157:
2286:
91:
352:
While Rhys's suggestion is not implausible, his reference to Gwriad's father Gwrian contradicts the royal pedigree, which says that Gwriad's father was Elidir, so this may be a confusion of two different people named Gwriad. Gwriad's name does appear with northern origins in the
334:
suggested that Gwriad might well have taken refuge on the Isle of Man during the bloody dynastic struggle between Cynan and Hywel prior to Merfyn's accession to the throne and that the cross perhaps does refer to the refugee Gwriad, father of Merfyn. He goes on to note that the
135:(Rhodri the Great) and founder of his dynasty, which was sometimes called the Merfynion after him. Merfyn came to the throne in the aftermath of a bloody dynastic struggle between two rivals named Cynan and Hywel – generally identified with the sons of
394:
Precious little is known of Merfyn's reign. Thornton suggests that Merfyn was probably among the Welsh kings who were defeated by
Ecgberht, king of Wessex, in the year 830, but it is unknown how this affected Merfyn's rule.
408:, but as both sources are traced to people working in Merfyn's own court during his reign, it should not be considered more significant than someone's respectful reference to his patron while working in his service.
222:
in that year. In 823, Mercia laid waste to Powys and returned to
Gwynedd to burn Deganwy to the ground. Gwynedd and Powys then gained a respite when Mercia's attention turned elsewhere and its fortunes waned.
849:
Rodri ma6r. M. Meruyn vrych. M. G6rhyat. M. Elidyr. M. sandef. M. Alcun. M. tegyth. M. Ceit. M. douc. M. Llewarch hen. M. Elidyr lydanwyn. M. Meircha6n. M. G6rgust. M. Keneu. M. Coil hen. mal y mae vchot.
192:
A destructive war for control of
Gwynedd raged between 812 and 816, while in Powys a son of the king was killed by his brother "through treachery". In 818, there was a notable battle at
287:
says that Gwriad was the son of Elidyr, who bears the same name as his ancestor, the father of
Llywarch Hen, Elidyr Lydanwyn. Supporting the veracity of the pedigree is an entry in the
499:
stating specifically that women were capable of transmitting legal title of kingship and it is not known whether Merfyn came to the throne through usurpation or prior arrangement.
242:
in 829. Though Mercia managed to throw off
Ecgberht's rule in 830, it was thereafter beset by dynastic strife and never regarded its former dominance, either in Wales or eastern
930:, Three kings, who were of the sons of strangers: Gwryat, son of Gwryan yn y Gogled; and Cadafel, son of Cynfedw in Gwynedd; and Hyreidd Hir, son of Bleidic in Deheubarth.
2150:
148:
say Merfyn died around 844, the same year in which a battle occurred at Cetyll, but it is unclear whether those were two unrelated events or he fell in battle.
2047:
1589:
1604:
177:, and bad luck with nature. In 810, there was a bovine plague that killed many cattle (the primary form of wealth at the time) throughout
2030:
436:. The dialogue is a prophecy of the future kings, and lists among them Merfyn in the passage "meruin vrych o dir manaw" (English:
624:), hence the document's name. It is accompanied by Latin text that names several medieval people of note, and includes the words
1411:
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against the contrary account that Nest was the mother and
Ethyllt the wife. Thornton gives Nest as Cadell's sister.
505:
314:
and dated to the 8th or 9th century raised the question of whether Gwriad's possible connection to "Manaw" was to
1836:
1310:
668:, Welsh Medieval Law: The Laws of Howell the Good (1909) by Hywel ap Cadell, translated by Arthur Wade Wade-Evans
2052:
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mention a "Gwryat son of Gwryan in the North". Other locations for "Manaw" have been suggested, including
2215:
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1621:
1118:
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1404:
231:
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124:
from around 825 to 844, the first of its kings known not to have descended from the male line of King
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must have remained under Mercia's control through 821, as
Coenwulf is recorded dying peacefully at
2010:
1155:
Kirby, D. P. (1991), "The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the first three-quarters of the ninth century",
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2037:
2015:
1841:
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583:, Lloyd notes that this is the addition of a later copyist. Additionally, he notes that the text
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200:. Although our sources do not identify the combatants, the site had been the llys of King Cynan.
