1558:, but nevertheless, the beginning of the 1990s was just roughly the same. For some of them becoming independent was the major challenge, while others needed to face with poverty and deep dictatorship also Economically, parallel with the political changes, and the democratic transition, – as a rule of law states – the previous command economies were transformed via the legislation into market economies, and set up or renewed the major macroeconomic factors: budgetary rules, national audit, national currency, central bank. Generally, they shortly encountered the following problems: high inflation, high unemployment, low economic growth and high government debt. By 2000 these economies were stabilized, and sooner or later between 2004 and 2013 some of them joined the European Union, and Slovenia introduced the euro.
1124:
1054:
866:
842:
1617:
878:
2422:
33:
1894:
2175:
1092:
854:
1180:
6302:
2066:
894:
1573:(EU) involved the division of powers, with tax, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries –
1155:
1001:
1139:
1471:
1188:
1073:
2408:
3307:
The Regio
Insubrica spreads over three Italian provinces (Verbano-Cusio Ossola, Varese, Como) and the Swiss canton of Ticino. The national border cuts across a culturally and geographically homogenous territory. The region is peripheral for both countries, but it is an essential pole of communication
968:
Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of southern
European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. In the highest regions of the Alps, which border southern Europe, even ice cap climate
229:
are blowing, this provokes an "upwelling" phenomenon on the French coast. They push the surface waters out to sea and bring deeper, cooler waters up to the seaside. Consequently, the temperature of the waters of the French coasts are therefore very cool even in summer, and not representative of the
3377:
In the coastal areas, the olive groves are tightly interwoven with low maquis, garrigue and steppe, which have been widely grazed and, consequently, burned. On the other hand, low mountains and inland hills have chestnut and mixed deciduous coppiced woods. The actual boundaries between these two
3580:
The first
Gotthard Tunnel, a 9-mile (14 km) engineering marvel of its time, was dug between 1872 and 1882; 199 men died in the process. Running between the Swiss villages of Göschenen and Airolo, it was the first modern railway link between northern and southern Europe, and it is still used
1778:
English is used as a second language in parts of southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in southern Europe, only in
Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). English is also widely spoken in Cyprus.
3273:
The canton of the Ticino marks the geographic descent from high Alps to plain and is, therefore, a land of climatic as well as linguistic transition, where heat and abundant moisture favor almonds, figs, and all the fruits common to southern Europe, except the
230:
rest of the
Mediterranean. This same kind of phenomenon takes place between the two slopes of the Balkan mountain range. These mountains have, moreover, been a serious handicap to population displacement, focusing southern Europe mainly on the
1024:. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of southern Europe, mainly Portugal, Spain, Italy, Malta, Albania, Greece, Cyprus and all the mediterranean islands, but also in southeast France, the
3378:
different vegetation landscapes can be found at different altitudes according to local climatic conditions; higher (about 1000m asl) in the eastern and southern areas, and lower and close to the sea in the central and northern basin.
1975:, the description of each country includes information about "Location" under the heading "Geography", where the country is classified into a region. The following countries are included in their classification "southern Europe":
1423:
that established direct links with Africa, the
Americas, and Asia. During this period, Iberian forces engaged in a worldwide struggle with Islamic societies; the battlefronts in this Ibero-Islamic World War stretched from the
3614:
The Rhine-Alpine
Corridor is a north-south corridor extending from the North Sea ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp to the Mediterranean port of Genoa in northern Italy. The corridor is a primary artery for transporting goods in
213:). The Alps prevent the Sirocco from spreading to the rest of Europe. And, conversely, the Alps and the Pyrenees protect the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas from the rains and icy winds from the south of France such as the
4455:
1332:
in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the
Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the
1419:, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. The Catholic reconquest of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the
3207:
3429:
4074:
972:
Some parts of southern Europe have humid subtropical climates with warm and wet summers, unlike typical
Mediterranean climates. This climate is mainly found in Italy and Croatia around the
1436:. Eventually this ecumenical conflict ended when new players—England, Holland and France—replaced Spain and Portugal as the main agents of European imperialism in the mid-17th century.
