Kingdom of Gwynedd

2019:." Nevertheless, there was generally quick abandonment of Roman political, social, and ecclesiastical practices and institutions within Gwynedd and elsewhere in Wales. Roman knowledge was lost as the Romano-Britons shifted towards a streamlined militaristic near-tribal society that no longer included the use of coinage and other complex industries dependent on a money economy, architectural techniques using brick and mortar, and even more basic knowledge such as the use of the wheel in pottery production. Ward-Perkins suggests the Welsh had to abandon those Roman ways that proved insufficient, or indeed superfluous, to meet the challenge of survival they faced: "Militarized tribal societies, despite their political fragmentation and internecine strife, seem to have offered better protection against Germanic invasion than exclusive dependence on a professional Roman army (that in the troubled years of the fifth century was all too prone to melt away or mutiny)." 1732: 522: 2084:," according to Professor John Davies. Genealogical lists compiled around 960 bear out that a number of these early rulers claimed degrees of association with the old Roman order, but do not appear in the official royal lineages. "It may be assumed that the stronger kings annexed the territories of their weaker neighbours and that the lineages of the victors are the only lineages to have survived," according to Davies. Smaller and weaker chieftains coalesced around more powerful princelings, sometimes through voluntary vassalage or inheritance, though at other times through conquest, and the lesser princelings coalesced around still greater princelings until a regional prince could claim authority over the whole of north Wales from the 3436:, causing growing divisions between the king's supporters and the archbishop's supporters. With discontent mounting in England, Owain of Gwynedd joined with Rhys ap Gruffudd of Deheubarth in a second grand Welsh revolt against Henry II. England's king, who only the prior year had pardoned Rhys ap Gruffudd for his 1162 revolt, assembled a vast host against the allied Welsh, with troops drawn from all over the Angevin empire assembling in Shrewsbury, and with the Norse of Dublin paid to harass the Welsh coast. While his army gathered on the Welsh frontier, Henry II left for the continent to negotiate a truce with France and Flanders to not disturb his peace while campaigning in Wales. 3651:, Eifionydd and Ardudwy between them . Dayfdd I was of Welsh royal stock, although his parents' union wasn't recognised by the church, and he was deemed illegitimate (his parents Owain and Cristin were first cousins), he would still marry royalty, his wife being the half sister of Henry II. As a Prince, he made the most of his position as a son of Owain Gwynedd, and it was Dafydd I who waged a war on his brothers when he won the Crown at the battle of Pentraeth. Dafydd I, King of Gwynedd was his title, and his merciless rule continued when he used his powers to harass his brothers into leaving Gwynedd, at one stage in 1173 Dafydd I imprisoned all of his siblings except for 4533: 4036: 4217: 516: 3159: 3930:, 1223 – 11 December 1282) was living in Gwynedd at the time of his succession to the throne and had fought alongside his uncle Dafydd II during the last campaign of his reign. This gave him an advantage over his elder brother Owain who had been imprisoned in England with his father since 1242. Owain returned to Gwynedd from England, immediately after the news of the death of Prince Dafydd the IInd. Llywelyn and Owain were able to come to an agreement during an arranged peace accord by King Henry III of England, the 430: 405: 56: 4415: 4144:"The last months saw inward disintegration as well as submission to superior force. Nevertheless, Goronwy ap Heilin had committed himself to the struggle and died in rebellion, alongside the disinherited princes who stood with Dafydd ap Gruffudd in the last springtime of the principality of Wales, diehards who knew that theirs was not the heroism of a new beginning but the ultimate stand of the very last cohort clutching the figment of the political order that they had once been privileged to know." 3143:. Liberating Llanbadarn, one local chronicler hailed Owain and Cadwaladr both as "bold lions, virtuous, fearless and wise, who guard the churches and their indwellers, defenders of the poor overcome their enemies, affording a safest retreat to all those who seek their protection". The brothers restored the Welsh monks of Llanbadarn, who had been displaced by monks from Gloucester brought there by the Normans who had controlled Ceredigion. By late September 1136, a vast Welsh host gathered in 3378:, rescued the king. Henry II retreated and made his way back to his main army, by now slowly advancing towards Rhuddlan. Not wishing to engage the Norman army directly, Owain repositioned himself first at St. Asaph, then further west, clearing the road for Henry II to enter into Rhuddlan "ingloriously". Once in Rhuddlan Henry II received word that his naval expedition had failed, as instead of meeting Henry II at Degannwy or Rhuddlan, it had gone to plunder Anglesey, this resulted in the 13915: 4372:

part of the people fight on foot, on account of the marshy nature and unevenness of the soil. The horsemen, as their situation or occasion requires, willingly serve as infantry, in attacking or retreating; and they either walk bare-footed, or make use of high shoes, roughly constructed with untanned leather. In time of peace, the young men, by penetrating the deep recesses of the woods, and climbing the tops of mountains, learn by practice to endure fatigue through day and night..

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day, they are ready to resume the combat on the next, neither dejected by their loss, nor by their dishonour; and although, perhaps, they do not display great fortitude in open engagements and regular conflicts, yet they harass the enemy by ambuscades and nightly sallies. Hence, neither oppressed by hunger or cold, not fatigued by martial labours, nor despondent in adversity, but ready, after a defeat, to return immediately to action, and again endure the dangers of war.

1986:"Early Welsh literature contains a wealth of stories seeking to explain place-names, and doubtless, the story is propaganda aimed at justifying the right of Cunedda and his descendants to territories beyond the borders of the original Kingdom of Gwynedd. That kingdom probably consisted of the two banks of the Menai Straits and the coast over towards the estuary of the River Conwy, the foundations upon which Cunedda's descendants created a more extensive realm." 4072:(whose father was arrested by King John), and falls apart due to severe storms. Dafydd III was forced to flee to England once more, this time pledging allegiance to King Edward I in 1274, and is decorated a knight and considered a friend. Years later in 1277, Dafydd III returns to haunt Wales accompanying Edward I, and on 16 August an agreement of peace is made as to how to share the spoils of war, by 10 November Llywelyn I submits to the English Crown at the 72: 104: 4407: 3767: 13927: 13608: 1256: 2707: 2152:, but, because almost all of what is now northern England was at this point (c. 550) under Brittonic rule, it is possible that his army marched to Strathclyde overland. Rhun returned to Gwynedd, and the rest of his reign was for the majority uneventful until the relatives of Elidir renewed their aggressions against Rhun who was killed in the conflict. He was succeeded by his son or in some accounts nephew 2842: 2418: 2031: 1244: 4023:, visited North Wales to mediate any potential conflict between sovereigns. Prince Llywelyn II was offered a financial incentive, and an English estate for his family, only if he were to surrender Gwynedd's territory to Edward. Llywelyn II rejected the offer. The next month, on 11 December 1282, after not being recognised Llywelyn was killed in an ambush. His head sent to London, his body interred to 3790:. In 1210 relations deteriorated and John invaded Gwynedd in 1211. Llywelyn was forced to seek terms and to give up all his lands east of the River Conwy, but was able to recover these lands the following year in alliance with the other Welsh princes. He later allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign Magna Carta in 1215. By 1216 he was the dominant power in Wales, holding a council at 4280:. Pura Wallia was effectively the new counties which had been Gwynedd, Carmarthenshire and Cardiganshire and Marchia Wallie were defined through division of lands still held by the Welsh people and the Norman castles built in the Marchia Wallie. The Pura Walia continued to be within a nominal Principality of Wales ruled by the Council of Wales at Ludlow as a part of the English crown. 2129:. Maelgwn was curiously described as "the dragon of the island" by Gildas which was possibly a title, but explicitly as the most powerful of the five named British kings. "ou the last I write of but the first and greatest in evil, more than many in ability but also in malice, more generous in giving but also more liberal in sin, strong in war but stronger to destroy your soul." 2216: 3699:

almost 20 years after 1175, until then the final battle at Aberconwy in 1197. Dafydd I may not have inherited the leadership abilities of his father but he had sufficient diplomatic qualities remaining to ensure he could live at peace with his neighbours. This appears to be the one quality recognised by his contemporaries as he was described by

4059:. That era however was the starting point for military campaigns against his brother Llywelyn II from 1255, Llywelyn II jailed him for a year after the battle of Bryn Derwin. Dafydd III 1263 revolted against Llywelyn II once more, this time failing badly enough to flee to England, and a year later was offered the lands of the English rebel 4047:(David III, 11 July – 3 October 1283) named Dafydd III, the grandson of Llywelyn the Great who was next to gain the Prince of Wales title. From the offset it was Dafydd III who was immersed in Royal life representing the Welsh royal family. During 1253, Dafydd III attended an event and paid homage to the English court with 3197:) Gruffudd ap Cynan left a more stable realm than had hitherto existed in Gwynedd for more than 100 years. No foreign army was able to cross the Conwy into upper Gwynedd. The stability of Gruffudd's long reign allowed Gwynedd's Welsh to plan for the future without fear that home and harvest would "go to the flames" from invaders. 2639:, originally from Powys, displaced the Aberffraw line from Gwynedd making himself ruler there, and by 1055 was able to make himself king of most of Wales. He became powerful enough to present a real menace to England and annexed some neighbouring parts after several victories over English armies. Eventually, he was defeated by 3727:

Gruffudd and Maredudd and his uncle Rhodri and in the year 1194 they all united against Dafydd I. Llywelyn fought battles throughout Wales, giving him the moniker 'The great' as his ancestor Owain Gwynedd had attained. Having made alliances in his birth county of Powys and the county of the origins of his family Gwynedd, in

4474:. Joan, Lady of Wales, died there in 1237; Dafydd ap Llywelyn in 1246; Eleanor de Montfort, Lady of Wales, wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales ("Tywysog Cymru" in modern Welsh), on 19 June 1282, giving birth to a daughter, Gwenllian. The royal home was occupied and expropriated by the English Crown in early 1283. 3867:/ David II, March 1212 – 25 February 1246), the son of Llywelyn the Great was installed as heir of Gwynedd by the Prince of Wales. While King Henry III of England had accepted Dafydd II and his Royal claims to Gwynedd and Wales, Henry invaded Gwynedd, and Dafydd II was forced to negotiate peace near 4132:. From this point forward the Prince, royal family, and remaining members of the Welsh government were all fugitives on the run, sleeping outdoors whilst being forced to keep moving from place to place to avoid capture. Castell Y Bere's starving garrison would eventually surrender on 25 April and then be given to 2115:(Maelgwn the Tall), was regarded as an able military leader, impetuous and generous. There are several legends about his life concerning either his own trickery and craftiness or, on the other hand, miracles performed against him by Christian saints. He is attributed in some old stories as hosting the first 1605:", which is also a name he recorded in Ireland. It is theorised in the 1st century BC some of the Gangani tribe may have landed in what is now the Llŷn Peninsula and had driven out the Deceangli or the Ordovices tribe from that area either peacefully or by force. In the late and post-Roman eras, Irish from 4112:. Dafydd III had rekindled his ancestors wish for Welsh Independence, however the involvement in rebellion had been against agreements in place the treaty of Aberconwy. The provocation on 22 March, Palm Sunday in 1282 was an attack on Hawarden castle and was the final conflict of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. 10022:

It took until 1282, when Edward I conquered Gwynedd, for the last part of Roman Britain to fall. Indeed a strong case can be made for Gwynedd as the very last part of the entire Roman Empire, east and west, to fall to the barbarians. (If we take into account the temporary capture of Constantinople by

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In frustration, Henry II had twenty-two Welsh hostages mutilated; the sons of Owain's supporters and allies, including two of Owain's own sons. In addition to his failed campaign in Wales, Henry's mercenary Norse navy, which he had hired to harass the Welsh coast, turned out to be too few for use and

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Owain and Cadwaladr came to blows in 1143 when Cadwaladr was implicated in the murder of King Anarawd ap Gruffudd of Deheubarth, Owain's ally and future son-in-law, on the eve of Anarawd's wedding to Owain's daughter. Owain followed a diplomatic policy of binding other Welsh rulers to Gwynedd through

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The vast host gathered before the allied Welsh principalities represented the largest army yet assembled for their conquest, a circumstance which further drew the Welsh allies into a closer confederacy, wrote Lloyd. With Owain I of Gwynedd the overall battle commander, and with his brother Cadwaladr

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According to Sir John Edward Lloyd, the challenges of campaigning in Wales were exposed during the 20-year Norman invasion. If a defender could bar any road, control any river-crossing or mountain pass, and control the coastline around Wales, then the risks of extended campaigning in Wales were too

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where they met with respective armies. Llywelyn II in victory imprisoned his brothers Owain (until 1277), and Dafydd III for around a years time, Dafydd III eventually gained favour by 1277 working in conjunction with the Crown of England by gaining land on the northern border of England and Wales,

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was captured by Henry III's forces in September 1245 in the battle against Dafydd II, yet Tudur was released in 1247 after swearing fealty to the King of England. Dafydd II died a sudden and natural death on 25 February 1246, this brought a halt to the succession crisis which was fuelling the wars,

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had been involved in the early stages of the dynastic struggles and most likely died sometime around 1174, during the same time as the usurpation of Dafydd I. As the century drew to a close Llywelyn became a young man and decided to stake his claim to power in Gwynedd. He conspired with his cousins

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explained, "because thought he could hold his territory in peace thereby", but it proved insufficient. Before the end of 1175 Rhodri had escaped from captivity and gathered sufficient support to drive Dafydd I from the Royal household of Aberffraw, there appears to be no activity from Dafydd I for

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Lloyd quotes: "The praises so repeatedly accorded to his many personal qualities by contemporary poets, and indeed by several public figures who could not have been predisposed in his favour, have so genuine a tone about them that the progressive trends in all the arts of peace and war discerned in

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resolved on a strategy against Owain I of Gwynedd by 1157. By now, Owain's enemies had joined Henry II's camp, enemies such as his wayward brother Cadwaladr and in particular the support of Madog of Powys. Henry II raised his feudal host and marched into Wales from Chester. Owain positioned himself

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as the battle left Hywel ab Ithel mortally wounded. In the last of his line, when Hywel ab Ithel died six weeks later, he left Rhufoniog and Rhos bereft. Powys, however, was not strong enough to garrison Rhufoniog and Rhos, nor was Chester able to exert influence inland from its coastal holdings of

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It is, therefore, possible that Owain hoped to maintain this Irish connection by ensuring the succession of one of his sons born of this Irish woman, Pyfog. Furthermore, it seems illogical – given the fact Owain was so set on their succession and the respect he no doubt commanded in Ireland – that

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Later in his life, after returning to Wales, Dafydd III changes alliance once again and continues to fight against the English Crown at risk of being a traitor. The Welsh courts had kept the support of Goronowy ap Heilin, the seneschal of Gwynedd who also supported his brother Llywelyn II, Goronwy

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and his immediate family. The internal wranglings for the crown of Gwynedd began with two sons, Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd and Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, who were illegitimate, by Owain's Irish wife Pyfog. Owain and his father, Gruffudd ap Cynan, both had a Norse-Irish connection in their immediate family

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prior in 1142. Taking advantage of the brotherly strife, and perhaps with the tacit understanding of Cadwaladr, the marcher lords mounted incursions into Wales. Realizing the wider ramifications of the war before him, Owain and Cadwaladr came to terms and reconciled, with Cadwaladr restored to his

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and northern England and it is very likely that Merfyn Frych brought many of these legends as well as his pedigree with him when he came to north Wales. It appears most probable that it was at Merfyn's court that all the lore of the north was collected and written down during his reign and that of

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They make use of light arms, which do not impede their agility, small coats of mail, bundles of arrows, and long lances, helmets and shields, and more rarely greaves plated with iron. The higher class go to battle mounted on swift and generous steeds, which their country produces; but the greater

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The Welsh were revered for the skills of their bowmen. Additionally, the Welsh learned from their Norman rivals. During the generations of warfare and close contact with the Normans, Gruffudd ap Cynan and other Welsh leaders learned the arts of knighthood and adapted them for Wales. By Gruffudd's

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Their mode of fighting consists in chasing the enemy or in retreating. This light-armed people, relying more on their activity than on their strength, cannot struggle for the field of battle, enter into close engagement, or endure long and severe actions...though defeated and put to flight on one

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torched. During the night the men of Môn gathered together, and the next morning fought and defeated the Norman army, with Henry FitzRoy falling under a shower of lances. The defeat of his navy and his own military difficulties had convinced Henry II that he had "gone as far as was practical that

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dispatched to Ceredigion, where he burned Cadwaladr's castle at Aberystwyth. Cadwaladr fled to Ireland and hired a Norse fleet from Dublin, bringing the fleet to Abermenai to compel Owain to reinstate him. This same fleet of ships would be considered a sizeable one to be able to face the fleet of

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of the Mathrafal house of Powys. Gruffudd gave licence to his sons Cadwallon and Owain to press the opportunity the dynastic strife in Meirionnydd presented. The brothers raided Meirionnydd with the Lord of Powys as important there as he was in the Perfeddwlad. However, it would not be until 1136

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Reverting to a more militaristic tribal society allowed the Welsh of Gwynedd to concentrate on those martial skills necessary for their very survival, and the Romano-Britons of western Britain did offer stiffer and ultimately successful resistance. The region of Venedotia, however, had been under

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heritage, and an affinity with Rome survived long after the Empire retreated from Britain, particularly with the use of Latin in writing and sustaining the Christian religion. The ruling classes continued to emphasise Roman ancestors within their pedigrees as a way to link their rule with the old

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However, when Henry II returned to England he found that the war had already begun, with Owain's son Dafydd raiding Angevin positions in Tegeingl, exposing the castles of Rhuddlan and Basingwerk to "serious dangers", wrote Lloyd. Henry II rushed to north Wales for a few days to shore up defences

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It is true that did not cross swords with , but the elements had done their work for ; the stars in their courses had fought against the pride of England and humbled it to the very dust. To conquer a land which was defended, not merely by the arms of its valiant and audacious sons, but also by

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where they were forced into a narrow thin line. Owain I had positioned a band of skirmishers in the thick woods overlooking the pass, which harassed the exposed army from a secured position. Henry II ordered the clearing of the woods on either side to widen the passage through the valley and to

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are among the best examples. The Peace of Middle treaty in 1234 marked the beginning of the end of his military exploits and virtually established peace for the rest of Llywelyn's life. Having been on terms with his neighbouring compatriots, Llywelyn had taken to his wife's style of fashioning

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by Norman forces. However, although they erected many castles, Norman control in most regions of Wales was tenuous at best. Motivated by local anger over the "gratuitously cruel" invaders, and led by the historic ruling houses, Welsh control over the greater part of Wales was restored by 1100.

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Speculation about Owain might have shown him of restrained and prudent temperament, may have judged that aiding in Stephen's capture would lead to the restoration of Matilda and a strong royal government in England, a government which would support Marcher lords—support hitherto lacking since

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and depending on the source either son or husband of Essyllt daughter of Cynan Dindaethwy a former King of Gwynedd. The most ancient genealogical sources agree that Merfyn was the son of Essyllt, heiress and cousin of the aforementioned Hywel ap Caradog, last of the ruling House of Cunedda in

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After generations of incessant warfare, Gruffudd began the reconstruction of Gwynedd, intent on bringing stability to his country. According to Davies, Gruffudd sought to give his people the peace to "plant their crops in the full confidence that they would be able to harvest them". Gruffudd

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Owain I of Gwynedd, "ever prudent and sagacious", recognised that he needed time to further consolidate power, and agreed to the terms. Owain was to render homage and fealty to the King, and resign Tegeingl and Rhuddlan to Chester, and restore Cadwaladr to his possessions in Gwynedd.

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came to an end, and the kingdom, which had long been one of the final holdouts to total English domination of Wales, was annexed to England. The remaining important members of the ruling house were all arrested and imprisoned for the remainder of their lives. Under the terms of the

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The death of Madog ap Meredudd of Powys in 1160 opened an opportunity for Owain I of Gwynedd to further press Gwynedd's influence at the expense of Powys. However, Owain continued to further Gwynedd's expansion without rousing the English crown, maintaining his 'prudent policy' of

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What the annals record, is that in 1146 the eldest son and designated heir, Rhun – a man who was acclaimed as a great warrior and the "flower of Celtic chivalry", according to J.E. Lloyd,- "died" mysteriously, and that Hywel, his natural brother, was proclaimed the new edling, or

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and the internal strife appears to have been conflict between two rival factions: a pro-Irish 'legitimists' faction seeking to ensure the succession of Hywel and protect the legacy of Owain Gwynedd and his father, and a second distinctly anti-Irish coalition headed by Owain's

3389:, Henry probably recalled these experiences when he wrote, "A people called Welsh, so bold and ferocious that, when unarmed, they do not fear to encounter an armed force, being ready to shed their blood in defence of their country, and to sacrifice their lives for renown." 3464:, and leads through heath and bog towards the Dee. In a dry summer the moors may have been passable, but "on this occasion the skies put on their most wintry aspect; and the rain fell in torrents flooding the mountain meadows" until the great Angevin encampment became a " 3937:

The younger brother of Llywelyn II was Dafydd III, who had come of age by 14 and was invited by Henry III to pay homage in 1253. But in the spirit of his ancestors, he went to battle with his brother by forming an alliance with their other brother Owain and fought at the

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to drive Cadwaladr out of Meirionydd and Ceredigion, with Cadwaladr retreating to Môn. Again an accord was reached, with Cadwaladr retaining Aberffraw until a more serious breach occurred in 1153 when he was forced into exile in England, where his wife was the sister of

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His brother Rhodri had a more eventful time and fell out with the descendants of Cynan. They acted against Rhodri in 1190 and drove him out of Gwynedd altogether. Rhodri fled to the safety of the Isle of Man only to be briefly reinstated in 1193 with the assistance of

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The following year he expelled all his remaining family rivals and made himself master of all Gwynedd and in 1175, Dafydd I imprisoned his brother Rhodri. During a revolt in 1173, Dafydd I adhered to Henry II as an ally, and it was agreed that Dafydd I would marry

3984:. Llywelyn II and Montfort married twice, once in secret in 1275, and once again after the marriage was given consent by the new brother-in-law of Llywelyn II, Edward I, only after Eleanor herself was placed under house arrest for three years for passing through 2882:

The Normans landed on Anglesey, and their furious 'victory celebrations' which followed were exceptionally violent, with rape and carnage committed by the Norman army left unchecked. The earl of Shrewsbury had an elderly priest mutilated and made the church of

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and intended for a wider audience outside Wales. The significance of this claim was that the Aberffraw family owed nothing to the English king for its position in Wales and that they held authority in Wales "by absolute right through descent," wrote historian

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Dafydd III, like his brothers had incurred the wrath of the English forces, the Norman army encircled Snowdonia and starved the Welsh people, Dafydd III was soon moving desperately from one fort to another as effective resistance was systematically crushed.

