455: 451: 447: 438: 433: 428: 424: 419: 414:Commentator 403: 402: 201: 181: 175: 142: 126: 122: 104: 95: 77: 61:Merit-making 60: 36: 35: 25: 13365:Dharma talk 13194:Asalha Puja 12990:Eschatology 12793:Switzerland 12773:New Zealand 12701:Middle East 12610:Philippines 12530:Afghanistan 12335:Bodhidharma 12320:Buddhaghosa 12240:Householder 12150:Monasticism 12103:Bodhisattva 11958:Prostration 11911:Mindfulness 11839:Anapanasati 11822:Kammaṭṭhāna 11619:Korean Seon 11559:Asura realm 11554:Human realm 11494:Ten Fetters 11449:Parinirvana 11351:Uppalavanna 11316:Mahākaccana 11301:Mahākassapa 11233:Kṣitigarbha 11228:Ākāśagarbha 11125:Suddhodāna 11070:Four sights 10997:Foundations 9950:Nyanatiloka 9914:Nyanatiloka 9878:Nyanatiloka 9359:(1): 1–28, 8962:, Hoboken: 8926:: 136–164, 8558:20 November 8243:Basham 1989 8155:Mulder 1979 8131:Harvey 2000 8119:Findly 2003 8083:Basham 1989 8007:Harvey 2000 7991:Fisher 2008 7979:Harvey 2000 7967:Fisher 2008 7955:Harvey 2000 7940:12 February 7843:Basham 1989 7803:Harvey 2000 7786:|work= 7736:|work= 7443:Harvey 2000 7395:Rāhula 1966 7383:Harvey 2000 7320:Harvey 2000 7242:Thomas 1953 6803:Harvey 2000 6740:Harvey 2012 6564:Gethin 1998 6371:Rāhula 1966 6323:Rotman 2008 6304:Tanabe 2004 6289:Brokaw 2014 6277:Brokaw 2014 6189:Brokaw 2014 6071:Rāhula 1966 5880:"Sri Lanka" 5840:Rāhula 1966 5688:Mulder 1979 5649:Fisher 2008 5637:Mulder 1969 5489:Findly 2003 5450:Mulder 1969 5411:Findly 2003 5399:Mulder 1969 5270:Adamek 2005 5258:Harvey 2000 5246:Harvey 2000 5081:Adamek 2005 5057:Brekke 1998 5033:Findly 2003 4994:Brekke 1998 4556:Thomas 1953 4505:13 November 4479:13 November 4456:Findly 2003 4432:Harvey 2000 4354:Brekke 1998 4342:Harvey 2000 4306:Brekke 1998 3882:Findly 2003 3870:Walshe 1995 3858:Mulder 1969 3846:Mulder 1969 3632:Harvey 2000 3576:Harvey 2000 3460:|work= 3290:Brokaw 2014 3170:Basham 1989 3085:Tanabe 2004 3064:Findly 2003 2935:Harvey 2000 2874:Harvey 2012 2792:meritorious 2734:saccakiriya 2471:determinism 2464:social ties 2347:consumerism 2277:Bodhisattas 2221:Cakravartin 2068:Mahābhārata 2056:Kathāvatthu 1975:Divyāvadāna 1955:bookkeeping 1746:"rest days" 1689:empowerment 1673:mindfulness 1542:puṇyakṣetra 1513:dakkhiṇeyyo 1173:defilements 1169:Akusalamūla 1081:Bodhisattva 1050:and Nirvana 958:perfections 863:Buddhaghosa 764:Atthasālinī 463:Brahmanical 178:materialist 171:legitimated 145:), and the 13595:Categories 13482:Psychology 13462:Gnosticism 13450:Comparison 13445:Influences 13427:Comparison 13310:Bhavacakra 