282:. This helped tobacco companies to target separate marketing messages by race. Tobacco companies supported civil rights organizations, and advertised their support heavily. Industry motives were, according to their public statements, to support civil rights causes; according to an independent review of internal tobacco industry documents, they were "to increase African American tobacco use, to use African Americans as a frontline force to defend industry policy positions, and to defuse tobacco control efforts". There had been internal resistance to tobacco sponsorship, and some organizations later began rejecting nicotine funding as a matter of policy.
169:
485:(an advisory panel to the FDA) concluded that removing menthol cigarettes from the market would benefit public health in the United States, but stopped short of recommending that the FDA take any specific actions, like restricting or banning the additive. In response, the tobacco industry released a report to the FDA in an effort to change the focus of the subject by claiming menthol cigarettes are no riskier than regular cigarettes and should not be regulated differently.
99:
3013:
20:
228:
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menthol-flavored brands like Kool, which seemed to be more soothing to the throat, and advertised these as being more healthy. A second trend was the
Federal ban on tobacco advertising on radio and television; as there was no ban on advertising in the print media, the industry responded with large scale advertising in Black newspapers, magazines as well as billboards in inner city neighborhoods. The third trend was the
3023:
498:
In
November 2018 the FDA announced its intention to outlaw menthol cigarettes, later changing this position to advocate for restriction of flavored tobacco and e-cigarettes to a separate age-restricted room. The FDA stated that this change in position was due to their belief that they do not have the
289:
small (a few percent) racial differences in menthol cigarette preferences into large (tens of percent) ones. It has been proposed that menthol cigarettes, which are more addictive but no less harmful, should be banned, partially on grounds that race-specific marketing for a more addictive product is
136:
For over two decades, Kool was the only significant menthol cigarette brand in the United States, with a market share that never got much above 2%. Their advertisements focused on "throat comfort" and the "medicinal" properties of menthol, and some ads even suggested occasional use: "In between the
517:
In April 2021, the FDA announced that it planned to ban the sale, manufacturing, and importation of menthol cigarettes and mass-produced flavored cigars, citing menthol’s highly addictive qualities and the racial disparities among those most likely to smoke menthol cigarettes. Proposed regulations
46:
which imparts a “minty” flavor to the smoke. Menthol also decreases irritant sensations from nicotine by desensitizing receptors, making smoking feel less harsh compared to regular cigarettes. Some studies have suggested that they are more addictive. Menthol cigarettes are just as hard to quit and
187:
oil, or produced synthetically. While trace amounts of menthol may be added to non-mentholated cigarettes for flavor or other reasons, a menthol cigarette typically has at least 0.3% menthol content by weight. Lower-tar menthol cigarettes may have menthol levels up to 2%, in order to keep menthol
191:
A recent innovation has been to include a small capsule in or near the filter which can be broken to release additional menthol or other flavoring solutions. During the smoking of a cigarette the menthol delivery depletes noticeably, but this technology allows the smoker to increase the menthol
321:
research. Where these demographics overlap, menthol use is especially high: most female LGBT smokers use menthols, as do 80% of
African American youth smokers and 70% of LGBT youth smokers. Tobacco companies have targeted the LGBT community with advertising for menthol cigarettes, most notably
293:
Despite it being illegal at the time, tobacco marketers gave out free menthol cigarette samples to children in black neighborhoods in the U.S. Similar practices continue in Sub-Saharan Africa, where a 2016 study found over 12% of South
African students had been given free cigarettes by tobacco
256:
In the United States, menthols comprise about 30% of the total cigarette market. Menthol cigarettes are purchased disproportionately by
African-American smokers, with 80% of African-American smokers consuming menthol cigarettes primarily. In fact, menthol tobacco marketing is specifically
239:
Historian Keith Wailoo argues the cigarette industry targeted a new market in the black audience starting in the 1960s. It took advantage of several converging trends. First was the increased national attention on the dangers of lung cancer. Cigarette companies responded by developing
546:
have urged the FDA to reject a ban on mentholated cigarettes due to concerns that banning mentholated cigarettes could spur an illicit market for the outlawed products in minority communities. Many of these organizations have received funding from major tobacco companies, raising
661:
147:
brand. Less mentholated than Kool, Salem was positioned as an all-purpose cigarette, and captured 0.8% market share within its first year. Other tobacco producers, seeing the success of Salem, soon introduced their own mentholated filter cigarettes: Lorillard with
253:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in addition to many churches and schools. The marketing initiative was a success as the rate of smoking in the black community grew, especially for menthols, while it declined among whites.
