718:
1583:
1025:
136:
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1464:. In dusting, turkeys get low on their stomach or side and flap their wings, coating themselves with dirt. This action serves to remove debris build-up on the feathers and also clog tiny pores that parasites such as lice can inhabit. Sunning for turkeys involves bathing in the sunlight, for their top and bottom halves. This can serve to liquidate the oil that turkeys naturally produce, spreading over their feathers and dry their feathers from precipitation at the same time. In feather preening, turkeys are able to remove dirt and bacteria, while also ensuring that non-durable feathers are removed.
334:
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other states, including
Minnesota and Vermont. Starting in 2014, researchers sent a survey to wildlife biologists in the National Wild Turkey Federation Technical Committee across the U.S. states to gather data regarding the population of turkeys. As of 2019, the wild turkey population declined by around 3% since 2014. Also as of 2019, the number of wild turkey hunters decreased by 18% since 2014 from the reports of the participating U.S. states. The 2019 data for population was missing information from 12 states and the 2019 hunter data was missing information from 8 states.
1571:
591:
1145:, recommended a controversial approach when confronted with wild turkeys. Besides taking a step forward to intimidate the birds, officials also suggested "making noise (clanging pots or other objects together); popping open an umbrella; shouting and waving your arms; squirting them with a hose; allowing your leashed dog to bark at them; and forcefully fending them off with a broom". This advice was quickly rescinded and replaced with a caution that "being aggressive toward wild turkeys is not recommended by State wildlife officials."
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Dalloul, R. A.; Long, J. A.; Zimin, A. V.; Aslam, L.; Beal, K.; Blomberg Le, L.; Bouffard, P.; Burt, D. W.; Crasta, O.; Crooijmans, R. P.; Cooper, K.; Coulombe, R. A.; De, S.; Delany, M. E.; Dodgson, J. B.; Dong, J. J.; Evans, C.; Frederickson, K. M.; Flicek, P.; Florea, L.; Folkerts, O.; Groenen, M.
1519:
had domesticated turkeys; though the theory that they were introduced from Mexico was once influential, modern studies suggest that the turkeys of the
Southwest were domesticated independently from those in Mexico. Turkeys were used both as a food source and for their feathers and bones, which were
1117:
In what is now the United States, there were an estimated 10 million turkeys in the 17th century. By the 1930s, only 30,000 remained. In the 1960s and 1970s, biologists started trapping wild turkeys from the few places they remained (including the Ozarks and New York), and re-introducing them into
1447:
such as wheat, corn, and of smaller animals such as grasshoppers, spiders, worms, and, lizards. In the colder months of fall and winter, wild turkeys consume smaller fruits and nuts such as grapes, blueberries, acorns, and walnuts. To find this food, they have to continuously forage and feed most
1472:
Though domestic turkeys are considered flightless, wild turkeys can and do fly for short distances. Turkeys are best adapted for walking and foraging; they do not fly as a normal means of travel. When faced with a perceived danger, wild turkeys can fly up to a quarter mile. Turkeys may also make
1388:, deleterious protozoan parasites. This indicates that in the wild, the long-snooded males preferred by females and avoided by males seemed to be resistant to coccidial infection. Scientists also conducted a study on 500 male turkeys, gathering data on their snood lengths and blood samples for
1345:
is an erectile, fleshy protuberance on the forehead of turkeys. Most of the time when the turkey is in a relaxed state, the snood is pale and 2–3 cm long. However, when the male begins strutting (the courtship display), the snood engorges with blood, becomes redder and elongates several
1379:
interactions, male turkeys defer to males with relatively longer snoods. These results were demonstrated using both live males and controlled artificial models of males. Data on the parasite burdens of free-living wild turkeys revealed a negative correlation between snood length and
1410:
3152:
Aslam, Muhammad L; Bastiaansen, John WM; Elferink, Martin G; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Crooijmans, Richard PMA; Blomberg, Le Ann; Fleischer, Robert C; Tassell, Curtis P Van; Sonstegard, Tad S; Schroeder, Steven G; Groenen, Martien AM; Julie, A Long (2012).
412:
native to
Madagascar, and then to the domesticated turkeys themselves which looked similar. This name prevailed for the turkeys, and was then transferred to the New World bird by English colonizers with knowledge of the previous species.
2062:
1638:
1668:
1213:, a considerable number of species have been described, as turkey fossils are robust and fairly often found, and turkeys show great variation among individuals. Many of these supposed fossilized species are now considered
1108:
via Spain around 1519, where they gained immediate popularity among the aristocratic classes. Turkeys arrived in
England in 1541. From there, English settlers brought turkeys to North America during the 17th century.
1820:
Crowe, Timothy M.; Bloomer, Paulette; Randi, Ettore; Lucchini, Vittorio; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. & Groth, Jeffrey G. (2006a): "Supra-generic cladistics of landfowl (Order
Galliformes)".
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Domesticated turkeys consume a commercially produced feed formulated to increase the size of the turkeys. To supplement their nutrition, farmers will also feed them grains wild turkeys eat such as corn.
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2510:
1409:
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The earliest turkeys evolved in North
America over 20 million years ago. They share a recent common ancestor with grouse, pheasants, and other fowl. The wild turkey species is the ancestor of the
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1570:
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In
English, the name "turkey" probably comes from birds being brought to Britain by merchants trading to Turkey and thus becoming known as turkey coqs or turkey-cocks. This happened first to
2483:
1356:
While fighting, commercial turkeys often peck and pull at the snood, causing damage and bleeding. This often leads to further injurious pecking by other turkeys and sometimes results in
3438:
2775:
Barros, Carolina P; Derks, Martijn F L; Mohr, Jeff; Wood, Benjamin J; Crooijmans, Richard P M A; Megens, Hendrik-Jan; Bink, Marco C A M; Groenen, Martien A M (12 December 2022).
1224:, became extinct recently enough to have been hunted by early human settlers. It has been suggested that its demise was due to the combined pressures of human hunting and
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1321:) genome. In 2023 a new improved haplotype-resolved domestic turkey genome was published, which confirmed the large inversion on the Z chromosome not found in other
3337:
2543:
2520:
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2117:
1201:, the other a more contemporary bird not very similar to known turkeys; both were much smaller birds. A turkey fossil not assignable to genus but similar to
801:
322:
1710:
7223:
386:, called a snood, that hangs from the top of the beak. They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As with many large ground-feeding birds (order
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used in both practical and cultural contexts. Compared to wild turkeys, domestic turkeys are selectively bred to grow larger in size for their meat.
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A second theory arises from turkeys coming to
England not directly from the Americas, but via merchant ships from the Middle East, where they were
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Resource depression and intensification during the late
Holocene, San Francisco Bay: evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound vertebrate fauna
3210:
Speller, Camilla F.; Kemp, Brian M.; Wyatt, Scott D.; Monroe, Cara; Lipe, William D.; Arndt, Ursula M.; Yang, Dongya Y. (16 February 2010).
2720:
A.; Harkins, T. T.; Herrero, J.; Hoffmann, S.; Megens, H. J.; Jiang, A.; De Jong, P.; Kaiser, P.; Kim, H. (2010). Roberts, Richard J (ed.).
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1961:
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Anatomical structures on the head and throat of a domestic turkey. 1. caruncles, 2. snood, 3. wattle (dewlap), 4. major caruncle, 5. beard
7049:
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6742:
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839:. One theory suggests that when Europeans first encountered turkeys in the Americas, they incorrectly identified the birds as a type of
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1832:
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Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2966:
2858:
1085:, describe the multitude of food (both raw fruits and vegetables as well as prepared dishes) that were offered in the vast markets (
8769:
6557:
8795:
3281:
397:, which was domesticated approximately 2,000 years ago by indigenous peoples. It was this domesticated turkey that later reached
2010:
Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, 7, 249-269.
2264:
1931:
1799:
1126:
Turkeys have been known to be aggressive toward humans and pets in residential areas. Wild turkeys have a social structure and
717:
903:, believed to be written in 1601 or 1602. The lack of context around his usage suggests that the term was already widespread.
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1995:
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Turkeys have been considered by many authorities to be their own family—the Meleagrididae—but a recent genomic analysis of a
8800:
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1363:
The snood can be between 3 and 15 centimetres (1 and 6 in) in length depending on the turkey's sex, health, and mood.
1325:, and found new structural variations between the parent haplotypes that provides potential new target genes for breeding.
8547:
3329:
1548:
893:, who had introduced the turkey into England, was granted a coat of arms including a "turkey-cock in his pride proper".
8492:
7675:
2057:
1633:
35:
1396:
when the snood is not removed will help to fight off unwanted invaders in their immune system, explaining this trend.
1663:
8911:
1576:
Chan Chich Lodge area, Belize: the ocellated turkey is named for the eye-shaped spots (ocelli) on its tail feathers
3389:
8826:
8761:
547:
449:
260:
1694:
5402:
3727:
2162:
890:
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8808:
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1360:. To prevent this, some farmers cut off the snood when the chick is young, a process known as "de-snooding".