13268:Kushinagar 13243:Pilgrimage 13189:Māgha Pūjā 13144:Bodhi Tree 12960:Buddhology 12950:Abhidharma 12942:Philosophy 12875:Menander I 12743:Costa Rica 12694:Uzbekistan 12535:Bangladesh 12489:Dhammapada 12473:Pali Canon 12435:Ajahn Chah 12415:Dalai Lama 12315:Kumārajīva 12310:Vasubandhu 12285:The Buddha 12193:Zen master 12128:Sakadagami 12108:Buddhahood 12039:Pratimokṣa 11854:Shikantaza 11810:Meditation 11785:Deity yoga 11656:Madhyamaka 11549:Deva realm 11444:Mindstream 11394:Bodhicitta 11306:Aṅgulimāla 11173:Devadatta 11149:Yaśodharā 11052:The Buddha 11042:Middle Way 10907:Pilgrimage 10881:Meditation 10860:8 Precepts 10855:5 Precepts 10812:Devotional 10634:15 October 10609:, Albany: 10533:9 November 10251:, Albany: 9768:, London: 9696:"Cambodia" 9437:SUNY Press 9245:18 October 8948:18 October 8815:"Buddhism" 8570:References 8530:17 October 8502:17 October 8470:13 October 8464:conbio.org 8408:, 30 min.. 8396:, 25 min.. 8363:(3): 301. 8325:13 October 8275:13 October 8179:Keyes 1973 8167:Keyes 1977 8143:Keyes 1983 8107:Keyes 1973 8095:Hanks 1962 8023:Hanks 1962 7993:, passim.. 7887:(2): 156. 7828:13 October 7764:. London: 7691:13 October 7629:Scott 2009 7581:Scott 2009 7525:15 October 7500:. Albany: 7419:Keyes 1977 7368:15 October 7343:. Albany: 7308:Scott 2009 7266:Gómez 2002 7148:"Mahāyāna" 7106:. London: 7093:Abe, Masao 7067:. Albany: 6614:Keyes 1977 6528:Keyes 1983 6516:Spiro 1982 6461:Scott 2009 6335:Spiro 1982 6213:. p. 6047:Bowie 2017 5828:Bowie 2017 5786:, passim.. 5673:Scott 2009 5625:Scott 2009 5598:Walsh 2007 5586:Scott 2009 5503:"Buddhism" 5306:Walsh 2007 4979:Spiro 1982 4967:Keown 1992 4919:Keown 1992 4859:Keown 1992 4823:Keown 1992 4796:Keown 1992 4745:Spiro 1982 4655:Spiro 1982 4616:Keown 1992 4592:Keown 1992 4544:Gómez 2002 4444:Spiro 1982 4420:Gómez 2002 4330:Scott 2009 4318:Spiro 1982 4202:Keown 1992 4086:Keown 1992 4074:Spiro 1982 3961:Jones 1979 3937:Jones 1979 3777:"Thailand" 3603:Keyes 1983 3591:Hanks 1962 3533:. Boston: 3393:Scott 2009 3359:Keyes 1983 3344:13 October 3302:Keyes 1973 3278:Hanks 1962 3140:13 October 3009:ПАПА–ПУНЬЯ 2920:Hanks 1962 2823:Spiro 1982 2569:Phu Mi Bun 2561:Phu Mi Bun 2553:Phu Mi Bun 2549:Phu Mi Bun 2529:Phu Mi Bun 2525:Phu Mi Bun 2511:Phu Mi Bun 2503:Phu Mi Bun 2499:Phu Mi Bun 2494:Phu Mi Bun 2485:See also: 2479:Phu Mi Bun 2356:ultimatism 2343:capitalism 2321:See also: 2265:epigraphic 2246:repentance 2230:Cakkavatti 2211:Cakkavatti 2165:See also: 2022:pariṇāmanā 1967:mercantile 1843:gōngguò gé 1826:pilgrimage 