124:
acquired the patent in 1927, marketing them nationwide as "Spud
Menthol Cooled Cigarettes". Spud brand menthol cigarettes became the fifth most popular brand in the US by 1932, and it remained the only menthol cigarette on the market until the
248:
invested heavily in the Civil Rights
Movement, winning the gratitude of many national and local leaders. Menthol flavored cigarette brands sponsored local events in the black community, and subsidized major black organizations including the
2061:
518:
were published for public comment in April 2022. The attempt was postponed indefinitely after negative public feedback, with particular controversy generated on both sides by the disproportionate use by
African-Americans.
492:
2384:
591:
Menthol cigarettes are not healthier than other cigarettes. The risk of lung cancer is no different for menthol cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. Some studies have suggested that they are more addictive.
261:; it is a subject of research and it has been a subject of litigation on discrimination grounds. The proportion of smokers who use menthols rose from 31% in 2004 to 33.7% in 2010, according to a 2010 study by the
562:
1235:
738:
1036:"Affirming the Abuse Liability and Addiction Potential of Menthol: Differences in Subjective Appeal to Smoking Menthol Versus Non-Menthol Cigarettes Across African American and White Young Adult Smokers"
424:'s 2018 annual report, "The tobacco union requested a stay of the enforcement of the ingredient ban while the appeal is pending". The Brazilian government finally won the court case in February 2018.
580:, they claimed that their members made $ 23.7 billion in sales on menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars and another $ 10.7 billion in non-tobacco sales among these smoking customers during 2022.
416:
interference resulting in a lengthy court battle. Philip Morris Brasil (PMB) had challenged the ban through its membership of The
National Industry Confederation, arguing that the ban was
1666:
1601:
2048:
1545:
2049:"Docket N. FDA-2021-N-1349 for Tobacco Product Standard for Menthol in Cigarettes and Docket No. FDA-2021-N-1309 for Tobacco Product Standard for Characterizing Flavors in Cigars"
1996:
1726:
1144:. National Cancer Institute tobacco control monograph series. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. p. 684.
1959:
1928:
1749:
175:
Ice Blast, in addition to being a normal mentholated cigarette, also contains a menthol capsule inside the filter that can be broken by the smoker at the desired moment.
1244:
755:
1358:
Chandora, Rachna; Song, Yang; Chaussard, Martine; Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Lee, Kyung Ah; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Asma, Samira; GYTS collaborative group (October 2016).
535:
262:
1233:
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468:(FDA) in the United States of America, regulation of cigarettes was ruled to be outside their existing purview in 2000 by the Supreme Court in the 5–4 decision
2309:
780:
157:
1519:
583:
A 2020 US Surgeon
General Report, Smoking Cessation, concluded that there is not enough evidence to support banning menthol as a way to reduce smoking.
2888:
1676:
219:
Menthol cigarette usage varies widely by country. They are most popular in the Philippines, where they account for over 60% of total cigarette sales.
543:
475:
1234:
Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) of the Center for Tobacco Products of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2011-07-21).
595:
Young people who use menthol cigarettes are also thought to be 80% more likely to become life-long smokers than those who use regular cigarettes.
2785:
963:
680:
412:
In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw flavored cigarettes including menthol cigarettes, but was unable to enact it due to the
499:
legal regulatory authority to unilaterally declare a ban, citing concerns that any such ban would result in litigation that the FDA would lose.
482:
1978:
1884:
1321:
619:
258:
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911:
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and the National Troopers Coalition have urged the FDA to consider the impact a ban on menthol cigarettes would have on tobacco smuggling.