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was a recognition of the ruler of Gwynedd in relation to the wider international feudal world. The princes of Gwynedd exercised greater status and prestige than the earls, counts, and dukes of the Angevin empire, suggesting a similar status as that of the

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that the cantref was firmly within Gwynedd's control. Perhaps because of their support of Earl Hugh of Chester, Gwynedd's rival, in 1124, Cadwallon slew the three rulers of Dyffryn Clwyd, his maternal uncles, bringing the cantref firmly under Gwynedd's

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and had offspring, while Owain was given the title Lord of Llŷn. Llywelyn was seen as a figurehead for the new state of Wales but had to coordinate with the newly formed Norman dynasty neighbouring to the east of Gwynedd, this was formalised with the

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in 1066 the Normans began to exert pressure on the eastern border of Gwynedd. They were helped by internal strife following the killing of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn in 1075 by his second cousin Rhys ap Owain King of Deheubarth. Another relative of Bleddyn's

2111:, where the Anglo-Saxons were defeated. During that peace, he established a mighty kingdom. After Cadwallon, Gwynedd appears to have held a pre-eminent position among the petty Cambrian states in the post-Roman period. The great-grandson of Cunedda, 3472:" force of wind and rain, diminishing provisions and an exposed supply line stretching through a hostile country subject to enemy raids, and with a demoralised army, Henry II was forced into a complete retreat without even a semblance of a victory. 2932:

In late 1098 Gruffudd and Cadwgan landed in Wales and recovered Anglesey without much difficulty, with Hervé the Breton fleeing Bangor for safety in England. Over the course of the next three years, Gruffudd was able to recover upper Gwynedd to the

1770:, 'Castle of Buan' (Garn Boduan) in Llŷn was recorded as being fortified until the 7th century. During the Roman period, new roads and forts were constructed throughout the Roman empire and for centuries in Wales and England, Welsh examples include 4124:, the castle served as a base, but by March of that year, this noble site in the heartland of Snowdonia was also under threat from foreign forces and Dafydd III was forced to retreat once again. Finally, Dafydd III moved his headquarters south to 2433:(Merfyn "the Freckled"). When, however, Merfyn Frych's pedigree is examined – and to the Welsh pedigree meant everything – he seems not a stranger but a direct descendant of the ancient ruling line. He was the son of Gwriad, the contemporaneous 3564:, himself nominally a vassal of the King of England, argued Davies. As Welsh society became further influenced by feudal Europe, the princes of Gwynedd would in turn use feudalism to strengthen their own authority over lesser Welsh lords, a " 3367:), barring the road to Rhuddlan, setting up a trap in which Henry II would send his army along the direct road on the coast, while he crossed through the woods to out-flank Owain. The King of Gwynedd anticipated this, and dispatched his sons 2299:

e neither spared the female sex, nor the innocent age of children, but with savage cruelty put them to tormenting deaths, ravaging all their country for a long time, and resolving to cut off all the race of the English within the borders of

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custom of choosing an heir. Llywelyn promoted his younger son Dafydd II, and he customised the process of designating an heir to his own fruition by giving his eldest son Gruffudd lands to rule. Dafydd II was named heir with the support of

9767: 3429:, slaying its lord, Hywel ab Ieuaf. Owain's strategy was in sharp contrast to Rhys ap Gruffudd, King of Deheubarth, who in 1162 rose in open revolt against the Normans in south Wales, drawing Henry II back to England from the continent. 10092:

It was hoped that placing a prelate loyal to the Normans over the traditionally independent Welsh church in Gwynedd would help to pacify the local inhabitants, and Hervé recognised the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the

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who negotiated between the Royal families of England and Wales, peace ensued in Wales for another 6 years when Dafydd III was councillor to his brother, the Prince of Wales. Peace ensues until another coup is formed involving

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of the Mathrafal house of Powys, their traditional dynastic rivalry notwithstanding. Gruffudd and Cadwgan led the Welsh resistance to the Norman occupation in the north and mid-Wales. However, by 1098 Earl Hugh of Chester and

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Alarmed by Gruffudd's growing influence and authority in north Wales, and on pretext that Gruffudd sheltered rebels from Rhos against Chester, Henry I launched a campaign against Gwynedd and Powys in 1116, which included a

3497:, Bishop of Bangor (1166–1177), who was charged with negotiating a joint alliance against Henry II. With Henry II distracted by his widening quarrel with Thomas Becket, Owain's army recovered Tegeingl for Gwynedd by 1169. 3075:, brought Powys and Chester into conflict in the Perfeddwlad. Powys brought a force of 400 warriors to the aid of its ally Rhufoniog, while Chester sent Norman knights from Rhuddlan to the aid of Dyffryn Clwyd. The bloody 2622:, but Hywel Dda intervened and sent Iago and Ieuaf into exile in Ireland and established himself as ruler over Gwynedd until his death in 950 when the House of Aberffraw was restored. Nonetheless, surviving manuscripts of 3131:, the wife of the King of Deheubarth and the daughter of Gruffudd. When word reached Gwynedd of Gwenllian's death and the revolt in Gwent, Gruffudd's sons Owain and Cadwaladr invaded Norman controlled Ceredigion, taking 7221: 2870:

from their island fortress. Gruffudd hired a Norse fleet from a settlement in Ireland to patrol the Menai and prevent the Norman army from crossing; however, the Normans were able to pay off the fleet to instead ferry

1798:, new political structures were established. The Brythonic Kingdom of Gwynedd was established in the 5th century, and it proved to be the most durable of these Brythonic states, surviving until the late 13th century. 3636:(Dafydd I/ David I) as Prince of Gwynedd ahead of Hywel and any other senior son of Owain Gwynedd. Dafydd I made his move, and within a few months of his succession, Hywel was overthrown and killed at the Battle of 10003:

who wrote that Cunedda arrived in Gwynedd 146 years before the reign of his great-grandson Maelgwn backdated in the usual Welsh Calendrical calculations from his death date in 547, which makes 401 the year of his

3955:

With his brothers out of contention, Llyewlyn II was the sole ruler and this allowed for over a decade of unbroken military success, aided by the weakness of the Crown of England and the support of his seneschal

1893:. The name was initially attributed to a specific Irish colony on Anglesey but broadened to refer to Irish settlers as a whole in North Wales by the 5th century. According to the 9th-century monk and chronicler 1801:

Boundaries and names emerging from the 1st millennium AD onwards are still being used today to define towns and counties of the region. Noteworthy descendants from the Kingdom of Gwynedd include royalty such as

3479:

Henry II's Welsh campaign was a complete failure, with the king abandoning all plans for the conquest of Wales, returning to his court in Anjou and not returning to England for another four years. Lloyd wrote:

3047:, would lead Gwynedd's army after 1120. Gruffudd's policy, which his sons would execute and later rulers of Gwynedd adopted, was to recover Gwynedd's primacy without blatantly antagonising the English crown. 4291:(the great-nephew of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd) between 1372 and 1378 are most notable. Because of this the old royal house was purged and any surviving members went into hiding. A final rebellion in 1400 led by 4388:

Lack of food would force the disbandment of any large Welsh force besieged within the mountains. Following the occupation, Welsh soldiers were conscripted to serve in the English Army. During the revolt of

3794:

that year to apportion lands to the other princes. Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with the next King of England, Henry III in 1218. The treaty formally recognised Llywelyn I as Prince of Wales.

4397:

and lightning raids. Owain Glyndŵr reputedly used the mountains with such advantage that many of the exasperated English soldieries suspected him of being a magician able to control the natural elements.

2282:

into an alliance against Northumbria. With new vigour Cadwallon returned to his Northumbrian foes, defeated their armies and slew a series of their kings. In this furious campaign, his armies devastated

3875:, Dafydd II gave up all his lands outside Gwynedd. Dafydd II was ruthless with his power, like his predecessors he'd imprisoned his own brother, once for 6 years, and again in Criccieth and then in the 3883:

who negotiated letting Prince Gruffudd move to a better location in London. Gruffudd fell to his death in March 1244 while trying to escape from the Tower of London by climbing down a knotted sheet.

9235: 9332: 4136:. After the fall of Y Bere, Dafydd III's movements are speculative but he is recorded in May 1283 as leading raids from the mountains, supported by his seneschal Goronwy ap Heilyn, and Prince's of 9759: 2454:. Thus the House of Cunedda and the new House of Aberffraw, as Merfyn's descendants came to be known, shared Coel Hen as a common ancestor, although the House of Cunedda traced their line through 3302:, and joined in the rout which made Stephen of England a prisoner of Empress Matilda for a year Owain, however, did not participate in the battle, keeping the majority of Gwynedd's army at home. 3306:

dynastic marriages, and Cadwaladr's border dispute and murder of Anarawd threatened Owain's efforts and credibility. As ruler of Gwynedd, Owain stripped Cadwaladr of his lands, with Owain's son

3120:, 'victorious' Cadwallon was defeated in battle and slain by an army from Powys. The defeat checked Gwynedd's expansion for a time, "much to the relief of the men of Powys", wrote historian Sir 6775: 5864: 897: 3421:). It was a policy of outward conciliation while masking his own consolidation of authority. To further demonstrate his goodwill, in 1160 Owain handed over to the English crown the fugitive 3351:, with Owain having secured Rhuddlan Castle and all of Tegeingl from Chester. "By 1154 Owain had brought his men within sight of the red towers of the great city on the Dee", wrote Lloyd." 2834:

remained hostile to Hervey's appointment, and the bishop was forced to carry a sword with him and rely on a contingent of Norman knights for his protection. Additionally, Hervey routinely

3035:

The invasion left a lasting impact on Gruffudd, who by 1116 was in his 60s and with failing eyesight. For the remainder of his life, while Gruffudd continued to rule in Gwynedd, his sons

2849:

Gruffudd escaped imprisonment in Chester and slew Robert of Rhuddlan in a beachside battle at Deganwy on 3 July 1093. Gruffudd recovered Gwynedd by 1095, and by 1098 Gruffudd allied with

2902:, Magnus shot dead the earl of Shrewsbury with an arrow to the eye. The Norse left as suddenly and as mysteriously as they had arrived, leaving the Norman army weakened and demoralized. 2794:) as part of Chester, and viewed the restoration of the Aberffraw family in Gwynedd as a threat to his own expansion into Wales. The lands west of the Clwyd were intended for his cousin 3782:

the same year. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for the next ten years. He married John's illegitimate daughter Joan, also known as Joanna, in 1205, and when John arrested

4470:

or simply called just "Aber" (its anglicised shortened form adopted by the Crown of England after the conquest) was the new family home of the 'Lord of Snowdown' on the banks of the

4283:

There were many Gwynedd-based rebellions after 1284 with varying degrees of success with most being led by peripheral members of the old royal house. In particular the rebellions of

8798: 8752: 1187: 3886:

With his main rival dead, Dafydd formed an alliance with other Welsh rulers and began a campaign against the English occupation of parts of Wales, all the while communicating with

8506: 1970:... Osfeilion of Osfael has not yet been located; Tybion, the eldest son, is said to have died in Manaw Gododdin, but his son Meirion (Marianus) comes into the picture as lord of 3894:, talking about the powers bestowed on him by his predecessors as the ruler of Gwynedd. After savage fighting, the campaign was successful, however, Llywelyn's former seneschal 3628:

Gwynedd duly succeeded his father for a short-lived term during 1170. Due to the Norman invasion of Wales, the realm was in civil war, Princess-Dowager (wife of Owain Gwynedd)

3024:

brought into Wales; rather, Owain and Gruffudd entered into truce negotiations. Owain ap Cadwgan regained royal favour relatively easily. However, Gruffudd was forced to render

1558: 2941:, who was consolidating his own authority and also eager to come to terms. In the negotiations which followed Henry I recognised Gruffudd's ancestral claims of Anglesey, Llŷn, 2582:, written in the late 12th century, the family asserted its rights as the senior line of descendants from Rhodri the Great who had conquered most of Wales during his lifetime. 14643: 7213: 5920: 4466:. However, as the English fleet became more powerful and particularly after the Norman colonisation of Ireland began it became indefensible and from about 1200 until 1283, at 4063:

after the battle of Evesham during an English civil war. Dafydd III had joined the English court life with Henry III and was in England until 1267. Again it was another Pope,

3597:

Welsh manuscripts and Annals state the events which unfolded during the end of the 12th century. This story of the Royal court of Gwynedd suffering an uprising stems from the

1176: 3798:

During 1220 – 1230, Llywelyn bolstered his claim to the Kingship of Gwynedd by reinforcing his borders with castles being built around the Kingdom of Gwynedd,

1642:: "Cantiorix lies here. He was a citizen of Gwynedd and a cousin of Maglos the magistrate". The use of terms such as "citizen" and "magistrate" may be cited as evidence that 13964: 2398:

mercenaries. These raids no doubt had a seriously debilitating effect on the country but fortunately for Gwynedd, the victims of the Vikings were not confined to Wales. The

9797: 6295: 1406:

granted peace between the two but would also guarantee that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llywelyn's death, and so it represented the completion of the first stage of the

1915:

control. Whether they were invited to keep out the invaders or were raiders themselves, however, is unknown. According to traditional pedigrees, Cunedda's grandfather was

10983: 14638: 3076: 2570:

From the successes of Rhodri and the seniority of Anarawd among his sons the Aberffraw family claimed primacy over all other Welsh lords including the powerful kings of

1172: 10075:(all dating from the 12th century or later), one group recognises Gwynedd exclusively, another Deheubarth exclusively, and the last both together. See Wade-Evans, A.W. 8252: 8096: 5802: 4567:) were administrative centres in the Kingdom, the courts were royal residences, but also were to collect taxes and function the same as a modern government building. 3778:

Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (1173 – 11 April 1240), later known as Llywelyn the Great (Llywelyn I), was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200, and made a treaty with

2635:

Between 986 and 1081 the throne of Gwynedd was often in contention with the rightful kings frequently displaced by rivals within and outside the realm. One of these,

9069: 4559:

was one of 3 main courts on Anglesey, only due to a sandstorm in 1332 the Llys also became disused and unattended until excavations in the 20th century. The courts (

3512:, a title of substance given his leadership of the Welsh and victory against the English king, wrote historian Dr. John Davies. Additionally, Owain commissioned the 9677: 3291:. Cadwaladr, Gruffudd's youngest son, inherited the commote of Aberffraw on Ynys Môn (now Anglesey), and the recently conquered Meirionydd and northern Ceredigion-- 2015:, for the last part of Roman Britain to fall a strong case can be made for Gwynedd as the very last part of the entire Roman Empire, east and west, to fall to the 13472: 10023:'Franks' in 1204, and of various Persian, Slav, Avar, and Seljuk invasions of Byzantine territory.)" Ward-Perkins was elaborating on an observation by J. Campbell, 7413: 6710: 3606:

and would have used this allegiance to their advantage, especially Gruffudd who hired and army fleets of ships to invade North Wales himself. In 1146, Hywel and

3036: 1897:, North Wales was left defenceless by the Roman withdrawal and subject to increasing raids by marauders from the Isle of Man and Ireland, a situation which led 9309: 6860: 5493: 4381:

In the end, Wales was defeated militarily by the improved ability of the English navy to blockade or seize areas essential for agricultural production such as

3827:. The Prince convened a court with 35 household members, and 12 Royal mounted guards. In 1317, the llys was dismantled after 4 centuries and the wood taken to 3200:

Settlements became more permanent, with buildings of stone replacing timber structures. Stone churches, in particular, were built across Gwynedd, with so many

3855:

in honour of the heir of Gwynedd. Llywelyn in 1239 suffered a stroke and retired from active work in the Welsh government, he died only a year later in 1240.

13369: 8842: 6526: 6087: 1581: 521: 9207: 9093: 7876: 4828: 3731:, the stage was set for Llywelyn to dominate in battle and make alliances with the Crown of England, similar to his predecessor Dafydd I. Llywelyn married 4170:, his body was dismembered and he suffered same fate as his brother, Llywelyn II with his head put on a pole for display at the Tower of London, the bard 3208:

with stars". Gruffudd had built stone churches at his royal manors, and Lloyd suggests Gruffudd's example led to the rebuilding of churches with stone in

9586: 4770: 3494: 3056: 5972: 3655:

and Maelgwn. It was Madoc (also known as Madog ab Owain Gwynedd) who after his father's death is claimed to have set sail across the Atlantic Ocean and

3347:

Between 1148 and 1151, Owain I of Gwynedd fought against Madog ap Maredudd of Powys, Owain's son-in-law, and against the Earl of Chester for control of

2984:

notes that the border shifted on occasion, "in one direction and in the other", but remained more or less stable for almost the next two hundred years.

5126: 5116: 5014: 4843: 4788: 4678: 6759: 6225: 13957: 12911: 6354: 6128: 5099: 5077: 5054: 4999: 4689: 4651: 3485:

tangled woods and impassable bogs, by piercing winds and pitiless storms of rain, seemed a hopeless task, and Henry resolved to no longer attempt it.

2374:

During the later part of the 9th and 10th centuries, the coastal areas of Gwynedd, particularly Anglesey, were coming under increasing attack by the

11759:"Maredudd ap Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1212), lord of Eifionydd, part of Ardudwy, and Merioneth and co-founder of the Cistercian house of Cymmer" 5894: 5856: 9860: 5121: 5059: 4318:

until all separate governance for Wales. The penal system was eventually abolished, and as an administrative entity, the administrative entity the

3064: 2614:. Idwal and his brother Elisedd were both killed in battle against Edmund's forces. By normal custom Idwal's crown should have passed to his sons, 1191: 9646: 6195: 5387: 5305: 5104: 4590:

forming the border), which included Anglesey (Môn). The kingdom of the Princes of Snowdonia was administered under Welsh custom through thirteen

4011:

was of French, Norman origins. However Llywelyn's brother Dafydd III still had different ideas, it was he who provoked the incident by attacking

3397: 1206: 9988: 7275: 6165: 4666: 2696: 2692: 1982:

one of his grandsons, was the final leader to defeat the Irish on Anglesey. However, this overly neat origin myth has been met with skepticism,

872: 722: 718: 9180: 5651: 2523:) the relative unity of Wales ended and it was once again divided into its component parts each ruled by one of his sons. Rhodri's eldest son 8286: 4007:

was signed in 1277 by Llywelyn II, it was a formal agreement to hand over the power Gwynedd he had accumulated throughout Wales, and the new

3448: 3422: 2970: 9517: 3659:. After 3 years of Maelgwn possessing Anglesey he jailed him too. Eventually, Dafydd I was himself imprisoned by the future Prince of Wales 3079:, fought 1 mile (1.5 kilometres) northwest of Ruthin, ended with Llywarch ab Owain slain and the defeat of Dyffryn Clwyd. However, it was a 13950: 12926: 9737: 6006: 5094: 4966: 2310: 1217: 1202: 6983: 3020:

of Powys made peace with the English king as the Norman army advanced. There were no battles or skirmishes fought in the face of the vast

2962: 1928: 13352: 4954: 3656: 2993: 2318:

Despite the war and 14 battles undertaken by the allied forces of Gwynedd and Mercia against Northumbria, of which the chief one was the

1367: 1168: 951: 12650: 12630: 8498: 6808: 14603: 5049: 4939: 2855: 1287: 903: 6610: 1999:, "here is a determinedly Brythonic, and indeed Roman, air to early Gwynedd." So palpable was the Roman heritage felt that Professor 7166: 6680: 5916: 3340:, died. Owain was overcome with grief, falling into a deep depression from which none could console him until news reached him that 2234:

did not end the ability of the Welsh to seriously threaten the Anglo-Saxon polities. Among the most powerful of the early kings was

13644: 9923: 9893: 5072: 4133: 3969: 3425:. By 1162 Owain was in possession of the Powys cantref of Cyfeiliog, and its castle, Tafolwern; and ravaged another Powys cantref, 2099:

and brought the region a measure of stability although an Irish Gaelic element remained until the mid-5th century. Cunedda's heir

1407: 9427: 1534:

is believed to be a borrowing from early Irish (reflective of Irish settlement in the area in antiquity), either cognate with the

9789: 9616: 7084: 6287: 2937:, defeating Hugh, Earl of Chester. In 1101, after Earl Hugh's death, Gruffudd and Cadwgan came to terms with England's new king, 2355: 6890: 2132:

Maelgwn eventually died from the plague in 547, leaving a succession crisis in his wake. His son-in-law, Elidyr Mwynfawr of the

1923:, "an epithet which suggests that he wore the cloak of a Roman officer", and perhaps it was evidence of a high-ranking officer. 13973: 12733: 7061: 6920: 6036: 3965: 3832: 3444:

as his second, Owain assembled the Welsh host at Corwen in the vale of Edeyrion where he could best resist Henry II's advance.

3326: 1147: 5950: 2988:

consolidated royal authority in north Wales, and offered sanctuary to displaced Welsh from the Perfeddwlad, particularly from

2187:

in 613. Following this catastrophe, the approximate borders of northern Wales were set with the city of Caerlleon (now called

2163:

in c. 599, the situation in Britain had deteriorated significantly. Most of northern England had been overrun by the invading

2042:

In the post-Roman period, the earliest rulers of Wales and Gwynedd may have exerted authority over regions no larger than the

13257: 10964: 10939: 10796: 10628: 10445: 10426: 10401: 10080: 9063: 9036: 8820: 5594: 4120:, which was at risk of becoming encircled and trapped, was the first castle to be abandoned on 18 January 1283. The next was 4089: 3330: 1109: 857: 580: 9707: 8260: 8088: 4158:, and was caught by "men of his own tongue". The last Royal family of Wales were imprisoned, and Dafydd III was executed by 3344:

in Tegeingl had fallen to Gwynedd, " that he had still a country for which to live," wrote historian Sir John Edward Lloyd.