1206:
2632:
1024:
6550:
5273:
1849:
8704:
8691:
6969:
4932:
3212:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication"
1078:
8709:
8509:
5082:
4495:
3359:
3042:
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1915:
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turkeys may respond to humans and animals as they do other turkeys. Habituated turkeys may attempt to
157:
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6410:
6115:
5501:
5432:
4982:
4952:
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17:
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1443:, depending on the season. In the warmer months of spring and summer, their diet consists mainly of
6450:
5726:
5511:
5462:
5452:
5412:
5322:
5153:
4725:
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1528:
1142:
1073:. Mayan aristocrats and priests appear to have had a special connection to ocellated turkeys, with
135:
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6340:
6300:
6280:
5736:
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2613:
2028:
1953:
1614:
1350:
768:
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Mannington and the Walpoles, Earls of Orford. With ten illustrations of Mannington Hall, Norfolk
973:
Several other birds that are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the
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6310:
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1460:
Turkeys participate in a number of grooming behaviors including: dusting, sunning, and feather
1310:
6920:
6535:
3043:"Investigating the turkey's 'snood' as a morphological marker of heritable disease resistance"
2935:
2908:
2147:
960:
that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage. In Portuguese a turkey is a
8857:
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6440:
6370:
6360:
6145:
5801:
5781:
5761:
5601:
5556:
5392:
5163:
4843:
4757:
4336:
2881:
2231:
2204:
2087:
1741:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 156.
1357:
1292:
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2854:
1829:
333:
8730:
8678:
6320:
6165:
6015:
5771:
5022:
4962:
4665:
4645:
4620:
4600:
4430:
4070:
3926:
3473:
3223:
2673:
2662:"Waves of genomic hitchhikers shed light on the evolution of gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes)"
1048:
1041:
957:
819:
2660:
Jan, K.; Andreas, M.; Gennady, C.; Andrej, K.; Gerald, M.; Jürgen, B.; Jürgen, S. (2007).
738:
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8:
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1551:(1723–1809), imported a quantity of American turkeys which were kept in the woods around
1544:
1381:
1372:
1229:
1135:
894:
600:
3227:
2803:
2777:"A new haplotype-resolved turkey genome to enable turkey genetics and genomics research"
2776:
2677:
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8535:
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6220:
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5880:
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5791:
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506:
402:
314:
152:
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Hatching & Brooding Your Own Chicks: Chickens, Turkeys, Ducks, Geese, Guinea Fowl
2210:
2158:
2100:
2070:
1991:
1889:
1877:
1869:
1769:
1702:
1676:
1646:
1218:
1052:
2258:
1923:
1850:"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths"
1793:
1515:
from at least 800 BC onwards. By 200 BC, the indigenous people of what is today the
1392:
functionality. They discovered a similar negative correlation. The presence of more
6135:
5890:
5870:
5576:
5357:
5002:
4992:
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4013:
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2691:
2681:
2548:
2515:
2456:
2416:
1919:
1861:
1376:
1317:. In 2010, a team of scientists published a draft sequence of the domestic turkey (
953:
929:
704:
421:
383:
371:
306:
8722:
2794:
1736:
1429:
663:) throughout the midwestern and eastern United States and into southeastern Canada
590:
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8177:
7287:
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6245:
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5716:
5671:
5646:
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4222:
3953:
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2742:
2643:
2620:
2181:
2154:
2096:
2066:
1836:
1789:
1672:
1642:
1621:
1482:
1375:. Captive female wild turkeys prefer to mate with long-snooded males, and during
939:
913:
844:
659:
The forests of North America, from Mexico (where they were first domesticated in
577:
509:
454:
394:
8813:
1865:
1798:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 139.
1094:
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4035:
3682:
3613:
3574:
1552:
1486:
1393:
1260:
1225:
1214:
1185:
906:
Other European names for turkeys incorporate an assumed Indian origin, such as
848:
1077:
of those birds appearing in Mayan manuscripts. Spanish chroniclers, including
8905:
8024:
7983:
7874:
7550:
7185:
6877:
6766:
6390:
6080:
6006:
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5213:
4187:
3916:
3772:
3428:
3245:
3177:
3066:
2428:
1873:
1732:
1706:
1556:
1511:
is eaten by humans. They were first domesticated by the indigenous people of
1389:
1263:
1158:
1127:
1067:
in Spanish), is still used in modern Mexico, in addition to the general term
1037:
899:
871:
543:
459:
445:
256:
86:
3236:
2686:
1005:, from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying.
8654:
8523:
8447:
8375:
8313:
8306:
8272:
8256:
8200:
8090:
8063:
7938:
7894:
7854:
7824:
7614:
7440:
7392:
7060:
6598:
6060:
5851:
5707:
5383:
5347:
4881:
4581:
4486:
4317:
4203:
4152:
4117:
3988:
3978:
3831:
3708:
3633:
3263:
3196:
3163:
2812:
2761:
2705:
2370:
1881:
1524:
1190:
1179:
1029:
467:
268:
2304:"Study Shows That Humans Domesticated Turkeys For Worshipping, Not Eating"
744:
8782:
8663:
8468:
8389:
8382:
8265:
8231:
8215:
8193:
8186:
8159:
8125:
8097:
8083:
7994:
7924:
7884:
7764:
7734:
7707:
7694:
7650:
7635:
7600:
7559:
7359:
7280:
7264:
6952:
6939:
6895:
6687:
6676:
5960:
5841:
5752:
5662:
5492:
5338:
5313:
5229:
5188:
4904:
4238:
3969:
3944:
3850:
3743:
3542:
3526:
3496:
3155:"Whole genome SNP discovery and analysis of genetic diversity in Turkey (
2781:
1589:
1500:
1418:
1333:
1322:
1314:
1279:
974:
660:
573:
512:
482:
471:
387:
363:
299:
279:
229:
219:
209:
144:
61:
31:
8565:
3106:"Daily Rituals of the Wild Turkey - The National Wild Turkey Federation"
8774:
8368:
8352:
8341:
8290:
8166:
8152:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8049:
8010:
7959:
7945:
7931:
7915:
7814:
7607:
7579:
7325:
7294:
7192:
7117:
6999:
6884:
6261:
6040:
5990:
5980:
5916:
5617:
5592:
5179:
5144:
4835:
4802:
4790:
4421:
4366:
4327:
4023:
3907:
3893:
3792:
3594:
1168:
1112:
840:
498:
409:
106:
71:
8599:
2648:
Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
2405:"Status and distribution of wild turkeys in the United States in 2019"
1848:
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (1 May 2021).
416:
8743:
8461:
8334:
8238:
8042:
8003:
7970:
7904:
7784:
7628:
7468:
7461:
7452:
7366:
7158:
6854:
6181:
6096:
5121:
4521:
4279:
4143:
3604:
2511:"Don't let aggressive turkeys bully you, Brookline advises residents"
2420:
1532:
1236:
832:
494:
490:
169:
111:
55:
8625:
3041:
Buchholz, R.; Jones Dukes, M. D.; Hecht, S.; Findley, A. M. (2004).
1985:
362:, native to North America. There are two extant turkey species: the
8787:
8748:
8648:
8437:
8279:
8145:
8136:
8056:
8035:
8017:
7952:
7621:
7593:
7492:
7312:
7207:
7124:
6586:
6236:
6031:
5951:
5204:
5134:
4858:
3802:
3643:
3514:
2722:"Multi-Platform Next-Generation Sequencing of the Domestic Turkey (
1496:
1461:
1440:
1385:
1256:
1251:
1194:
1088:
1074:
978:
966:; the name is thought to derive from the country in South America '
709:
486:
189:
101:
96:
81:
76:
66:
2403:
Chamberlain, Michael J.; Hatfield, Mark; Collier, Bret A. (2022).
2336:. University of Illinois Press, 2006. (p. 5) Accessed 25 May 2022.
1296:(Late Pleistocene of southwestern U.S.) – formerly
1101:
made of turkeys, iguanas, chocolate, vegetables, fruits and more.
874:
successfully. Again the importers lent the name to the bird; hence
382:
in Mexico. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy
8883:
8735:
8403:
8396:
8320:
7586:
7475:
7332:
7273:
7178:
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4636:
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4004:
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994:
398:
124:
116:
91:
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813:
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8361:
8327:
7482:
7301:
7141:
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6580:
6565:
4376:
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3447:
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1154:
1098:
520:
516:
502:
239:
179:
30:
This article is about all species of turkey. For its meat, see
3465:
3151:
2292:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2019. Accessed 25 May 2022.
666:
390:), the male is bigger and much more colorful than the female.
8870:
8541:
8245:
7373:
6592:
3565:
2148:
Animal characters: nonhuman beings in early modern literature
1555:
and in all probability were the embryo flock for the popular
1444:
1422:
1175:
582:
438:
354:
2637:, from Rancho La Brea: Comparative osteology and systematics
1491:
7352:
3520:
2349:. University of Illinois Press, 2006. Accessed 25 May 2022.
1531:, and is often eaten at similar holiday occasions, such as
1353:(small, fleshy excrescences) that can be found on turkeys.
967:
855:. The name of the North American bird may have then become
350:
199:
2402:
1051:, where they held a cultural and symbolic importance. The
1056:
956:. These are thought to arise from the supposed belief of
3304:"My Life as a Turkey – Domesticated versus Wild Graphic"
3296:
3131:"Can Wild Turkeys Fly? (Height, Speed, Distance + FAQs)"
1371:
The snood functions in both intersexual and intrasexual
2659:
3330:"Why do we eat turkey for Thanksgiving and Christmas?"
3209:
1346:
centimeters, hanging well below the beak (see image).
1138:
or attack people that the birds view as subordinates.
8507:
2718:
2544:"Brookline backs down: Don't tussle with the turkeys"
8443:
8426:
8416:
8227:
8030:
7900:
7890:
7880:
7870:
7860:
7850:
7840:
7830:
7820:
7810:
7800:
7790:
7780:
7770:
7760:
7750:
7740:
7730:
7720:
7535:
7525:
7515:
7488:
7249:
7239:
7229:
7219:
7147:
7130:
7093:
7083:
7072:
7045:
7035:
7025:
7015:
7005:
6995:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6865:
6828:
6784:
6754:
6738:
6727:
6716:
6704:
6693:
6683:
6672:
6661:
6650:
6639:
3870:
1986:
Farner, Donald Stanley & King, James R. (1971).