113:
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1606:
192:
delivery at a chosen point to sustain or enhance the menthol 'feel'. The capsules can contain any flavorings, but are primarily menthol.
1805:
2056:
1734:
573:
470:
318:
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2029:
1641:
1296:
1205:
2883:
2014:
1564:
847:
3057:
2507:
2100:"Systematic review of the epidemiological evidence comparing lung cancer risk in smokers of menthol and regular cigarettes"
1902:
1013:
2983:
2935:
2411:
Le, Thuy TT, and David Mendez. "An estimation of the harm of menthol cigarettes in the United States from 1980 to 2018."
555:
381:
2355:
Anderson, Stacey J. "Marketing of menthol cigarettes and consumer perceptions: a review of tobacco industry documents."
297:
In addition to high use by African Americans, menthol cigarettes are used disproportionately by adolescents, women, and
2940:
1121:
531:
510:
to try to force it to introduce a ban on menthol cigarettes in order to reduce health inequalities, noting that 85% of
2389:
Hiscock, Rosemary, et al. "Tobacco industry tactics to circumvent and undermine the menthol cigarette ban in the UK."
183:, with menthol added at any of several stages during the manufacturing process. Menthol may be derived from distilled
3067:
2739:
2714:
1818:
863:
1014:"Harvard Researchers Gather More Evidence Implicating Menthol in Health Disparities Between White and Black Smokers"
797:
Giovino, G.A.; Sidney, S; Gfroerer, J.C.; O'Malley, P.M.; Allen, J.A.; Richter, P.A.; Cummings, KM (February 2004).
2925:
717:
506:(African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council and Action on Smoking and Health) filed a lawsuit against the
2367:
Cadham, Christopher J., et al. "The actual and anticipated effects of a menthol cigarette ban: a scoping review."
2790:
2681:
2602:
2462:
2440:
2360:
2246:"Not so Cool? Menthol's discovered actions on the nicotinic receptor and its implications for nicotine addiction"
1626:
1399:
Rose, Shyanika W; Jo, Catherine L; Binns, Steven; Buenger, Melissa; Emery, Sherry; Ribisl, Kurt M (2017-02-27).
3036:
2473:
Preliminary Scientific Evaluation of the Possible Public Health Effects of Menthol versus Nonmenthol Cigarettes
1577:
1336:
1040:
898:
751:
140:
2149:
Biswas, L.; Harrison, E.; Gong, Y.; Avusula, R.; Lee, J.; Zhang, M.; Rousselle, T.; Lage, J.; Liu, X. (2016).
2863:
2085:
1774:
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to ban menthol cigarettes (technically "dual flavour cigarettes"). In response, the former German chancellor
2394:
440:(1918–2015) was reported to have hoarded 200 cartons of his preferred menthol cigarette brand in his house.
333:
report released September 21, 2012, said menthol cigarettes sales had gone from 27% in 2008 to 22% in 2010.
2878:
2812:
2475:
989:
746:
598:
Menthol decreases irritant sensations from nicotine by desensitizing receptors, making smoking less harsh.
576:
opposes the ban based on menthol cigarettes accounting for 4% of their sales. In a November 2023 letter to
465:
121:
2416:
712:
2868:
527:
421:
1272:
2873:
890:
433:
317:) Americans. Americans identifying as LGBT are twice as likely to use menthol cigarettes, according to
2423:
Villanti, Andrea C., et al. "Menthol cigarettes and the public health standard: a systematic review."
2401:
Hoffman, Allison C. "The health effects of menthol cigarettes as compared to non-menthol cigarettes."
656:
561:
The proposed menthol ban also saw opposition from organized labor. In December 2010, workers from the
2988:
2840:
2701:
1775:"F.D.A. Seeks Restrictions on Teens' Access to Flavored E-Cigarettes and a Ban on Menthol Cigarettes"
1135:
Davis, Ronald M.; Gilpin, Elizabeth A.; Loken, Barbara; Viswanath, K.; Wakefield, Melanie A. (2008).