1731: 13467: 13008: 11914:"Owain ap Thomas ap Rhodri (' Owain Lawgoch '; died 1378), a soldier of fortune and pretender to the principality of Wales" 8891:

The Ancient Laws of Wales: Viewed Especially in Regard to the Light They Throw Upon the Origin of Some English Institutions

7471: 6431: 4537: 3774:, later the arms of his son, Dafydd ap Llywelyn, and grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and subsequently of the Gwynedd realm. 3722:, who was born most likely in the year 1173 and therefore only a child when all these events played out. Llywelyn's father 3375: 2758: 1748: 1221: 1084: 12668: 7946: 7551: 5794: 4367:

death in 1137, Gwynedd could field hundreds of heavy well-armed cavalry as well as their traditional bowmen and infantry.

3610:

of Deheubarth had combined their forces to battle against invading Normans who had built castles in west Wales, they took

9669: 5691: 5250: 3273: – 23 or 28 November 1170) succeeded his father to the greater portion of Gwynedd in accordance with 1692:

excavated from 6000 years ago. Further examples of human activity in Gwynedd and Anglesey are involved in places such as

1017: 962: 77: 7405: 6469: 6251: 14633: 13035: 12051: 12001: 6702: 5218: 2508:. When Gwgon drowned without an heir in 872, Rhodri became a steward over the kingdom and was able to install his son, 2343: 2125: 1074: 1022: 846: 10215:

Dafydd appears to have been recognised as pre-eminent amongst them and was regarded in some way as the overall leader.

9827: 7908: 3320:

lands. Peace between the brothers held until 1147, when an unrecorded event occurred which led Owain's sons Hywel and

2610:, the King of Gwynedd, was determined to cast off English overlordship and took up arms against the new English king, 2470: 2399: 1880: 13153: 12686: 12370: 11007: 10870: 10844: 10821: 10681: 10662: 10606: 10540: 10517: 10492: 10348: 10299: 10270: 9342: 9229: 7389: 7269: 6769: 6325: 5778: 5176: 2512:, as a subject king. Thus, he became the first ruler since the days of Cunedda to control the greater part of Wales. 2326:. However, the effect of these tumultuous events would come to be short-lived, for he died in battle in 634 close to 1340: 12697: 9305: 7367: 6852: 5485: 5429: 3501:

12th century Wales, it must be concluded, were in large measure due to the fostering genius of ' Owain the Great.'"

12852: 12847: 12610: 12590: 12569: 12548: 12527: 12506: 12485: 12464: 12443: 12422: 12401: 12380: 12359: 12338: 12317: 12296: 12275: 12254: 12233: 12212: 12191: 12170: 12149: 12128: 12107: 12086: 12065: 12040: 12015: 11990: 11969: 4315: 1227: 938: 633: 624: 8853: 3715:, and then driven out once more at the beginning of 1194, sharing the humiliation of his brother Dafydd ab Owain. 2957:, being the lands of upper Gwynedd to the Conwy which were already firmly in Gruffudd's control. Cadwgan regained 2909:, in command of a token force to control Ynys Môn (now Anglesey) and upper Gwynedd, and ultimately abandoning any 14129: 14024: 13158: 12223: 10291: 7335:"LLYWARCH HEN, a 6th-century British prince and a hero of a cycle of Welsh tales dating from the mid-9th century" 6518: 6079: 3708: 2119:, and he is also one of five Celtic British kings castigated for their sins by the contemporary Christian writer 1182: 13374: 2258:, – a place which would come to host many royal refugees from Gwynedd. All must have seemed lost but Cadwallon ( 14613: 14608: 14598: 14593: 14504: 13394: 12797: 12349: 10920: 10899: 10727: 10322: 7357:

Davies, John (1990), A History of Wales (First ed.), London: Penguin Group (published 1993), ISBN 0-7139-9098-8

6644: 3520:

from Rhodri the Great, according to Davies. Owain I was the eldest male descendant of Rhodri the Great through

3298:

By 1141 Cadwaladr and Madog ap Maredudd of Powys led a Welsh vanguard as an ally of the Earl of Chester in the

2968:

With the settlement reached between Henry I and Gruffudd, and other Welsh lords, the dividing of Wales between

2144:. Rhun counter-attacked and exacted the same penalty on the lands of his foes in what is now South and Central 1325: 1280: 885: 814: 639: 590: 12580: 12454: 12286: 10884: 2140:. Elidyr was killed in the attempt, but his death was then avenged by his relatives, who ravaged the coast of 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 13579: 12832: 12827: 12777: 12475: 11937: 11918: 11899: 11880: 11861: 11842: 11823: 11804: 11782: 11763: 11744: 11725: 11706: 11687: 11665: 11646: 11627: 11608: 11586: 11567: 11548: 11529: 11510: 11492: 11473: 11454: 11435: 11416: 11398: 11379: 11360: 11341: 11322: 11303: 11284: 11265: 11246: 11227: 11208: 11190: 11172: 11154: 11132: 11110: 11088: 11069: 11050: 9006: 8315: 7668: 7339: 7020: 6412: 6381: 5980: 5208: 5171:") of Gwynedd which comprised Anglesey and Llyn, Arfon, Dunoding, and Meirionydd on the mainland. The modern 5140: 4211: 4207: 3961: 3647:(died after 1174 strife) who appeared to have gained Anglesey, whilst the sons of Cynan held the cantrefs of 2477:, named after his principal court on Anglesey. No written records are preserved from the Britons of southern 1133: 1050: 614: 598: 594: 546: 14104: 13487: 12391: 12160: 3703:

as a man who showed "good faith and credit by observing a strict neutrality between the Welsh and English".

2655:, Gruffudd's maternal half-brothers, came to terms with Harold and took over the rule of Gwynedd and Powys. 2346:. Cadwaladr presided over a period of consolidation and devoted much time to the Church, earning the title " 14563: 14114: 13637: 13507: 13477: 13133: 13045: 12265: 12026: 9578: 6350: 6217: 3517: 1555: 1466:. The true borders of the realm varied over time, but Gwynedd proper was generally thought to comprise the 1197: 1104: 1098: 1007: 862: 629: 515: 11980: 8773: 6121: 2727: 14623: 14558: 13537: 13399: 13237: 13083: 12943: 12559: 12517: 12244: 12202: 12076: 7529: 5886: 5468: 5265: 5168: 4323: 3895: 3140: 2027:

settlements, and the civilian element there was less extensive, perhaps facilitating technological loss.

1212: 1113: 1068: 1001: 770: 540: 12181: 9849: 7804: 7116: 4454:. This site was destroyed by lightning in 812, rebuilt and destroyed again by Saxons in 822. Afterwards 14628: 14004: 13989: 13143: 12726: 12496: 10836: 10168:

the mother of Rhun and Hywel was a mere commoner and that both those children were born out of wedlock.

10036: 9638: 9213: 6187: 5379: 5313: 5144: 4012: 3386: 3177:

When their father Gruffudd died in 1137, the brothers Owain and Cadwaladr were on a second campaign in

3147:, which included the combined forces of Gwynedd, Deheubarth, and Powys, and met the Norman army at the 2906: 2683:. In 1081 Trahaearn was killed by Gruffudd in battle and the ancient line of Rhodri Mawr was restored. 2659: 2104: 1979: 1088: 852: 565: 12307: 12097: 11018: 10950: 10039:, like his father and his son being the final ruler from a line dating back to 1100 BC beginning with 5464: 4532: 3823:

similar to that of the English Crown and also the same rules of court devised in 914 at the Aberffraw

1995:

imperial Roman order, suggesting stability and continuity with that old order. According to Professor

1632:

church seems to be the earliest record of the name. It is in memory of a man named Cantiorix, and the

479:

In Latin, Gwynedd was often referred to in official medieval charters and acts of the 13th century as

14096: 13554: 13233: 13187: 13078: 13003: 12772: 12624: 12538: 11942: 11923: 11904: 11885: 11866: 11847: 11828: 11809: 11787: 11768: 11749: 11730: 11721:"Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064" 11711: 11692: 11670: 11651: 11632: 11613: 11591: 11572: 11553: 11534: 11515: 11497: 11488:"Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (died 1064), king of Gwynedd 1039–1064 and overlord of all the Welsh 1055–1064" 11478: 11459: 11440: 11421: 11403: 11384: 11365: 11346: 11327: 11308: 11289: 11270: 11251: 11232: 11213: 11195: 11177: 11159: 11137: 11115: 11093: 11074: 11055: 10956: 10862: 10788: 10766: 10060:

Recovers Gwynedd, Norman invasion, Battle of Anglesey Sound, pgs 21–22, 36, 39, 40, later years 76–77

10048: 9011: 7673: 7344: 6417: 6386: 5188: 5172: 5164: 3848: 3786:

of Powys in 1208 Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern Powys, Ceredigion and also he built

3401: 3252: 3167: 3095:, a quarrel engulfed his kinsmen on who should succeed him. Meirionnydd was then a vassal cantref of 2049: 1767: 1705: 1659: 1351: 1273: 1137: 1127: 1119: 1064: 1060: 805: 795: 790: 561: 536: 495: 12433: 12139: 7907: 7247: 6153: 3516:, the biography of his father in which Owain firmly asserted his primacy over other Welsh rulers by 103: 14618: 14481: 14064: 13999: 13981: 13379: 13342: 13252: 13213: 12938: 12916: 12901: 12822: 12792: 12604: 12118: 12050: 12000: 10753: 10254: 10197:

However little information is available on these occurrences, and the divisions are vaguely unclear

9184: 5643: 3989: 3644: 3598: 3312: 3299: 3128: 2899: 2407: 2247: 1371: 1163: 1012: 945: 867: 824: 818: 809: 604: 586: 576: 14403: 14383: 13332: 12412: 10206:

The myth of transatlantic travel, pre Columbus era has been questioned yet rebuffed for centuries.

8282: 6377:"KATHERYN of BERAIN (' Catrin o'r Berain ', 1534/5 – 1591), ' Mam Cymru ' ('The mother of Wales')" 3980:

who negotiated peace with the Welsh Prince, insisting to disassociate from the Monforts after the

14189: 13630: 13532: 13364: 13359: 13337: 13163: 13025: 13013: 12993: 12933: 12921: 12328: 11959: 10719: 10590: 10471: 9509: 7523: 7122: 5193: 5156: 4254: 3633: 3393: 3382:, and has since been commemorated with a plaque 850 years after the battle of 1157, during 2007. 3368: 3132: 3127:

In 1136 a campaign against the Normans was launched from Gwynedd in revenge for the execution of

3005: 2981: 2672: 2592: 2004: 1996: 1123: 800: 785: 667: 649: 644: 9729: 9480: 6002: 4513:). Additional lands were acquired through vassalage or conquest, and by regaining lands lost to 3489:

Owain expanded his international diplomatic offensive against Henry II by sending an embassy to

55: 14494: 13138: 13093: 12906: 12787: 6975: 5269: 5148: 4129: 4069: 3672: 3321: 3307: 2243: 2176: 2133: 2100: 1975: 1643: 1153: 571: 14408: 9053: 9026: 5584: 4376:

The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis translated by Sir Richard Colt-Hoare (1894), p.491

4361:

The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis translated by Sir Richard Colt-Hoare (1894), p.511

4245:. The Snowdonia district in Gwynedd was made into three settlements, creating the counties of 14290: 13671: 13542: 13457: 13389: 13347: 13309: 13277: 13098: 12874: 12719: 12599: 12369: 12222: 11025: 10738: 10455: 10393: 10262: 5160: 4885: 4311: 4258: 3973: 3939: 3872: 3736: 3629: 3337: 3178: 3144: 3044: 3013: 2958: 2914: 2754: 2747: 2731: 2719: 2497: 2339: 2331: 2319: 2246:

where following a series of epic defeats he was confined first to Anglesey, and then just to

1950: 1787: 1625: 1387: 921: 679: 423: 14039: 6824: 4035: 3643:

Due to splinter factions, the Kingdom's royal family began to move away from Gwynedd, it is

3392:

The naval expedition was led by Henry II's maternal uncle (Empress Matilda's half-brother),

3285:

to differentiate him from another Owain ap Gruffudd, the Mathrafal ruler of Powys, known as

3112:, leaving Tegeingl bereft of lordship. However, in 1132 while on campaign in the commote of 14466: 14232: 14119: 14059: 13767: 13677: 13584: 13323: 13128: 11702:"Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd)" 10044: 7019: 5664: 4797: 4779: 4720: 4459: 4262: 4225: 4216: 4084:

are shared amongst the Princes and a dowry is given to Dafydd III, along with an estate in

4008: 3949: 3927: 3852: 3779: 3772:

Quarterly Or and Gules, four lions passant guardant counter charged, armed and langued Azur

3760: 3719: 2664: 2636: 2629: 2520: 2363: 1744: 1689: 1403: 1359: 1332: 1143: 1079: 728: 555: 277: 14398: 12842: 12579: 12453: 12285: 8890: 6802: 6588: 1735:

Bryn Eryr, recreation of pre Roman roundhouse, it's a 2,000-year-old Celtic Iron Age home.

619: 8: 13567: 13419: 13384: 13040: 12837: 12474: 11838:"Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ('Llywelyn the Last,' or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282)" 10813: 10711:

Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic

10598: 10551: 10484: 10240: 10032: 7961: 7158: 6672: 5755: 5213: 4749: 4609: 4348: 4238: 4073: 4052: 4048: 4004: 3960:, he triumphed in battle by reuniting north Wales. Llywelyn II made an alliance with the 3921: 3783: 3732: 3700: 3664: 3490: 3359: 3221: 3148: 3017: 2898:, appeared off the coast at Puffin Island, and in the battle that followed, known as the 2803: 2359: 2235: 2224: 2137: 2123:(who referred to him as Maglocunus, meaning 'Prince-Hound' in Brittonic), written in the 2107:, appears to have consolidated the realm during the time of relative peace following the 2008: 1847: 1843: 1819: 1399: 1395: 1355: 765: 217: 167: 12644: 12390: 12159: 9915: 9885: 4944: 4903: 4529:. However, these areas were always considered an addition to Gwynedd, never part of it. 3158: 2628:

recognise the importance of the lords of Aberffraw as overlords of Wales along with the

14471: 14460: 14449: 14434: 14217: 14197: 14069: 13919: 13869: 13745: 13717: 13562: 13429: 13294: 13286: 13218: 13173: 12988: 12862: 12264: 12025: 10463: 10281: 9419: 5838: 5284: 5198: 5111: 4579: 4556: 4482: 4455: 4410:

Principal administrative divisions of medieval Gwynedd (traditional territorial extent)

4327: 4229: 4179: 4117: 4101: 4044: 3957: 3900: 3864: 3811: 3787: 3660: 3615: 3607: 3456:

lessen the exposure of his army. The road his army travelled later became known as the

3072: 2989: 2938: 2895: 2850: 2827: 2810:

In an effort to further consolidate his control over Gwynedd, Earl Hugh of Chester had

2795: 2735: 2648: 2529: 2474: 2000: 1815: 1507: 1383: 1375: 1032: 1027: 993: 932: 289: 265: 91: 62: 14109: 13942: 12348: 11979: 10742: 10572: 9608: 7092: 4148:

On 21 June 1283, Dafydd III was captured in the uplands above Abergwyngregyn close to

2757:

in 1081, Gruffudd was lured into a trap with the promise of an alliance but seized by

2738:

rivals then in control of Gwynedd. However, Gruffudd's victory was short-lived as the

71: 14439: 14413: 14049: 13497: 13492: 13449: 13148: 13055: 13030: 12975: 12957: 12782: 12682: 12558: 12516: 12243: 12201: 12075: 11795: 11678: 11599: 11145: 11123: 11101: 11041: 11003: 10960: 10935: 10916: 10880: 10866: 10840: 10817: 10792: 10723: 10677: 10658: 10624: 10602: 10536: 10532: 10513: 10488: 10441: 10422: 10418: 10397: 10344: 10332: 10318: 10295: 10266: 9338: 9225: 9059: 9032: 8791:"Aberffraw, Excavated Features, Rejected Roman Fort And Suggested Llys Site (401126)" 7385: 7265: 6882: 6765: 6640: 5774: 5590: 5245: 4703: 4439: 4394: 4307: 4284: 4178:. After the capture of the last true Royal family of Gwynedd, the Princes, including 4081: 3981: 3944: 3828: 3723: 3712: 3695: 3611: 3565: 3121: 3109: 2961:, and his share of the family inheritance in Powys, from the new earl of Shrewsbury, 2867: 2723: 2668: 2644: 2583: 2524: 2462: 2411: 2395: 2327: 2231: 2184: 2141: 1827: 1795: 1669: 1475: 1471: 1379: 1336: 877: 551: 410: 316: 241: 14424: 14388: 14275: 12180: 11720: 11487: 9001: 7115: 7053: 6912: 6439: 6408:"EDNYFED FYCHAN, (EDNYFED ap CYNWRIG) and his descendants, noble family of Gwynedd." 6058: 6028: 2799: 1955: 1763: 1598: 14509: 14499: 14212: 14207: 14164: 14149: 14144: 14009: 13820: 13789: 13706: 13698: 13517: 13512: 13267: 13200: 13168: 13116: 12998: 12983: 12966: 12896: 12891: 12807: 12764: 12754: 12674: 12495: 11149: 10995: 10890: 10691: 10000: 9564: 9560: 9217: 9098: 7881: 7257: 6600: 5942: 4583: 4575: 4548: 4478: 4296: 4233: 4121: 3931: 3887: 3880: 3807: 3799: 3684: 3364: 3341: 3244: 3236: 3171: 3155:. The battle turned into a rout, and then into a resounding defeat of the Normans. 3009: 2838:

parishioners who he perceived as challenging his spiritual and temporal authority.

2823: 2815: 2811: 2743: 2652: 2640: 2571: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2509: 2489: 2485: 2466: 2180: 2056:

codified centuries later, with their size somewhat comparable in size to the Irish

1911:) to settle and defend North Wales against the raiders and bring the region within 1908: 1855: 1811: 1771: 1665: 1655: 1479: 1459: 1427: 1158: 1055: 997: 974: 733: 704: 689: 654: 504: 14310: 12306: 12096: 11950: 11932: 11913: 11894: 11875: 11856: 11837: 11818: 11799: 11777: 11758: 11739: 11701: 11682: 11660: 11641: 11622: 11603: 11581: 11562: 11543: 11524: 11505: 11468: 11449: 11430: 11411: 11393: 11374: 11336: 11317: 11298: 11279: 11260: 11241: 11222: 11203: 11185: 11167: 11127: 11105: 11083: 11064: 11045: 9551:

Alcock, Leslie (1968). "Excavations at Degannwy Castle, Caernarfonshire, 1961–6".

9110: 8812: 7893: 7663: 7334: 6407: 6376: 4390: 4302:

The title "Prince of Wales" was recreated after Llywelyn II, Prince Edward (later

4292: 4242: 3447:

The Angevin army advanced from Oswestry into Wales crossing the mountains towards

3201: 2179:. In a rare show of common interest, it appears that Gwynedd and the neighbouring 1803: 1790:

also gave rise to a new era; the Romans founded towns with churches and installed

1708:, a bronze cauldron from 1100 BC found near the Merioneth border, also named 'The 14537: 14489: 14179: 14174: 14159: 14086: 14044: 14034: 13861: 13462: 13411: 13018: 12537: 11355: 10970: 10910: 10782: 10709: 10705: 10582: 10503: 10377: 10359: 10154: 9699: 9277: 4907: 4889: 4526: 4435: 4343: 4000: 3996: 3977: 3876: 3748: 3668: 3568:" for the King of England, wrote Davies. Though Gwynedd's princes recognised the 3379: 3316: 3287: 3232: 3152: 3080: 3025: 2891: 2676: 2323: 2279: 2148:. The long distances these armies travelled suggests they were moving across the 2112: 2108: 1916: 1859: 1851: 1839: 1807: 1545: 893: 780: 737: 205: 14368: 14343: 14255: 12432: 12138: 11778:"Llywelyn Fawr and Llywelyn Fychan (fl. early 13th century). lords of Merioneth" 10807: 10412: 7463: 7370:, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1912), p. 323-324 4918: 4414: 2643:

in 1063 and later killed by his own men in a deal to secure peace with England.

2322:

in 632, an alliance was concluded when Cadwallon married Alcfritha, daughter of

1503: 14532: 14454: 14444: 14373: 14320: 14222: 14154: 14124: 14081: 14054: 13502: 13299: 13262: 13247: 13242: 12884: 12879: 12817: 12603: 12438: 12417: 12396: 12375: 12354: 12333: 12117: 12081: 12056: 12031: 12006: 11544:"Iorwerth Drwyndwn (The Flat-nosed) (died probably c. 1174), prince of Gwynedd" 10854: 10778: 10650: 10246: 10071: 10040: 9976: 7942: 7885: 7543: 5917:"Ancient Stone Age artifacts discovered at Anglesey water treatment works site" 5152: 5004: 4775: 4617: 4560: 4447: 4250: 4183: 4125: 3912: 3839: 3815: 3803: 3625: 3521: 3452: 3355: 3240: 3084:

Rhuddlan and Degannwy. With Rhufoniog and Rhos abandoned, Gruffudd annexed the

2922: 2835: 2624: 2275: 2259: 2220: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2164: 1991: 1912: 1903: 1863: 1831: 1823: 1791: 1693: 1439: 1305: 1248: 1094: 957: 842: 608: 454: 153: 142: 36: 14358: 14338: 14333: 12411: 11242:"Rhodri Mawr ('the Great') (died 877), king of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth" 9760:"Llywelyn ap Gruffudd [Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf ('The Last')], (d.1282)" 9102: 6605: 5683: 4152:

in a secret hiding place recorded as "Nanhysglain". King Edward I decreed, in

2980:, Welsh lands under Norman control, came into existence. Author and historian 2917:

of his ally Trahaearn ap Caradog in 1081, a move which earned him the epithet

14552: 14527: 14418: 14378: 14305: 14270: 14139: 14074: 14029: 13572: 13304: 13228: 12678: 12639: 12619: 12327: 11958: 10715: 10638: 10553:

Giraldus Cambrensis, The Itinerary Through Wales and the Description of Wales

10340: 10314: 10094: 9972: 9221: 8499:"Prince Madoc American legend set to bring surge in tourists for North Wales" 7246:

Redknap, Mark (31 October 2008). "29". In Brink, Stefan; Price, Neil (eds.).