1914:
1121:
1113:
Destruction and re-introduction in the United States
36:
Turkey (disambiguation) § Other common meanings
3270:
2774:
1249:in 1871. It has since been reassigned to the genus
843:, which were already being imported into Europe by
2593:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1981:
1979:
1847:
2907:Boden, Edward; Andrews, Anthony (24 March 2017).
2631:Bochenski, Z. M., and K. E. Campbell Jr. (2006).
2193:Dicionário Priberam da Lingua Portuguesa, "peru".
1954:"Earliest use of Mexican turkeys by ancient Maya"
1288:sp. (Late Pliocene of Macasphalt Shell Pit, U.S.)
444:was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
8903:
1305:(Late Pleistocene of southwestern North America)
961:
835:proposes two possible explanations for the name
3216:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2591:
2486:. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from
2366:"The fall and rise of Minnesota's wild turkeys"
2013:
1976:
1547:(1826–1913) recalls that her great-grandfather
1197:of Lime Creek, U.S.). The former is probably a
519:and are classified alongside them in the tribe
370:) of eastern and central North America and the
3322:
2960:
2383:
2381:
2284:
2282:
6551:
3481:
1595:strutting (spreading its feathers) in a field
1153:A number of turkeys have been described from
1086:
1068:
1062:
947:
923:
917:
2906:
2852:
2600:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2359:
2357:
2355:
2157:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 141.
1766:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1473:short flights to assist roosting in a tree.
933:
907:
3014:
2825:
2378:
2279:
7705:
6950:
6558:
6544:
3488:
3474:
1695:"Opinion | The Turkey's Turkey Connection"
1047:Turkeys were likely first domesticated in
134:
4325:
3540:
3383:
3381:
3253:
3235:
3186:
3176:
2940:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 133.
2802:
2751:
2741:
2695:
2685:
2452:"MassWildlife warns of turkey encounters"
2352:
1768:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 248.
1495:A roast turkey surrounded by a Christmas
4788:
3839:
3602:
3437:) is being considered for deletion. See
3397:. London: Fine Art Society. p. 22.
2987:
2484:"Preventing Conflicts with Wild Turkeys"
2390:"How Wild Turkeys Took Over New England"
2026:
1731:
1490:
1403:
1332:
1023:
812:
415:
332:
5119:
3800:
3360:"Why Do We Eat Turkey on Thanksgiving?"
3047:Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics
2883:The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management
2879:
2541:
2508:
2256:
2229:
2206:The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management
2202:
2004:
1930:. International Ornithologists' Union.
1763:
1692:
1157:. The Meleagridinae are known from the
14:
8904:
3387:
3378:
3008:
2913:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 235.
2828:"Snoods and wattles? A turkey's story"
2556:from the original on 28 September 2017
2449:
2387:
1964:from the original on 23 September 2017
1788:
1538:
1523:Turkey forms a central part of modern
981:, and the bird sometimes known as the
8630:
8629:
7692:
7438:
6937:
6617:
6539:
5118:
4787:
3539:
3469:
3284:from the original on 21 November 2016
2969:from the original on 25 December 2019
2933:
2910:Black's Student Veterinary Dictionary
2861:from the original on 23 November 2020
2301:
2267:from the original on 25 November 2021
2128:from the original on 21 December 2014
2027:Krulwich, Robert (27 November 2008).
1854:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1675:. University of Illinois Press 2006,
1448:during the sunrise and sunset hours.
851:. The birds were therefore nicknamed
568:IUCN status and estimated population
8889:39CB6BC6-C4E5-482F-97D2-9A525D770581
8876:9380B902-73DD-F0F0-0409-BDF93A25CCEA
8837:4382cb1a-7f62-4b04-b96f-0dd6bf111607
8762:59c67e1b-7bce-4eab-8234-2313ad71fdf8
8548:
3563:
2996:from the original on 16 January 2013
2542:Sweeney, Emily (28 September 2017).
2388:Abbott, Brianna (20 November 2018).
2257:Tozzer, Alfred M.; Allen, Glover M.
1713:from the original on 3 February 2020
863:, which was eventually shortened to
3366:from the original on 9 October 2019
3340:from the original on 7 October 2018
3310:from the original on 9 October 2019
2653:
2363:
2059:Webster's II New College Dictionary
1934:from the original on 5 October 2021
1924:"Pheasants, partridges, francolins"
1908:
1802:from the original on 24 August 2021
1745:from the original on 23 August 2021
1635:Webster's II New College Dictionary
1624:. Npr.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
1549:Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford
1269:
27:North American genus of large birds
24:
6618:
3404:from the original on 12 April 2019
2314:from the original on 22 April 2021
2260:Animal figures in the Maya codices
2069:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005,
2039:from the original on 11 April 2016
1693:Forsyth, Mark (27 November 2013).
1645:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005,
1205:is known from the Late Miocene of
1183:(Early Miocene of Bell, U.S.) and
1034:Animal figures in the Maya codices
1028:Depiction of ocellated turkeys in
515:. They are close relatives of the
481:Turkeys are classed in the family
25:
8943:
3441:to help reach a consensus. ›
3420:
2961:Melissa Mayntz (28 August 2019).
2509:Sweeney, Emily (25 August 2017).
2236:. Storey Publishing. p. 20.
2230:Damerow, Gail (15 January 2013).
2029:"Why A Turkey Is Called A Turkey"
1896:from the original on 14 July 2021
1841:
1615:"Why a Turkey Is Called a Turkey"
1122:Human conflicts with wild turkeys
783:
526:
8917:Extant Miocene first appearances
8608:
8591:
8574:
8557:
8529:
8517:
8491:
7674:
7439:
7420:
6919:
3059:10.1111/j.1439-0388.2004.00449.x
3015:Anne Readel (21 November 2022).
2726:): Genome Assembly and Analysis"
2302:Nield, David (18 January 2018).
2099:. University of Illinois Press.
1928:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
1795:Check-List of Birds of the World
1581:
1569:
1476:
1148:
743:
716:
708:
665:
589:
581:
531:The genus contains two species.
505:, and relatives thereof) in the
156:
59:
7693:
6938:
6528:185 living species in 32 genera
3495:
3203:
3145:
3123:
3098:
3073:
3034:
2981:
2954:
2927:
2900:
2886:. Stackpole Books. p. 33.
2873:
2846:
2819:
2768:
2712:
2633:The extinct California Turkey,
2625:
2585:
2568:
2535:
2502:
2476:
2450:Annear, Steve (24 April 2017).
2443:
2396:
2339:
2326:
2295:
2250:
2223:
2209:. Stackpole Books. p. 39.
2196:
2187:
2168:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2051:
1946:
889:In 1550, the English navigator
845:English merchants to the Levant
559:Scientific name and subspecies
5403:Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant
2347:The Turkey : AN AMERICAN STORY
2334:The Turkey : AN AMERICAN STORY
2146:Boehrer, Bruce Thomas (2011).
1814:
1782:
1757:
1725:
1686:
1656:
1627:
1607:
13:
1:
4258:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
3426:
3388:Nevill, Lady Dorothy (1894).
2937:Black's Veterinary Dictionary
2175:Twelfth Night: Act 2, Scene 5
2089:The Turkey: An American Story
1665:The Turkey: An American Story
1600:
1439:Wild turkeys feed on various
1313:groups turkeys in the family
1207:Westmoreland County, Virginia
1162:
1008:An infant turkey is called a
458:. The genus name is from the
5274:Chestnut-necklaced partridge
3278:"Amazing Facts About Turkey"
3017:"How Wild Turkeys Find Love"
2743:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000475
1032:according to the 1910 book,
7:
8932:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
4933:Chestnut-breasted partridge
3728:Szechenyi's monal-partridge
3081:"What Do Wild Turkeys Eat?"
2795:10.1093/gigascience/giad051
2578:and initially described as
1866:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091
1455:
1430:Wild turkey § Behavior
1399:
1366:
1349:Snoods are just one of the
1217:. One, the well-documented
924:
432:
10:
8948:
5423:Germain's peacock-pheasant
5083:Chestnut-bellied partridge
4286:Attwater's prairie chicken
3718:Verreaux's monal-partridge
2880:Dickson, James G. (1992).
2203:Dickson, James G. (1992).
2118:"The flight of the turkey"
1990:. Boston: Academic Press.
1764:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1562:
1480:
1434:
1427:
1328:
1019:
1001:) is sometimes called the
466:meaning "guineafowl". The
29:
8638:
8488:
8351:
8289:
8255:
8223:
8214:
8176:
8135:
8073:
7993:
7978:
7969:
7914:
7716:
7701:
7688:
7671:
7649:
7569:
7549:
7511:
7502:
7451:
7447:
7434:
7417:
7391:
7342:
7320:
7311:
7263:
7215:
7206:
7168:
7107:
7068:
7059:
6961:
6946:
6933:
6916:
6894:
6864:
6827:
6783:
6753:
6630:
6626:
6613:
6575:
6526:
6259:
6234:
6179:
6094:
6029:
6004:
5949:
5914:
5849:
5839:
5750:
5705:
5660:
5615:
5590:
5535:
5502:Mountain bamboo partridge
5490:
5480:
5433:Mountain peacock-pheasant
5381:
5336:
5311:
5301:
5262:
5227:
5202:
5177:
5142:
5132:
5128:
5114:
4983:Chestnut-headed partridge
4953:Rufous-throated partridge
4943:White-necklaced partridge
4903:
4880:
4857:
4834:
4821:Udzungwa forest partridge
4801:
4797:
4783:
4634:
4579:
4554:
4519:
4484:
4419:
4374:
4364:
4315:
4236:
4201:
4176:
4141:
4106:
4093:Black-billed capercaillie
4059:
4002:
3967:
3942:
3905:
3891:
3829:
3790:
3741:
3706:
3641:
3631:
3592:
3553:
3549:
3535:
3503:
3306:. PBS. 14 November 2011.