1451:
of Great
Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and
4384:
3706:
841:
4155:
1842:. Christianity spread throughout southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to
4415:
4396:
4425:
1053:
3672:
4185:
4027:
190:. The location of these peninsulas in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as their mountainous reliefs, provide them with very different types of climates (mainly
2342:
divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the southern/Mediterranean Europe in this classification are:
4505:
4307:
3768:
4420:
4408:
4197:
957:, as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains,
4440:
4465:
4135:
3199:
4445:
913:, influenced by the large subtropical semi-permanent centre of high atmospheric pressure found, not in the Mediterranean itself, but in the Atlantic Ocean, the
4430:
4680:
4379:
1123:
4460:
4150:
4391:
4162:
3927:
2237:. The partition is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories.
1305:. During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe,
3883:
1775:
are widely spoken in Greece and Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries.
3922:
4302:
3714:
4522:
4450:
4403:
1328:
were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their
3511:
1724:
1091:
4792:
4759:
4702:
4348:
865:
4707:
4244:
4190:
1017:
6066:
5925:
4435:
4374:
3955:
2116:
6252:
4322:
1551:
877:
3662:
4234:
4120:
3802:
3135:) divided Europe into its major divisions. Southern Europe falls into three units — the Pyrenean, Alpine, and Balkan peninsulas.
898:
6059:
5945:
4515:
3426:
3757:
2119:, giving definitions of terms for official use. In the definition of "southern Europe", the following countries are included:
6054:
5988:
4343:
3009:
2982:
1021:
6049:
6013:
5952:
3972:
795:
17:
3176:
853:
6042:
6037:
5983:
3448:
By the Sword and the Cross: The Historical Evolution of the Catholic World Monarchy in Spain and the New World, 1492-1825
3324:
765:
731:
654:
166:
Southern Europe is focused on the three peninsulas located in the extreme south of the European continent. These are the
5911:
4785:
4239:
4110:
3960:
2222:
5993:
4032:
3638:
3607:
3573:
3300:
3266:
3124:
1138:
3691:
1660:, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar. Other common Romance languages include
6008:
5998:
5940:
5918:
5901:
5896:
5815:
4589:
4527:
4261:
3838:
3063:
1298:
1786:
is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Serbia, Croatia and Italy (particularly by the
6018:
5847:
5713:
5627:
5577:
4358:
4217:
1811:
3532:
178:. These three peninsulas are separated from the rest of Europe by towering mountain ranges, respectively by the
5962:
4251:
2941:
1862:. Christians in the eastern half of southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Serbia and North Macedonia — are generally
1644:, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe
1542:
amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the
6272:
6257:
4778:
4636:
4207:
4180:
3147:
1329:
3229:
1072:
6305:
5957:
5587:
5314:
5019:
4224:
4130:
2549:
1732:
1656:(spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, southern Switzerland, Malta, San Marino, and Vatican City) and
1499:
3320:
1874:. Muslims are a significant minority in several countries of southern Europe- e.g., Greece, Italy, Spain.
5444:
4579:
4353:
3901:
3888:
3795:
3151:
1592:, a major and direct transport axis between Northern and southern Europe, was completed in 2016 with the
1539:
4574:
4012:
6339:
5622:
5607:
4905:
4890:
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3917:
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3395:
2435:
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2104:
1503:
775:
735:
719:
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6003:
5935:
5906:
5891:
5632:
5557:
4690:
4495:
4268:
4002:
3977:
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1878:
was practiced widely throughout the European continent within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century.