6797: 6461: 6247: 5203: 5066: 4807: 4514: 4319: 4288: 4171: 4093: 4064: 4060: 3680: 3619: 3602: 3592: 3561: 3552: 3433: 3264: 3228: 3182: 3060: 3040: 2976: 2619: 1963: 1709: 1697: 1499: 1491: 1363: 926: 775: 253: 14393: 14280: 12623: 10999: 10974: 9479: 6812:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–137. 4477:

The traditional sphere of Aberffraw's influence in north Wales included the

4314:. The Welsh Marches would be merged with the principality in 1534 under the 3934:, they were to share a realm west of Conwy, the treaty only lasted 8 years. 2913:

plans there. Owain ap Edwin transferred his allegiance to Chester following

2845:

Gruffudd ap Cynan escapes from Chester. Illustration by T. Prytherch in 1900

2722:

by rivals in Deheubarth, Powys, and England in the 10th and 11th centuries.

2394:(Vikings). But it was the kings of Welsh kingdoms who were protected by the 2366:

in particular claimed descent from Cadwaladr in the "twenty-second degree".

2295:, many Northumbrians were slaughtered, "with savage cruelty", by Cadwallon. 1646:

and institutions continued in Gwynedd long after the legions had withdrawn.

1413:

Welsh tradition credited the founding of Gwynedd to the Brittonic polity of

14295: 14285: 13931: 13914: 13889: 13612: 13589: 13319: 13060: 10382: 9960: 9819: 8895: 8778: 8320: 7809: 6318:"DIRECT DESCENT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH II FROM HENRY VII AND ELIZABETH OF YORK" 5728: 4570:

Gwynedd was traditionally divided into using nature as borders, the rivers

4471: 4443: 4020: 3891: 2910: 2884: 2875:

to Môn. Betrayed, Gruffudd and Cadwgan were forced to flee to Ireland in a

2859: 2783: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2387: 2351: 2239: 2160: 2153: 1938:

and after his death, Gwynedd was divided among his sons: Dynod was awarded

1822:

family. The Tudors were ancestors and namesake to the former English Royal

1713: 1329: 1315: 1260: 970: 966: 14245: 13622: 9486: 9055:

England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais

7261: 6317: 5586:

England and Her Neighbours, 1066–1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais

2488:(844–878), son of Merfyn Frych and Nest ferch Cadell, was able to add the 1866:

and other countries on the continent of Europe, and all around the world.

14519: 14429: 13854: 13738: 13684: 13666: 13527: 10616: 8790: 5421: 5032: 4978: 4715: 4587: 4571: 4552: 4522: 4502: 4494: 4434:, which is shown in the subsidiary title of the current Prince of Wales, 4419: 4342:

The Welsh method of warfare during the reign of Henry II is described by

4195: 4191: 4024: 4016: 3972:, who had been integral in the English civil war by rebelling during the 3820: 3728: 3648: 3593:

Civil war, usurpation 1170 – 1195, and the Prince of Wales

3582: 3136: 3092: 3001: 2954: 2831: 2819: 2766: 2560: 2552: 2492:

to his realm after its king (his maternal uncle) died on a pilgrimage to

2438: 2406:

are known – eventually expired in the male line in 825 upon the death of

2284: 2096: 2085: 1935: 1752: 1728:

tankard, which was used to drink mead and beer between 100 BC and 75 AD.

1725: 1721: 1685: 1487: 1463: 881: 741: 674: 303: 229: 14300: 12654:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 831. 10695: 9051: 8744: 7026: 6830: 6823: 5842: 5582: 4039:

The arms used by Dafydd ap Gruffudd were a variant of the Aberffraw Arms

2183:

acted in concert to rebuff the Anglian advance but were defeated at the

14169: 13896: 13724: 13692: 13223: 12812: 12634:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 860. 12585: 12564: 12543: 12522: 12501: 12480: 12459: 12312: 12291: 12270: 12249: 12228: 12207: 12186: 12165: 12144: 12123: 12102: 12060: 12035: 12010: 11985: 11964: 10744:

The Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales: collected out of ancient manuscripts

10568: 10459: 9494: 9291: 8216: 8214: 7922: 7130: 7034: 6838: 5465:"A glossary of mediaeval Welsh law, based upon the Black book of Chirk" 5082: 4518: 4467: 4266: 4163: 4137: 4109: 3574: 3548: 3117: 2607: 2603: 2575: 2548: 2378:. Wales had also been at war with the neighbouring English Kingdoms of 2116: 2103:

defeated the remaining Gaelic Irish on Anglesey by 470, while his son,

2016: 1971: 1959: 1901:, his sons and their entourage, to migrate in the mid-5th century from 1783: 1717: 1701: 1677: 1358:" before losing their power in civil wars or invasions. The kingdom of 684: 10337:

A History of Wales; From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest

9283: 5829:

Rhys, John (1891). "The Early Irish Conquests of Wales and Dumnonia".

4406: 4253:, and the rest of Wales split beyond the Rivers Dee and Conwy, making 3992:

was orphaned before her first birthday, she was the last of her line.

2606:

from a junior line of descent from Rhodri Mawr. This occurred because

2291:

in 633 and briefly controlled the kingdom. At this time, according to

14363: 14265: 13994: 13833: 13826: 13796: 13752: 13424: 13208: 13088: 13070: 10991: 10509: 9955: 7253: 5089: 4898: 4694: 4656: 4458:

on Anglesey became the principal power base, with exceptions such as

4303: 4277: 4149: 4105: 4077: 3868: 3843: 3637: 3578: 3469: 3274: 3248: 3213: 3205: 3163: 3113: 3105: 3068: 2946: 2778: 2599: 2556: 2505: 2335: 2251: 2149: 2053: 1967: 1835: 1779: 1740: 1673: 1639:

Cantiorix hic iacit/Venedotis cives fuit/consobrinos Magli magistrati

1629: 1535: 1519: 1511: 1447: 1443: 1418: 889: 747: 699: 132: 14250: 12673:. Cambridge Library Collection - Rolls. Cambridge University Press. 8211: 7368:

A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest

3440:

there, before returning to his main army now gathering in Oswestry.

2841: 2442:

Gwynedd, and that Merfyn's male line went back to the Hen Ogledd to

2207:(most renowned), he was an ancestor of the future Kings of Gwynedd. 2136:, claimed the throne and invaded Gwynedd to displace Maelgwn's son, 14134: 14014: 13847: 13810: 13803: 13759: 13731: 11819:"Owain ap Gruffydd, or Owain Goch, (fl. 1260), a prince of Gwynedd" 10770: 5736: 5043: 4859: 4629: 4544: 4463: 4382: 4246: 4085: 3791: 3766: 3426: 3374:

In the melee which followed Henry II might have been slain had not

3186: 2942: 2863: 2774: 2611: 2478: 2451: 2271: 2267: 2195:

falling under the control of the Anglo-Saxons. Beli's grandson was

2172: 2145: 1940: 1838:

to the Kings of Gwynedd. The Tudor dynasty became ancestors to the

1775: 1759: 1610: 1606: 1515: 1495: 1483: 1414: 1391: 709: 177: 137: 127: 11356:"Ieuaf (or Idwal) ab Idwal Foel (died 985), joint king of Gwynedd" 3903:

returned to England, living in Haverford, she died 2 years later.

3405:

year" in his effort to subject Owain, and the King offered terms.

3371:

and Cynan into the woods with an army, catching Henry II unaware.

3336:

In 1146 news reached Owain that his favoured eldest son and heir,

1621:, an Old Irish form that means "Leinstermen, or simply Leinster." 14353: 14348: 13840: 12711: 11431:"Llywelyn Ap Seisyll (died 1023), king of Deheubarth and Gwynedd" 10748: 10654: 7909:"Magnus Barefoot's Saga#Of the Fall of Earl Huge the Brave" 6801: 5815: 5223: 4986: 4926: 4880: 4867: 4848: 4833: 4815: 4793: 4757: 4638: 4605: 4592: 4431: 4167: 4159: 4056: 4019:

in 1282. Later on in November 1282 the Archbishop of Canterbury,

3985: 3570: 3396:; and when they landed on Môn, Henry FitzRoy had the churches of 3354:

Having spent three years consolidating his authority in the vast

3085: 2950: 2790: 2770: 2739: 2564: 2403: 2375: 2188: 2092: 2088:

in the south to the Dee in the east, and incorporating Anglesey.

2081: 2044: 2012: 1945: 1924: 1898: 1894: 1818:. The people mentioned can be associated with the Anglesey based 1602: 1594: 1467: 1455: 1451: 1435: 373: 193: 122: 117: 12510:. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 391–395. 12447:. Vol. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 202–205. 12426:. Vol. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 199–200. 12258:. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 305–306. 12174:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 407–408. 12132:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 105–107. 12090:. Vol. 21. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 427–434. 12069:. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 307–308. 12044:. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 301–304. 11973:. Vol. 40. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 217–221. 11623:"Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (died after 1173), prince of Anglesey" 4088:

and a consented marriage to the daughter of a former adversary,

3831:

for repairs. The Royal palace consisted of positions similar to

2242:. He became engaged in an initially disastrous campaign against 1696:

on Anglesey, which was built in phases starting 5000 years ago.

1664:

The background involving the Kingdom of Gwynedd starts with the

14328: 14260: 13882: 13875: 13773: 13050: 12643: 12405:. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 190–191. 12019:. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 305-307. 11951:

Wiki source – Dictionary of National Biography and Encyclopædia

11683:"Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (David I, died 1203), king of Gwynedd" 11084:"Rhun Ap Maelgwn Gwynedd, (fl. 550), ruler of north-west Wales" 10578: 10287: 10097:

of Bangor, a recognition hitherto rejected by the Welsh church.

9052:

Pierre Chaplais; Michael Jones; Malcolm Vale (1 January 1989).

7082: 6635:

Campbell, James; Wormald, Patrick; John, Eric (6 August 1991).

6519:"Cunedda Wledig "Imperator" ab Edern, Brenin Lothian a Gwenydd" 5583:

Pierre Chaplais; Michael Jones; Malcolm Vale (1 January 1989).

4671: 4232:

the following year, eight centuries of independent rule by the

4104:. Dafydd III also had the support of Hywel ap Rhys Gryg son of 3824: 3209: 3029: 2762: 2706: 2680: 2383: 2379: 2350:" for "Blessed". As a monk in later life, he was involved with 2255: 2120: 694: 12573:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 85–86. 12300:. Vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 13–21. 11857:"Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David III, died 1283), prince of Gwynedd" 9334:

Power, Preaching and the Crusades in Pura Wallia c.1180–c.1280

4729:

in 1294, refounded to house displaced villagers from Llanfaes

3683:, who was Henry's half-sister, and would receive the manor of 3348: 2417: 2062:. These early petty kings or princelings (Lloyd uses the term 2030: 14240: 14019: 13780: 13654: 12742: 12468:. Vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 7–13. 9276: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8123: 5143:, the lands of Gwynedd proper were divided among the English 4601: 4451: 4175: 3688: 3652: 3465: 3217: 3100: 3096: 2934: 2876: 2615: 2587: 2501: 2455: 2447: 2391: 2168: 2058: 2024: 1890: 1756: 1681: 1633: 1347: 464: 157: 12489:. Vol. 34. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 6–7. 11318:"Hywel Dda (Hywel the Good) (died 950), king and legislator" 8689: 8457: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8020: 8018: 6653: 2742:

launched an invasion of Wales following the Saxon revolt in

2199:

from the line of Maelgwn, his tombstone in Gwynedd wrote in

2072: 12594:. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 147. 12321:. Vol. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 277. 12279:. Vol. 36. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 130. 12237:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 408. 12216:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 412. 12195:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 107. 12153:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 412. 12111:. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 105. 10737:

Jones, Owen; Williams, Edward; Pughe, William Owen (1801).

9002:"ELEANOR DE MONTFORT (c. 1258–1282), princess and diplomat" 8653: 6161: 5266:"Owen Glyndwr and the Last Struggle for Welsh Independence" 4187: 4108:, and his brother Rhys Wyndod, the disinherited princes of 3851:, during 1238 a Welsh Royal council of Princes was held at 3021: 2493: 2305: 2292: 2288: 2278:

who were suffering a Mercian invasion and forced the pagan

1649: 12552:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 85. 12531:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 86. 12384:. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 190. 12363:. Vol. 8. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 201. 12342:. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 370. 11994:. Vol. 48. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 89. 10674:

A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan

9397: 8168: 7914: 7874:

Owen, Dorothy M. (23 September 2004). "Hervey (d. 1131)".

7829: 6102: 5831:

The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland

3032:

and pay a heavy fine, though he lost no land or prestige.

2527:

inherited Gwynedd and would firmly establish the princely

1458:, were said to have possessed the land between the rivers 10984:"Conflict or Coexistence: Marchia Wallie and Pura Wallia" 9385: 8774:

RCAHMW, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Anglesey

8147: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8015: 7640: 7493: 7491: 7489: 5715:

Goidil, Feni, Gwynedd, Proc. Harvard Celtic Colloquium 12

4422:

is the traditional border between upper and lower Gwynedd

3988:

with her father's banner on board a ship, their daughter

2369: 2215: 11065:"Maelgwn Gwynedd,(died c. 547) king of Gwynedd and monk" 11033: 9163: 9161: 8912: 8665: 3577:

of the King of England, there remained well-established

2905:

The Norman army retired to England, leaving a Welshman,

2730:, regained his inheritance following his victory at the 2429:

This "stranger" who became the next King of Gwynedd was

1569: 1539: 13972: 8725: 8521: 8445: 8361: 8359: 8187: 8135: 7129:. Translated by Stevens, John. p. 102 – via 5419: 5340: 4596:

each containing, in theory, one hundred settlements or

4578:

were used to define lands in relation to the counties.

3108:

that year. And in 1125 Cadwallon slew the grandsons of

2516: 2023:

Roman military administration and included established

1990:

The inhabitants of Gwynedd remained conscious of their

1668:. After the last ice age, Wales was settled during the 12698:"Early Medieval Wales: material evidence and identity" 11876:"Rhodri ap Gruffydd (died c. 1315), prince of Gwynedd" 11582:"Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd (died 1170), soldier and poet" 11375:"Meurif Ab Idwal Foel (died 986), nobleman of Gwynedd" 11204:"Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog (died 825), king of Gwynedd" 9460: 9209:

The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages

8900: 8641: 8413: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8030: 7486: 4299:, also drew considerable support from within Gwynedd. 4241:

in 1284 Wales was broken up and re-organised into six

2414:

put it, "a stranger possessed the throne of Gwynedd."

14644:

States and territories established in the 5th century

11469:"Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055 – 1137), king of Gwynedd" 11280:"Idwal Foel ('the Bald '; died 942), king of Gwynedd" 10283:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225

9158: 8871: 8713: 8701: 8677: 8344: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7503: 7085:"Bede's ecclesiastical history of the English people" 6739: 6490: 5444: 5167:

reformed these, creating a new county (now called a "

4330:(monarchs of England and Scotland combined) in 1689. 4043:

After generations of civil strife in Gwynedd, it was

2862:, with Gruffudd and Cadwgan regrouping on defensible 1720:

shield which is also 3,000 years old (similar to the

1575: 1549: 10069:

Of the three surviving groups of manuscripts of the

8356: 8199: 8111: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7805:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship: Yorkshire, 1066–1154

7762: 7760: 7290: 6559: 5641: 4393:

the Welsh adapted the new skills they had learnt to

3295:, Ceredigion between the rivers Aeron and the Dyfi. 2541:

to rule and Cadell founded the medieval Welsh Royal

2266:) raised an enormous army and after a brief time in 1766:. Iron Age forts were being adapted until after the 1584: 1561: 1354:

repeatedly rose to dominance and were acclaimed as "

11933:"Owain Glyndŵr (c. 1354 – 1416), 'Prince of Wales'" 11756: 11299:"Iago Ab Idwal Foel (fl. 942–979), king of Gwynedd" 11020:

Brut y Tywysogion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes

10125:

Lloyd 2004 book, Owain and Henry II page, 99. 1070.

9532: 9091:Prestwich, Michael (2008). "Edward I (1239–1307)". 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8226: 7858: 7856: 7841: 7819: 7817: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7628: 7124:

Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)