526:
Several black advocacy groups have voiced opposition to a proposed ban on menthol in cigarettes. The
3062:
3026:
2978:
2500:
330:
1940:
1874:
1708:
649:
605:
metabolization, leading to increased systemic nicotine exposure and increased nicotine addiction.
2915:
2910:
1750:"Why These Black Doctors Are Pushing President Obama to Ban Menthol Cigarettes, Tobacco Products"
1045:
907:
566:
539:
2304:
659:, Hughs, Lloyd F, "Process of Treating Cigarette Tobacco", issued September 29, 1925
2993:
2955:
2830:
2780:
2754:
2452:
2372:
380:
imposed a nationwide ban on menthol cigarettes that took effect on 1 October 2017. But several
23:
2428:
2406:
1136:
1550:
273:
241:
126:
104:
781:"Menthol Capsules in Cigarette Filters - Increasing the Attractiveness of a Harmful Product"
3031:
2998:
2802:
2643:
2550:
1237:
Menthol Cigarettes and Public Health: Review of the Scientific Evidence and Recommendations
548:
172:
117:
83:
2437:
Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the Untold Story of the Menthol Cigarette
1997:"National Troopers Coalition Applauds FDA Consideration of New Black Market Tobacco Study"
1621:
786:. Tobacco Prevention and Tobacco Control. German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg. 2012.
8:
3016:
2719:
2535:
2493:
2467:
1690:
232:
149:
2835:
2724:
2530:
2334:
2280:
2245:
2216:
2199:
2175:
2150:
2126:
2099:
1907:
1492:
1459:
1435:
1401:"Perceptions of Menthol Cigarettes Among Twitter Users: Content and Sentiment Analysis"
1400:
1181:
1156:
1103:
1090:
1061:
1035:
955:
923:
624:
200:
2457:
1651:
2920:
2749:
2686:
2648:
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2285:
2267:
2221:
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2131:
1826:
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1497:
1479:
1440:
1422:
1381:
1186:
1107:
1095:
1077:
1069:
947:
939:
931:
843:
820:
417:
286:
269:
188:
delivery constant despite the filtration and ventilation designs used to reduce tar.
144:
2338:
2945:
2822:
2775:
2744:
2734:
2628:
2597:
2540:
2318:
2275:
2257:
2211:
2170:
2162:
2121:
2111:
1487:
1471:
1430:
1412:
1371:
1176:
1168:
1085:
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959:
915:
810:
629:
614:
511:
413:
278:
208:
196:
180:
130:
1850:
565:
protested outside a meeting between FDA officials and industry representatives in
2930:
2770:
2729:
2691:
2658:
1901:
Jewett, Christina; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Fahrenthold, David A (6 December 2023).
1475:
919:
815:
798:
1460:"Menthol Cigarette Smoking among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults"
1376:
1359:
2807:
2666:
2638:
2623:
1929:
Biden administration abandons plan to ban menthol cigarettes, citing 'feedback'
1851:"More than a million smokers likely to quit after U.S. bans menthol cigarettes"
1124:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. November 18, 2011.
448:
444:
437:
366:
362:
204:
168:
71:
59:
19:
2480:
2166:
2030:"Tobacco industry brushes off call for FDA restrictions on menthol cigarettes"
3051:
2709:
2592:
2271:
2262:
1830:
1786:
1671:
1483:
1426:
1073:
1065:
1031:
935:
927:
886:
563:
Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union
464:
Although the use of menthol in ointments and cough drops is regulated by the
401:
87:
75:
2322:
2116:
488:
A progress report on panel findings was expected from the FDA in July 2011.
2330:
2289:
2225:
2184:
2135:
1501:
1444:
1385:
1190:
1099:
951:
891:"The African Americanization of menthol cigarette use in the United States"
824:
686:
323:
199:
for non-mentholated cigarettes, a menthol cigarette will tend to have more
1057:
98:
2846:
393:
310:
245:
1172:
2200:"How Menthol Alters Tobacco-Smoking Behavior: A Biological Perspective"
739:"Characterization of Menthol: History and Design of Menthol Cigarettes"
478:, which also outright banned flavors in cigarettes other than menthol.