1554:
was neutral. The common attribute of the eastern countries is that all of them have experiences with
750:
407:
286:
6334:
5592:
5509:
5092:
4805:
4022:
3992:
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2791:
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2709:
2705:
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2664:
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2503:
2179:
1285:. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the
1154:
393:
4770:
3200:"Fig. 3.a: Sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea (water masses and physical processes)"
674:
6239:
5930:
5837:
5514:
5224:
5219:
4685:
4125:
4094:
2942:"Seismic history of the Maltese Islands and considerations on seismic risk: Earthquakes in Malta"
1309:
moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established
1301:
in 476 AD, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the
562:
502:
1082:
6216:
6023:
5617:
5420:
4667:
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2655:. The island group lies approx. 200 km south of the boundary between the African Plate and the
2349:
2254:
2026:
1562:
1464:
1386:
640:
84:
2999:
6309:
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6093:
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3417:
1787:
1748:
1448:
910:
847:
Map representing the geography of Europe, with the mountain ranges separating southern Europe
552:
532:
522:
459:
417:
397:
355:
317:, and flora, which is shared across the region. Southern Europe can be subdivided into three
194:
6183:
5159:
4877:
4714:
4079:
3965:
3372:
1843:
1593:
1507:
1286:
1113:
375:
1616:
1320:, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the
8:
5832:
5497:
5434:
5410:
5241:
5102:
5048:
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4895:
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3164:
Europe's main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe
2795:
2771:
2713:
2660:
2594:
2525:
2470:
2460:
2321:
1756:
1661:
1630:
1597:
1534:. The major non-communist southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (
1452:
1274:
1262:
1254:
611:
465:
270:
231:
3488:
1739:
is spoken in Kosovo, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Italy (in
32:
6120:
5741:
5704:
5582:
5028:
4950:
4910:
4885:
4652:
4621:
4611:
4089:
4053:
3843:
2573:
1971:
1899:
1768:
1720:
1689:
1444:
1398:
1342:
1310:
3348:
1893:
1858:
in the western half of southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally
1854:, different denominations of Christianity are prominent in different parts of Europe.
6201:
5820:
5647:
5612:
5473:
5468:
5449:
5258:
5085:
4845:
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4733:
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4115:
4017:
3997:
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3258:
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3005:
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1783:
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1425:
1370:
1350:
1338:
1235:
1063:
423:
341:
325:
300:
282:
171:
167:
75:. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions:
72:
60:
49:
4007:
2174:
313:
continent. This definition is relative, although largely based on history, culture,
6282:
6277:
6267:
6196:
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5827:
5770:
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5183:
5122:
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4601:
4584:
4562:
4317:
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2057:(the part west of the Bosporus) are described as located in "Southeastern Europe".
1952:
1937:
1863:
1815:
1799:
1795:
1744:
1712:
1693:
1673:
1657:
1653:
1600:, which saw them progressively changing from an obstacle to a corridor between the
1566:
1519:
1420:
1358:
1306:
1290:
1215:
1036:
799:
699:
625:
385:
331:
296:
290:
187:
45:
3052:
1822:
that is spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, Kosovo, Greece, North Macedonia and Bosnia, and
1522:. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the
1490:
in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the
6168:
5669:
5657:
5642:
5597:
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5487:
5390:
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5097:
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3110:
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2289:
2198:
2080:
2042:
1910:
1871:
1823:
1819:
1807:
1701:
1665:
1531:
1515:
1460:
1440:
1325:
930:
690:
594:
589:
413:
351:
144:
124:
2240:
In the UN geoscheme, the following countries are classified as southern Europe:
1179:
6313:
6262:
6161:
6125:
6105:
6088:
6028:
5792:
5684:
5662:
5652:
5504:
5482:
5366:
5361:
5346:
5341:
5268:
5214:
5166:
5137:
5043:
5033:
4172:
3853:
3731:
2858:
2841:
2824:
2799:
2775:
2717:
2684:
2656:
2626:
2606:
2598:
2507:
2480:
2445:
2440:
2213:
2189:
2089:
1961:
1928:
1919:
1859:
1851:
1806:, but written in the Latin script with heavy Latin and Italian influences. The
1791:
1772:
1736:
1570:
1495:
1474:
1456:
1433:
1408:
1378:
1258:
1250:. The civilisation spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC.
1247:
1183:
Roman Empire. In yellow the south-west of Europe, and in violet the south-east.