6634: 6499: 6248:"Why do Welsh place names appear around the world?" 5359: 5357: 5355: 5328: 3842:and attempted a succession process using the Welsh 1869: 14639:States and territories disestablished in the 1210s 11800:"Dafydd ap Llywelyn (David II, died 1246), Prince" 11661:"Rhodri ab Owain (died 1195), a prince of Gwynedd" 11525:"Trahaern Ap Caradog (died 1081), king of Gwynedd" 10736: 10621:Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales 1063–1415 9979:used thereafter for legal and liturgical purposes. 7970:, pp. 109, 127–130, 137, 141, 149, 166, 176.. 7772: 7091:. Clarendon Press. volume: Book II. Archived from 6589:"Why Did the Anglo-Saxons Not Become More British" 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 2686: 1568:"wood, wilderness"), or (alternatively) Old Irish 12666: 11563:"Owain Gwynedd (c. 1100 – 1170), king of Gwynedd" 11450:"Iago ab Idwal Foel (died 1039), king of Gwynedd" 10083:". Oxford Univ., 1909. Retrieved 30 January 2013. 9024: 7996: 5508: 4481:(Ynys Môn) as their early seat of authority, and 3247:, between 1120 and 1139. Gruffudd's remains were 3204:that "Gwynedd was bespangled with them as is the 2567:thrived with but a few interruptions until 1283. 2080:, a title used to "denote a less archaic form of 1881:List of rulers of Gwynedd § House of Cunedda 1394:gathering of Welsh princes in 1216. In 1277, the 14550: 11046:"Cunedda Wledig, flourished 450, British prince" 10414:The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords, and Princes 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 8325: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7853: 7814: 7737: 7083:Bertram Colgrave; R. A. B. Mynors, eds. (1969). 5352: 5254:. Oxford Univ., 1909. Retrieved 1 February 2013. 4446:the royal court moved west to the stronghold at 3999:, Edward I would later acquire the title of the 328:• Declaration of the Principality of Wales 11394:"Idwal Ap Meurig (died 996), prince of Gwynedd" 10390:Gwynedd (A Guide to Ancient and Historic Wales) 9330: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9031:. University of Wales Press. pp. 438–448. 8388: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8374: 6571: 5480: 5478: 3906: 2890:During the 'celebrations' a Norse fleet led by 2802:by 1090. By 1094 almost the whole of Wales was 2598:The House of Aberffraw was displaced in 942 by 1613:and elsewhere in northwest Wales with the name 9989:History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8967: 8965: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 7186: 7184: 5626: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5422:"THE CHURCH IN SEVENTH CENTURY CELTIC BRITAIN" 2765:. Earl Hugh claimed the Perfeddwlad up to the 2697:History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages 2693:Culture of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages 2342:) appear to have been considered the last two 1704:, millennia ago, include findings such as the 1454:in the 5th century. The sons of their leader, 13958: 13638: 12727: 11168:"Rhodri Molwynog (died 754), king of Gwynedd" 9261: 9148: 9146: 8951: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8621: 8619: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 7973: 7382:The Celts, Development of the Celtic Kingdoms 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 4615: 3742: 2667:seized the throne but was soon challenged by 1281: 11337:"Hywel ap Ieuaf (died 985), king of Gwynedd" 10981: 10809:Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography 9250: 9117: 9097:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 8371: 8089:"Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd, King of Gwynedd" 7936: 7934: 7932: 7880:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7521: 7048: 7046: 7044: 6586: 5642:Fitzpatrick-Matthews, K. (29 January 2013). 5475: 5039:(Gwynedd below the Conwy, or lower Gwynedd) 4543:After the Norman conquest, the residents of 3871:, on 29 August 1241, under the terms of the 3555:, according to Davies. The use of the title 3451:and found itself in the thick forest of the 2334:. On account of these deeds, he and his son 2311:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 2250:, before being forced into exile across the 1739:Examples of early settlement in Gwynedd are 13652: 11412:"Maerdudd ab Owain ap Hywel Dda (died 999)" 11023:(reprint ed.). London: Longman Green. 10908: 9510:"Owain Glyndwr's legendary fight for Wales" 9414: 9412: 8976: 8962: 8551: 8425: 7249:The Vikings in Wales from: The Viking World 7181: 6730: 6728: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5560: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 4186:by the English Crown, and daughters became 4153: 3434:Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury 3091:On the death of Einion ap Cadwgan, lord of 3050: 1834:being his famous ancestor, his family were 1637: 1421: 1319: 1309: 28: 13965: 13951: 13645: 13631: 12734: 12720: 11740:"Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (died 1244), prince" 11223:"Merfyn Frych (died 844), king of Gwynedd" 10948: 9507: 9290:. Vol. 12. p. 58-59 – via 9143: 8935: 8616: 8569: 8533: 8403: 8401: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8072: 8070: 8068: 7728: 7726: 7021:"Geoffrey's British History/Book 12" 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 5603: 5374: 5372: 4228:in 1282, and the execution of his brother 2856:Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury 2205:"Catamanus rex sapientisimus opinatisimus" 1288: 1274: 12695: 12618: 12598: 11956: 10763:Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia 9667: 9337:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 94–108. 9090: 8930: 8924: 8630: 8580: 8564: 8480: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8050: 7929: 7657: 7655: 7617: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7307: 7305: 7241: 7239: 7159:"St. Cadwaladr Fendigai, King of Gwynedd" 7041: 6659: 6604: 6271: 6269: 5768: 5300: 5298: 3281:, the Laws of Hywel; and became known as 2175:, who were in the process of forming the 11930: 11911: 11892: 11854: 11835: 11816: 11718: 11315: 11016: 10853: 10549: 10279: 9409: 9380: 9374: 9369: 9256: 8989: 8971: 8918: 8789: 8695: 8671: 8469: 8463: 7862: 7579: 7447: 7445: 7379: 7142: 7140: 7003: 7001: 6796: 6725: 6275: 5671: 5571: 5534: 5525: 5523: 4608:). A complete census was created in the 4531: 4413: 4405: 4220:Wales after the Statute of Rhuddlan 1284 4215: 4134:William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke 4034: 3970:Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester 3765: 3753: 3157: 2840: 2726:(c. 1055–1137), who grew up in exile in 2705: 2563:respectively. Gwynedd and the Aberffraw 2416: 2214: 2029: 1826:, they were descended from the Welshman 1730: 1650:History, background and familial descent 12430: 12347:Stephens, William Richard Wood (1886). 12346: 11560: 11522: 11391: 11277: 11239: 11220: 11081: 11062: 10238: 9850:"Review of Preserved County boundaries" 9451:Recovery, reorientation and reformation 9274: 9205: 9138: 9094:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8743: 8451: 8398: 8301: 8065: 8060: 7877:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7723: 7707: 7696: 7692: 7690: 7664:"BLEDDYN ap CYNFYN (died 1075), prince" 7606: 7601: 7584: 7451: 7433: 7431: 7311: 7245: 7201: 6941: 6883:"Prince Elidyr Mwynfawr of Strathclyde" 6734: 6703:"Maelgwyn ap Cadwallon, Brenin Gwynedd" 6541: 6393: 5771:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic 5369: 5282: 5263: 5026: 4912:Named after Eifion ap Dunod ap Cunedda 4735: 4600:. Most cantrefs were also divided into 4295:, a member of the rival royal house of 3718:Dafydd Ist had a nemesis in his nephew 3601:a century prior to the civil strife of 3315:, as well as The Irish and Scottish at 3235:in Gwynedd, and funded the building of 2718:The Aberffraw dynasty suffered various 1874: 14551: 12325: 12241: 12199: 12157: 12023: 11977: 11957:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1894). 11873: 11794: 11775: 11737: 11506:"Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (died 1075) Prince" 11485: 11447: 11428: 11372: 11353: 11334: 11296: 11261:"Anarawd ap Rhodri (died 916), prince" 11144: 11122: 11100: 11040: 10830: 10704: 10615: 10589: 10526: 10501: 10478: 10343:: Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. 10308: 10253: 10106:Mentioned in the Magnus Barefoot saga. 9550: 9538: 9466: 9403: 9363: 8946: 8906: 8707: 8659: 8647: 8509:from the original on 25 September 2021 8419: 8407: 8365: 8350: 8181: 8047: 8024: 7967: 7847: 7835: 7823: 7791: 7732: 7712: 7652: 7634: 7595: 7566: 7497: 7302: 7236: 7214:"When the Vikings invaded North Wales" 7146: 7007: 6952: 6757: 6745: 6554: 6345: 6343: 6266: 6168:from the original on 28 September 2023 5630: 5450: 5295: 5241: 5239: 4201: 4155:ad querendum filium David primogenitum 4070:Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn Prince of Powys 3833:Royal Households of the United Kingdom 3504:In his later reign Owain I was styled 3327:Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford 3016:sought refuge in Gwynedd's mountains, 2370:Rhodri the Great and Aberffraw primacy 2210: 1842:, and the Stuarts formed the European 1518:at the mountainous mainland region of 13946: 13626: 12715: 12667:Williams Ab Ithel, John, ed. (2012). 12638: 12577: 12556: 12514: 12262: 12052:"Gruffydd ab Llywelyn (d.1244)" 12002:"Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063)" 11998: 11598: 11466: 11258: 11034:Dictionary of Welsh biography sources 10932:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales 10929: 10805: 10777: 10690: 10671: 10637: 10435: 10410: 10387: 10357: 10331: 10035:(CÆDWALLA) was considered one of the 9866:from the original on 14 December 2021 9830:from the original on 14 December 2021 9800:from the original on 14 December 2021 9770:from the original on 14 December 2021 9649:from the original on 14 December 2021 9619:from the original on 14 December 2021 9520:from the original on 14 December 2021 9391: 9351:from the original on 14 December 2021 9331:Kathryn Hurlock (12 September 2012). 9238:from the original on 13 December 2021 9167: 9152: 9072:from the original on 21 December 2023 9028:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd: Prince of Wales 9025:J. Beverley Smith (15 January 2014). 8877: 8745:"Aberffraw Palace, Aberffraw (15012)" 8731: 8719: 8683: 8611: 8527: 8392: 8338: 8289:from the original on 11 December 2021 8239: 8220: 8205: 8193: 8162: 8141: 8129: 8117: 8099:from the original on 11 December 2021 8041: 8009: 7990: 7766: 7701: 7661: 7646: 7509: 7442: 7316: 7296: 7190: 7169:from the original on 11 December 2021 7137: 7064:from the original on 11 December 2021 6998: 6986:from the original on 11 December 2021 6923:from the original on 11 December 2021 6905: 6893:from the original on 11 December 2021 6863:from the original on 11 December 2021 6713:from the original on 11 December 2021 6613:from the original on 11 December 2021 6565: 6529:from the original on 11 December 2021 6472:from the original on 11 February 2022 6328:from the original on 12 December 2021 6298:from the original on 12 December 2021 6254:from the original on 11 December 2021 6228:from the original on 11 December 2021 6198:from the original on 11 December 2021 6090:from the original on 11 December 2021 6039:from the original on 16 December 2021 6009:from the original on 15 December 2021 5953:from the original on 11 December 2021 5923:from the original on 15 December 2021 5867:from the original on 11 December 2021 5694:from the original on 14 December 2021 5654:from the original on 17 November 2016 5529: 5520: 5514: 5496:from the original on 11 December 2021 5462: 5390:from the original on 14 December 2021 5363: 5346: 5334: 4322:was abolished by the joint reigns of 4276:was the new definition for the Welsh 3995:Succession would continue with a new 3968:in 1275. Eleanor was the daughter of 3926:'Llywelyn, Our Last Leader', 3331:Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester 3227:Gruffudd promoted the primacy of the 2974:, the lands under Welsh control; and 1846:, they include direct descendants in 1366:from 1055 to 1063—was shattered by a 12535: 12493: 12472: 12388: 12367: 12304: 12283: 12220: 12178: 12136: 12115: 12094: 12073: 12048: 11642:"Cynan ab Owain (died 1174), prince" 11579: 11541: 11186:"Cynan Dindaethwy (died 816) Prince" 10909:Pryce, Huw; Insley, Charles (2005). 10760: 10567: 10561: 10454: 10368: 9942: 9926:from the original on 1 December 2021 9710:from the original on 8 December 2021 9700:"Penmon – Area 1 Llanfaes PRN 33471" 9448: 9312:from the original on 25 October 2021 8957: 8636: 8076: 7873: 7718: 7687: 7623: 7612: 7590: 7474:from the original on 9 December 2021 7437: 7428: 7322: 7224:from the original on 25 January 2022 6963: 6957: 6935: 6853:"Maelgwn Gwynedd and the Yellow Eye" 6505: 6134:from the original on 4 December 2021 6108: 5828: 5795:"The Geography of Claudius Penelope" 5749: 5727: 5712: 5432:from the original on 20 October 2022 5408: 4612:during the end of the 14th century. 4030: 3376:Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford 2798:, and their advance extended to the 2701: 2356:St Cadwaladr's Church, Llangadwaladr 1749:St Fagans National Museum of History 1554:"Forest People"/"Wild People" (from 1386:of Gwynedd was able to proclaim the 16:Kingdom in northwest Wales, 401–1283 13974:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland 12409: 11699: 11658: 11620: 10897: 10361:A history of the island of Anglesey 9916:"Local Government (Wales) Act 1994" 9670:"Gwenllian, Lost Princess of Wales" 8575: 8475: 8440: 8283:"Plaque marks Welsh king's triumph" 8253:"The Princes and the Marcher Lords" 7943:"The Ancestry of Edwin of Tegeingl" 7940: 7769:, pp. 21–22, 36, 39, 40, 76–77 7416:from the original on 11 August 2021 7278:from the original on 28 August 2023 7195: 6946: 6587:Ward-Perkins, Bryan (1 June 2000). 6357:from the original on 9 October 2018 6340: 5897:from the original on 29 August 2023 5555: 5402: 5236: 4661:Historic seat of rulers of Gwynedd 4536:Reconstruction of Llys Llywelyn at 3858: 3476:were disbanded without engagement. 3055:In 1120 a minor border war between 2070:in Welsh (akin to the Irish Gaelic 2007:, wrote, "it took until 1282, when 963:Council for Wales and Monmouthshire 13: 12741: 11895:"Madog ap Llywelyn, rebel of 1294" 11677: 11639: 10912:The Acts of Welsh Rulers 1120–1283 10879: 10232: 10222: 10013:Assessment from Davies novel 1994. 9740:from the original on 17 April 2021 9680:from the original on 23 March 2022 9430:from the original on 19 April 2020 8546: 8486: 7380:Chadwick, Nora (1 January 1998) . 7089:Medieval Sourcebook: Bede (673735) 6683:from the original on 2 August 2021 6673:"Maelgwn Gwynedd, King of Gwynedd" 5283:Jenkins, John (1 February 2013) . 5264:Bradley, A.G. (1 February 2013) . 5219:List of legendary kings of Britain 3770:The coat of arms of Llywelyn were: 2586:'s biography was first written in 2458:his daughter and wife of Cunedda. 2126:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae 14: 14655: 14604:1210s disestablishments in Europe 12660: 11316:Williams, Stephan Joseph (1959). 9275:Edwards, Sir Owen Morgan (1906). 7464:"About ABERFFRAW and its History" 6778:from the original on 19 July 2023 5805:from the original on 6 March 2022 5177:Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 4442:in 613 when the city fell to the 4401: 4140:, Hywel ap Rhys and Rhys Wyndod. 3976:. This time it was another Pope, 3432:In 1163 Henry II quarrelled with 3129:Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd ap Cynan 2759:Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester 2647:and his brother Rhiwallon of the 1341:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 1311:Venedotia / Norwallia / Guenedota 13925: 13913: 13606: 12848:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 12614:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 12611:Dictionary of National Biography 12591:Dictionary of National Biography 12570:Dictionary of National Biography 12549:Dictionary of National Biography 12528:Dictionary of National Biography 12507:Dictionary of National Biography 12486:Dictionary of National Biography 12465:Dictionary of National Biography 12451: 12444:Dictionary of National Biography 12423:Dictionary of National Biography 12402:Dictionary of National Biography 12381:Dictionary of National Biography 12360:Dictionary of National Biography 12339:Dictionary of National Biography 12318:Dictionary of National Biography 12297:Dictionary of National Biography 12276:Dictionary of National Biography 12255:Dictionary of National Biography 12234:Dictionary of National Biography 12213:Dictionary of National Biography 12192:Dictionary of National Biography 12171:Dictionary of National Biography 12150:Dictionary of National Biography 12129:Dictionary of National Biography 12108:Dictionary of National Biography 12087:Dictionary of National Biography 12066:Dictionary of National Biography 12041:Dictionary of National Biography 12016:Dictionary of National Biography 11991:Dictionary of National Biography 11970:Dictionary of National Biography 10209: 10200: 10191: 10181: 10171: 10161: 10146: 10137: 10134:Owain 1160–1170, Lloyd 2004 Book 10128: 10119: 10109: 10100: 10086: 10063: 10054: 9908: 9896:from the original on 27 May 2019 9878: 9842: 9812: 9782: 9752: 9722: 9692: 9661: 9631: 9601: 9589:from the original on 7 July 2022 9571: 9544: 9501: 9493:. 1908. p. 191 – via 9472: 9442: 9324: 9298: 9206:Bellamy, J. G. (October 2009) . 9199: 9173: 9084: 9045: 9018: 8994: 8883: 8835: 8823:from the original on 7 June 2023 8805: 8783: 8766: 8737: 8625: 8491: 8275: 8245: 8081: 7900: 7867: 7797: 7554:from the original on 4 June 2017 7536: 7525:The history of Gruffydd ap Cynan 7515: 7456: 7113: 6029:"Bryn Eryr Iron Age Roundhouses" 5684:"Cantrefs and Commotes of Wales" 4959:Dwyfor council in Gwynedd county 4316:Council of Wales and the Marches 3518:"absolute right through descent" 3468:," wrote Lloyd. In the face of " 3258: 2580:The History of Gruffudd ap Cynan 2450:and thus a direct descendant of 1870:Gwynedd in the Early Middle Ages 1786:, Gwynedd. The establishment of 1724:example), and more recently the 1676:sites have been discovered with 1254: 1242: 939:Council of Wales and the Marches 520: 514: 428: 403: 225:• 844 – 878 102: 70: 54: 12494:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1895). 12473:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893). 12452:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893). 12431:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1888). 12410:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1888). 12389:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1886). 12371:"Cadvan (d.617? or 634?)" 12368:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1886). 12284:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1893). 12224:"Iago ab Idwal ab Meirig" 12221:Thomas, Daniel Lleufer (1891). 12200:Thomas, Daniel Lleufer (1891). 12179:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). 12158:Thomas, Daniel Lleufer (1891). 12137:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). 12116:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). 12095:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1891). 12074:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). 12049:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). 12024:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). 11999:Tout, Thomas Frederick (1890). 11580:Roderick, Arthur James (1959). 11082:Davies, William Hopkin (1959). 11063:Davies, William Hopkin (1959). 10697:The works of Gildas and Nennius 10464:"A History of Welsh Literature" 10143:Quoting what Lloyd wrote, 2004. 10026: 10016: 10007: 9993: 9982: 9966: 9949: 7949:from the original on 5 May 2008 7398: 7373: 7360: 7351: 7327: 7206: 7151: 7107: 7076: 7033:. pp. 288–292 – via 7012: 6968: 6875: 6845: 6837:. pp. 318–320 – via 6816: 6790: 6751: 6695: 6665: 6639:. Oxford: Penguin. p. 19. 6628: 6511: 6484: 6454: 6424: 6369: 6310: 6280: 6240: 6210: 6180: 6146: 6114: 6072: 6051: 6021: 5995: 5965: 5935: 5909: 5879: 5849: 5822: 5787: 5762: 5743: 5721: 5706: 5635: 5576: 5456: 5413: 3539:), rather than the king (Latin 2687:Gwynedd in the High Middle Ages 2402:– as the direct descendants of 2159:On the accession of Beli's son 2095:'s claim that a leader came to 11604:"Cadwaladr(died 1172), prince" 11150:"Cadwaladr (died 664), prince" 11128:"Cadwallon (died 633), prince" 10550:Williams, W. Llewelyn (1908). 10512:: Cambridge University Press. 10438:The Welsh Wars of Independence 9565:10.1080/00665983.1967.11078309 9058:. A&C Black. p. 136. 7544:"History of Gruffydd Ap Cynan" 6976:"Dating the Battle of Chester" 6491:Christopher A. Snyder (2003). 6059:"Bryn Eryr Iron Age Farmstead" 5589:. A&C Black. p. 136. 5291:. London: Houlston & Sons. 5276: 5257: 5175:of Gwynedd established by the 3363:and his army at Dinas Basing ( 1597:in the 1st century marked the 1574:"war band", from Proto-Irish * 1339:in the 5th century during the 483:(Principality of North Wales). 475: 1: 13484:Non-Christian belief systems 12625:"David (Welsh princes)" 11938:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11931:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11919:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11912:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11900:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11893:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11881:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11874:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11862:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11855:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11843:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11836:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11824:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11817:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11805:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11783:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11776:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11764:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11745:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11738:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11726:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11719:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11707:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11700:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11688:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11666:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11659:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11647:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11628:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11621:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11609:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11587:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11568:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11561:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11549:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11542:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11530:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11523:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11511:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11493:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11474:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11455:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11448:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11436:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11429:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11417:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11399:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11392:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11380:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11373:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11361:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11354:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11342:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11335:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11323:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11304:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11297:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11285:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11278:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11266:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11247:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11240:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11228:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11221:Pierce, Thomas Jones (1959). 