1822:offer alms 1807:Buddha Day 1734:See also: 1712:themselves 1609:saṅghadāna 1592:saṅghadāna 1486:Brahmanism 1387:Bodhisatta 1371:Bodhisatta 1259:meditation 1177:kusalamūla 1054:See also: 1001:praṇidhāna 954:Bodhisatta 950:Buddhahood 938:vernacular 645:Pāli canon 488:Upanishads 416:Dhammapāla 382:Vietnamese 192:Definition 182:Phu Mi Bun 169:was often 131:Triple Gem 13550:Festivals 13530:Buddhists 13492:Theosophy 13295:Symbolism 13285:Hama yumi 13258:Bodh Gaya 13025:Socialism 13000:Evolution 12975:Economics 12813:Venezuela 12728:Australia 12723:Argentina 12647:Sri Lanka 12642:Singapore 12560:Indonesia 12522:Countries 12463:Tripiṭaka 12425:Ajahn Mun 12300:Nagarjuna 12295:Aśvaghoṣa 12178:Anagārika 12173:Śrāmaṇerī 12168:Śrāmaṇera 12163:Bhikkhunī 12123:Sotāpanna 12012:Passaddhi 11953:Offerings 11928:Nekkhamma 11805:Iddhipada 11725:Practices 11695:Theravada 11668:Vajrayana 11661:Yogachara 11631:Pure Land 11544:Six Paths 11531:Cosmology 11311:Anuruddha 11286:Sāriputta 11276:Kaundinya 11268:Disciples 11243:Vajrapāṇi 11095:Footprint 11060:Tathāgata 10897:Monastics 10834:3 Refuges 10824:Offerings 10806:Practices 10768:Beliefnet 10565:143298553 10494:923624252 10486:Routledge 10162:143624541 9952:(1980c), 9916:(1980b), 9880:(1980a), 9871:2322-0988 9825:143907554 9770:Routledge 9554:162764851 9403:0002-7189 9279:1548-1433 9121:161095621 9032:145118995 8932:1076-9005 8759:1568-5276 8731:161340415 8667:143789655 8613:170244626 8432:9 October 8423:(Opinion) 8285:cite news 8191:Jory 2002 7788:ignored ( 7778:cite book 7738:ignored ( 7728:cite book 7540:Jory 2016 7455:Jory 2002 7431:Jory 2002 7407:Jory 2002 7108:Routledge 6951:Holt 1981 6914:1017-7132 6866:Egge 2013 6433:171027951 6035:Jory 2002 5799:Jory 2002 5760:Jory 2002 5435:Egge 2013 5156:Princeton 5069:Egge 2013 5021:Egge 2013 4835:Egge 2013 4628:Egge 2013 4189:170376011 4151:170301689 3924:162817978 3657:Routledge 3462:ignored ( 3452:cite book 3239:Egge 2013 3223:162810180 2962:Holt 1981 2811:Citations 2481:movements 2428:Northeast 2335:ritualism 2273:Ayutthaya 2037:Pure Land 2018:pattidāna 1832:Recording 1677:symbiotic 1509:āhavanīya 1463:, not as 1445:ethically 1278:lokuttara 991:panidhāna 876:Vajrayāna 868:Theravāda 517:Tripitaka 471:'fathers' 456:deserving 412:Theravāda 342:bsod nams 321:ບຸນ (bun) 243:ကောင်းမှု 159:festivals 65:next life 13568:Category 13497:Violence 13467:Hinduism 13415:Sanskrit 13370:Hinayana 13355:Amitābha 13315:Swastika 13184:Uposatha 13174:Holidays 13159:Calendar 13005:Humanism 