823:
709:
584:
365:
222:
214:
108:
253:
attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its
6328:
6287:
6156:
6148:
6115:
5852:
5802:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5529:
5492:
5400:
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5297:
5202:
4754:
4557:
4256:
4084:
3758:"European Tourism 2014 – Trends & Prospects - Quarterly Report (Q2/2014)"
3422:
3027:
Europe, Southern: Italy, Cyprus, Greece, European Turkey: Selected References
2652:
2622:
2427:
1803:
1697:
1589:
1207:
1107:
512:
475:
428:
4567:
3076:
318:
6191:
6130:
6110:
6100:
5810:
5782:
5537:
5275:
5209:
5178:
5127:
4999:
4928:
4865:
4855:
3878:
3873:
3132:
3097:
2533:
2450:
2065:
1984:
1839:
1669:
1620:
Population pyramid of southern Europe in 2023 (UN geoscheme classification)
1527:
1523:
1511:
1491:
1429:
1282:
1270:
1145:
973:
443:
266:
160:
3687:
3390:
2997:
2911:
1369:
catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and
1043:
are very common. At higher elevations, or latitudes, they are replaced by
6247:
6206:
6137:
5842:
5731:
5674:
5602:
5552:
5439:
5415:
5304:
5142:
5060:
5038:
5014:
4860:
4850:
4140:
3868:
3858:
2820:
2610:
1827:
1543:
1526:. The countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe were dominated by the
1487:
1412:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1302:
1196:
1129:
1032:
942:
914:
893:
664:
605:
438:
156:
1373:
kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the
5777:
5746:
5572:
5567:
5231:
5192:
5154:
5072:
4945:
4830:
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4069:
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3077:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 - Chapter 30. Southern Europe"
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2871:
2812:
2369:
2299:
2284:
2153:
2038:
1999:
1855:
1647:
1366:
1078:
984:, but also further north, near the Alpine foothills, in cities such as
946:
685:
433:
269:. Southern Europe also loosely corresponds to the European part of the
237:
Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its
226:
218:
191:
132:
120:
36:
The geographical and ethno-cultural borders of southern Europe are the
1640:
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the
1470:
1361:
represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the
1000:
6224:
5883:
5857:
5787:
5765:
5758:
5542:
5319:
5253:
5149:
4972:
4955:
4840:
4835:
4809:
3704:
3254:
A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian Dialect Areas
3116:
2328:
2230:
2010:
1601:
1555:
1334:
1278:
785:
496:
361:
254:
210:
100:
3001:
The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union
1385:, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the
5751:
5356:
5292:
5263:
5173:
5132:
4940:
4920:
4800:
4229:
2569:
2385:
2377:
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2294:
2269:
2148:
2133:
2030:
2014:
1728:
1677:
1578:
1416:
1404:
1382:
1317:
1261:. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of
1243:
1223:
1211:
1102:
1044:
938:
918:
815:
771:
715:
645:
556:
536:
526:
506:
480:
447:
371:
238:
179:
140:
128:
88:
37:
3780:
1652:. By far the most common Romance languages in southern Europe are
1239:
5723:
5461:
5351:
5309:
5197:
5009:
5004:
4933:
2701:
2648:
2353:
2345:
2259:
2249:
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2112:
2070:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2006:
1875:
1716:
1681:
1582:
1574:
1547:
1447:. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the
1407:, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the
1374:
1231:
1187:
1098:
981:
950:
934:
906:
803:
761:
756:
727:
695:
650:
635:
630:
516:
455:
346:
314:
304:
258:
250:
246:
242:
198:
175:
92:
80:
76:
3353:
Lehrbuch der Geobotanik. Pflanze und Vegetation in Raum und Zeit
2524:
Geographically a part of Asia, considered a European country in
1676:(spoken in eastern Spain, Andorra, Southwestern France, and the
265:. Politically, nine of the southern European countries form the
6229:
5333:
5287:
4994:
4981:
3811:
3079:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2000
2971:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 November 2013).