2409:Wildlife Society Bulletin
1467:
1255:, first interpreted as a
918:
827:, depicting a wild turkey
703:
572:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
295:
290:
274:
267:
153:Scientific classification
151:
142:
133:
47:
6570:and their extinct allies
5727:White-throated francolin
5512:Chinese bamboo partridge
5463:Bornean peacock-pheasant
5453:Malayan peacock-pheasant
5413:Palawan peacock-pheasant
5323:Crimson-headed partridge
5154:Vietnamese crested argus
3931:C. canadensis franklinii
3439:templates for discussion
3178:10.1186/1471-2164-13-391
2855:"Know your turkey parts"
2666:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2592:Broughton, Jack (1999).
2086:Smith, Andrew F. (2006)
1662:Andrew F. Smith (2006).
1529:United States of America
1143:Brookline, Massachusetts
1079:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
808:
8912:Birds described in 1758
6421:Double-spurred spurfowl
6301:Chestnut-naped spurfowl
6281:Mount Cameroon spurfowl
5522:Taiwan bamboo partridge
5443:Hainan peacock-pheasant
5093:Grey-breasted partridge
5033:Orange-necked partridge
5013:White-cheeked partridge
4811:Rubeho forest partridge
4496:Lady Amherst's pheasant
4270:Greater prairie chicken
4081:Cantabrian capercaillie
3458:genome assembly in the
3237:10.1073/pnas.0909724107
2687:10.1186/1471-2148-7-190
2619:24 October 2017 at the
2582:or "California peacock"
1828:(Supplement): 358–361.
1341:In anatomical terms, a
1278:sp. (Early Pliocene of
1259:, then soon after as a
1245:was first described by
1057:
882:, and soon thereafter,
6491:Grey-breasted spurfowl
6481:Yellow-necked spurfowl
6411:Hildebrandt's spurfowl
6311:Black-fronted spurfowl
6116:Przevalski's partridge
5812:Orange River francolin
5284:Green-legged partridge
5043:Red-breasted partridge
4611:Tibetan eared pheasant
4298:Lesser prairie chicken
4046:White-tailed ptarmigan
2990:"Mate choice research"
2934:Boden, Edward (1998).
2153:15 August 2021 at the
1504:
1425:
1338:
1311:retrotransposon marker
1209:. In the modern genus
1087:
1069:
1063:
1044:
962:
948:
934:
928:, 'bird of India') in
908:
828:
429:
342:
34:. For other uses, see
8858:Paleobiology Database
6451:Clapperton's spurfowl
6361:Grey-striped spurfowl
5802:Grey-winged francolin
5762:Ring-necked francolin
5557:Sri Lankan junglefowl
5393:Grey peacock-pheasant
5164:Malayan crested argus
4844:Ferruginous partridge
4726:Hoogerwerf's pheasant
4337:Long-billed partridge
2853:Graves, R.A. (2005).
2642:12 April 2019 at the
2635:Meleagris californica
2180:26 April 2021 at the
2065:17 March 2019 at the
1823:Acta Zoologica Sinica
1593:(Meleagris gallopavo)
1501:sparkling apple cider
1494:
1416:
1336:
1293:Meleagris californica
1247:Othniel Charles Marsh
1222:Meleagris californica
1141:In 2017, the town of
1083:Bernardino de Sahagún
1055:word for the turkey,
1027:
816:
795:– Southern California
790:Meleagris californica
419:
336:
8757:Fauna Europaea (new)
6341:Swierstra's spurfowl
6252:) (possibly extinct)
6166:Red-legged partridge
6016:Madagascar partridge
5772:Red-winged francolin
5737:Schlegel's francolin
5023:Bar-backed partridge
4963:Red-billed partridge
4716:Salvadori's pheasant
4621:Brown eared pheasant
4601:White eared pheasant
4441:Mrs. Hume's pheasant
4071:Western capercaillie
3336:. 25 November 2009.
2963:"The Turkey's Snood"
2826:ENature.com (2010).
2576:Parapavo californica
2124:. 20 December 2014.
2095:15 July 2020 at the
1922:, eds. (July 2021).
1835:23 June 2010 at the
1527:celebrations in the
1171:) onwards, with the
1097:, noting there were
1049:Pre-Columbian Mexico
1042:Glover Morrill Allen
958:Christopher Columbus
820:The Birds of America
337:Egg of wild turkey (
6501:Red-necked spurfowl
6471:Swainson's spurfowl
6381:Red-billed spurfowl
6271:Hartlaub's spurfowl
5971:Snow Mountain quail
5822:Shelley's francolin
4686:Vietnamese pheasant
4591:Blue eared pheasant
4248:Sharp-tailed grouse
4213:Greater sage-grouse
3693:Temminck's tragopan
3460:UCSC Genome Browser
3228:2010PNAS..107.2807S
3157:Meleagris gallopavo
2724:Meleagris gallopavo
2678:2007BMCEE...7..190K
2490:on 5 September 2017
2184:No Fear Shakespeare
1545:Lady Dorothy Nevill
1539:The Norfolk turkeys
1509:Meleagris gallopavo
1319:Meleagris gallopavo
1303:Meleagris crassipes
1230:last glacial period
1104:Turkeys were first
895:William Shakespeare
802:Southwestern turkey
799:Meleagris crassipes
737:The forests of the
601:Meleagris gallopavo
552:
476:Meleagris gallopavo
368:Meleagris gallopavo
339:Meleagris gallopavo
276:Meleagris gallopavo
6832:Quercymegapodiidae
6461:Harwood's spurfowl
6441:Heuglin's spurfowl
6371:Jackson's spurfowl
6221:Manipur bush quail
6211:Painted bush quail
6146:Philby's partridge
5881:Himalayan snowcock
5861:Caucasian snowcock
5792:Moorland francolin
5782:Finsch's francolin
5602:Latham's francolin
5467:P. schleiermacheri
5368:Sri Lanka spurfowl
5073:Sumatran partridge
4758:Swinhoe's pheasant
4680:L. erythrophthalma
4676:Crestless fireback
3874:Californian turkey
3021:The New York Times
2834:on 3 December 2013
2290:Britannica Library
1918:; Donsker, David;
1699:The New York Times
1671:2016-06-10 at the
1641:2019-03-17 at the
1620:2016-04-11 at the
1517:American Southwest
1505:
1426:
1339:
1242:Meleagris antiquus
1228:at the end of the
1106:exported to Europe
1045:
991:Ardeotis australis
987:Australian bustard
912:('from India') in
891:William Strickland
829:
825:John James Audubon
793:Californian turkey
728:Meleagris ocellata
534:
430:
428:) with a blue head
426:Meleagris ocellata
403:Columbian exchange
376:Meleagris ocellata
343:
8899:
8898:
8845:Open Tree of Life
8632:Taxon identifiers
8505:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8486:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8210:
8209:
7684:
7683:
7669:
7668:
7645:
7644:
7430:
7429:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7224:Archaealectrornis
7202:
7201:
6929:
6928:
6914:
6913:
6533:
6532:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6445:P. icterorhynchus
6365:P. griseostriatus
6331:Djibouti spurfowl
6321:Erckel's spurfowl
6305:P. castaneicollis
6291:Handsome spurfowl
6215:P. erythrorhyncha
6191:Jungle bush quail
6156:Barbary partridge
6106:Arabian partridge
5926:See-see partridge
5835:
5834:
5692:Chinese francolin
5682:Painted francolin
5627:Crested francolin
5476:
5475:
5297:
5296:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5053:Malayan partridge
4973:Siamese partridge
4923:Sichuan partridge
4867:Crested partridge
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4730:L. i. hoogerwerfi
4706:Imperial pheasant
4666:Edward's pheasant
4646:Bulwer's pheasant
4431:Elliot's pheasant
4406:Tibetan partridge
4396:Daurian partridge
4360:
4359:
4311:
4310:
4302:T. pallidicinctus
4262:T. p. columbianus
4085:T. u. cantabricus
3927:Franklin's grouse
3887:
3886:
3825:
3824:
3786:
3785:
3677:T. melanocephalus
3627:
3626:
3588:
3587:
2947:978-0-389-21017-7
2920:978-1-4729-3203-7
2893:978-0-8117-1859-2
2607:978-0-520-09828-2
2523:on 25 August 2017
2345:Andrew F. Smith.
2332:Andrew F. Smith.
2243:978-1-61212-014-0
2216:978-0-8117-1859-2
2105:978-0-252-03163-2
2075:978-0-618-39601-6
1997:978-0-12-249408-6
1920:Rasmussen, Pamela
1790:Peters, James Lee
1775:978-1-4081-2501-4
1681:978-0-252-03163-2
1651:978-0-618-39601-6
1559:breeds of today.