79:
1941:"Much heated puffing among minority groups over menthol cigarette ban"
1417:
554:
Groups representing law enforcement officers also oppose the ban. The
2516:
2472:
2151:"Enhancing effect of menthol on nicotine self-administration in rats"
1819:"F.D.A. Announces Plan to Ban Menthol Cigarettes and Flavored Cigars"
1646:
577:
227:
184:
39:
2302:
1578:"Ottawa finalizes ban on menthol cigarettes, other tobacco products"
50:
Menthol cigarettes have been banned in several countries, including
1806:
The Time is Now for the FDA to Ban Menthol in Commercial Cigarettes
1210:
602:
350:
306:
143:
launched the first menthol filter-tip cigarettes in 1956 under the
55:
2570:
2379:
Giovino, Gary A., et al. "Epidemiology of menthol cigarette use."
1667:"Europe's Menthol Ban Has Tobacco Firms Thinking Outside the Pack"
384:
had already banned it before at the provincial level, for example
2633:
2618:
2587:
1546:"Reynolds to offer more menthol versions of Pall Mall cigarettes"
1360:"Youth access to cigarettes in six sub-Saharan African countries"
1206:"Why Big Tobacco Targeted Blacks With Ads for Menthol Cigarettes"
1030:
Cohn, Amy M.; Alexander, Adam C.; Ehlke, Sarah J. (August 2021).
796:
569:, arguing that a menthol ban would cost many workers their jobs.
397:
389:
358:
298:
63:
43:
1709:"Advisory Panel Urges F.D.A to Re-examine Menthol in Cigarettes"
1458:
Fallin, Amanda; Goodin, Amie J.; King, Brian A. (January 2015).
1081:
943:
2676:
2545:
1565:
Menthol Cigarettes: Tobacco Industry Interests and Interference
990:"Exclusion of menthol cigarettes in ban worries health experts"
385:
377:
354:
346:
342:
153:
67:
51:
2463:
Menthol vs. Nonmenthol Cigarettes: Effects on Smoking Behavior
1243:. US Food and Drug Administration. p. 252. Archived from
2560:
2485:
1903:"White House Delays a Decision on Banning Menthol Cigarettes"
1357:
1273:"Black Health Experts Renew Fight Against Menthol Cigarettes"
250:
27:
2305:"Mentholated Cigarette Smoking Inhibits Nicotine Metabolism"
1157:"African American leadership groups: smoking with the enemy"
120:, in 1924, though the idea did not become popular until the
2797:
1138:
The role of the media in promoting and reducing tobacco use
447:
countries. Despite having left the EU in January 2020, the
314:
1979:"Banning menthol cigarettes will create contraband market"
276:
led to the rise of African-American publications, such as
2468:
Menthol Cigarette Smoking in African Americans and whites
2148:
1900:
1879:
1134:
681:"Mint that Kills: The Curious Life of Menthol Cigarettes"
536:
National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives
507:
503:
474:
This power was explicitly granted to the FDA by the 2009
341:
Several places have banned menthol cigarettes, including
302:
263:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
160:
in 1959; and Brown & Williamson with Belair in 1960.
2961:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
2303:
Benowitz, Neal; Herrera, Brenda; Jacob, Peyton (2004).
1691:"FDA V. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. (98-1152)"
1960:"FDA weighs ban on Newports, other menthol cigarettes"
443:
On 20 May 2020, menthol cigarettes were banned in all
2310:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1326:: A Bittersweet Victory Against the Tobacco Industry"
1025:
1023:
710:
1297:"Cigarette Suit Says Maker Gave Samples To Children"
459:
427:
1016:. Harvard School of Public Health. August 18, 2005.
493:
African American Tobacco Control Leadership Council
268:Racial marketing strategies changed among American
2086:Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General
2015:"NC Union Says FDA Menthol Ban Would Hurt Workers"
1875:"The FDA is proposing a ban on menthol cigarettes"
1398:
1029:
1020:
679:
476:Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
432:On 21 June 2013, EU health ministers agreed on a
3049:
1457:
265:. Much of the increase comes from young people.
842:. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press.