12843:Kanishka 12833:Timeline 12657:Thailand 12625:Kalmykia 12620:Buryatia 12605:Pakistan 12590:Mongolia 12585:Maldives 12580:Malaysia 12545:Cambodia 12410:Shamarpa 12405:Nichiren 12355:Xuanzang 12290:Nagasena 12208:Rinpoche 11938:Pāramitā 11780:Devotion 11700:Navayana 11688:Dzogchen 11651:Nichiren 11599:Mahayana 11591:Branches 11469:Saṅkhāra 11218:Mañjuśrī 11175:(cousin) 11167:(cousin) 11135:(mother) 11127:(father) 11115:Miracles 11065:Birthday 10982:Glossary 10955:Buddhism 10902:Uposatha 10895:Support 10839:Chanting 10478:(1953), 10352:(1982), 10306:45950155 10073:(1966), 10053:(1976), 9661:citation 9625:(1967), 9587:(1988), 9483:(1992), 9423:40860799 9164:(2009), 9130:(2006), 9063:(1998), 8723:24659519 8492:CBC News 8220:: 78–86. 7867:Bao 2005 7659:(1997). 7095:(1997). 7009:(1981). 6908:: 60–2. 6893:(2010). 6475:"Wealth" 6413:Religion 6001:(2007). 5867:: 69–70. 5712:Bao 2005 5285:(1912). 5152:Columbia 4771:40018241 3835:(1): 18. 3030:(1992). 2643:See also 2637:Brighton 2606:chanting 2281:epithets 2254:Sanskrit 2217:Sanskrit 2181:Sanskrit 2161:Kingship 2141:Sanskrit 2091:Sanskrit 2077:Sanskrit 2029:transfer 1992:Transfer 1959:metaphor 1900:Sanskrit 1869:and the 1755:uposatha 1538:Sanskrit 1501:āhuneyyo 1449:adhisīla 1148:Sanskrit 1132:Sanskrit 1018:sāmaṇera 997:Sanskrit 977:pāramitā 973:Sanskrit 946:Avadānas 872:Mahāyāna 784:Virtue ( 774:Giving ( 733:sampatti 655:giving ( 627:ānuśaṁsa 623:Sanskrit 617:ānisaṁsa 593:Tipiṭaka 540:Sanskrit 513:Sanskrit 508:Tipiṭaka 477:Sanskrit 388:công đức 335:བསོད་ནམས 295:功德 (くどく) 289:Japanese 254:káʊ̃ m̥ṵ 209:Sanskrit 167:kingship 41:Sanskrit 13545:Temples 13525:Buddhas 13487:Science 13477:Judaism 13472:Jainism 13390:Lineage 13350:Abhijñā 13320:Thangka 13263:Sarnath 13248:Lumbini 13169:Funeral 13164:Cuisine 13040:Culture 13015:Reality 12965:Creator 12955:Atomism 12825:History 12798:Ukraine 12758:Germany 12677:Senegal 12667:Vietnam 12595:Myanmar 12395:Shinran 12385:Karmapa 12360:Shandao 12330:Dignāga 12255:Śrāvaka 12235:Donchee 12230:Kappiya 12188:Sayadaw 12158:Bhikkhu 12133:Anāgāmi 12090:Nirvana 12056:Samadhi 11943:Paritta 11884:Tonglen 11879:Mandala 11834:Smarana 11815:Mantras 11763:Upekkha 11733:Bhavana 11683:Shingon 11636:Tiantai 11489:Tathātā 11479:Śūnyatā 11474:Skandha 11464:Saṃsāra 11459:Rebirth 11434:Kleshas 11424:Indriya 11326:Subhūti 11211:Guanyin 11165:Ānanda 11157:Rāhula 11037:Nirvana 10977:Outline 10276:2 April 10019:"Merit" 10009:2 April 9918:"Puñña" 9793:2 April 9676:"Puñña" 9653:1397047 9546:2053724 