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Lloyd notes that some later copyists had invented a definite connection of the battle with
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says that claims of kingship through a maternal line were sometimes recognised under the
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The times leading up to Merfyn's reign were unsettled for both
Gwynedd and neighbouring
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suffered the same fate the following year, and Mercia was conquered and occupied by
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272:. As his father's origins are obscure, so is the basis of his claim to the throne.
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173:. Both kingdoms were beset by internal dynastic strife, external pressure from
1327:
1125:, New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. I, Edinburgh University Press,
942::185 suggests that the Gwriad of the triad is to be identified with that King
2304:
2250:
1982:
1906:
697:
414:
319:
1233:, Third, vol. IX, London: J. Russell Smith (published 1863), p. 63
1159:(Revised ed.), New York: Routledge (published 2000), pp. 153–157,
398:
Merfyn is mentioned as a king of the
Britons in a copyist's addition to the
131:
Little is known of his reign and his primary notability is as the father of
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1251:"The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859"
1238:
Phillimore, Egerton, ed. (1887), "Pedigrees from Jesus
College MS. 20",
745:
and Merfyn, where no such connection was stated in the original source.
299:. That is to say, Merfyn named one of his sons after his father Gwriad.
1901:
1490:
1270:
1183:
621:
571:
made in Gwynedd during Merfyn's reign. He is mentioned in a passage as
538:
The view that Ethyllt was Merfyn's mother and Nest his wife is held by
1321:, vol. XLII, London: The Academy (published 1892), pp. 71–72
156:
2102:
1886:
1766:
1748:
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as "Mermin", with both mentions attributed to later additions to the
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418:
331:
291:, which states that Gwriad, the brother of Rhodri Mawr, was slain on
211:
207:
106:
1257:, vol. IX, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 141–183
1244:, vol. VIII, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, pp. 83–92
1203:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
604:
was published with English annotation in 1892. It was discovered at
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346:
292:
197:
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1389:
1305:, vol. II, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (published 1868)
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342:
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186:
162:
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59:
1291:, vol. I, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas (published 1868)
884:, year 877, "Rotri et filius eius guriat a saxonibus iugulatur."
1728:
742:
367:), where he is identified as the son of "Gwrian in the North".
174:
90:
1420:
617:
178:
260:
Merfyn was linked to the earlier dynasty through his mother
1192:. Vol. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 277.
683:, Oxford University Press, 2012. Accessed 26 February 2012.
628:. This was written at the court of Merfyn during his reign.
1104:(First ed.), London: Penguin Group (published 1993),
851:" A subsequent pedigree traces Rhodri's ancestry back to
620:
text using a key in order to read the message (a form of
432:), found in the mid-13th century manuscript known as the
612:
and it contains characters that must be translated from
411:
In the literary sources, Merfyn's name appears in the
1220:, London: English Historical Society (published 1838)
1326:
Thornton, David E. (2004), "Merfyn Frych (d. 844)",
1277:, vol. I, Halle: Max Niemeyer, pp. 52–53
1150:, vol. I, Halle: Max Niemeyer, pp. 48–53
946:whose death is recorded under the year 658 by the
546:, who notes the consistency of the genealogies in
206:took advantage of the situation in 817, occupying
542:and many others, including David E. Thornton and
249:
2302:
370:Merfyn allied his own royal family with that of
361:"Three kings, who were of the sons of strangers"
210:(see map) and laying waste to the mountains of
1405:
1345:Derolez, R. (1952), "Dubthach's cryptogram",
275:Extremely little is known of Merfyn's father
1123:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
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1237:
1080:"MERFYN FRYCH (died 844), king of Gwynedd"
877:
839:– The genealogical line for Merfyn's son
832:
725:
1210:
1146:, in Meyer, Kuno; Stern, L. Chr. (eds.),
991:
268:(d. 816), rather than through his father
1325:
1144:"A Welsh Inscription in the Isle of Man"
802:
783:
155:
89:
1344:
1329:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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587:does not appear in other copies of the
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898:A Welsh Inscription in the Isle of Man
855:through Gwriad's paternal grandmother.