601:Menthol cigarettes have been shown to inhibit
483:Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee
2501:
1772:
1229:
1227:
732:
730:
728:
620:Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans
521:
1517:
1266:
1264:
1154:
1050:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
912:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
47:are just as harmful as regular cigarettes.
16:Cigarette flavored with the compound menthol
2951:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1773:Kaplan, Sheila; Hoffman, Jan (2018-11-16).
1607:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1520:"Flavored Disease and Death for Minorities"
1155:Yerger, V. B.; Malone, R. E. (2002-12-01).
471:FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.
112:Menthol cigarettes were first developed by
2508:
2494:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2057:National Association of Convenience Stores
1642:"Ex-Chancellor 'hoards 38,000 cigarettes'"
1224:
1128:
831:
725:
673:
671:
574:National Association of Convenience Stores
2856:
2279:
2261:
2215:
2174:
2125:
2115:
1513:
1511:
1491:
1434:
1416:
1375:
1270:
1261:
1180:
1089:
866:. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
814:
163:
2672:Cigarette smoking among college students
1122:"National Survey on Drug Use and Health"
884:
677:
226:
167:
97:
18:
2481:UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection
2243:
2232:
2197:
1664:
1464:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1203:
799:"Epidemiology of Menthol Cigarette Use"
668:
650:"Process of Treating Cigarette Tobacco"
181:similarly to non-mentholated cigarettes
3050:
2046:
1816:
1747:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1543:
1508:
885:Gardiner, Phillip S. (February 2004).
864:"Lorillard, Inc 2012 Form 10-K, p. 40"
837:
137:others, rest your throat with Kools".
93:
2489:
2067:from the original on 10 November 2023
2027:
1957:
1896:
1894:
1622:"EU agrees ban on menthol cigarettes"
987:
736:
706:
704:
655:
214:
3022:
2017:. Associated Press. 8 December 2010.
1727:"Tobacco Makers Fight Menthol Rules"
1518:Moodie-Mills, Aisha (May 12, 2011).
1405:Journal of Medical Internet Research
2936:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
2097:
1976:
1697:
713:"The Growth of Menthols: 1933–1977"
556:Law Enforcement Alliance of America
179:Menthol cigarettes are constructed
13:
2941:Tobacco packaging warning messages
2569:
2349:
1891:
737:Ogden, Michael W (July 15, 2010).
701:
532:National Black Chamber of Commerce
514:smokers smoke menthol cigarettes.
454:
14:
3079:
2715:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
2446:
1271:Tavernise, Sabrina (2016-09-13).
544:National Black Police Association
460:Proposed ban in the United States
428:European Union and United Kingdom
102:Spud cigarettes advertisement in
3021:
3012:
3011:
2989:Countries by tobacco consumption
2926:Smoking bans in private vehicles
2047:Kantor, Doug (8 November 2023).
1887:from the original on 2023-04-18.
1333:Tobacco Control Legal Consortium
1204:Edwards, Jim (January 5, 2011).
718:Truth Tobacco Industry Documents
586:
222:
2682:Smoking in association football
2381:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
2296:
2191:
2142:
2091:
2079:
2040:
2028:Zajac, Andrew (18 March 2011).
2021:
2007:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1933:
1922:
1867:
1843:
1810:
1799:
1766:
1741:
1733:. 18 March 2011. Archived from
1719:
1683:
1665:Gretler, Corinne (2020-02-05).
1658:
1634:
1614:
1594:
1570:
1558:
1537:
1451:
1392:
1351:
1314:
1289:
1197:
1148:
1114:
1041:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
1006:
981:
969:from the original on 1 May 2021
899:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
803:Nicotine & Tobacco Research
678:McNichol, Tom (25 March 2011).
2515:
2359:20.Suppl 2 (2011): ii20-ii28.
2244:Kabbani, Nadine (2013-07-23).
1748:Kenney, Tanasia (2016-09-19).
1707:Wilson, Duff (18 March 2011).
1693:. United States Supreme Court.
1602:"Brazil bans flavored tobacco"
1544:Craver, Richard (2012-09-25).