11209:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11191:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11173:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11155:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11133:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11111:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11089:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11070:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 11051:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 10934:. University of Wales Press. 10915:. University of Wales Press. 10388:Lynch, Frances M. B. (1995). 9643:historytheinterestingbits.com 9508:Alan Klehr (7 October 2021). 9481:"The Statutes of Wales" 9007:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 7669:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 7500:, pp. 116, 117, 128, 135 7384:. Penguin Adult. p. 86. 7340:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 6593:The English Historical Review 6413:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 6382:Dictionary of Welsh Biography 6218:"The Roman Conquest of Wales" 6122:"North west Wales hill forts" 5420:Archpriest Vladislav Tsypin. 5229: 5209:Family tree of Welsh monarchs 5179:no longer includes Anglesey. 5035:, or "the Middle Country" or 4551:on Anglesey. The newly built 4212:Wales in the Late Middle Ages 4208:Conquest of Wales by Edward I 3267: 2866:, where they planned to make 2711: 2422: 2035: 1408:conquest of Wales by Edward I 352: 12581:"Trahaearn ap Caradog" 12455:"Llywelyn ab Iorwerth" 12287:"Llywelyn ab Gruffydd" 11757:Thomas Jones Pierce (1959). 10369:Lowe, Walter Bezant (1912). 9488:The Statutes of Wales (1908) 9111:UK public library membership 8813:"Inside the Royal Household" 7894:UK public library membership 7120:. In Jane, Lionel C. (ed.). 7054:"Cadwallon, King of Gwynedd" 5773:. Brill. pp. 414, 418. 5486:"The lost kingdoms of Wales" 3907:Prince Llywelyn II, the Last 3663:, that was after losing the 3110:Edwin ap Goronwy of Tegeingl 2994:Richard, 2nd Earl of Chester 2465:, the sister or daughter of 2238:(c. 624 – 634), grandson of 1591:"chase, pursue, suppress"). 1525: 1198:History of Cardiff City F.C. 7: 12578:Lloyd, John Edward (1899). 12557:Lloyd, John Edward (1896). 12536:Lloyd, John Edward (1896). 12515:Lloyd, John Edward (1896). 12476:"Llywelyn ab Seisyll" 12305:Lloyd, John Edward (1894). 12263:Lloyd, John Edward (1893). 12242:Lloyd, John Edward (1893). 11978:Lloyd, John Edward (1896). 11640:Lloyd, John Edward (1959). 11259:Lloyd, John Edward (1959). 10930:Smith, Beverley J. (2001). 10623:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10479:Turvey, Roger, ed. (2010). 10378:The Heart of Northern Wales 10371:The Heart of Northern Wales 9886:"Local Government Act 1972" 7530:Manchester University Press 7366:Lloyd, John Edward (1911), 6913:"Rhun Hir, King of Gwynedd" 6825:"The Works of Gildas" 6764:. Heritage. p. 1:206. 5469:Manchester University Press 5380:"Aber Castle (Garth Celyn)" 5182: 4555:replaced the now abandoned 4547:were moved to make way for 4430:) may have been ruled from 4426:In early times Gwynedd (or 4333: 4324:King William III of England 4306:) was conferred in 1301 at 3896:Sir Tudur ap Ednyfed Fychan 3059:, lord of a commote in the 2858:advanced their army to the 2675:who had been living in the 2469:, the King of Powys of the 1885:The region became known as 10: 14660: 13580:Prince of Wales's feathers 12392:"Cadwaladr (d.1172)" 12161:"Iago ab Idwal Voel" 11106:"Cadfan (fl. 620), prince" 10949:Stephenson, David (1984). 10837:Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 10833:The Welsh Wars of Edward I 10037:legendary kings of Britain 9975:in use until 8th century. 9790:"The Princes of Snowdonia" 9579:"Castles of Llywelyn Fawr" 9553:The Archaeological Journal 9214:Cambridge University Press 7028:Six Old English Chronicles 6832:Six Old English Chronicles 5887:"Wales' earliest village?" 4205: 3746: 3743:Prince of Wales (de facto) 3694:All this was done, as the 3527:The adoption of the title 3419:do not move settled things 2992:, at the time harassed by 2907:Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl 2690: 2660:Norman conquest of England 2551:, this divided Wales into 2496:in 855. Later, he married 2105:Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion 1980:Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion 1878: 1794:. During the centuries of 1653: 1601:as the "Promontory of the 1585: 1580:(from Proto-Indo-European 1562: 1438:invading the lands of the 952:United Kingdom (1801–1922) 625:Settlement in the Americas 108:Medieval kingdoms of Wales 14634:Medieval history of Wales 14518: 14480: 14319: 14231: 14188: 14095: 13980: 13908: 13662: 13602: 13553: 13448: 13410: 13318: 13285: 13276: 13199: 13195: 13186: 13124: 13115: 13069: 12974: 12965: 12956: 12870: 12861: 12763: 12750: 12266:"Maredudd ab Owain" 12027:"Gruffydd ab Cynan" 11943:National Library of Wales 11924:National Library of Wales 11905:National Library of Wales 11886:National Library of Wales 11867:National Library of Wales 11848:National Library of Wales 11829:National Library of Wales 11810:National Library of Wales 11788:National Library of Wales 11769:National Library of Wales 11750:National Library of Wales 11731:National Library of Wales 11712:National Library of Wales 11693:National Library of Wales 11671:National Library of Wales 11652:National Library of Wales 11633:National Library of Wales 11614:National Library of Wales 11592:National Library of Wales 11573:National Library of Wales 11554:National Library of Wales 11535:National Library of Wales 11516:National Library of Wales 11498:National Library of Wales 11486:Hudson, Benjamin (1959). 11479:National Library of Wales 11460:National Library of Wales 11441:National Library of Wales 11422:National Library of Wales 11404:National Library of Wales 11385:National Library of Wales 11366:National Library of Wales 11347:National Library of Wales 11328:National Library of Wales 11309:National Library of Wales 11290:National Library of Wales 11271:National Library of Wales 11252:National Library of Wales 11233:National Library of Wales 11214:National Library of Wales 11196:National Library of Wales 11178:National Library of Wales 11160:National Library of Wales 11138:National Library of Wales 11116:National Library of Wales 11094:National Library of Wales 11075:National Library of Wales 11056:National Library of Wales 10957:University of Wales Press 10952:The Governance of Gwynedd 10863:Headline Publishing Group 10789:University of Wales Press 10280:Bartlett, Robert (2000). 10049:Historia Regum Britanniae 9958:(until 12th century) 9012:National Library of Wales 7674:National Library of Wales 7345:National Library of Wales 6418:National Library of Wales 6387:National Library of Wales 5769:Matasović, Ranko (2009). 5310:castlesfortsbattles.co.uk 5189:List of rulers of Gwynedd 5165:Local Government Act 1972 5134: 5007:council in Gwynedd county 4947:council in Gwynedd county 3849:King Henry III of England 3632:who promoted her own son 3514:Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan 3417:(translated from Latin - 3402:Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf 3385:In a later letter to the 3239:during the episcopate of 3099:, and the family there a 3077:Battle of Maes Maen Cymro 2781:; the modern counties of 2671:, the exiled grandson of 1954:," Afloeg by Aflogion in 1921:Paternus of the red cloak 1768:Roman conquest of Britain 1660:list of rulers of Gwynedd 806:Titles of the Welsh Court 473: 444: 382: 369: 365: 349: 345: 340: 336: 326: 313: 309: 299: 295: 283: 271: 259: 247: 235: 223: 211: 199: 187: 183: 173: 163: 149: 113: 101: 86: 50: 45: 23: 13685:Region–Ystrad Tywi 13154:Housing and construction 12679:10.1017/CBO9781139163484 12350:"Cædwalla (d.634)" 11981:"Rhys ap Gruffydd" 10831:Morris, John E. (1996). 10754:The Myvyrian Archaiology 10714:(Illustrated ed.). 10676:. Llanerch Enterprises. 10481:Twenty-One Welsh Princes 10358:Llwyd, Angharad (1832). 10242:The age of Owain Gwynedd 10227: 9963:(12th–14th century) 9485: 9285:A Short History of Wales 9282: 9222:10.1017/CBO9780511522369 8285:. BBC. 26 January 2008. 7913: 7163:earlybritishkingdoms.com 7121: 7058:earlybritishkingdoms.com 7025: 6917:earlybritishkingdoms.com 6887:earlybritishkingdoms.com 6829: 6677:earlybritishmingdoms.com 6466:jacobitestudiestrust.org 6462:"Jacobite Studies Trust" 3990:Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn 3645:Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd 3599:Norman invasion of Wales 3313:Stephen, King of England 3181:and took the castles of 3162:Gruffudd's remains were 3051:The Expansion of Gwynedd 2900:Battle of Anglesey Sound 2515:When Rhodri died in 878 2408:Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog 2091:Other evidence supports 1712:Bucket' (similar to the 1402:and Llywelyn's grandson 1372:Norman invasion of Wales 946:Kingdom of Great Britain 13538:1904–1905 Welsh revival 13533:Welsh Methodist revival 12651:Encyclopædia Britannica 12631:Encyclopædia Britannica 12560:"Rhodri ab Owain" 12518:"Rhun ap Maelgwn" 12326:Miller, Arthur (1885). 12245:"Maelgwn Gwynedd" 12203:"Idwal ab Meirig" 12077:"Glendower, Owen" 11017:Williams, John (1860). 11000:10.4324/9781315840802-3 10859:The Brothers of Gwynedd 10720:Oxford University Press 10527:Warner, Philip (1997). 10472:Oxford University Press 10411:Maund, Kari L. (2006). 9308:. BBC. 26 August 2008. 8132:, pp. 85, 93, 104. 7794:, pp. 104–108, 116 6809:Encyclopædia Britannica 6606:10.1093/ehr/115.462.513 6495:. Blackwell Publishing. 6250:. BBC. 11 August 2019. 5752:The Gododdin of Aneirin 5463:Lewis, Timothy (1913). 5194:List of rulers in Wales 4741:Gwynedd above the Conwy 4517:, particularly that of 4507:Gwynedd below the Conwy 4487:Gwynedd above the Conwy 4269:to the south of Wales. 4224:Following the death of 3835:used today in England. 3667:against an alliance of 3634:Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 3585:, and were independent 3369:Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 3193:), and Castell Hywell ( 3006:Alexander I of Scotland 2887:a kennel for his dogs. 2673:Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig 2005:Trinity College, Oxford 1978:completes the number". 1576: 1570: 1550: 1544:, "Irish People", from 1540: 1228:Early modern Witchcraft 1114:1904–1905 Welsh revival 786:List of rulers in Wales 96:The Monarchy of Britain 13920:Middle Ages portal 12600:Tout, Thomas Frederick 12182:"Howel ab Ieuav" 11467:Parry, Thomas (1959). 10502:Walker, David (1990). 10239:Barbier, Paul (1908). 9999:Nennius translated by 9609:"Llywelyn ap Gruffydd" 8410:, pp. 103 128–129 7886:10.1093/ref:odnb/13107 6761:The British Chronicles 6758:Hughes, David (2007). 6436:royalstuartsociety.com 6353:. BBC. 5 August 2008. 6154:"Segontium Roman Fort" 6111:, pp. 12–123, 65. 5750:Koch, John T. (1997). 5713:Hamp, Eric P. (1995). 4853:Arfon beneath Gwyrfai 4750:Commote of Arllechwedd 4621: 4564: 4540: 4423: 4411: 4379: 4364: 4221: 4154: 4146: 4130:Llanfihangel-y-pennant 4055:, as Henry III was in 4040: 3917:Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf 3916: 3838:Llywelyn followed the 3775: 3673:Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd 3487: 3174: 2926: 2846: 2748:Harrowing of the North 2715: 2426: 2316: 2287:, captured and sacked 2263: 2227: 2204: 2191:) and the surrounding 2177:Kingdom of Northumbria 2134:Kingdom of Strathclyde 2101:Einion Yrth ap Cunedda 2039: 1988: 1736: 1644:Romano-British culture 1638: 1422: 1368:Saxon invasion in 1063 1320: 1310: 890:contemporary Welsh law 29: 14614:13th century in Wales 14609:12th century in Wales 14599:11th century in Wales 14594:10th century in Wales 14505:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 13543:Welsh Church Act 1914 13310:British Sign Language 12705:research.bangor.ac.uk 12497:"Owain Gwynedd" 11026:Caradoc of Llancarfan 10982:Roger Turvey (2002). 10806:Maund, K. L. (1996). 10700:. London: James Bohn. 10672:Evans, Simon (1990). 10440:. Tempus Publishing. 10436:Moore, David (2005). 10394:The Stationery Office 10309:Davies, John (1994). 10263:Yale University Press 10116:Stephen's usurpation. 9639:"Joan, Lady of Wales" 9420:"Titles and Heraldry" 9103:10.1093/ref:odnb/8517 8843:"Iorwerth (cyfraith)" 8319:, p. 351,491,511, at 7662:Lloyd, J. E. (1959). 7522:Arthur Jones (1910). 7262:10.4324/9780203412770 6003:"Trawsfynydd Tankard" 5799:penelope.uchicago.edu 4535: 4417: 4409: 4369: 4354: 4312:Principality of Wales 4219: 4142: 4038: 3940:Battle of Bryn Derwin 3873:Treaty of Gwerneigron 3769: 3754:Llywelyn I, the Great 3737:John, King of England 3709:Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson 3630:Cristin verch Goronwy 3482: 3338:Rhun ab Owain Gwynedd 3255:of Bangor Cathedral. 3161: 2844: 2830:. However, the Welsh 2755:Battle of Mynydd Carn 2732:Battle of Mynydd Carn 2709: 2500:, the sister of King 2498:Angharad ferch Meurig 2420: 2386:who were assisted by 2344:High Kings of Britain 2340:Battle of the Winwaed 2338:, (who fought at the 2332:Battle of Heavenfield 2320:Battle of Cefn Digoll 2297: 2218: 2076:), later replaced by 2033: 1984: 1788:Christianity in Wales 1734: 1626:Cantiorix Inscription 1388:Principality of Wales 1382:slowly recovered and 922:Principality of Wales 904:History of the courts 640:Industrial revolution 481:Principatus Norwallia 424:Principality of Wales 150:Common languages 14589:9th century in Wales 14584:8th century in Wales 14579:7th century in Wales 14574:6th century in Wales 14569:5th century in Wales 13099:British Armed Forces 12939:Wales–England border 12308:"Merfyn Frych" 12098:"Howel Vychan" 10814:Boydell & Brewer 10647:Welsh are still here 10529:Famous Welsh Battles 10045:Geoffrey of Monmouth 9734:red-dragon-wales.com 9615:. 17 December 2019. 9583:walesdirectory.co.uk 9453:. pp. 217–226. 9424:princeofwales.gov.uk 8931:Tout & 1885-1900 8850:cyfrath-hywel.org.uk 8012:, pp. 80, 82–85 7256:. pp. 401–404. 7095:on 25 September 2014 5665:Harleian genealogies 5027:Lower Gwynedd, Conwy 4838:Arfon above Gwyrfai 4798:Conwy County Borough 4780:Conwy County Borough 4736:Upper Gwynedd, Conwy 4460:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 4261:in North Wales, and 4009:House of Plantagenet 3950:Treaty of Montgomery 3928:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 3911:Prince Llywelyn II ( 3853:Strata Florida Abbey 3780:King John of England 3761:Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 3720:Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 2929:), among the Welsh. 2761:, in an ambush near 2665:Trahaearn ap Caradog 2637:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 2630:rulers of Deheubarth 2521:Ceolwulf I of Mercia 2446:, a first cousin of 2364:Henry VII of England 2066:) adopted the title 1875:Cunedda and his sons 1745:Llansadwrn, Anglesey 1609:may have arrived in 1404:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1360:Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 1075:Historical documents 14564:Monarchs of Gwynedd 13876:Region–Buellt 13258:Scheduled monuments 13234:Literature in Welsh 13134:Banking and finance 12912:Mountains and hills 12838:Statute of Rhuddlan 12539:"Rhodri Mawr" 10761:Koch, John (2005). 10706:Hudson, Benjamin T. 10599:Cassell Illustrated 10485:Gwasg Carreg Gwalch 10033:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 9794:snowdonia.gov.wales 9764:snowdonia.gov.wales 9514:britishheritage.com 9455:Wales, C. 1415–1642 9406:, pp. 165–167. 9394:, pp. 164–166. 9181:"Hafod Garth Celyn" 8698:, pp. 158–159. 8662:, p. 229, 241. 8466:, pp. 128–129. 8316:Descriptio Cambriae 8263:on 14 December 2021 7838:, pp. 320–324. 7649:, pp. 305–307. 6662:, pp. 217–221. 6432:"Direct succession" 6292:owain-glyndwr.wales 6224:. 15 January 2021. 5983:on 23 November 2021 5977:snowdonia.gov.wales 5973:"Eryri – Snowdonia" 5857:"After the Ice Age" 5756:University of Wales 5384:sarahwoodbury.co.uk 5349:, pp. 112–113. 5270:G. P. Putnam's Sons 5214:King of the Britons 5151:, Caernarfonshire, 4979:Meirionnydd Commote 4630:Commote of Anglesey 4610:Red Book of Hergest 4349:Descriptio Cambriae 4239:Statute of Rhuddlan 4202:End of Independence 4182:were imprisoned in 4074:Treaty of Aberconwy 4065:Ottobuono, Adrian V 4053:Richard of Cornwall 4005:Treaty of Aberconwy 3966:Eleanor de Montfort 3943:Dafydd III married 3932:Treaty of Woodstock 3784:Gwenwynwyn ab Owain 3733:Joan, Lady of Wales 3701:Giraldus Cambrensis 3665:Battle of Aberconwy 3510:Prince of the Welsh 3506:princeps Wallensium 3491:Louis VII of France 3360:Henry II of England 3263:Owain ap Gruffudd ( 3149:Battle of Crug Mawr 3018:Maredudd ap Bleddyn 2868:retaliatory strikes 2471:Gwertherion dynasty 2421:Kingdom of Gwynedd 2360:Tudors of Penmynydd 2236:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 2225:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 2211:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 2138:Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn 2034:Kingdom of Gwynedd 1934:) brought order to 1820:Tudors of Penmynydd 1747:, now found at the 1556:Proto-Indo-European 1400:Edward I of England 1396:Treaty of Aberconwy 1356:King of the Britons 1346:Based in northwest 858:Constitutional laws 766:King of the Britons 630:Early modern period 218:Cadwallon ap Cadfan 168:Celtic Christianity 14624:History of Gwynedd 14559:Kingdom of Gwynedd 14120:Mann and the Isles 13870:Rhwng Gwy a Hafren 13781:Region–Ewyas 13425:Healthcare service 13046:Secretary of State 12828:Edwardian conquest 12818:Medieval Welsh law 12803:Kingdom of Gwynedd 12434:"Davydd III" 12140:"Idwal Voel" 11796:Lloyd, John Edward 11679:Lloyd, John Edward 11600:Lloyd, John Edward 11146:Lloyd, John Edward 11124:Lloyd, John Edward 11102:Lloyd, John Edward 11042:Lloyd, John Edward 10994:. pp. 39–64. 10881:Penman, Sharon Kay 10839:: Combined Books. 10533:Barnes & Noble 10311:A History of Wales 10153:emerging de facto 10077:Welsh Medieval Law 9920:legislation.gov.uk 9890:legislation.gov.uk 9449:Williams, Glamor. 9278:"Chapter 12" 8859:on 13 October 2022 8395:, pp. 111–114 8368:, pp. 125–126 8341:, pp. 107–109 8257:old.wrexham.gov.uk 7941:Wilcott, Darrell. 7406:"Rhodri The Great" 6859:. 24 August 2019. 6857:grahamwatkins.info 6803:"Eisteddfod" 5893:. 5 October 2017. 5492:. 5 October 2017. 5426:orthochristian.com 5251:Welsh Medieval Law 5246:Wade-Evans, Arthur 5199:House of Aberffraw 4829:Arfon Uwch Gwyrfai 4580:Gwynedd Uwch Conwy 4541: 4499:the Middle Country 4483:Gwynedd Uwch Conwy 4424: 4412: 4328:Mary II of England 4249:, Carnarvonshire, 4222: 4180:Llywelyn ap Dafydd 4118:Dolwyddelan Castle 4090:William de Ferrers 4045:Dafydd ap Gruffydd 4041: 3974:Second Barons' War 3958:Goronwy ab Ednyfed 3901:Isabella de Braose 3892:Vatican City, Rome 3865:Dafydd ap Llywelyn 3863:Prince Dafydd II ( 3788:Aberystwyth Castle 3776: 3735:, the daughter of 3671:, and the sons of 3661:Llywelyn the Great 3657:discovered America 3608:Cadell ap Gruffydd 3547:), did not mean a 3175: 3004:commanded by King 2851:Cadwgan ap Bleddyn 2847: 2828:Archbishop of York 2796:Robert of Rhuddlan 2753:Shortly after the 2716: 2658:Shortly after the 2530:House of Aberffraw 2475:House of Aberffraw 2473:, and founded the 2427: 2228: 2040: 2001:Bryan Ward-Perkins 1932: 5th century 1816:Katheryn of Berain 1806:, and the titular 1737: 1700:findings from the 1384:Llywelyn the Great 1376:House of Aberffraw 1370:just prior to the 1302:Kingdom of Gwynedd 1205: • 1190: • 1175: • 1159:Geological history 1126: • 1067: • 1063: • 1000: • 973: • 969: • 965: • 933:Kingdom of England 896: • 892: • 888: • 884: • 843:Medieval Welsh law 740: • 721: • 615:Edwardian conquest 597: • 593: • 587:In the Middle Ages 266:Llywelyn the Great 92:Unbennaeth Prydain 25:Kingdom of Gwynedd 14629:Kingdoms of Wales 14546: 14545: 13940: 13939: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13878: 13864: 13857: 13850: 13843: 13836: 13829: 13813: 13806: 13799: 13792: 13783: 13776: 13762: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13727: 13720: 13701: 13687: 13680: 13620: 13619: 13598: 13597: 13444: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13182: 13181: 13111: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13036:Political parties 12952: 12951: 12843:Glyndŵr rebellion 12798:Early Middle Ages 12670:Brut Y Tywysogion 12605:"Davydd II" 12119:"Howel Dda" 10988:The Welsh Princes 10966:978-0-7083-0850-9 10941:978-0-7083-1474-6 10898:Pennant, Thomas. 10886:The Welsh Trilogy 10798:978-0-7083-1638-2 10692:Giles, John Allen 10630:978-0-19-821732-9 10597:. New York City: 10574:Statutes of Wales 10562:Secondary sources 10531:. New York City: 10447:978-0-7524-3321-9 10428:978-0-7524-2973-1 10419:Tempus Publishing 10403:978-0-11-701574-6 10249:: London D. Nutt. 9943:Explanatory notes 9613:sarahwoodbury.com 9306:"The Welsh March" 9109:(Subscription or 9065:978-1-85285-014-2 9038:978-1-78316-007-5 8777:, p. XXXVIII, at 8734:, pp. 83–90. 8530:, pp. 81–82. 8505:. 24 March 2018. 8196:, pp. 80–81. 8144:, pp. 94–95. 8027:, pp. 69, 79 7892:(Subscription or 7826:, pp. 61, 63 6980:carlyanayland.org 6351:"A royal dynasty" 6222:heritagedaily.com 5891:archaeology.co.uk 5758:. p. xcviii. 5717:. pp. 43–50. 5596:978-1-85285-014-2 5490:walesonline.co.uk 5285:"Poetry of Wales" 5268:. New York city: 5141:Edward's conquest 5024: 5023: 4976: 4975: 4916: 4915: 4857: 4856: 4805: 4804: 4771:Arllechwedd Uchaf 4733: 4732: 4440:Battle of Chester 4395:guerrilla tactics 4352:written c. 1190: 4308:Caernarfon castle 4094:5th Earl of Derby 4082:Penllyn (cantref) 4031:Prince Dafydd III 3982:Battle of Evesham 3945:Elizabeth Ferrers 3925: 3840:laws of Hywel Dda 3829:Caernarfon castle 3724:Iorwerth Drwyndwn 3713:King of the Isles 3696:Brut y Tywysogion 3495:Arthur of Bardsey 3415:Quieta non-movere 3387:Byzantine emperor 3329:and the niece of 3300:Battle of Lincoln 3251:in a tomb in the 3166:in a tomb in the 3122:John Edward Lloyd 3057:Llywarch ab Owain 2963:Robert of Bellême 2734:in 1081 over his 2728:Norse–Gael Dublin 2724:Gruffudd ap Cynan 2702:Gruffudd ap Cynan 2669:Gruffudd ap Cynan 2645:Bleddyn ap Cynfyn 2584:Gruffudd ap Cynan 2525:Anarawd ap Rhodri 2463:Nest ferch Cadell 2412:John Edward Lloyd 2396:Scandinavian York 2358:on Anglesey. The 2232:Battle of Chester 2185:Battle of Chester 1828:Maredudd ap Tudur 1796:sub-Roman Britain 1380:Gruffudd ap Cynan 1352:rulers of Gwynedd 1337:sub-Roman Britain 1298: 1297: 1110:Christian history 1089:historic counties 878:England and Wales 791:Rulers of Gwynedd 668:Medieval kingdoms 620:Glyndŵr rebellion 488: 487: 440: 439: 436: 435: 416: 415: 411:Sub-Roman Britain 317:Sub-Roman Britain 285:• 1282–1283 273:• 1253–1282 261:• 1195–1240 249:• 1137–1170 242:Gruffudd ap Cynan 237:• 1081–1137 145:(12–13th century) 61:Flag of Gwynedd ( 14651: 14384:Síl nÁedo Sláine 14291:Ó Máel Sechlainn 13967: 13960: 13953: 13944: 13943: 13932:Wales portal 13930: 13929: 13928: 13918: 13917: 13895: 13888: 13881: 13874: 13860: 13853: 13846: 13839: 13832: 13825: 13809: 13802: 13795: 13788: 13779: 13772: 13758: 13751: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13716: 13697: 13683: 13676: 13647: 13640: 13633: 13624: 13623: 13613:Wales portal 13611: 13610: 13609: 13283: 13282: 13197: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13122: 13121: 13089:Modern Welsh law 13004:Local government 12972: 12971: 12963: 12962: 12868: 12867: 12833:Late Middle Ages 12808:Kingdom of Powys 12793:Anglo-Welsh Wars 12736: 12729: 12722: 12713: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12692: 12655: 12647: 12645:"Llewelyn" 12635: 12627: 12615: 12607: 12595: 12583: 12574: 12562: 12553: 12541: 12532: 12520: 12511: 12499: 12490: 12478: 12469: 12457: 12448: 12436: 12427: 12415: 12413:"Davydd I" 12406: 12394: 12385: 12373: 12364: 12352: 12343: 12331: 12322: 12310: 12301: 12289: 12280: 12268: 12259: 12247: 12238: 12226: 12217: 12205: 12196: 12184: 12175: 12163: 12154: 12142: 12133: 12121: 12112: 12100: 12091: 12079: 12070: 12054: 12045: 12029: 12020: 12004: 11995: 11983: 11974: 11962: 11946: 11927: 11908: 11889: 11870: 11851: 11832: 11813: 11791: 11772: 11753: 11734: 11715: 11696: 11674: 11655: 11636: 11617: 11595: 11576: 11557: 11538: 11519: 11501: 11482: 11463: 11444: 11425: 11407: 11388: 11369: 11350: 11331: 11312: 11293: 11274: 11255: 11236: 11217: 11199: 11181: 11163: 11141: 11119: 11097: 11078: 11059: 11029: 11013: 10978: 10945: 10926: 10905: 10904:. Vol. 1–8. 