9373:3269794 9319:2 April 9113:1061922 8678:Mankind 7131:2 April 6211:Cengage 3916:2052605 3215:2053271 2715:iii.218 2700:bhāvanā 2536:: 2516:shamans 2408:Central 2397:Bangkok 2385:Region 2306:pāramīs 2296:: 2155:ekōdera 2150:liturgy 2113:Śrāddha 2061:as such 1942:Saṃsāra 1860:Baopuzi 1799:Kaṭhina 1792:Rama IV 1788:, below 1765:: 1730:Rituals 1661:: 1649:: 1518:dakśiṇā 1505:analogy 1480:ground. 1457:ethical 1424:adhamma 1420:adhamma 1401:Saṃsāra 1337:borisut 1333:: 1317:: 1301:: 1255:bhāvanā 1227:Nirvana 1203:akusala 1199:akusala 1161:akusala 1136:akuśala 1126:akusala 797:Bhāvanā 738:Nirvana 691:bhāvanā 639:General 553:magical 506:In the 501:ethical 469:of the 329:Tibetan 280:gōng dé 263:Chinese 237:Burmese 151:rituals 100:Nirvana 92:demerit 13540:Sutras 13535:Suttas 13400:Siddhi 13385:Koliya 13360:Brahmā 13275:Poetry 13221:Mantra 13211:Kasaya 13083:Pagoda 13063:Kyaung 13058:Vihāra 13053:Temple 12995:Ethics 12838:Ashoka 12788:Sweden 12783:Poland 12778:Norway 12768:Mexico 12753:France 12738:Canada 12733:Brazil 12672:Africa 12652:Taiwan 12615:Russia 12540:Bhutan 12500:Vinaya 12380:Naropa 12370:Saraha 12305:Asanga 12061:Prajñā 11970:Refuge 11933:Nianfo 11894:Tertön 11889:Tantra 11874:Ganana 11864:Tukdam 11790:Dhyāna 11758:Mudita 11753:Karuṇā 11646:Risshū 11641:Huayan 11574:Naraka 11514:Anattā 11509:Dukkha 11504:Anicca 11409:Dharma 11361:Channa 11296:Ānanda 11281:Assaji 11248:Skanda 11151:(wife) 11120:Family 11100:Relics 11025:Sangha 11020:Dharma 11015:Buddha 10886:Giving 10724:DMC.tv 10659: 10617: 10588: 10563: 10514: 10492: 10470:, 2001 10443: 10414: 10390: 10366: 10331: 10304: 10259: 10224: 10186: 10160: 10130: 10110: 10083: 10032: 9968: 9932: 9896: 9869: 9823: 9776: 9751:599354 9749: 9709: 9651: 9604: 9574: 9552: 9544: 9497: 9470: 9443: 9421: 9401: 9371: 9341: 9302: 9277: 9228: 9205: 9181: 9143: 9119: 9111: 9048:] 9030: 8994: 8970: 8930: 8914:Kusala 8897: 8869: 8852:"Laos" 8832: 8803: 8779: 8757: 8729: 8721: 8665: 8633: 8611: 8603: 8054: 7923: 7716: 7674: 7564: 7554:"Laos" 7508: 7351: 7206: 7162: 7114: 7075: 6912: 6767: 6672: 6492: 6431: 6394: 6253: 6221: 6153: 6114: 6018: 5974: 5940: 5897: 5559: 5520: 5345: 5198: 5162: 5108: 4950: 4769: 4716: 4704:] 4376: 4279: 4262:"Dāna" 4187: 4149: 4108: 3922: 3914: 3794: 3663: 3541: 3492: 3440: 3221: 3213: 3044: 2748:kusala 2412:1,032 2402:1,512 2279:, and 2238:suttas 2226:Dharma 2193:Sangha 2130:Andhra 2108:pitṛs. 