1337:Mitchell Hamline School of Law
1303:. Associated Press. 2004-06-27
878:
856:
790:
773:
652:. United States Patent Office.
642:
495:continued to support the ban.
141:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
1:
2453:FTC Cigarette Report for 2002
1977:Lee, Jessie (24 March 2011).
1958:Rubin, Rita (14 March 2011).
1817:Kaplan, Sheila (2021-04-29).
1650:. 9 July 2013. Archived from
635:
336:
259:targeted to African Americans
2813:Nicotine replacement therapy
2476:Food and Drug Administration
1524:Center for American Progress
1476:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.044
920:10.1080/14622200310001649478
838:Wailoo, Keith (2021-11-02).
816:10.1080/14622203710001649696
747:Food and Drug Administration
466:Food and Drug Administration
152:in 1957 and Spring in 1959;
129:Tobacco Company created the
7:
3058:Products introduced in 1924
2984:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
2383:6.Suppl_1 (2004): S67-S81.
1377:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.018
711:Market Science Associates.
608:
528:Congress of Racial Equality
422:Philip Morris International
10:
3084:
988:Rubin, Rita (2009-09-27).
522:Opposition to proposed ban
285:Race-specific advertising
42:infused with the compound
3007:
2971:
2916:Plain cigarette packaging
2901:
2821:
2763:
2740:Schizophrenia and smoking
2700:
2657:
2611:
2580:
2567:
2523:
2393:29.e1 (2020): e138-e142.
2250:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2167:10.1007/s00213-016-4391-x
407:
372:
294:company representatives.
3068:African-American culture
2931:Tobacco control movement
2403:Tobacco induced diseases
2263:10.3389/fphar.2013.00095
331:Federal Trade Commission
122:Axton-Fisher Tobacco Co.
74:, and some areas of the
2841:Disinformation playbook
2323:10.1124/jpet.104.066902
2198:Wickham, R. J. (2015).
2117:10.1186/1471-2466-11-18
1046:Oxford University Press
908:Oxford University Press
750:(Slide presentation.).
567:Raleigh, North Carolina
540:National Action Network
481:On March 18, 2011, the
2831:Cultivation of tobacco
2781:Heated tobacco product
2755:Tobacco harm reduction
2574:
2415:31.4 (2022): 564-568.
2104:BMC Pulmonary Medicine
2098:Lee, PN (April 2011).
451:also enacted the ban.
272:during the 1950s. The
236:
176:
164:Design and manufacture
127:Brown & Williamson
109:
31:
24:Marlboro Black Menthol
3037:Electronic cigarettes
2573:
1983:Indianapolis Recorder
1551:Winston-Salem Journal
502:In June 2020, two US
274:civil rights movement
242:Civil rights movement
230:
171:
105:The American Magazine
101:
22:
2803:Electronic cigarette
549:conflict of interest
290:a social injustice.
118:Mingo Junction, Ohio
84:District of Columbia
2911:Cigarette smuggling
2836:Tobacco advertising
2720:Nicotine dependence
2003:. 18 November 2010.
1364:Preventive Medicine
1173:10.1136/tc.11.4.336
1058:10.1093/ntr/ntab137
809:(Suppl 1): S67–81.
491:The doctors' group
114:Lloyd "Spud" Hughes
94:Origins and history
2725:Nicotine poisoning
2575:
2155:Psychopharmacology
1947:. 18 October 2010.
1908:The New York Times
1823:The New York Times
1779:The New York Times
1754:Atlanta Black Star
1713:The New York Times
1324:Evans v. Lorillard
1301:The New York Times
1277:The New York Times
625:Nicotine marketing
572:Additionally, the
237:
235:Menthol cigarettes
215:Use and popularity
177:
110:
32:
3045:
3044:
2921:Legal smoking age
2897:
2896:
2750:Smoking cessation
2687:Smoking fetishism
2427:17 (2017): 1-13.
2425:BMC public health
2371:20 (2020): 1-17.
2369:BMC Public Health
2204:Yale J. Biol. Med
2161:(18): 3417–3427.
2034:Los Angeles Times
1945:Los Angeles Times
1737:on 27 April 2012.