10894: 10891:Ballantine Books 10876: 10850: 10827: 10802: 10774: 10757: 10733: 10701: 10687: 10668: 10634: 10612: 10586: 10557: 10546: 10523: 10498: 10475: 10451: 10432: 10407: 10374: 10365: 10354: 10328: 10305: 10276: 10250: 10216: 10213: 10207: 10204: 10198: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10179: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10159: 10150: 10144: 10141: 10135: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10104: 10098: 10090: 10084: 10067: 10061: 10058: 10052: 10030: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10011: 10005: 10001:John Allen Giles 9997: 9991: 9986: 9980: 9970: 9964: 9953: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9882: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9865: 9854: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9820:"Welsh Counties" 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9492: 9483: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9416: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9289: 9280: 9272: 9259: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9183:. Archived from 9177: 9171: 9165: 9156: 9150: 9141: 9136: 9115: 9114: 9106: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9077: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9022: 9016: 9015: 8998: 8992: 8987: 8974: 8969: 8960: 8955: 8949: 8944: 8933: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8858: 8852:. Archived from 8847: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8787: 8781: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8634: 8628: 8623: 8614: 8609: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8562: 8549: 8544: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8503:walesexpress.com 8495: 8489: 8484: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8438: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8396: 8390: 8369: 8363: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8323: 8312: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8259:. Archived from 8249: 8243: 8237: 8224: 8223:, pp. 96–98 8218: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8166: 8160: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8085: 8079: 8074: 8063: 8058: 8045: 8044:, pp. 79–80 8039: 8028: 8022: 8013: 8007: 7994: 7993:, pp. 77–79 7988: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7920: 7911: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7889: 7871: 7865: 7860: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7812: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7770: 7764: 7735: 7730: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7659: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7621: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7599: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7577: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7460: 7454: 7449: 7440: 7435: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7377: 7371: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7331: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7309: 7300: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7220:. 2 April 2007. 7210: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7155: 7149: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7050: 7039: 7038: 7032: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6972: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6827: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6637:The Anglo-Saxons 6632: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6618: 6608: 6599:(462): 513–533. 6584: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6552: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6438:. Archived from 6428: 6422: 6421: 6404: 6391: 6390: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6322:tudorhistory.org 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6284: 6278: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5979:. Archived from 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5943:"Bryn Celli Ddu" 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5919:. 11 June 2017. 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5680: 5669: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5648:kmatthews.org.uk 5644:"Harley MS 3859" 5639: 5633: 5628: 5601: 5600: 5580: 5574: 5569: 5558: 5553: 5532: 5527: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5417: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5386:. 26 July 2017. 5376: 5367: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5312:. Archived from 5306:"Deganwy castle" 5302: 5293: 5292: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5261: 5255: 5243: 5169:preserved county 5044:Cantref Tegeingl 5037:Gwynedd Is Conwy 4983: 4982: 4923: 4922: 4864: 4863: 4860:Dunoding Commote 4844:Arfon Is Gwyrfai 4812: 4811: 4789:Arllechwedd Isaf 4754: 4753: 4635: 4634: 4584:Gwynedd Is Conwy 4549:Beaumaris Castle 4503:Gwynedd Is Conwy 4501:) also known as 4479:Isle of Anglesey 4320:Marches of Wales 4310:, beginning the 4287:in 1294, and of 4234:House of Gwynedd 4157: 4122:Dolbadarn Castle 4100:was the Lord of 4080:, Anglesey, and 3920: 3888:Pope Innocent IV 3881:Bishop of Bangor 3859:Prince Dafydd II 3589:, wrote Davies. 3522:paternal descent 3508:, Latin for the 3493:in 1168, led by 3272: 3269: 3245:Bishop of Bangor 3237:Bangor Cathedral 3195:Humphries Castle 3191:Stephen's Castle 3172:Bangor Cathedral 3010:Owain ap Cadwgan 2824:Thomas of Bayeux 2816:Bishop of Bangor 2812:Hervey le Breton 2744:northern England 2713: 2641:Harold Godwinson 2544:House of Dinefwr 2539:Kingdom of Powys 2535:Merfyn ap Rhodri 2519:(battle against 2510:Cadell ap Rhodri 2486:Rhodri the Great 2467:Cyngen ap Cadell 2424: 2400:House of Cunedda 2314: 2181:Kingdom of Powys 2037: 1933: 1930: 1909:Clackmannanshire 1812:Salusbury family 1772:Caer Gybi (fort) 1666:history of Wales 1656:History of Wales 1641: 1624:The 5th-century 1588: 1587: 1579: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1553: 1543: 1442:polities of the 1425: 1335:that emerged in 1323: 1313: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1213:British military 1192:with other teams 1138:history-specific 1128:woollen industry 1120:Economic history 1085:Local government 1056:Welsh literature 886:former march law 815:British monarchs 810:English monarchs 577:Anglo-Welsh wars 572:In the Roman era 524: 518: 508: 490: 489: 478: 432: 431: 420: 419: 407: 406: 400: 399: 384: 383: 357: 354: 135:(9–13th century) 106: 74: 58: 40: 32: 21: 20: 14659: 14658: 14654: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14619:Former kingdoms 14549: 14548: 14547: 14542: 14514: 14476: 14315: 14227: 14184: 14091: 13976: 13971: 13941: 13936: 13926: 13924: 13912: 13904: 13658: 13651: 13621: 13616: 13607: 13605: 13594: 13549: 13478:Presbyterianism 13436: 13406: 13338:Welsh Americans 13314: 13272: 13178: 13164:Slate quarrying 13103: 13079:Counsel General 13065: 12948: 12917:Protected areas 12857: 12823:Norman invasion 12759: 12746: 12740: 12700: 12696:Nancy Edwards. 12689: 12663: 12658: 12439:Stephen, Leslie 12418:Stephen, Leslie 12397:Stephen, Leslie 12376:Stephen, Leslie 12355:Stephen, Leslie 12334:Stephen, Leslie 12329:"Anarawd" 12082:Stephen, Leslie 12057:Stephen, Leslie 12032:Stephen, Leslie 12007:Stephen, Leslie 11960:"Nennius" 11953: 11504: 11410: 11202: 11184: 11166: 11036: 11010: 10967: 10942: 10923: 10901:A Tour of Wales 10873: 10855:Pargeter, Edith 10847: 10824: 10799: 10784:Cronica Walliae 10779:Llwyd, Humphrey 10730: 10684: 10665: 10631: 10617:Davies, Rees R. 10609: 10583:T. Fisher Unwin 10564: 10543: 10520: 10495: 10448: 10429: 10404: 10351: 10325: 10302: 10292:Clarendon Press 10273: 10235: 10233:Primary sources 10230: 10225: 10223:General sources 10220: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10201: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10182: 10176: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10087: 10068: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10043:, according to 10031: 10027: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10008: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9983: 9971: 9967: 9959: 9954: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9939: 9929: 9927: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9843: 9833: 9831: 9824:thewalesmap.com 9818: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9743: 9741: 9728: 9727: 9723: 9713: 9711: 9698: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9681: 9674:historic-uk.com 9668:Catrin Beynon. 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9637: 9636: 9632: 9622: 9620: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9523: 9521: 9506: 9502: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9447: 9443: 9433: 9431: 9418: 9417: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9375: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9345: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9313: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9273: 9262: 9255: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9232: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9187:on 24 July 2011 9179: 9178: 9174: 9166: 9159: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9118: 9108: 9089: 9085: 9075: 9073: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9023: 9019: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8952: 8945: 8936: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8856: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8788: 8784: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8755: 8742: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8581: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8552: 8545: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8512: 8510: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8470: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8439: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8372: 8364: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8326: 8313: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8227: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8169: 8161: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8066: 8059: 8048: 8040: 8031: 8023: 8016: 8008: 7997: 7989: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7939: 7930: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7815: 7808:, p. 22–25, at 7802: 7798: 7790: 7773: 7765: 7738: 7731: 7724: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7520: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7496: 7487: 7477: 7475: 7468:aberffraw.wales 7462: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7419: 7417: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7378: 7374: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7272: 7244: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7065: 7052: 7051: 7042: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6633: 6629: 6616: 6614: 6585: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6442:on 7 March 2023 6430: 6429: 6425: 6406: 6405: 6394: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6316: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6231: 6229: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6201: 6199: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5863:. 11 May 2007. 5855: 5854: 5850: 5827: 5823: 5808: 5806: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5767: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5726: 5722: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5695: 5682: 5681: 5672: 5657: 5655: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5604: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5561: 5554: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5304: 5303: 5296: 5281: 5277: 5262: 5258: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5185: 5137: 5029: 4919:Commote of Llyn 4738: 4626: 4527:Powys Wenwynwyn 4436:Earl of Chester 4404: 4373: 4358: 4344:Gerald of Wales 4336: 4214: 4204: 4076:. The lands of 4033: 4013:Hawarden castle 4001:Prince of Wales 3997:King of England 3962:Montfort family 3952:later in 1267. 3909: 3877:Tower of London 3861: 3756: 3751: 3749:Prince of Wales 3745: 3669:Rhodri ab Owain 3595: 3566:two-edged sword 3458:Ffordd y Saeson 3380:Battle of Ewloe 3317:Abermenai Point 3288:Owain Cyfeiliog 3270: 3261: 3153:Cardigan Castle 3081:pyrrhic victory 3053: 2921:"the Traitor" ( 2892:Magnus Barefoot 2746:, known as the 2704: 2699: 2689: 2461:Merfyn married 2372: 2352:Clynnog's abbey 2324:Pybba of Mercia 2315: 2304: 2280:Penda of Mercia 2274:, relieved the 2213: 2109:Battle of Badon 2052:) described in 1966:, and Edern by 1931: 1917:Padarn Beisrudd 1883: 1877: 1872: 1844:Jacobite family 1840:House of Stuart 1808:Prince of Wales 1706:Arthog cauldron 1684:, such as near 1662: 1652: 1636:inscription is 1546:Primitive Irish 1528: 1333:successor state 1294: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1200: 1188:team since 2004 1185: 1164:Genetic history 1058: 1046: 1038: 1037: 989: 981: 980: 960: 954: 948: 942: 929: 917: 909: 908: 898:Wales-only acts 894:Wales-only laws 838: 830: 829: 808: 796:Rulers of Powys 781:Prince of Wales 761: 753: 752: 670: 660: 659: 605:Norman invasion 532: 519: 506: 499: 484: 469: 429: 404: 377: 358: 355: 329: 319: 286: 274: 262: 250: 238: 226: 214: 213:• 625–634 206:Maelgwn Gwynedd 202: 201:• 520–547 190: 189:• 401–440 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 109: 94: 82: 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 59: 41: 34: 30:Teyrnas Gwynedd 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14657: 14647: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14544: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14524: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14486: 14484: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14458: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14425:Uí Ceinnselaig 14422: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14389:Clann Cholmáin 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14325: 14323: 14321:Gaelic Ireland 14317: 14316: 14314: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14276:Ó Gallchobhair 14273: 14268: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14237: 14235: 14229: 14228: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14194: 14192: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14101: 14099: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13986: 13984: 13978: 13977: 13970: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13947: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13934: 13922: 13909: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13879: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13858: 13851: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13818: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13814: 13807: 13800: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13765: 13764: 13763: 13756: 13749: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13702: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13681: 13669: 13663: 13660: 13659: 13650: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13627: 13618: 13617: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13565: 13559: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13522: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13454: 13452: 13446: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13422: 13416: 13414: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13397: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13329: 13327: 13316: 13315: 13313: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13291: 13289: 13280: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13205: 13203: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13159:Power stations 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13125: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13075: 13073: 13067: 13066: 13064: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13001: 12996: 12994:First Minister 12991: 12986: 12980: 12978: 12969: 12960: 12954: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12924: 12922:National parks 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12769: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12755:List of topics 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: articles 12739: 12738: 12731: 12724: 12716: 12710: 12709: 12693: 12687: 12662: 12661:External links 12659: 12657: 12656: 12642:, ed. (1911). 12640:Chisholm, Hugh 12636: 12622:, ed. (1911). 12620:Chisholm, Hugh 12616: 12596: 12575: 12554: 12533: 12512: 12491: 12470: 12449: 12428: 12407: 12386: 12365: 12344: 12323: 12302: 12281: 12260: 12239: 12218: 12197: 12176: 12155: 12134: 12113: 12092: 12071: 12046: 12021: 11996: 11975: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11928: 11909: 11890: 11871: 11852: 11833: 11814: 11792: 11773: 11754: 11735: 11716: 11697: 11675: 11656: 11637: 11618: 11596: 11577: 11558: 11539: 11520: 11502: 11483: 11464: 11445: 11426: 11408: 11389: 11370: 11351: 11332: 11313: 11294: 11275: 11256: 11237: 11218: 11200: 11182: 11164: 11142: 11120: 11098: 11079: 11060: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11014: 11008: 10979: 10965: 10946: 10940: 10927: 10921: 10906: 10895: 10877: 10871: 10851: 10845: 10828: 10822: 10803: 10797: 10775: 10758: 10751:: Thomas Gee. 10734: 10728: 10702: 10688: 10682: 10669: 10663: 10651:Abergwyngregyn 10639:Evans, Gwynfor 10635: 10629: 10613: 10607: 10587: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10547: 10541: 10524: 10518: 10505:Medieval Wales 10499: 10493: 10476: 10460:Bell, H. Idris 10452: 10446: 10433: 10427: 10417:(3 ed.). 10408: 10402: 10385: 10373:. Vol. 1. 10366: 10355: 10349: 10329: 10323: 10306: 10300: 10277: 10271: 10251: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10208: 10199: 10190: 10180: 10170: 10160: 10145: 10136: 10127: 10118: 10108: 10099: 10085: 10072:Cyfraith Hywel 10062: 10053: 10041:Brutus of Troy 10025: 10015: 10006: 9992: 9981: 9977:Medieval Latin 9965: 9956:Old Welsh 9947: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9907: 9877: 9857:ldbc.gov.wales 9841: 9811: 9781: 9751: 9721: 9691: 9660: 9645:. 2 May 2020. 9630: 9600: 9570: 9543: 9531: 9500: 9471: 9469:, p. 233. 9459: 9441: 9408: 9396: 9384: 9373: 9362: 9343: 9323: 9297: 9260: 9249: 9230: 9198: 9172: 9170:, p. 576. 9157: 9142: 9116: 9083: 9064: 9044: 9037: 9017: 8993: 8975: 8961: 8950: 8934: 8923: 8921:, p. 198. 8911: 8909:, p. 249. 8899: 8882: 8880:, p. 297. 8870: 8834: 8804: 8782: 8765: 8736: 8724: 8722:, p. 135. 8712: 8700: 8688: 8686:, p. 193. 8676: 8674:, p. 154. 8664: 8652: 8650:, p. 294. 8640: 8629: 8615: 8579: 8568: 8565:Chisholm0 1911 8550: 8532: 8520: 8490: 8479: 8468: 8456: 8454:, p. 126. 8444: 8424: 8422:, p. 148. 8412: 8397: 8370: 8355: 8343: 8324: 8300: 8274: 8244: 8225: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8167: 8146: 8134: 8122: 8110: 8080: 8064: 8046: 8029: 8014: 7995: 7972: 7960: 7928: 7899: 7866: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7813: 7796: 7771: 7736: 7722: 7711: 7700: 7686: 7651: 7639: 7627: 7616: 7605: 7594: 7583: 7565: 7535: 7514: 7512:, pp. 220 7502: 7485: 7455: 7441: 7427: 7397: 7390: 7372: 7359: 7350: 7326: 7315: 7301: 7299:, p. 323. 7289: 7270: 7235: 7205: 7194: 7180: 7150: 7136: 7117:"Book 2" 7106: 7075: 7040: 7011: 6997: 6967: 6956: 6945: 6934: 6904: 6874: 6844: 6815: 6800:, ed. (1911). 6798:Chisholm, Hugh 6789: 6770: 6750: 6748:, p. 306. 6738: 6724: 6694: 6664: 6660:Kingsford 1894 6652: 6645: 6627: 6570: 6568:, p. 200. 6558: 6540: 6510: 6508:, p. 738. 6498: 6483: 6453: 6423: 6392: 6368: 6339: 6309: 6279: 6265: 6239: 6209: 6192:cadw.gov.wales 6179: 6158:cadw.gov.wales 6145: 6113: 6101: 6071: 6050: 6020: 5994: 5964: 5947:cadw.gov.wales 5934: 5908: 5878: 5848: 5821: 5786: 5779: 5761: 5742: 5739:. p. 867. 5733:Celtic Culture 5720: 5705: 5670: 5634: 5602: 5595: 5575: 5559: 5533: 5519: 5507: 5474: 5455: 5453:, p. 151. 5443: 5412: 5401: 5368: 5351: 5339: 5337:, p. 232. 5327: 5316:on 16 May 2022 5294: 5275: 5256: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5181: 5173:principal area 5153:Merionethshire 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5031:Also known as 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5005:Merionethshire 5002: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4776:Abergwyngregyn 4773: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4625: 4614: 4557:Llys Aberffraw 4468:Abergwyngregyn 4448:Deganwy Castle 4403: 4402:Administration 4400: 4335: 4332: 4251:Merionethshire 4203: 4200: 4184:Bristol Castle 4126:Castell y Bere 4032: 4029: 3908: 3905: 3860: 3857: 3816:Castell y Bere 3755: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3626:Hywel ab Owain 3594: 3591: 3581:separate from 3453:Ceiriog Valley 3356:Angevin Empire 3279:Cyfraith Hywel 3260: 3257: 3241:David the Scot 3222:Norman fashion 3065:Hywel ab Ithel 3052: 3049: 2977:Marchia Wallie 2896:King of Norway 2836:excommunicated 2800:Llŷn Peninsula 2703: 2700: 2688: 2685: 2679:stronghold of 2625:Cyfraith Hywel 2537:was given the 2431:Merfyn "Frych" 2371: 2368: 2328:Hadrian's Wall 2302: 2221:Cadfan ap Iago 2219:Gravestone of 2212: 2209: 2197:Cadfan ap Iago 2193:Cheshire Plain 1992:Romano-British 1944:, another son 1913:Romano-British 1904:Manaw Gododdin 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1848:United Kingdom 1832:Ednyfed Fychan 1824:House of Tudor 1764:Llŷn Peninsula 1694:Bryn Celli Ddu 1651: 1648: 1599:Llŷn Peninsula 1527: 1524: 1480:Cantref Rhosyr 1306:Medieval Latin 1296: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1278: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1251: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1215: 1210: 1195: 1180: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1144:Health service 1141: 1131: 1117: 1107: 1105:Jewish history 1102: 1092: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1053: 1051:Welsh language 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 990: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 958:United Kingdom 955: 949: 943: 935: 930: 924: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 822: 812: 803: 801:Fifteen Tribes 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 745: 731: 726: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 671: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 652: 647: 645:Modern history 642: 637: 627: 622: 617: 612: 602: 584: 574: 569: 562:Roman conquest 559: 549: 544: 533: 530: 529: 526: 525: 511: 510: 501: 500: 493: 486: 485: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 455:United Kingdom 452: 451: 448: 446: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 426: 417: 414: 413: 408: 396: 395: 390: 380: 379: 371: 367: 366: 363: 362: 359: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 338: 337: 334: 333: 332:3 October 1283 330: 327: 324: 323: 320: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 301: 300:Historical era 297: 296: 293: 292: 287: 284: 281: 280: 275: 272: 269: 268: 263: 260: 257: 256: 251: 248: 245: 244: 239: 236: 233: 232: 227: 224: 221: 220: 215: 212: 209: 208: 203: 200: 197: 196: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 143:Abergwyngregyn 140:(11th century) 115: 111: 110: 107: 99: 98: 84: 83: 76: 69: 68: 60: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 43: 42: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14656: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14495:Orange-Nassau 14493: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14483: 14482:Great Britain 14479: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14462: 14459: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14445:Ó Conchobhair 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14322: 14318: 14312: 14311:Ó Conchobhair 14309: 14307: 14306:Mac Lochlainn 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13968: 13963: 13961: 13956: 13954: 13949: 13948: 13945: 13933: 13923: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13910: 13907: 13898: 13894: 13891: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13877: 13873: 13872: 13871: 13868: 13863: 13859: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13845: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13831: 13828: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13819: 13812: 13808: 13805: 13801: 13798: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13766: 13761: 13757: 13754: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13736: 13733: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13700: 13696: 13695: 13694: 13691: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13656: 13648: 13643: 13641: 13636: 13634: 13629: 13628: 13625: 13615: 13614: 13601: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13574: 13573:national flag 13571: 13570: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13447: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13305:Welsh English 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13229:Gorsedd Cymru 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13126: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13094:Police forces 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13041:Republicanism 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12955: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12753: 12752: 12749: 12744: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12725: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12714: 12706: 12699: 12694: 12690: 12688:9781108043021 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12653: 12652: 12646: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12626: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12606: 12602:(1885–1900). 