2811:
Sometimes included. Essentially on the south side of the Alps (
2733:
2618:
2602:
2393:
2381:
2357:
2304:
2264:
2234:
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2163:
2128:
2123:
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2050:
1979:
1752:
1740:
1321:
1219:
1200:
1040:
1025:
989:
977:
954:
819:
811:
781:
746:
741:
705:
680:
670:
660:
601:
579:
542:
492:
485:
310:
309:
Geographically, southern Europe is the southern portion of the
202:
152:
136:
116:
104:
96:
64:
3043:, Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spence. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
1870:
is widely practiced in Albania, Bosnia, Kosovo and Turkey and
6080:
5975:
5519:
4817:
4801:
3368:
Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape
3119:
Library Editions: Social and Cultural Geography. p. 16.
2590:
2389:
2365:
2361:
2314:
2279:
2274:
2158:
2143:
2138:
2018:
1994:
1989:
1867:
1415:
of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and
1294:
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1059:
1013:
962:
926:
922:
827:
807:
615:
574:
566:
546:
469:
381:
335:
262:
206:
148:
112:
2974:
Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
2334:
1506:
imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the
5114:
4151:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
4145:
3286:
2763:
1847:
1535:
1266:
1203:
985:
958:
183:
41:
3519:
Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review
2625:, near of the boundary between the African Plate and the
2221:
The United Nations geoscheme is a system devised by the
234:. The climate and cultures are therefore very specific.
1802:
that is the official language of Malta, descended from
1782:
There are other language groupings in southern Europe.
1477:
controlled most of the Mediterranean Sea for centuries.
1455:. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the
1191:
Eastern Roman Empire mainly focused on southern Europe.
2786:
2784:
1814:, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.
3633:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi.
3489:"The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England"
2998:
José María Magone; Magone, José María Magone (2003).
2225:(UNSD) which divides the countries of the world into
3420:
written in the 12th century, which was mentioned in
2403:
3630:
The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000-1500
3108:
2781:
2762:
is the only part located on the Iberian Peninsula (
4163:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
3512:"Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries"
3204:The coastal dimension of maritime spatial planning
3755:
3364:
6326:
3098:Romania | History, Map, & Facts | Britannica
3041:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
2991:
1218:by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in
3663:"5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe"
3654:
2560:
2558:
2021:are classified as "Southwestern Europe", while
1838:The predominant religion in southern Europe is
1518:sought to gain control of the continent by the
1439:European overseas expansion led to the rise of
1337:and open the way for the merchant republics of
4121:Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)
3660:
2964:
2909:
2728:
2726:
2663:, Malta is considered a European country. The
2169:
2115:is a multilingual thesaurus maintained by the
209:, going up to the interior of the Alpine arc (
4786:
4344:Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
3796:
3250:
3004:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 292–.
897:European climate. Note the high diversity of
326:Iberian Peninsula and the surrounding islands
201:hot wind that originates in the heart of the
3599:The WEB of Transport Corridors in South Asia
3561:History of the World in 500 Railway Journeys
3557:
3486:
3460:
3355:. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, München 2004
2555:
1293:based in Constantinople. The attacks of the
1230:), which created conflicts of interest with
3705:Publications Office of the European Union.
2723:
2544:
2542:
1028:Mediterranean coast and part of Macedonia.
1018:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
4793:
4779:
4028:Sovereign states and dependent territories
3803:
3789:
3592:
3292:OECD Territorial Reviews: Switzerland 2002
2498:
2496:
1596:. The Gotthard inscribes itself in a long
1349:, a related movement, worked to reconquer
1257:began with the rise of the city-states of
197:) from the rest of the continent. So, the
4146:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
2675:
2673:
2335:European Travel Commission classification
2117:Publications Office of the European Union
1459:. Italy unified into a nation state. The
1403:Beginning roughly in the 12th century in
1324:back into Christian rule, began. Several
871:Satellite image of the Apennine Peninsula
4111:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
3064:Which Countries Make Up Southern Europe?