1418:10.2196/jmir.5694
1048:on behalf of the
910:on behalf of the
849:978-0-226-79413-6
270:tobacco companies
36:menthol cigarette
3075:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3014:
2979:Cigarette brands
2946:Tobacco politics
2854:
2853:
2823:Tobacco industry
2776:Herbal cigarette
2764:Related products
2745:Sidestream smoke
2735:Third-hand smoke
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2343:
2342:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2265:
2241:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1731:Associated Press
1723:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1675:. Archived from
1662:
1656:
1655:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1438:
1420:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1242:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1093:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
968:
895:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
860:
854:
853:
835:
829:
828:
818:
794:
788:
787:
785:
777:
771:
770:
768:
766:
760:
754:. Archived from
743:
734:
723:
722:
708:
699:
698:
696:
694:
683:
675:
666:
665:
664:
660:
653:
646:
630:Tobacco politics
615:Flavored tobacco
512:African American
418:unconstitutional
414:tobacco industry
209:oriental tobacco
108:(February, 1932)
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3063:Cigarette types
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3003:
2967:
2903:
2893:
2852:
2817:
2771:Candy cigarette
2759:
2730:Passive smoking
2696:
2692:Tobacco smoking
2653:
2649:Vending machine
2607:
2576:
2565:
2519:
2514:
2449:
2435:Wailoo, Keith.
2413:Tobacco Control
2405:9 (2011): 1-9.
2391:Tobacco Control
2357:Tobacco control
2352:
2350:Further reading
2347:
2346:
2301:
2297:
2242:
2233:
2196:
2192:
2147:
2143:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1899:
1892:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1663:
1659:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1630:. 21 June 2013.
1620:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1516:
1509:
1456:
1452:
1397:
1393:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1198:
1161:Tobacco Control
1153:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1044:. ntab137 (1).
1028:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
893:
883:
879:
869:
867:
862:
861:
857:
850:
836:
832:
795:
791:
783:
779:
778:
774:
764:
762:
761:on May 16, 2012
758:
741:
735:
726:
709:
702:
692:
690:
676:
669:
662:
654:
648:
647:
643:
638:
611:
589:
524:
462:
457:
430:
420:. According to
410:
375:
339:
244:of the 1960s.
231:A soft pack of
225:
217:
166:
133:brand in 1933.
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2994:Rolling papers
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:Nicotine pouch
2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Cigarette card
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2458:FDA Milestones
2455:
2448:
2447:External links
2445:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2317:(3): 1208–15.
2295:
2231:
2210:(3): 279–287.
2190:
2141:
2090:
2078:
2039:
2020:
2006:
1988:
1969:
1950:
1932:
1921:
1890:
1866:
1842:
1809:
1798:
1765:
1740:
1718:
1696:
1682:
1679:on 2020-03-20.
1657:
1654:on 2013-07-11.
1633:
1613:
1593:
1569:
1557:
1536:
1507:
1450:
1391:
1350:
1313:
1288:
1260:
1223:
1196:
1167:(4): 336–345.
1147:
1127:
1113:
1032:Munafò, Marcus
1019:
1005:
980:
887:Munafò, Marcus
877:
855:
848:
830:
789:
772:
724:
700:
667:
640:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
610:
607:
588:
585:
523:
520:
461:
458:
456:
453:
449:United Kingdom
445:European Union
438:Helmut Schmidt
429:
426:
409:
406:
374:
371:
367:United Kingdom
363:European Union
338:
335:
224:
221:
216:
213:
205:burley tobacco
197:tobacco blends
165:
162:
95:
92:
72:United Kingdom
60:European Union
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3080:
3069:
3066:
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3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
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3009:
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2914:
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2909:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2890:
2889:United States
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
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2859:
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2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Chain smoking
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2702:Health issues
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
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2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
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2660:
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2647:
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2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Rolling paper
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
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2306:
2299:
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2277:
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2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
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2137:
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2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1910:
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1672:Bloomberg.com
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1354:
1339:. August 2016
1338:
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1250:on 2017-05-17
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