12601: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12555: 12551: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12534: 12530: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12513: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12471: 12467: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12450: 12446: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12429: 12425: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12366: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12345: 12341: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12240: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12219: 12215: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12198: 12194: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12156: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12135: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12093: 12089: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12033: 12028: 12022: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12008: 12003: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11944: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11925: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11694: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11210: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11038: 11028: 11027: 11022: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11009:9781315840802 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10913: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10872:9780747232674 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10846:0-938289-67-5 10842: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10823:0-85115-389-5 10819: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10767:Santa Barbara 10764: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10746: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10716:United States 10713: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10683:0-947992-58-8 10679: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10664:0-86243-545-5 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10608:1-84188-188-0 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10555: 10554: 10548: 10544: 10542:0-7607-0466-X 10538: 10534: 10530: 10525: 10521: 10519:9780521311533 10515: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10500: 10496: 10494:9781845272692 10490: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10456:Parry, Thomas 10453: 10449: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10409: 10405: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10350:0-7607-5241-9 10346: 10342: 10341:New York City 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10315:Penguin Group 10312: 10307: 10303: 10301:0-19-822741-8 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10278: 10274: 10272:0-300-08291-6 10268: 10264: 10260: 10259:William Rufus 10256: 10255:Barlow, Frank 10252: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10212: 10203: 10194: 10184: 10174: 10164: 10157: 10156: 10149: 10140: 10131: 10122: 10112: 10103: 10096: 10095:episcopal see 10089: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10057: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10029: 10019: 10010: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9985: 9978: 9974: 9973:British Latin 9969: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9881: 9862: 9858: 9851: 9845: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9725: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9491: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9463: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9413: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9388: 9382: 9381:Pierce16 1959 9377: 9371: 9370:Pierce15 1959 9366: 9350: 9346: 9344:9781846155994 9340: 9336: 9335: 9327: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9293: 9288: 9286: 9279: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9258: 9257:Pierce12 1959 9253: 9237: 9233: 9231:9780511522369 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9164: 9162: 9155:, p. 577 9154: 9149: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9112: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9048: 9040: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8990:Pierce14 1959 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8973: 8972:Pierce13 1959 8968: 8966: 8959: 8954: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8919:Williams 1860 8915: 8908: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8879: 8874: 8855: 8851: 8844: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8769: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8733: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8710:, p. 86. 8709: 8704: 8697: 8696:Williams 1860 8692: 8685: 8680: 8673: 8672:Williams 1860 8668: 8661: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8638: 8633: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8613: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8566: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8548: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8529: 8524: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8483: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8464:Williams 1908 8460: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8421: 8416: 8409: 8404: 8402: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8360: 8353:, p. 89. 8352: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8208:, p. 96. 8207: 8202: 8195: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8120:, p. 93. 8119: 8114: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8078: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8026: 8021: 8019: 8011: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7969: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7924: 7919: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7870: 7864: 7863:Bartlett 2000 7859: 7857: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7800: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7709: 7704: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7656: 7648: 7643: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7609: 7603: 7598: 7592: 7587: 7581: 7580:Williams 1959 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7553: 7549: 7548:mary.jones.us 7545: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7432: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7391:9780140250749 7387: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7363: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7308: 7306: 7298: 7293: 7277: 7273: 7271:9781134318261 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7242: 7240: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7143: 7141: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7036: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6771:9780788444906 6767: 6763: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6494: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6288:"Family tree" 6283: 6277: 6276:Pierce17 1959 6272: 6270: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6080:"Garn Boduan" 6075: 6060: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5817: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5782: 5780:9789004173361 5776: 5772: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729:Koch, John T. 5724: 5716: 5709: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5667: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5573: 5572:Pierce11 1959 5568: 5566: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5452: 5447: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:King of Wales 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067:Dyffryn Clwyd 5065: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808:Arfon Commote 4801: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4745:upper Gwynedd 4742: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515:Marcher lords 4512: 4511:lower Gwynedd 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491:upper Gwynedd 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4416: 4408: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4391:Owain Glyndŵr 4386: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4363: 4362: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4293:Owain Glyndŵr 4290: 4289:Owain Lawgoch 4286: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172:Bleddyn Fardd 4169: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4061:Baron Boteler 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:Queen Eleanor 4046: 4037: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3879:. It was the 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3681:Emma of Anjou 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3603:Owain Gwynedd 3600: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3562:King of Scots 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3398:Llanbedr Goch 3395: 3394:Henry FitzRoy 3390: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3283:Owain Gwynedd 3280: 3276: 3266: 3265:Owain Gwynedd 3259:Owain Gwynedd 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3229:Episcopal See 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183:Ystrad Meurig 3180: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3124:(J.E Lloyd). 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3063:cantref, and 3062: 3061:Dyffryn Clwyd 3058: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818:in 1092, and 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2708: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2620:Iago ab Idwal 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248:Puffin Island 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:Dyffryn Clwyd 1961: 1958:, Dogfael by 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:Owain Glyndŵr 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:Dowris bucket 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698:Archeological 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1617:derived from 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1578: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:Dyffryn Clwyd 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:King of Wales 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326:Welsh kingdom 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169:Football team 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1095:Music history 1093: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1013:Milford Haven 1011: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 992: 991: 988:Local history 985: 984: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 944: 940: 936: 934: 931: 928: 927:Welsh Marches 925: 923: 920: 919: 913: 912: 905: 902: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 876: 874: 873:Language laws 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 848: 844: 841: 840: 834: 833: 826: 823: 820: 816: 813: 811: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 776:King of Wales 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 757: 756: 749: 746: 743: 739: 735: 732: 730: 727: 724: 720: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 669: 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 635: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 610: 606: 603: 600: 596: 592: 588: 585: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 567: 563: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 542: 538: 535: 534: 528: 527: 523: 517: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 497: 492: 491: 482: 477: 472: 466: 463: 459: 458: 457: 456: 450: 449: 447: 445:Today part of 443: 427: 425: 422: 421: 418: 412: 409: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 375: 372: 368: 364: 360: 348: 344: 339: 335: 331: 325: 321: 318: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 294: 291: 288: 282: 279: 276: 270: 267: 264: 258: 255: 254:Owain Gwynedd 252: 246: 243: 240: 234: 231: 228: 222: 219: 216: 210: 207: 204: 198: 195: 192: 186: 182: 179: 176: 172: 169: 166: 162: 159: 155: 152: 148: 144: 139: 134: 130:(9th century) 129: 125:(6th century) 124: 119: 116: 112: 105: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 79: 73: 64: 57: 49: 44: 38: 31: 22: 19: 14440:Mac Carthaig 14414:Uí Dúnlainge 14369:Uí Fiachrach 14296:Mac Murchada 14256:Corcu Loígde 14202: 13890:Gwrtheyrnion 13711: 13604: 13590:Welsh Dragon 13458:Christianity 13278:Demographics 13236: / 13061:Wales Office 13026:Local rulers 12875:Biodiversity 12802: 12778:Bibliography 12704: 12669: 12649: 12629: 12609: 12589: 12568: 12547: 12526: 12505: 12484: 12463: 12442: 12421: 12400: 12379: 12358: 12337: 12316: 12295: 12274: 12253: 12232: 12211: 12190: 12169: 12148: 12127: 12106: 12085: 12064: 12039: 12014: 11989: 11968: 11936: 11917: 11898: 11879: 11860: 11841: 11822: 11803: 11781: 11762: 11743: 11724: 11705: 11686: 11664: 11645: 11626: 11607: 11585: 11566: 11547: 11528: 11509: 11491: 11472: 11453: 11434: 11415: 11397: 11378: 11359: 11340: 11321: 11302: 11283: 11264: 11245: 11226: 11207: 11189: 11171: 11153: 11131: 11109: 11087: 11068: 11049: 11024: 11019: 10987: 10951: 10931: 10911: 10900: 10885: 10858: 10832: 10808: 10783: 10762: 10752: 10743: 10710: 10696: 10673: 10646: 10642: 10620: 10594: 10591:Davies, John 10573: 10552: 10528: 10504: 10480: 10467: 10437: 10413: 10389: 10383:Google Books 10376: 10370: 10360: 10336: 10333:Lloyd, J. E. 10310: 10282: 10258: 10241: 10211: 10202: 10193: 10183: 10173: 10163: 10152: 10148: 10139: 10130: 10121: 10111: 10102: 10088: 10081:Introduction 10076: 10070: 10065: 10056: 10028: 10018: 10009: 9995: 9984: 9968: 9961:Middle Welsh 9951: 9928:. Retrieved 9919: 9910: 9898:. Retrieved 9889: 9880: 9868:. Retrieved 9856: 9844: 9832:. Retrieved 9823: 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9793: 9784: 9772:. Retrieved 9763: 9754: 9742:. Retrieved 9733: 9724: 9712:. Retrieved 9703: 9694: 9682:. Retrieved 9673: 9663: 9651:. Retrieved 9642: 9633: 9621:. Retrieved 9612: 9603: 9591:. Retrieved 9582: 9573: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9534: 9522:. Retrieved 9513: 9503: 9487: 9474: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9432:. Retrieved 9423: 9399: 9387: 9376: 9365: 9353:. Retrieved 9333: 9326: 9314:. Retrieved 9300: 9284: 9252: 9240:. Retrieved 9208: 9201: 9189:. Retrieved 9185:the original 9175: 9139:Leslie2 1888 9092: 9086: 9074:. Retrieved 9054: 9047: 9027: 9020: 9005: 8996: 8953: 8926: 8914: 8902: 8896:Google Books 8889: 8885: 8873: 8861:. Retrieved 8854:the original 8849: 8837: 8827:19 September 8825:. Retrieved 8816: 8807: 8794: 8785: 8779:Google Books 8772: 8768: 8758:15 September 8756:. Retrieved 8748: 8739: 8727: 8715: 8703: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8655: 8643: 8632: 8571: 8523: 8511:. Retrieved 8502: 8493: 8482: 8471: 8459: 8452:Barbier 1908 8447: 8415: 8346: 8321:Google Books 8314: 8291:. Retrieved 8277: 8265:. Retrieved 8261:the original 8256: 8247: 8242:, p. 99 8201: 8189: 8184:, p. 80 8165:, p. 95 8137: 8125: 8113: 8101:. Retrieved 8092: 8083: 8061:Pierce5 1959 7963: 7951:. Retrieved 7921:– via 7916:Heimskringla 7915: 7902: 7875: 7869: 7843: 7831: 7810:Google Books 7803: 7799: 7714: 7708:Pierce4 1959 7703: 7697:Pierce7 1959 7677:. Retrieved 7667: 7642: 7630: 7619: 7608: 7602:Pierce3 1959 7597: 7586: 7556:. Retrieved 7547: 7538: 7524: 7517: 7505: 7476:. Retrieved 7467: 7458: 7452:Pierce2 1959 7418:. Retrieved 7409: 7400: 7381: 7375: 7362: 7353: 7338: 7329: 7318: 7312:Pierce1 1959 7292: 7280:. Retrieved 7248: 7226:. Retrieved 7218:museum.wales 7217: 7208: 7202:Leslie0 1886 7197: 7171:. Retrieved 7162: 7153: 7123: 7109: 7097:. Retrieved 7093:the original 7088: 7078: 7066:. Retrieved 7057: 7027: 7014: 6988:. Retrieved 6979: 6970: 6959: 6948: 6942:Davies2 1959 6937: 6925:. Retrieved 6916: 6907: 6895:. Retrieved 6886: 6877: 6865:. Retrieved 6856: 6847: 6831: 6818: 6807: 6792: 6780:. Retrieved 6760: 6753: 6741: 6735:Davies1 1959 6715:. Retrieved 6706: 6697: 6685:. Retrieved 6676: 6667: 6655: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6615:. Retrieved 6596: 6592: 6561: 6531:. Retrieved 6522: 6513: 6501: 6492: 6486: 6474:. Retrieved 6465: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6440:the original 6435: 6426: 6411: 6380: 6371: 6359:. Retrieved 6330:. Retrieved 6321: 6312: 6300:. Retrieved 6291: 6282: 6256:. Retrieved 6242: 6230:. Retrieved 6221: 6212: 6200:. Retrieved 6191: 6182: 6172:19 September 6170:. 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And the 1686:Llanfaethlu 1670:prehistoric 1488:Arllechwedd 1183:Rugby union 1154:Plaid Cymru 1080:Archaeology 882:English law 847:manuscripts 675:Brycheiniog 566:of Anglesey 556:archaeology 505:History of 388:Preceded by 356: 1271 304:Middle Ages 278:Llywelyn II 230:Rhodri Mawr 14553:Categories 14461:FitzGerald 14394:Eóganachta 14281:Ó Domhnail 13897:Maelienydd 13725:Dogfeiling 13693:Deheubarth 13672:Ceredigion 13420:Healthcare 13380:Scientists 13343:Architects 13238:in English 13224:Eisteddfod 12999:Government 12984:Devolution 12967:Government 12944:Waterfalls 12813:Deheubarth 12783:Prehistory 10922:0708318975 10729:0195162374 10569:Bown, Ivor 10324:0140284753 9495:Wikisource 9392:Moore 2005 9292:Wikisource 9191:24 January 9168:Smith 2001 9153:Smith 2001 9113:required.) 8878:Lloyd 2004 8732:Llwyd 1832 8720:Lynch 1995 8684:Maund 2006 8528:Llwyd 1832 8393:Lloyd 2004 8339:Lloyd 2004 8240:Lloyd 2004 8221:Lloyd 2004 8206:Lloyd 2004 8194:Llwyd 1832 8163:Lloyd 2004 8142:Lloyd 2004 8130:Lloyd 2004 8118:Lloyd 2004 8042:Lloyd 2004 8010:Lloyd 2004 7991:Lloyd 2004 7923:Wikisource 7896:required.) 7767:Lloyd 2004 7647:Tout 1890a 7510:Lloyd 2004 7297:Lloyd 2004 7191:Giles 1841 7131:Wikisource 7035:Wikisource 6839:Wikisource 6646:0140143955 6566:Giles 1841 5837:(8): 644. 5658:30 January 5530:Parry 1959 5515:Maund 2006 5364:Lloyd 2004 5347:Llwyd 1832 5335:Lloyd 2004 5230:References 5161:Flintshire 5139:Following 5127:Y Creuddyn 5117:Uwch Dulas 5095:Ceinmeirch 5083:Dogfeiling 5015:Tal-y-bont 4967:Cafflogion 4721:Newborough 4679:Talebolyon 4616:Anglesey ( 4586:(with the 4519:Ceredigion 4420:Afon Conwy 4274:Pura Walia 4267:Carmarthen 4259:Flintshire 4230:Dafydd III 4206:See also: 4194:and other 4164:Shrewsbury 4138:Deheubarth 4110:Deheubarth 3978:Clement IV 3899:his widow 3747:See also: 3612:Carmarthen 3575:suzerainty 3549:diminution 3365:Basingwerk 3349:Iâl (Yale) 3253:presbytery 3202:limewashed 3179:Ceredigion 3168:presbytery 3145:Ceredigion 3141:Llanbadarn 3118:Llangollen 3067:, lord of 3014:Ceredigion 2959:Ceredigion 2915:the defeat 2691:See also: 2677:Norse–Gael 2608:Idwal Foel 2604:Deheubarth 2576:Deheubarth 2549:Deheubarth 2533:. His son 2276:West Welsh 2117:Eisteddfod 2086:River Dyfi 2017:barbarians 2011:conquered 1972:Meirionydd 1960:Dogfeiling 1951:Ceredigion 1879:See also: 1836:seneschals 1784:Caernarfon 1718:Moel Hebog 1702:Bronze Age 1690:long house 1680:made from 1654:See also: 1522:opposite. 1426:, earlier 1374:, but the 1222:regulation 1069:in English 998:as capital 975:Devolution 863:Penal laws 685:Deheubarth 680:Ceredigion 655:Devolution 650:World Wars 634:witchcraft 609:settlement 581:rebellions 552:Prehistory 531:Chronology 341:Population 290:Dafydd III 174:Government 14538:Somhairle 14409:Raithlind 14374:Uí Briúin 14364:Connachta 14266:Connachta 14246:Dál Riata 14218:Mathrafal 14198:Aberffraw 14180:Somhairle 14070:Lancaster 14040:Knýtlinga 13862:Wenwynwyn 13834:Mathrafal 13827:Edeirnion 13797:Glywysing 13768:Morgannwg 13753:Rhufoniog 13718:Aberffraw 13678:Seisyllwg 13653:Medieval 13473:Mormonism 13365:Musicians 13360:Inventors 13295:Languages 13287:Languages 13219:Education 13174:Transport 13144:Companies 12989:Elections 12863:Geography 12788:Roman Era 10992:Routledge 10975:22379507M 10595:The Celts 10510:Cambridge 10335:(2004) . 10155:statehood 8958:Lee7 1890 8612:Chisholm1 8077:Lee5 1895 7719:Lee4 1891 7679:23 August 7613:Lee3 1891 7591:Lee2 1891 7438:Lee1 1896 7323:Lee0 1894 7282:28 August 7254:Routledge 6964:Tout 1901 6623:Issue 462 6506:Koch 2005 6109:Lowe 1912 5901:31 August 5409:Bell 1955 5100:Uwch Aled 5090:Rhufoniog 5078:Llannerch 5055:Prestatyn 5000:Ystumaner 4955:Cymydmaen 4899:Eifionydd 4695:Llan-maes 4690:Llan-faes 4657:Aberffraw 4652:Aberffraw 4604:(English 4538:St Fagans 4456:Aberffraw 4428:Venedotia 4304:Edward II 4278:marshland 4174:made his 4150:Bera Mawr 4106:Rhys Gryg 4078:Snowdonia 3869:St. Asaph 3844:gavelkind 3808:Dolbadarn 3800:Criccieth 3759:See also 3685:Ellesmere 3640:in 1171. 3638:Pentraeth 3622:castles. 3579:Welsh law 3470:hurricane 3275:Welsh law 3214:Aberdaron 3206:firmament 3114:Nanheudwy 3106:vassalage 3069:Rhufoniog 3045:Cadwaladr 3037:Cadwallon 2947:Eifionydd 2779:Rhufoniog 2736:Mathrafal 2649:Mathrafal 2600:Hywel Dda 2557:Mid Wales 2506:Seisyllwg 2482:his son. 2437:from the 2348:Bendigaid 2336:Cadwaladr 2330:, at the 2252:Irish Sea 2150:Irish Sea 2064:chieftain 2054:Welsh law 1968:Edeirnion 1948:received 1887:Venedotia 1792:governors 1780:Segontium 1741:Bryn Eryr 1674:Neolithic 1630:Penmachno 1536:Old Irish 1530:The name 1526:Etymology 1520:Snowdonia 1512:Rhufoniog 1472:Aberffraw 1448:Ordovices 1444:Deceangli 1440:Brittonic 1428:Brittonic 1419:Old Welsh 1203:1899–1962 1173:1876–1976 1134:Education 868:Poor laws 748:Seisyllwg 738:Wenwynwyn 729:Morgannwg 700:Glywysing 376:cyfreith 164:Religion 133:Aberffraw 63:Aberffraw 14528:Uí Ímair 14463:(Norman) 14457:(Norman) 14450:Ó Ruairc 14435:Ó Briain 14419:Uí Ímair 14379:Uí Néill 14301:Ó Briain 14271:Uí Néill 14145:Galloway 14140:Uí Ímair 14135:Bernicia 14097:Scotland 14050:Normandy 14030:Uí Ímair 14015:Bernicia 13848:Pengwern 13811:Penychen 13804:Gwynllwg 13760:Tegeingl 13732:Dunoding 13657:kingdoms 13524:History 13498:Hinduism 13493:Buddhism 13450:Religion 13395:in Welsh 13149:Forestry 13056:Unionism 12976:Politics 12958:Politics 12853:Colonies 12773:Timeline 12063:(eds.). 12038:(eds.). 12013:(eds.). 11798:(1959). 11681:(1959). 11602:(1959). 11148:(1959). 11126:(1959). 11104:(1959). 11044:(1959). 10857:(1989). 10781:(2002). 10771:ABC-Clio 10708:(2005). 10694:(1841). 10641:(2004). 10619:(1987). 10593:(2002). 10571:(1908). 10462:(1955). 10257:(2000). 10047:and the 10004:arrival. 9924:Archived 9894:Archived 9861:Archived 9828:Archived 9798:Archived 9768:Archived 9738:Archived 9708:Archived 9678:Archived 9647:Archived 9617:Archived 9587:Archived 9518:Archived 9428:Archived 9349:Archived 9310:Archived 9236:Archived 9070:Archived 8821:Archived 8817:royal.uk 8637:Pierce10 8507:Archived 8287:Archived 8097:Archived 8095:. 1100. 8093:geni.com 7947:Archived 7624:Roderick 7552:Archived 7472:Archived 7414:Archived 7410:bbc.o.uk 7276:Archived 7222:Archived 7167:Archived 7062:Archived 6984:Archived 6921:Archived 6891:Archived 6861:Archived 6776:Archived 6711:Archived 6707:geni.com 6681:Archived 6611:Archived 6527:Archived 6523:geni.com 6470:Archived 6355:Archived 6326:Archived 6296:Archived 6252:Archived 6226:Archived 6196:Archived 6166:Archived 6129:Archived 6088:Archived 6084:rhiw.com 6037:Archived 6007:Archived 5951:Archived 5921:Archived 5895:Archived 5865:Archived 5843:25507836 5803:Archived 5737:ABC-Clio 5731:(2006). 5692:Archived 5652:Archived 5494:Archived 5430:Archived 5388:Archived 5183:See also 5149:Anglesey 5145:counties 5122:Is Dulas 5060:Rhuddlan 5050:Cwnsyllt 4940:Dinllaen 4622:Ynys Môn 4606:commotes 4593:Cantrefi 4565:Llysoedd 4545:Llanfaes 4464:Rhuddlan 4383:Anglesey 4334:Military 4263:Cardigan 4247:Anglesey 4086:Cheshire 3792:Aberdyfi 3587:de facto 3543:, Welsh 3535:, Welsh 3533:princeps 3427:Arwystli 3249:interred 3187:Lampeter 3164:interred 3086:cantrefs 3008:. 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The 5159:, and 5135:Legacy 5073:Colion 4994:Notes 4945:Dwyfor 4934:Notes 4904:Dwyfor 4875:Notes 4823:Notes 4765:Notes 4725:Niwbro 4716:Rhosyr 4672:Cemaes 4667:Cemais 4646:Notes 4525:, and 4243:shires 4051:, and 4003:. 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