285:royal pedigree in Jesus College MS. 20
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495:There is nothing in what is known of
429:Cyfoesi Myrddin a Gwenddydd ei Chwaer
160:A general map of Gwynedd showing the
1275:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
1261:
1148:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
908:
181:. The next year, the ancient wooden
1214:(c. 800), Stevenson, Joseph (ed.),
866:Llywarch, Ancestor of Welsh Princes
837:Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20
563:Merfyn's name appears twice in the
302:The discovery of a cross inscribed
24:
1419:
1338:
868:, Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3, p. 450
525:) for the justification. However,
25:
2332:
1319:The Academy (July–December, 1892)
656:, 1909. Accessed 31 January 2013.
438:Merfyn Frych of the land of Manau
2284:
1526:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
1349:, vol. 21, pp. 359–375
1253:, in Phillimore, Egerton (ed.),
1189:Dictionary of National Biography
818:Dictionary of National Biography
523:heirship through the female line
506:Dictionary of National Biography
1302:The Four Ancient Books of Wales
1288:The Four Ancient Books of Wales
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723:Mermin moritur. Gueith cetill.
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577:ad annum quartum Mermini regis
529:refers to matters of property.
363:(sometimes referred to as the
279:. Merfyn claimed descent from
250:Family background and marriage
120:("Merfyn the Oppressor"), was
13:
1:
2162:Non-Christian belief systems
1085:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
677:e.g. in Charles-Edwards, T.;
635:
573:quarto Meruini regis Britonum
477:Family tree of Welsh monarchs
378:, daughter or sister of King
116:("Merfyn son of Gwriad") and
1249:Phillimore, Egerton (1888),
1140:Kermode, Philip Moore Callow
575:, and in another passage as
503:'s article on Merfyn in the
7:
1315:"On a Mediaeval Cryptogram"
843:traces all the way back to
585:annum quartum Mermini regis
465:
443:
10:
2337:
2321:9th-century Welsh monarchs
2258:Prince of Wales's feathers
1225:Parry, Henry, ed. (1829),
1157:The Earliest English Kings
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214:. Coastal Wales along the
189:was struck by lightning.
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1332:, Oxford University Press
1273:; Stern, L. Chr. (eds.),
1090:National Library of Wales
1031:On a Mediaeval Cryptogram
1015:A History of Wales, Vol I
981:A History of Wales, Vol I
767:A History of Wales, Vol I
751:A History of Wales, Vol I
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513:of inheritance and cites
472:List of rulers of Gwynedd
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322:, or to the Isle of Man (
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1217:Nennii Historia Britonum
1058:"Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad"
626:Mermin Britannorum regis
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389:
230:was killed fighting the
105:("Merfyn the Freckled";
2216:1904–1905 Welsh revival
2211:Welsh Methodist revival
1231:Archaeologia Cambrensis
847:through Llywarch Hen: "
264:, the daughter of King
427:
327:
234:in 826, his successor
166:
99:
18:Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad
2221:Welsh Church Act 1914
1988:British Sign Language
1347:L'Antiquité Classique
1297:Skene, William Forbes
1283:Skene, William Forbes
864:Ford, P. K.; (1970),
365:"Three Peasant Kings"
283:through him, and the
159:
93:
1777:British Armed Forces
1617:Wales–England border
1179:"Merfyn Frych"
1011:The Age of Isolation
384:House of Gwertherion
152:Political background
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1936:Scheduled monuments
1912:Literature in Welsh
1812:Banking and finance
1590:Mountains and hills
1516:Statute of Rhuddlan
1046:Red Book of Hergest
928:Red Book of Hergest
548:Jesus College MS 20
434:Red Book of Hergest
380:Cadell ap Brochfael
262:Ethyllt ferch Cynan
83:Ethyllt ferch Cynan
2103:Healthcare service
1724:Secretary of State
1506:Edwardian conquest
1496:Medieval Welsh law
1481:Kingdom of Gwynedd
1198:Lloyd, John Edward
1174:Lloyd, John Edward
1102:A History of Wales
996:Historia Brittonum
966:A History of Wales
653:Welsh Medieval Law
648:Wade-Evans, Arthur
602:Bamberg Cryptogram
565:Historia Brittorum
461:Anarawd ap Merfyn.