2905:
2903:
2901:
2651:, the Maltese Islands is located on the
2539:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2173:
2064:
1892:
1881:
1615:
1481:
1469:
1186:
1178:
999:
892:
859:Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula
31:
3884:Crisis situations and unrest since 2000
3509:
3177:"Mediterranean sea-surface temperature"
2912:"African & Arabian Tectonic Plates"
2847:
2830:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2493:
1715:are spoken in several countries on the
1494:took up sides. The Allies defeated the
883:Satellite image of the Balkan Peninsula
14:
6327:
4359:European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
3726:
3724:
3626:
3232:. eo science for society. 24 June 2019
3197:
2670:
1514:came to power in 1933, and along with
4774:
3784:
3694:from the original on 24 January 2024.
3463:"history of Europe:: The Middle Ages"
3308:between Northern and Southern Europe.
2939:
2935:
2933:
2898:
2513:
1886:
1345:to become major economic powers. The
1022:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
3445:
3285:
3230:"2010-2019 SST in the Mediterranean"
2636:
2579:
1826:is spoken in Italy, particularly in
1692:(spoken in northeast Portugal), and
1635:
1047:and (often coppiced) mixed forests.
1031:In the Mediterranean coastal areas,
71:, as its geography is marked by the
4225:European Union Customs Union (EUCU)
4208:European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)
3810:
3774:from the original on 23 April 2023.
3721:
3661:Conrad Hackett (29 November 2017),
3325:Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
1707:
1668:(spoken in France, Monaco, and the
1432:, finally involving the islands of
1392:
917:. The Mediterranean climate covers
24:
4354:Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)
4131:European Political Community (EPC)
3675:from the original on 21 April 2023
3418:Averroes#Commentaries on Aristotle
3210:from the original on 23 April 2023
2930:
2667:includes Malta in Southern Europe.
2633:includes Italy in southern Europe.
2223:United Nations Statistics Division
1897:Subregions of Europe based on the
1844:the historical break of the Church
1762:
1664:(spoken in Portugal and Andorra),
1598:history of transit across the Alps
905:Southern Europe's most emblematic
25:
6351:
3198:Barale, Vittorio (January 2011).
2870:The highest mountain of Italy is
1747:is spoken in Slovenia, Italy (in
1704:in Italy and in southern France.
1381:, a Turkish state originating in
1234:. Its colonies later reached the
6301:
6300:
5633:West South Central United States
3839:Bibliography of European history
3487:Steven Kreis (11 October 2006).
2572:are considered parts of Asia in
2420:
2406:
1688:(spoken in northwestern Spain),
1365:and an associated famine caused
1299:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1174:
1153:
1137:
1122:
1090:
1071:
1052:
876:
864:
852:
840:
796:major islands in southern Europe
5848:Latin America and the Caribbean
5714:Latin America and the Caribbean
4506:Social (and financial) rankings
4308:Financial (and social) rankings
4218:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
3756:Tourism Economics (July 2014).
3749:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3620:
3586:
3551:
3525:
3503:
3480:
3454:
3439:
3410:
3383:
3358:
3338:
3313:
3295:. OECD Publishing. p. 80.
3279:
3244:
3222:
3191:
3169:
3140:
3102:
3091:
3069:
3057:
3053:UCF Libraries – Southern Europe
3046:
3034:
3030:. Air University Library. 1992.
3018:
2864:
2805:
2752:
2739:
2696:Sometimes included, especially
2690:
1846:into the western half based in
1611:
1214:was founded in 814 BC, and the
4126:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)
3467:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
3112:The Makers of Modern Geography
2887:
2069:European regions according to
1850:and the eastern half based in
1759:is spoken in North Macedonia.
1246:in North Africa, and even the
13:
1:
4349:Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)
2881:
1546:and the economic bloc called
1226:(both regions in present day
5315:Middle East and North Africa
5020:Middle East and North Africa
4203:European Economic Area (EEA)
3148:"Europe: Physical Geography"
3109:Robert E. Dickinson (1969).