1857:, the 1840:: 1838:pinyin 1812:Korean 1461:kusala 1441:ethics 1428:dhamma 1416:dhamma 1346:kusala 1342:kusala 1326:kusala 1294:kusala 1268:lokīya 1249:suttas 1239:kusala 1223:Kusala 1211:kusala 1195:kusala 1157:kusala 1152:kuśala 1142:kusala 1066:suttas 1062:sūtras 1048:kusala 967:pāramī 942:Jātaka 899:egoist 880:ritual 670:virtue 585:divine 497:ritual 467:heaven 425:apuñña 408:virtue 306:kudoku 301:Rōmaji 275:Pinyin 157:, and 147:Sangha 139:Dhamma 135:Buddha 123:kusala 111:virtue 107:giving 80:purity 13512:Lists 13380:Kalpa 13375:Iddhi 13238:Music 13233:Mudra 13199:Vassa 13179:Vesak 13149:Budai 13095:Candi 13078:Stupa 13010:Logic 12763:Italy 12662:Tibet 12600:Nepal 12570:Korea 12565:Japan 12555:India 12550:China 12495:Sutra 12450:Texts 12400:Dōgen 12390:Hōnen 12375:Atiśa 12340:Zhiyi 12250:Achar 12218:Tulku 12213:Geshe 12198:Rōshi 12183:Ajahn 12138:Arhat 12098:Bodhi 12068:Vīrya 11985:Sacca 11980:Satya 11975:Sādhu 11963:Music 11906:Merit 11899:Terma 11859:Zazen 11795:Faith 11748:Mettā 11429:Karma 11389:Bardo 11356:Asita 11346:Khema 11336:Upāli 11321:Nanda 11159:(son) 11133:Māyā 11110:Films 10987:Index 10891:Study 10874:Other 10670:(PDF) 10649:(PDF) 10628:(PDF) 10603:(PDF) 10578:(PDF) 10561:S2CID 10454:(PDF) 10429:(PDF) 10342:(PDF) 10317:(PDF) 10302:S2CID 10270:(PDF) 10249:(PDF) 10235:(PDF) 10214:(PDF) 10158:S2CID 10043:(PDF) 10022:(PDF) 10003:(PDF) 9992:(PDF) 9865:(1), 9836:(PDF) 9821:S2CID 9787:(PDF) 9762:(PDF) 9747:JSTOR 9720:(PDF) 9699:(PDF) 9678:, in 9649:JSTOR 9615:(PDF) 9594:(PDF) 9550:S2CID 9542:JSTOR 9460:(PDF) 9419:JSTOR 9369:JSTOR 9353:Numen 9313:(PDF) 9292:(PDF) 9239:(PDF) 9222:(PDF) 9171:(PDF) 9154:(PDF) 9137:(PDF) 9117:S2CID 9109:JSTOR 9081:(PDF) 9070:(PDF) 9050:(PDF) 9044:[ 9028:S2CID 8880:(PDF) 8855:(PDF) 8843:(PDF) 8818:(PDF) 8739:Numen 8727:S2CID 8719:JSTOR 8663:S2CID 8609:S2CID 8601:JSTOR 8208:(PDF) 8040:(PDF) 7934:(PDF) 7913:(PDF) 7685:(PDF) 7664:(PDF) 7519:(PDF) 7498:(PDF) 7362:(PDF) 7337:(PDF) 7217:(PDF) 7196:(PDF) 7125:(PDF) 7100:(PDF) 7048:: 54. 7025:(PDF) 7014:(PDF) 6898:(PDF) 6778:(PDF) 6757:(PDF) 6683:(PDF) 6658:(PDF) 6503:(PDF) 6478:(PDF) 6429:S2CID 6264:(PDF) 6243:(PDF) 6164:(PDF) 6143:(PDF) 6125:(PDF) 6100:(PDF) 6008:(PDF) 5985:(PDF) 5964:(PDF) 5926:(PDF) 5908:(PDF) 5883:(PDF) 5857:(PDF) 5570:(PDF) 5549:(PDF) 5531:(PDF) 5506:(PDF) 5378:(PDF) 5356:(PDF) 5335:(PDF) 5209:(PDF) 5184:(PDF) 5119:(PDF) 5098:(PDF) 4767:JSTOR 4706:(PDF) 4700:[ 4290:(PDF) 4265:(PDF) 4185:S2CID 4147:S2CID 3920:S2CID 3912:JSTOR 3823:(PDF) 3805:(PDF) 3780:(PDF) 3527:(PDF) 3219:S2CID 3211:JSTOR 2670:Notes 2659:Sukha 2625:Vesak 2573:merit 