1414:
1219:California turkey
1053:Classical Nahuatl
983:Australian turkey
897:used the term in
781:
780:
739:Yucatán Peninsula
734:
652:(Linnaeus, 1758)
622:(Vieillot, 1817)
607:
565:Size and ecology
550:
380:Yucatán Peninsula
331:
330:
263:
128:
16:(Redirected from
8939:
8892:
8891:
8879:
8878:
8866:
8865:
8853:
8852:
8840:
8839:
8830:
8829:
8817:
8816:
8814:NHMSYS0000533447
8804:
8803:
8791:
8790:
8778:
8777:
8765:
8764:
8752:
8751:
8739:
8738:
8726:
8725:
8713:
8712:
8700:
8699:
8687:
8686:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8627:
8626:
8621:
8620:from Wikispecies
8613:
8612:
8611:
8604:
8596:
8595:
8594:
8587:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8570:
8562:
8561:
8560:
8550:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8513:
8496:
8495:
8445:
8428:
8418:
8229:
8221:
8220:
8032:
7976:
7975:
7902:
7892:
7882:
7872:
7862:
7852:
7842:
7832:
7822:
7812:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7742:
7732:
7722:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7702:
7690:
7689:
7679:
7678:
7537:
7527:
7517:
7509:
7508:
7490:
7449:
7448:
7436:
7435:
7425:
7424:
7318:
7317:
7251:
7241:
7231:
7221:
7213:
7212:
7149:
7132:
7095:
7085:
7074:
7066:
7065:
7047:
7037:
7027:
7017:
7007:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6959:
6958:
6948:
6947:
6935:
6934:
6924:
6923:
6867:
6848:Quercymegapodius
6830:
6786:
6756:
6740:
6729:
6718:
6706:
6695:
6685:
6674:
6663:
6655:Archaeophasianus
6652:
6641:
6628:
6627:
6615:
6614:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6136:Chukar partridge
6110:A. melanocephala
6045:C. coromandelica
5930:A. griseogularis
5891:Tibetan snowcock
5871:Caspian snowcock
5847:
5846:
5641:O. pondicerianus
5577:Green junglefowl
5488:
5487:
5358:Painted spurfowl
5309:
5308:
5140:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5116:
5115:
5063:Roll's partridge
5027:A. brunneopectus
5003:Taiwan partridge
4993:Hainan partridge
4967:A.a rubrirostris
4799:
4798:
4785:
4784:
4696:Crested fireback
4656:Siamese fireback
4570:Catreus wallichi
4471:Reeve's pheasant
4372:
4371:
4323:
4322:
4132:L. mlokosiewiczi
4128:Caucasian grouse
4014:Willow ptarmigan
3903:
3902:
3872:
3861:Ocellated turkey
3837:
3836:
3812:Koklass pheasant
3798:
3797:
3673:Western tragopan
3663:Cabot's tragopan
3653:Blyth's tragopan
3639:
3638:
3600:
3599:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3537:
3536:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3362:. Wonderopolis.
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3239:
3222:(7): 2807–2812.
3207:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2830:. Archived from
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2657:
2651:
2629:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2589:
2583:
2580:Pavo californica
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2549:The Boston Globe
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:. Archived from
2516:The Boston Globe
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2464:on 16 April 2019
2460:. Archived from
2457:The Boston Globe
2447:
2441:
2440:
2421:10.1002/wsb.1287
2400:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2361:
2350:
2343:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2308:sciencealert.com
2299:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2172:
2166:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2084:
2078:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2024:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1845:
1839:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1690:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1585:
1573:
1543:In her memoirs,
1415:
1384:with intestinal
1167:
1164:
1092:
1072:
1066:
1060:
965:
951:
937:
927:
921:
920:
911:
772:
747:
732:
720:
712:
705:Ocellated turkey
694:
669:
634:(Sennett, 1879)
632:M. g. intermedia
620:M. g. silvestris
605:
593:
585:
553:
542:
533:
422:ocellated turkey
372:ocellated turkey
255:
161:
160:
138:
122:
121:
58:
51:Temporal range:
45:
44:
21:
8947:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8936:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8887:
8882:
8874:
8869:
8861:
8856:
8848:
8843:
8835:
8833:
8825:
8820:
8812:
8807:
8799:
8794:
8786:
8781:
8773:
8768:
8760:
8755:
8747:
8742:
8734:
8729:
8721:
8716:
8708:
8703:
8695:
8690:
8682:
8677:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8634:
8624:
8614:
8609:
8607:
8597:
8592:
8590:
8580:
8575:
8573:
8569:from Wiktionary
8563:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8549:sister projects
8546:at Knowledge's
8540:
8530:
8528:
8518:
8516:
8508:
8506:
8497:
8490:
8474:
8347:
8285:
8251:
8206:
8178:Polyplectronini
8172:
8131:
8069:
7989:
7965:
7910:
7805:Palaeocryptonyx
7755:Eurobambusicola
7710:
7697:
7680:
7673:
7665:
7641:
7565:
7545:
7498:
7443:
7426:
7419:
7407:
7379:
7338:
7307:
7259:
7198:
7164:
7103:
7055:
7020:Palaeoalectoris
6955:
6942:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6890:
6869:Sylviornithidae
6860:
6823:
6779:
6758:Gallinuloididae
6749:
6622:
6609:
6571:
6564:
6534:
6529:
6510:
6425:P. bicalcaratus
6415:P. hildebrandti
6351:Ahanta spurfowl
6285:P. camerunensis
6255:
6250:O. superciliosa
6246:Himalayan quail
6230:
6225:P. manipurensis
6201:Rock bush quail
6175:
6090:
6051:Harlequin quail
6025:
6020:M. madagarensis
6000:
5965:S. ypsilophorus
5945:
5910:
5885:T. himalayensis
5831:
5776:S. levaillantii
5766:S. streptophora
5746:
5717:Coqui francolin
5701:
5672:Black francolin
5656:
5647:Swamp francolin
5611:
5586:
5567:Grey junglefowl
5531:
5472:
5397:P. bicalcaratum
5377:
5332:
5327:H. sanguiniceps
5304:Polyplectronini
5293:
5258:
5223:
5198:
5173:
5124:
5102:
5007:A. crudigularis
4899:
4890:Black partridge
4876:
4853:
4830:
4825:X. udzungwensis
4793:
4767:
4748:Silver pheasant
4742:L. leucomelanos
4630:
4605:C. crossoptilon
4575:
4550:
4531:Common pheasant
4515:
4506:Golden pheasant
4480:
4465:S. soemmerringi
4461:Copper pheasant
4451:Mikado pheasant
4415:
4356:
4347:Dulit partridge
4341:R. longirostris
4307:
4290:T. c. attwateri
4252:T. phasianellus
4232:
4223:Gunnison grouse
4217:C. urophasianus
4197:
4172:
4137:
4102:
4097:T. urogalloides
4055:
3998:
3963:
3954:Siberian grouse
3938:
3896:
3883:
3821:
3782:
3763:Sclater's monal
3753:Himalayan monal
3737:
3702:
3623:
3584:
3545:
3531:
3499:
3494:
3442:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3208:
3204:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2773:
2769:
2736:(9): e1000475.
2717:
2713:
2658:
2654:
2644:Wayback Machine
2630:
2626:
2621:Wayback Machine
2608:
2590:
2586:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2448:
2444:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2364:Stanley, Greg.