406:Bamberg Cryptogram
401:Historia Brittonum
240:Ecgberht of Wessex
204:Coenwulf of Mercia
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96:Kingdom of Gwynedd
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1379:Succeeded by
1132:978-0-7486-1232-1
1017:, in footnote 145
944:Guret of Alt Clut
544:John Edward Lloyd
501:John Edward Lloyd
413:Dialogue between
318:, once active in
112:), also known as
88:
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1672:First Minister
1669:
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1600:National parks
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1435:
1433:List of topics
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423: articles
1417:
1416:
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1380:
1377:
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1357:Regnal titles
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1068:
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1019:
999:
992:Nennius c. 800
984:
969:
954:
932:
916:
913:Note on Guriat
901:
886:
870:
857:
825:
806:
782:
770:
755:
734:
715:
710:Middle Welsh:
703:
685:
670:
658:
639:
637:
634:
631:
630:
593:
556:
552:Harley MS 3859
531:
487:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
474:
467:
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463:
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445:
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391:
388:
359:as one of the
316:Manaw Gododdin
251:
248:
153:
150:
86:
85:
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62:
56:
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26:
9:
6:
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2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:national flag
2249:
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2222:
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2209:
2207:
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2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Welsh English
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
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1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Gorsedd Cymru
1905:
1903:
1900:
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1801:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Police forces
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Republicanism
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
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1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
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1171:
1168:
1166:0-415-24211-8
1162:
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1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:0-7139-9098-8
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
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1077:
1076:
1063:
1059:
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1016:
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993:
988:
982:
978:
973:
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920:
914:
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867:
861:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
823:
819:
815:
810:
804:
803:Thornton 2004
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
779:
774:
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764:
759:
752:
748:
744:
738:
731:
727:
724:
719:
713:
707:
700:
699:
698:Brut y Saeson
694:
689:
682:
681:
674:
667:
662:
655:
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627:
623:
619:
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611:
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603:
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582:
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570:
566:
560:
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541:
535:
528:
524:
516:
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508:
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498:
492:
488:
478:
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470:
469:
460:
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454:
451:
448:
447:
441:
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431:
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421:
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416:
409:
407:
403:
402:
396:
387:
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381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
357:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:North Britain
317:
313:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:East Anglians
229:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
165:
164:
158:
149:
147:
146:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:Merfyn Camwri
115:
111:
108:
104:
97:
92:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2282:
2268:Welsh Dragon
2136:Christianity
1956:Demographics
1914: /
1739:Wales Office
1704:Local rulers
1553:Biodiversity
1456:Bibliography
1370:
1346:
1328:
1318:
1301:
1287:
1274:
1254:
1240:
1230:
1216:
1202:
1187:
1156:
1147:
1122:
1101:
1098:Davies, John
1083:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
995:
987:
980:
972:
965:
957:
947:
935:
927:
919:
912:
904:
897:
894:Kermode 1897
889:
881:
873:
865:
860:
853:Maxen wledig
852:
848:
836:
828:
821:
817:
809:
773:
766:
758:
750:
737:
729:
722:
718:
711:
706:
696:
688:
678:
673:
661:
651:
643:
625:
616:numerals to
601:
596:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
534:
526:
522:
514:
504:
491:
412:
410:
405:
399:
397:
393:
374:by marrying
369:
364:
360:
356:Welsh Triads
354:
351:
338:Welsh Triads
336:
303:
301:
288:
281:Llywarch Hen
274:
259:
225:
202:
191:
168:
161:
143:
141:
130:
117:
113:
109:
103:Merfyn Frych
102:
101:
35:Merfyn Frych
29:
2263:Royal Badge
2206:Saint David
2146:Catholicism
2141:Anglicanism
1817:Coal mining
1807:Agriculture
1709:Nationalism
1382:Rhodri Mawr
1271:Meyer, Kuno
1255:Y Cymmrodor
1241:Y Cymmrodor
1184:Lee, Sidney
1042:Skene 1868b
1027:Stokes 1892
962:Davies 1990
940:Fraser 2009
924:Skene 1868b
841:Rhodri Mawr
540:John Davies
450:Rhodri Mawr
404:and in the
349:and Powys.