2438:South 2418:North 2258:Aśoka 2250:Asoka 2185:Aśoka 2104:preta 2095:tapas 2081:tejas 2072:devas 2042:devas 1971:ethos 1936:Taṇhā 1554:yajña 1550:other 1492:yajña 1465:puñña 1453:puñña 1405:merit 1354:puñña 1350:puñña 1310:merit 1290:merit 1243:puñña 1231:puñña 1229:than 1215:puñña 1187:Puñña 1181:roots 1044:Puñña 890:rdzas 841:-maya 799:-maya 789:-maya 779:-maya 693:-maya 679:-maya 662:-maya 556:rites 544:karma 534:kamma 452:puñña 448:puṇya 439:merit 404:Puñña 249:MLCTS 229:puñña 215:puṇya 202:Merit 53:puñña 45:puṇya 37:Merit 13410:Pāḷi 13395:Māra 13305:Flag 12706:Iran 12630:Tuva 12575:Laos 12203:Lama 12051:Śīla 12019:Śīla 12007:Pīti 11997:Sati 11948:Puja 11869:Koan 11775:Dāna 11366:Yasa 11253:Tārā 10829:Bows 10819:Puja 10678:2016 10657:ISBN 10636:2016 10615:ISBN 10586:ISBN 10535:2007 10512:ISBN 10490:OCLC 10441:ISBN 10412:ISBN 10388:ISBN 10364:ISBN 10329:ISBN 10278:2017 10257:ISBN 10222:ISBN 10184:ISBN 10128:ISBN 10108:ISBN 10081:ISBN 10030:ISBN 10011:2017 9979:2016 9966:ISBN 9943:2016 9930:ISBN 9907:2016 9894:ISBN 9867:ISSN 9795:2017 9774:ISBN 9707:ISBN 9667:link 9602:ISBN 9572:ISBN 9495:ISBN 9468:ISBN 9464:NIAS 9441:ISBN 9399:ISSN 9339:ISBN 9321:2017 9300:ISBN 9275:ISSN 9247:2016 9226:ISBN 9203:ISBN 9179:ISBN 9141:ISBN 8992:ISBN 8968:ISBN 8950:2016 8928:ISSN 8895:ISBN 8867:ISBN 8830:ISBN 8801:ISBN 8777:ISBN 8755:ISSN 8631:ISBN 8560:2017 8532:2016 8504:2016 8472:2016 8434:2019 8327:2016 8291:link 8277:2016 8052:ISBN 8048:NIAS 7942:2017 7921:ISBN 7830:2016 7790:help 7740:help 7714:ISBN 7693:2016 7672:ISBN 7562:ISBN 7527:2016 7506:ISBN 7370:2016 7349:ISBN 7204:ISBN 7160:ISBN 7133:2017 7112:ISBN 7073:ISBN 6910:ISSN 6765:ISBN 6670:ISBN 6490:ISBN 6392:ISBN 6251:ISBN 6219:ISBN 6151:ISBN 6112:ISBN 6016:ISBN 5972:ISBN 5938:ISBN 5934:NIAS 5895:ISBN 5557:ISBN 5518:ISBN 5343:ISBN 5196:ISBN 5160:ISBN 5154:and 5106:ISBN 4948:ISBN 4714:ISBN 4507:2014 4481:2014 4374:ISBN 4277:ISBN 4106:ISBN 3792:ISBN 3661:ISBN 3539:ISBN 3490:ISBN 3464:help 3438:ISBN 3346:2016 3142:2016 3042:ISBN 2730:Pali 2711:See 2696:sīla 2692:dāna 2534:RTGS 2450:804 2442:516 2432:492 2422:672 2389:Baht 2345:and 2294:RTGS 2283:and 2271:and 2207:Pali 2189:Pāli 2175:The 2118:pitṛ 1890:Pali 1784:see 1763:RTGS 1751:Pali 1738:and 1665:tham 1659:RTGS 1647:RTGS 1600:Pali 1588:Pali 1557:only 1545:). 1528:Pali 1418:and 1392:Pali 1378:Māra 1331:RTGS 1315:RTGS 1299:RTGS 1292:and 1274:Pali 1264:Pali 1213:and 1207:pāpa 1205:and 1197:and 1191:pāpa 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