2362:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:Wayback Machine
2173:
2169:
2155:Wayback Machine
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2097:Wayback Machine
2085:
2081:
2067:Wayback Machine
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1846:
1842:
1837:Wayback Machine
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1691:
1687:
1673:Wayback Machine
1661:
1657:
1643:Wayback Machine
1632:
1628:
1622:Wayback Machine
1612:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1574:
1565:
1541:
1489:
1483:Domestic turkey
1479:
1470:
1458:
1437:
1432:
1404:
1402:
1394:red blood cells
1369:
1331:
1272:
1215:junior synonyms
1165:
1151:
1124:
1115:
1022:
999:Anhinga anhinga
811:
786:
776:
770:
761:
760:
755:
754:
742:
731:
721:
715:
713:
698:
692:
683:
682:
677:
676:
664:
656:
655:
650:M. g. gallopavo
640:(Nelson, 1900)
616:
615:
609:
608:
604:
594:
588:
586:
578:domestic turkey
529:
455:Systema Naturae
435:
395:domestic turkey
286:
283:
254:
155:
129:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
53:
52:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8945:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8880:
8867:
8854:
8841:
8831:
8818:
8805:
8792:
8779:
8766:
8753:
8740:
8727:
8714:
8701:
8688:
8675:
8660:
8644:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8623:
8622:
8605:
8603:from Wikiquote
8588:
8571:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8526:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8465:
8458:
8451:
8441:
8434:
8431:Proagriocharis
8424:
8421:Palaealectoris
8414:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8372:
8365:
8357:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8295:
8293:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8261:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8182:
8180:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8141:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8101:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8077:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8007:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7979:
7973:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7920:
7918:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7888:
7878:
7868:
7858:
7848:
7838:
7828:
7818:
7808:
7798:
7788:
7778:
7775:Megalocoturnix
7768:
7758:
7748:
7738:
7728:
7717:
7711:
7706:
7699:
7698:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7661:
7655:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7632:
7625:
7618:
7611:
7604:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7575:
7573:
7571:Odontophorinae
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7533:
7523:
7512:
7506:
7504:Odontophoridae
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7455:
7445:
7444:
7432:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7348:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7336:
7329:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7269:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7237:
7227:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7145:
7138:
7128:
7121:
7113:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7091:
7081:
7069:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7023:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6962:
6956:
6951:
6944:
6943:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6881:
6873:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6836:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6792:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6774:Paraortygoides
6770:
6762:
6760:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6736:
6725:
6714:
6702:
6691:
6681:
6670:
6659:
6648:
6636:
6634:
6632:incertae sedis
6624:
6623:
6620:Pangalliformes
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6605:Pangalliformes
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6498:
6488:
6485:P. leucoscepus
6478:
6468:
6458:
6455:P. clappertoni
6448:
6438:
6431:Scaly spurfowl
6428:
6418:
6408:
6401:Natal spurfowl
6398:
6388:
6378:
6368:
6358:
6348:
6338:
6335:P. ochropectus
6328:
6318:
6308:
6298:
6288:
6278:
6267:
6265:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6242:
6240:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6187:
6185:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6163:
6153:
6143:
6133:
6126:Rock partridge
6123:
6113:
6102:
6100:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6071:Japanese quail
6068:
6058:
6055:C. delegorguei
6048:
6037:
6035:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6012:
6010:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5988:
5978:
5975:S. monorthonyx
5968:
5957:
5955:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5936:Sand partridge
5933:
5922:
5920:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5901:Altai snowcock
5898:
5888:
5878:
5868:
5857:
5855:
5844:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5819:
5809:
5799:
5789:
5779:
5769:
5758:
5756:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5731:C. albogularis
5724:
5713:
5711:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5696:F. pintadeanus
5689:
5679:
5676:F. francolinus
5668:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5637:Grey francolin
5634:
5623:
5621:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5598:
5596:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5574:
5564:
5554:
5547:Red junglefowl
5543:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5498:
5496:
5485:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5450:
5440:
5430:
5420:
5410:
5400:
5389:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5372:G. bicalcarata
5365:
5355:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5319:
5317:
5306:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5246:
5239:Indian peafowl
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5210:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5185:
5183:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5161:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5126:
5125:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5040:
5030:
5020:
5017:A. atrogularis
5010:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4960:
4957:A. rufogularis
4950:
4940:
4930:
4920:
4913:Hill partridge
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4745:
4738:Kalij pheasant
4735:
4734:
4733:
4713:
4703:
4693:
4690:L. hatinhensis
4683:
4673:
4663:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4625:C.mantchuricum
4618:
4608:
4598:
4587:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:Cheer pheasant
4562:
4560:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4541:Green pheasant
4538:
4527:
4525:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4492:
4490:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4458:
4448:
4438:
4427:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4393:
4386:Grey partridge
4382:
4380:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4333:
4331:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4220:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4163:Chinese grouse
4160:
4149:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4114:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4043:
4036:Rock ptarmigan
4033:
4032:
4031:
4010:
4008:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3993:D. fuliginosus
3986:
3975:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3958:F. falcipennis
3950:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3913:
3911:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3878:M. californica
3868:
3858:
3847:
3845:
3834:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3808:
3806:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3760:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3683:Satyr tragopan
3680:
3670:
3660:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:Blood pheasant
3610:
3608:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3575:Snow partridge
3571:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3450:
3422:
3421:External links
3419:
3416:
3415:
3377:
3351:
3321:
3295:
3269:
3202:
3144:
3122:
3097:
3072:
3053:(3): 176–185.
3033:
3007:
2980:
2953:
2946:
2926:
2919:
2899:
2892:
2872:
2845:
2818:
2767:
2711:
2652:
2624:
2606:
2584:
2567:
2534:
2501:
2475:
2442:
2395:
2377:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2294:
2278:
2249:
2242:
2222:
2215:
2195:
2186:
2167:
2139:
2109:
2079:
2050:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1975:
1945:
1907:
1840:
1813:
1792:, ed. (1934).
1781:
1774:
1756:
1733:Linnaeus, Carl
1724:
1685:
1655:
1626:
1613:Dickson, 362;
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:Norfolk turkey
1553:Wolterton Hall
1540:
1537:
1503:and vegetables
1487:Turkey as food
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1436:
1433:
1417:A turkey in a
1401:
1398:
1368:
1365:
1330:
1327:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1271:
1270:Fossil species
1268:
1226:climate change
1195:Early Pliocene
1186:Proagriocharis
1150:
1147:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1021:
1018:
952:('Indian') in
861:Indian turkeys
849:Constantinople
810:
807:
806:
805:
796:
785:
784:Fossil species
782:
779:
778:
771: NT
766:
748:
735:
724:
701:
700:
693: LC
688:
670:
657:
654:
653:
647:
646:(Gould, 1856)
644:M. g. mexicana
641:
638:M. g. merriami
635:
629:
628:(Scott, 1890)
623:
614:Six subspecies
613:
612:
611:
610:
606:Linnaeus, 1758
597:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
551:– two species
528:
527:Extant species
525:
434:
431:
329:
328:
327:
326:
318:
315:M. californica
310:
303:
293:
292:
288:
287:
285:Linnaeus, 1758
284:
272:
271:
265:
264:
247:
243:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
149:
148:
140:
139:
131:
130:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8944:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8890:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8832:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8684:Meleagridinae
8680:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8661:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8628:
8619:
8618:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8589:
8585:
8584:
8572:
8568:
8567:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8545:
8537:
8527:
8525:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8494:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8442:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8373:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8254:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8226:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8162:
8161:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8116:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8029:
8027:
8026:
8025:Margaroperdix
8022:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7984:Tropicoperdix
7981:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7875:Shandongornis
7869:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7749:
7747:
7746:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7691:
7687:
7677:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7638:
7637:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7551:Ptilopachinae
7548:
7542:
7541:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7186:Macrocephalon
7183:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7004:
7002:
7001:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6980:Bumbanipodius
6974:
6972:
6971:
6964:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6922:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6878:Megavitiornis
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6788:Paraortygidae
6782:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6767:Gallinuloides
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6744:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6682:
6679:
6678:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6569:
6561:
6556:
6554:
6549:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6525:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6495:P. rufopictus
6492:
6489:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6475:P. swainsonii
6472:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6405:P. natalensis
6402:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6391:Cape spurfowl
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6355:P. ahantensis
6352:
6349:
6346:
6345:P. swierstrai
6342:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6086:
6085:C. pectoralis
6082:
6081:Stubble quail
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6028:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6007:Margaroperdix
6003:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5865:T. caucasicus
5862:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5838:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5816:S. gutturalis
5813:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5796:S. psilolaema
5793:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5741:C. schlegelii
5738:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5571:G. sonneratii
5568:
5565:
5562:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5516:B. thoracicus
5513:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5447:P. katsumatae
5444:
5441:
5438:
5437:P. inopinatum
5434:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5300:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5278:T. charltonii
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:Tropicoperdix
5261:
5254:
5250:
5249:Green peafowl
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5215:
5214:Congo peafowl
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5169:
5168:R. nigrescens
5165:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5098:
5097:A. orientalis
5094:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5047:A. hyperythra
5044:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4987:A. cambodiana
4984:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4927:A. rufipectus
4924:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4815:X. obscuratus
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4782:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4752:L. nycthemera
4749:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:L. imperialis
4707:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4545:P. versicolor
4542:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4500:C. amherstiae
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4410:P. hodgsoniae
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4352:
4351:R. dulitensis
4348:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4188:Ruffed grouse
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4028:L. l. scotica
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:C. canadensis
3918:
3917:Spruce grouse
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3817:
3816:P. macrolopha
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3778:
3774:
3773:Chinese monal
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3732:T. szechenyii
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3697:T. temminckii
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3132:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3022:
3018:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2988:Buchholz, R.
2984:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2650:, Number 509.