2178:Subregions of Europe by the
1624:
1273:came to dominate the entire
276:
7:
4075:International organisations
3902:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3152:National Geographic Society
2836:Occasionally included. The
2601:, while some parts such as
2399:
2170:UN geoscheme classification
1833:
1565:again, due to its post-war
1540:European Economic Community
1016:is mainly characterized by
10:
6356:
5608:Northeastern United States
4466:Electricity use per capita
3973:Largest metropolitan areas
3765:European Travel Commission
3396:World History Encyclopedia
3365:Stefano Mazzoleni (2004).
2597:. Most of Italy is on the
2550:British Overseas Territory
2436:Central and Eastern Europe
2340:European Travel Commission
2105:Central and Eastern Europe
2060:
1628:
1396:
1313:and empires of their own.
1277:in a vast empire based on
1242:in Spain and most notably
1206:, dominating trade in the
1169:
1144:Temperate pine forests of
888:
833:
294:
280:
6296:
6238:
6215:
6182:
6146:
6079:
5973:
5881:
5872:
5801:
5722:
5528:
5332:
5113:
5071:
4980:
4971:
4919:
4876:
4816:
4727:
4666:
4548:
4491:
4482:
4451:Health expense per capita
4367:
4336:
4298:
4294:
4285:
4171:
4103:
4065:
4061:
4052:
3951:
3942:
3910:
3831:
3822:
2235:M49 coding classification
1696:, which is spoken in the
1199:originally expanded from
408:Italian geographic region
287:Italian geographic region
27:Southern region of Europe
6089:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5093:Transantarctic Mountains
4681:Childhood population (%)
4416:GNI (nominal) per capita
3898:hybrid variant (2020-22)
3510:Vértesy, László (2018).
2977:. Taylor & Francis.
2855:United Nations geoscheme
2853:Sometimes included. The
2838:United Nations geoscheme
2817:United Nations geoscheme
2792:United Nations geoscheme
2790:Sometimes included. The
2768:United Nations geoscheme
2710:United Nations geoscheme
2681:United Nations geoscheme
2679:Sometimes included. The
2665:United Nations geoscheme
2631:United Nations geoscheme
2530:United Nations geoscheme
2504:United Nations geoscheme
2486:
2180:United Nations geoscheme
1737:Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian
1510:. The Nazi regime under
1316:The period known as the
995:
929:, the southern coast of
901:in the southern regions.
5838:Caribbean South America
4116:Council of Europe (CoE)
4095:Transatlantic relations
3627:Chazan, Robert (2006).
2940:Galea, Pauline (2007).
2456:EuroVoc#Southern Europe
1985:Holy See (Vatican City)
1289:based in Rome, and the
1265:, spreading throughout
1210:by the 8th century BC.
563:San Dorligo della Valle
410:(South-central Europe)
5618:Southern United States
5421:Scandinavian Peninsula
3533:"From 6 to 27 members"
3251:James Redfern (1971).
2566:Greek offshore islands
2350:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2255:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2218:
2109:
2027:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1966:
1621:
1563:industrialized country
1500:Paris Peace Conference
1478:
1387:fall of Constantinople
1330:sack of Constantinople
1192:
1184:
1009:
943:Bosnia and Herzegovina
902:
899:Köppen-Geiger climates
798:generally include the
641:Bosnia and Herzegovina
85:Bosnia and Herzegovina
67:. It is also known as
53:
6094:Antarctic Convergence
5638:Western United States
4456:Military spending (%)
4446:Unemployment rate (%)
4191:free trade agreements
3956:Areas and populations
3558:Sarah Baxter (2017).
3446:Truxillo, Charles A.
3373:John Wiley & Sons
3321:"Mediterranean Basin"
2732:The European part of
2506:includes Bulgaria in
2233:groups, based on the
2206: Southern Europe
2177:
2097: Southern Europe
2068:
1945: Southern Europe
1896:
1882:Other classifications
1749:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
1700:in Catalonia, in the
1619:
1561:Italy became a major
1482:20th and 21st century
1473:
1449:Industrial Revolution
1236:Western Mediterranean
1190:
1182:
1003:
911:Mediterranean climate
896:
281:Further information:
48:to the north and the
35:
5160:Greater Central Asia
4461:Urban population (%)
4421:GNI (PPP) per capita
3966:European microstates
3688:"The World Factbook"
2946:Annals of Geophysics
2910:Taylor Combaluzier.