312:Isle of Man
304:Crux Guriat
216:Dee Estuary
133:Rhodri Mawr
2311:844 deaths
2305:Categories
2098:Healthcare
2058:Scientists
2021:Architects
1916:in English
1902:Eisteddfod
1677:Government
1662:Devolution
1645:Government
1622:Waterfalls
1491:Deheubarth
1461:Prehistory
1263:Rhys, John
1007:Lloyd 1911
977:Lloyd 1911
820:, article
814:Lloyd 1894
778:Kirby 1991
763:Lloyd 1911
747:Lloyd 1911
693:Parry 1829
636:References
622:cryptogram
517:(English:
328:Ynys Manaw
306:(English:
254:See also:
220:Basingwerk
2151:Mormonism
2043:Musicians
2038:Inventors
1973:Languages
1965:Languages
1897:Education
1852:Transport
1822:Companies
1667:Elections
1541:Geography
1466:Roman Era
1299:(1868b),
1285:(1868a),
909:Rhys 1897
579:. In his
519:maternity
511:Welsh law
497:Welsh law
419:Gwenddydd
332:John Rhys
310:) on the
228:Beornwulf
212:Snowdonia
208:Rhufoniog
107:Old Welsh
2202:History
2176:Hinduism
2171:Buddhism
2128:Religion
2073:in Welsh
1827:Forestry
1734:Unionism
1654:Politics
1636:Politics
1531:Colonies
1451:Timeline
1376:825–844
1265:(1897),
1200:(1911),
1176:(1894).
1142:(1897),
1121:(2009),
1100:(1990),
1062:geni.com
1029::71–72,
994::3, 14,
911::52–53,
896::48–53,
845:Coel Hen
780::153–157
589:Historia
569:Historia
466:See also
444:Children
347:Galloway
293:Anglesey
198:Anglesey
194:Llanfaes
163:cantrefi
2233:Symbols
2196:Sikhism
2191:Druidry
2186:Judaism
2166:Bahá'ís
2068:Writers
2053:Royalty
2026:Artists
1946:Theatre
1931:Museums
1892:Castles
1879:Culture
1866:Society
1847:Tourism
1795:Economy
1687:History
1580:Islands
1575:Geology
1570:Climate
1443:History
1212:Nennius
1186:(ed.).
1072:Sources
610:Germany
606:Bamberg
415:Myrddin
343:Ireland
295:by the
244:England
187:Deganwy
126:Cunedda
50:825–844
2241:Anthem
2108:Boards
2090:Health
2011:Actors
1998:People
1941:Sports
1762:Courts
1729:Senedd
1697:Mayors
1692:Cities
1612:Rivers
1163:
1129:
1108:
1044::222,
1009::224,
979::324,
926::368,
880::166,
822:Merfyn
816::277,
765::232,
749::324,
743:Mercia
728::165,
712:Ketill
527:mamwys
515:mamwys
297:Saxons
277:Gwriad
236:Ludeca
175:Mercia
110:Mermin
79:Mother
69:Father
2246:Flags
2181:Islam
2078:Women
2063:Women
2048:Poets
2031:Women
1978:Welsh
1926:Music
1921:Media
1605:AONBs
1585:Lakes
1563:Flora
1558:Fauna
1421:Wales
1269:, in
1182:. In
1013:, in
964::81,
835::87,
695::63,
618:Latin
614:Greek
483:Notes
424:Welsh
390:Reign
372:Powys
324:Welsh
226:King
179:Wales
171:Powys
64:Manaw
60:House
47:Reign
2002:list
1161:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1106:ISBN
600:The
550:and
376:Nest
183:llys
142:The
94:The
1887:Art
1749:Law
440:).
330:).
196:on
185:at
2307::
1317:,
1229:,
1088:.
1082:.
1060:.
785:^
650:;
608:,
521:,
426::
386:.
345:,
326::
246:.
139:.
128:.
2004:)
2000:(
1413:e
1406:t
1399:v
1092:.
1064:.
952:.
753:.
732:.
701:.
591:.
458:;
452:;
422:(
20:)
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