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2335:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2122:The Economist
2119:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1988:Avian biology
1982:
1980:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1594:
1591:
1588:A male (tom)
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1477:Use by humans
1474:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:immune system
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1298:Parapavo/Pavo
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1264:Cariamiformes
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1159:Early Miocene
1156:
1149:Fossil record
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:pecking order
1119:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1038:Alfred Tozzer
1035:
1031:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
964:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
936:
931:
926:
915:
910:
904:
902:
901:
900:Twelfth Night
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:The linguist
826:
822:
821:
815:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
787:
777:
774:
773:
767:
764:
758:
752:
749:
746:
740:
736:
730:
729:
725:
723:
719:
711:
706:
702:
699:
696:
695:
689:
686:
680:
674:
671:
668:
662:
658:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:M. g. osceola
624:
621:
618:
617:
603:
602:
598:
596:
592:
584:
579:
575:
571:
554:
549:
545:
540:
539:
532:
524:
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Ancient Greek
457:
456:
451:
450:tenth edition
447:
446:Carl Linnaeus
443:
440:
427:
423:
418:
414:
411:
406:
404:
401:, during the
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
356:
352:
348:
340:
335:
325:
324:
319:
317:
316:
311:
309:
308:
304:
302:
301:
297:
296:
294:
289:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
132:
126:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
46:
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8639:
8615:
8598:
8586:from Commons
8581:
8564:
8543:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8448:Rhegminornis
8446:
8436:
8429:
8419:
8410:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8388:
8381:
8376:Centrocercus
8374:
8367:
8360:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8314:Crossoptilon
8312:
8307:Chrysolophus
8305:
8298:
8278:
8273:Tetraophasis
8271:
8264:
8257:Lophophorini
8244:
8237:
8230:
8201:Polyplectron
8199:
8192:
8185:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8091:Campocolinus
8089:
8082:
8064:Tetraogallus
8062:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8023:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7982:
7958:
7951:
7944:
7939:Melanoperdix
7937:
7930:
7923:
7903:
7895:Titanoperdix
7893:
7883:
7873:
7863:
7855:Rustaviornis
7853:
7843:
7833:
7825:Panraogallus
7823:
7813:
7803:
7793:
7783:
7773:
7763:
7753:
7743:
7733:
7723:
7634:
7627:
7620:
7615:Odontophorus
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7558:
7538:
7528:
7518:
7491:
7481:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7441:Phasianoidea
7393:Phasianoidea
7372:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7331:
7324:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7252:
7244:Palaeonossax
7242:
7232:
7222:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7157:
7150:
7140:
7133:
7123:
7116:
7096:
7086:
7075:
7061:Megapodiidae
7048:
7040:Sobniogallus
7038:
7028:
7018:
7008:
6998:
6988:
6978:
6968:
6883:
6876:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6772:
6765:
6741:
6730:
6719:
6708:
6696:
6686:
6675:
6664:
6653:
6642:
6631:
6599:Galloanserae
6597:Superorder:
6504:
6494:
6484:
6474:
6464:
6454:
6444:
6435:P. squamatus
6434:
6424:
6414:
6404:
6394:
6385:P. adspersus
6384:
6374:
6364:
6354:
6344:
6334:
6324:
6315:P. atrifrons
6314:
6304:
6294:
6284:
6275:P. hartlaubi
6274:
6260:
6249:
6235:
6224:
6214:
6205:P. argoondah
6204:
6194:
6180:
6169:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6109:
6095:
6084:
6074:
6064:
6061:Common quail
6054:
6044:
6030:
6019:
6005:
5995:S. chinensis
5994:
5985:S. adansonii
5984:
5974:
5964:
5950:
5939:
5929:
5915:
5904:
5895:T. tibetanus
5894:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5852:Tetraogallus
5850:
5825:
5815:
5805:
5795:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5751:
5740:
5730:
5720:
5708:Campocolinus
5706:
5695:
5685:
5675:
5661:
5650:
5640:
5630:
5616:
5605:
5591:
5580:
5570:
5561:G. lafayetii
5560:
5550:
5536:
5526:B. sonorivox
5525:
5515:
5505:
5491:
5466:
5457:P. malacense
5456:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5407:P. chalcurum
5406:
5396:
5384:Polyplectron
5382:
5371:
5361:
5351:
5348:Red spurfowl
5337:
5326:
5312:
5288:T. chloropus
5287:
5277:
5263:
5252:
5243:P. cristatus
5242:
5228:
5218:A. congensis
5217:
5203:
5192:
5178:
5167:
5157:
5143:
5096:
5086:
5077:A. sumatrana
5076:
5066:
5057:A. campbelli
5056:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5016:
5006:
4996:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4937:A. mandellii
4936:
4926:
4917:A. torqueola
4916:
4893:
4882:Melanoperdix
4870:
4847:
4824:
4814:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4729:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4659:
4649:
4635:
4624:
4614:
4604:
4594:
4582:Crossoptilon
4580:
4569:
4555:
4544:
4535:P. colchicus
4534:
4520:
4509:
4499:
4487:Chrysolophus
4485:
4474:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4420:
4409:
4399:
4389:
4375:
4350:
4340:
4326:
4318:Rhizotherini
4301:
4289:
4273:
4261:
4251:
4237:
4226:
4216:
4204:Centrocercus
4202:
4191:
4177:
4167:T. sewerzowi
4166:
4156:
4153:Hazel grouse
4142:
4131:
4121:
4118:Black grouse
4107:
4096:
4084:
4075:T. urogallus
4074:
4060:
4049:
4039:
4027:
4017:
4003:
3992:
3989:Sooty grouse
3982:
3979:Dusky grouse
3968:
3957:
3943:
3930:
3920:
3906:
3877:
3864:
3855:M. gallopavo
3854:
3841:
3840:
3832:Meleagridini
3815:
3801:
3776:
3766:
3757:L. impejanus
3756:
3742:
3731:
3721:
3709:Tetraophasis
3707:
3696:
3686:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3642:
3634:Lophophorini
3617:
3603:
3578:
3564:
3454:
3432:
3406:. Retrieved
3390:
3368:. Retrieved
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3333:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3272:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3168:
3164:BMC Genomics
3162:
3156:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3110:www.nwtf.org
3109:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:
3010:
2998:. Retrieved
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2956:
2936:
2929:
2909:
2902:
2882:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:the original
2821:
2786:
2780:
2770:
2733:
2730:PLOS Biology
2729:
2723:
2714:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2647:
2634:
2627:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2547:
2537:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:the original
2514:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2455:
2445:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2371:Star Tribune
2369:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2307:
2297:
2289:
2269:. Retrieved
2259:
2252:
2232:
2225:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2170:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2121:
2112:
2088:
2082:
2058:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2032:
2006:
1987:
1968:23 September
1966:. Retrieved
1958:ScienceDaily
1957:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1927:
1910:
1898:. Retrieved
1857:
1853:
1843:
1830:PDF fulltext
1825:
1822:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1765:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1737:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1698:
1688:
1664:
1658:
1634:
1629:
1609:
1592:
1542:
1525:Thanksgiving
1522:
1508:
1507:The species
1506:
1471:
1459:
1450:
1438:
1370:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1275:
1261:bathornithid
1250:
1240:
1234:
1221:
1210:
1202:
1199:basal turkey
1191:Late Miocene
1184:
1180:Rhegminornis
1178:
1152:
1140:
1125:
1116:
1103:
1095:Tenochtitlán
1046:
1033:
1030:Maya codices
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:water turkey
1002:
998:
990:
982:
975:brushturkeys
972:
905:
898:
888:
883:
879:
876:turkey-cocks
875:
872:domesticated
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
836:
830:
818:
804:- New Mexico
798:
789:
775:
769:
762:
756:
750:
733:Cuvier, 1820
726:
707:
697:
691:
684:
678:
672:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
599:
580:
556:Common name
537:
536:
530:
480:
475:
468:type species
463:
453:
441:
436:
425:
407:
392:
375:
367:
358:
357:
346:
344:
338:
323:M. crassipes
321:
313:
305:
300:M. gallopavo
298:
275:
269:Type species
250:
249:
42:
40:
8783:iNaturalist
8664:Wikispecies
8566:Definitions
8536:Agriculture
8469:Tympanuchus
8390:Falcipennis
8383:Dendragapus
8266:Lophophorus
8232:Chauvireria
8216:Phasianinae
8194:Haematortyx
8187:Galloperdix
8126:Scleroptila
8098:Francolinus
8084:Bambusicola
7995:Coturnicini
7925:Arborophila
7885:Shanxiornis
7865:Schaubortyx
7765:Lophogallus
7735:Centuriavis
7708:Phasianidae
7695:Phasianidae
7660:See below ↓
7651:Phasianidae
7636:Rhynchortyx
7601:Dactylortyx
7560:Ptilopachus
7402:See below ↓
7281:Chamaepetes
7265:Penelopinae
7234:Boreortalis
7170:Megapodiini
7135:Latagallina
7098:Ngawupodius
7077:Garrdimalga
6990:Bumbanortyx
6953:Galliformes
6940:Galliformes
6905:See below ↓
6896:Galliformes
6841:Ameripodius
6818:Xorazmortyx
6811:Scopelortyx
6688:Chambiortyx
6677:Austinornis
6644:Anisolornis
6465:P. harwoodi
6395:P. capensis
6375:P. jacksoni
6325:P. erckelii
6195:P. asiatica
6075:C. japonica
6065:C. coturnix
5961:Brown quail
5905:T. altaicus
5842:Coturnicini
5826:S. shelleyi
5753:Scleroptila
5663:Francolinus
5631:O. sephaena
5493:Bambusicola
5427:P. germaini
5417:P. emphanum
5362:G. lunulata
5352:G. spadicea
5339:Galloperdix
5314:Haematortyx
5189:Great argus
5158:R. ocellata
5087:A. javanica
4905:Arborophila
4762:L. swinhoii
4720:L. inornata
4670:L. edwardsi
4400:P. dauurica
4239:Tympanuchus
4192:B. umbellus
3983:D. obscurus
3970:Dendragapus
3945:Falcipennis
3865:M. ocellata
3851:Wild turkey
3767:L. sclateri
3744:Lophophorus
3722:T. obscurus
3618:I. cruentus
3543:Phasianinae
3527:Galliformes
3497:Phasianidae
3427:‹ The
3370:24 December
3344:24 December
3314:27 December
3288:24 December
3280:. OneKind.
3137:19 February
3115:26 February
3090:26 February
3026:21 November
2973:28 November
2782:GigaScience
2614:lay summary
2271:25 November
2132:22 December
1916:Gill, Frank
1590:wild turkey
1419:petting zoo
1358:cannibalism
1323:Galliformes
1315:Phasianidae
1280:Bone Valley
1081:and Father
1058:huehxōlō-tl
880:turkey-hens
857:turkey fowl
853:turkey coqs
817:Plate 1 of
661:Mesoamerica
574:Wild turkey
513:Galliformes
483:Phasianidae
472:wild turkey
462:μελεαγρις,
410:guinea fowl
388:Galliformes
364:wild turkey
349:is a large
307:M. ocellata
280:wild turkey
230:Phasianinae
226:Subfamily:
220:Phasianidae
210:Galliformes
145:wild turkey
32:Turkey meat
8922:Game birds
8906:Categories
8600:Quotations
8369:Canachites
8353:Tetraonini
8342:Syrmaticus
8291:Phasianini
8167:Rheinardia
8153:Argusianus
8119:Peliperdix
8112:Ortygornis
8050:Pternistis
8011:Ammoperdix
7960:Xenoperdix
7946:Rhizothera
7932:Caloperdix
7916:Rollulinae
7845:Plioperdix
7835:Pliogallus
7815:Palaeortyx
7745:Diangallus
7608:Dendrortyx
7580:Callipepla
7326:Oreophasis
7295:Penelopina
7193:Megapodius
7118:Aepypodius
7109:Alecturini
7000:Linquornis
6885:Sylviornis
6732:Percolinus
6710:Gigantibis
6698:Coturnipes
6666:Argillipes
6566:Genera of
6295:P. nobilis
6262:Pternistis
6160:A. barbara
6150:A. philbyi
6041:Rain quail
5991:King quail
5981:Blue quail
5917:Ammoperdix
5875:T. caspius
5786:S. finschi
5651:O. gularis
5618:Ortygornis
5606:P. lathami
5593:Peliperdix
5506:B. fytchii
5253:P. muticus
5180:Argusianus
5145:Rheinardia
5120:Subfamily
4977:A. diversa
4947:A. gingica
4871:R. rouloul
4848:C. oculeus
4836:Caloperdix
4803:Xenoperdix
4791:Rollulinae
4789:Subfamily
4650:L. bulweri
4615:C. harmani
4595:C. auritum
4475:S. reevesi
4435:S. ellioti
4422:Syrmaticus
4367:Phasianini
4328:Rhizothera
4227:C. minimus
4157:T. bonasia
4050:L. leucura
4024:Red grouse
4018:L. lagopus
3908:Canachites
3894:Tetraonini
3793:Pucrasiini
3777:L. lhuysii
3657:T. blythii
3595:Ithaginini
3541:Subfamily
3408:2 December
3133:. BirdFact
3085:The Spruce
2672:(1): 190.
2318:21 January
2288:"Turkey."
2163:0812201361
1860:: 107091.
1717:3 February
1601:References
1481:See also:
1428:See also:
1132:habituated
841:guineafowl
521:Tetraonini
499:junglefowl
495:francolins
491:partridges
240:Tetraonini
147:strutting
54:23–0
8927:Meleagris
8697:Meleagris
8670:Meleagris
8640:Meleagris
8462:Tetrastes
8411:Meleagris
8335:Phasianus
8239:Ithaginis
8043:Perdicula
8004:Alectoris
7971:Pavoninae
7905:Tologuica
7785:Miogallus
7629:Philortyx
7469:Agelastes
7462:Acryllium
7453:Numididae
7367:Nothocrax
7159:Talegalla
7050:Taoperdix
7010:Namaortyx
6855:Taubacrex
6797:Paraortyx
6743:Tegulavis
6721:Litoripes
6579:Kingdom:
6182:Perdicula
6140:A. chukar
6130:A. graeca
6097:Alectoris
5686:F. pictus
5581:G. varius
5551:G. gallus
5122:Pavoninae
5037:A. davidi
4997:A. ardens
4700:L. ignita
4660:L. diardi
4522:Phasianus
4510:C. pictus
4455:S. mikado
4445:S. humiae
4390:P. perdix
4282:(extinct)
4280:Heath hen
4274:T. cupido
4144:Tetrastes
4122:L. tetrix
3842:Meleagris
3687:T. satyra
3667:T. caboti
3605:Ithaginis
3507:Kingdom:
3452:View the
3444:Meleagris
3246:0027-8424
3067:0931-2668
2574:Formerly
2527:25 August
2494:25 August
2468:25 August
2437:248933133
2429:2328-5540
2077:, p. 1217
1938:23 August
1890:231963063
1874:1055-7903
1806:24 August
1749:24 August
1707:0362-4331
1653:, p. 1217
1533:Christmas
1499:, gravy,
1382:infection
1373:selection
1351:caruncles
1286:Meleagris
1276:Meleagris
1237:Oligocene
1211:Meleagris
1203:Meleagris
1189:(Kimball
1166: 23
1075:ideograms
1064:guajolote
979:megapodes
944:Ukrainian
925:indyushka
833:Mario Pei
538:Meleagris
507:taxonomic
487:pheasants
464:meleagris
442:Meleagris
378:) of the
359:Meleagris
251:Meleagris
176:Kingdom:
170:Eukaryota
18:Meleagris
8736:45510618
8649:Wikidata
8438:Pucrasia
8280:Tragopan
8146:Afropavo
8137:Pavonini
8057:Synoicus
8036:Ophrysia
8018:Coturnix
7953:Rollulus
7795:Mioryaba
7725:Bantamyx
7622:Oreortyx
7594:Cyrtonyx
7530:Nanortyx
7493:Telecrex
7313:Cracinae
7288:Penelope
7208:Cracidae
7125:Alectura
6970:Amitabha
6804:Pirortyx
6587:Chordata
6585:Phylum:
6581:Animalia
6568:landfowl
6237:Ophrysia
6120:A. magna
6032:Coturnix
5952:Synoicus
5721:C. coqui
5205:Afropavo
5193:A. argus
5135:Pavonini
5067:A. rolli
4894:M. niger
4859:Rollulus
3803:Pucrasia
3644:Tragopan
3579:L. lerwa
3515:Chordata
3513:Phylum:
3509:Animalia
3429:template
3399:Archived
3364:Archived
3338:Archived
3308:Archived
3282:Archived
3264:20133614
3197:22891612
2994:Archived
2967:Archived
2859:Archived
2813:37489751
2804:10360393
2762:20838655
2706:17925025
2640:Archived
2617:Archived
2554:Archived
2312:Archived
2265:Archived
2178:Archived
2151:Archived
2126:Archived
2093:Archived
2063:Archived
2037:Archived
1962:Archived
1932:Archived
1900:1 August
1894:Archived
1882:33545275
1833:Archived
1800:Archived
1743:Archived
1735:(1758).
1711:Archived
1683:, p. 17.
1669:Archived
1639:Archived
1618:Archived
1497:log cake
1462:preening
1456:Grooming
1441:wildlife
1400:Behavior
1386:coccidia
1367:Function
1252:Paracrax
1136:dominate
1089:tianguis
741:, Mexico
544:Linnaeus
433:Taxonomy
291:Species
257:Linnaeus
216:Family:
190:Chordata
186:Phylum:
180:Animalia
166:Domain:
127:– Recent
8884:ZooBank
8775:2473548
8510:Portals
8404:Lyrurus
8397:Lagopus
8321:Lophura
8300:Catreus
8075:Gallini
7587:Colinus
7540:Neortyx
7520:Miortyx
7476:Guttera
7344:Cracini
7333:Ortalis
7274:Aburria
7254:Procrax
7179:Eulipoa
7152:Progura
7030:Procrax
6603:Clade:
6591:Class:
6505:P. afer
6170:A. rufa
5940:A. heyi
5806:S. afra
5483:Gallini
4637:Lophura
4557:Catreus
4109:Lyrurus
4040:L. muta
4005:Lagopus
3556:Lerwini
3525:Order:
3519:Class:
3455:melGal1
3431:below (
3255:2840336
3224:Bibcode
3188:3496629
3171:: 391.
2753:2935454
2697:2169234
2674:Bibcode
2560:22 June
2107:. p. 17
2043:18 July
1563:Gallery
1435:Feeding
1329:Anatomy
1282:, U.S.)
1239:fossil
1173:extinct
1155:fossils
1099:tamales
1020:History
995:anhinga
993:). The
985:is the
954:Turkish
930:Russian
919:индюшка
884:turkeys
865:turkeys
757:Habitat
722:Female
679:Habitat
595:Female
470:is the
452:of his
448:in the
420:A male
399:Eurasia
353:in the
246:Genus:
236:Tribe:
206:Order:
196:Class:
143:A male
125:Miocene
8850:446481
8834:NZOR:
8801:176135
8749:1MLEAG
8655:Q43794
8544:Turkey
8455:Tetrao
8362:Bonasa
8328:Perdix
8105:Gallus
7483:Numida
7302:Pipile
7142:Leipoa
7088:Mwalau
5840:Tribe
5538:Gallus
5481:Tribe
5302:Tribe
5133:Tribe
4377:Perdix
4365:Tribe
4316:Tribe
4179:Bonasa
4062:Tetrao
3898:Grouse
3892:Tribe
3830:Tribe
3791:Tribe
3632:Tribe
3593:Tribe
3554:Tribe
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1468:Flight
1445:grains
1377:dyadic
1257:cracid
1176:genera
946:, and
940:Polish
914:French
837:turkey
562:Range
535:Genus
517:grouse
503:grouse
384:wattle
347:turkey
123:Early
48:Turkey
8871:Plazi
8863:39341
8583:Media
8524:Birds
8246:Lerwa
7374:Pauxi
3566:Lerwa
3402:(PDF)
3395:(PDF)
3334:Slate
3000:3 May
2865:3 May
2838:3 May
2433:S2CID
2415:(2).
1886:S2CID
1423:Japan
1343:snood
1093:) of
1014:poult
1010:chick
949:hindi
935:indyk
909:dinde
809:Names
510:order
439:genus
355:genus
8827:9102
8822:NCBI
8796:ITIS
8770:GBIF
8744:EPPO
8723:5NN8
8710:6833
8705:BOLD
8617:Taxa
8160:Pavo
7360:Mitu
7353:Crax
6593:Aves
5230:Pavo
3521:Aves
3410:2019
3372:2015
3346:2015
3316:2015
3290:2015
3260:PMID
3242:ISSN
3193:PMID
3139:2023
3117:2023
3092:2023
3063:ISSN
3028:2022
3002:2013
2975:2019
2942:ISBN
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2888:ISBN
2867:2013
2840:2013
2809:PMID
2758:PMID
2702:PMID
2602:ISBN
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2529:2017
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2470:2017
2425:ISSN
2320:2018
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2159:ISBN
2134:2014
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2045:2016
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1970:2017
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751:Size
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576:and
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