2857:includes Romania in
2840:includes Moldova in
2758:Sometimes included.
2617:, and some parts of
2502:Often included. The
1594:Gotthard Base Tunnel
1508:Treaty of Versailles
1498:in 1918. During the
1465:Papal temporal power
1291:Eastern Roman Empire
1287:Western Roman Empire
1253:The period known as
1083:Doñana National Park
1004:Distribution map of
69:Mediterranean Europe
18:Mediterranean Europe
6306:Continents of Earth
5833:Brazilian Highlands
5242:Indian subcontinent
5103:Antarctic Peninsula
4901:Southern Hemisphere
4896:Northern Hemisphere
4441:Press Freedom Index
4368:Sovereign states by
4213:Eastern Partnership
3849:Classical antiquity
3668:Pew Research Center
2796:Metropolitan France
2772:Metropolitan France
2747:Pyrénées-Orientales
2714:Metropolitan France
2706:Pyrénées-Orientales
2683:includes Monaco in
2661:political geography
2621:are located on the
2595:Southwestern Europe
2532:includes Cyprus in
2526:political geography
2471:Northwestern Europe
2461:Mediterranean Basin
2322:dependent territory
1631:Languages of Europe
1275:Mediterranean Basin
1263:Alexander the Great
1255:classical antiquity
394:Pyrénées-Orientales
328:(Southwest Europe)
271:Mediterranean Basin
232:Mediterranean world
6121:Great Barrier Reef
5742:Mainland Australia
5450:Apennine Peninsula
4911:Western Hemisphere
4886:Eastern Hemisphere
4580:Capital of Culture
4431:Internet users (%)
4323:Telecommunications
4090:Post-Soviet Europe
3928:predecessor states
3491:. Historyguide.org
3461:Richard J. Mayne.
3432:2015-06-20 at the
2574:physical geography
2219:
2110:
1972:CIA World Factbook
1967:
1900:CIA World Factbook
1888:CIA World Factbook
1769:Hellenic languages
1751:) and Croatia (in
1721:Bulgarian language
1622:
1479:
1463:in 1870 ended the
1445:Columbian Exchange
1399:Holy League (1571)
1193:
1185:
1012:Southern Europe's
1010:
976:in cities such as
903:
776:north-eastern part
720:south-western part
424:Apennine Peninsula
301:Apennine Peninsula
172:Apennine Peninsula
54:
6340:Regions of Europe
6322:
6321:
6202:Mediterranean Rim
6075:
6074:
6014:Mediterranean Sea
5868:
5867:
5821:Amazon Rainforest
5648:Canadian Prairies
5613:Pacific Northwest
5474:Iberian Peninsula
5259:Arabian Peninsula
5086:Antarctic Plateau
4846:Three/Four Worlds
4768:
4767:
4723:
4722:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4337:Intergovernmental
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4235:Foreign relations
4136:GUAM Organization
4104:Intergovernmental
4048:
4047:
3961:Countries by area
3938:
3937:
3889:COVID-19 pandemic
3539:. 6 December 2016
3521:. 3. No. 1. 2018.
3259:Mouton Publishers
3011:978-0-275-97787-0
2984:978-1-134-25965-6
2916:McGill University
2217:
2108:
1965:
1810:is spoken in the
1642:Romance languages
1636:Romance languages
1606:Mediterranean Sea
1538:) and formed the
1516:Mussolini's Italy
1453:independence wars
1064:Aurunci Mountains
1008:s.l. (olive tree)
822:, as well as the
732:northern mainland
655:southern mainland
342:Iberian Peninsula
283:Iberian Peninsula
168:Iberian Peninsula
73:Mediterranean Sea
50:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
6347:
6304:
6303:
6283:Global Southwest
6278:Global Southeast
6268:Global Northwest
6263:Global Northeast
6253:Global Heartland
6197:Indian Ocean Rim
5879:
5878:
5771:Island Melanesia
5462:Balkan Peninsula
5237:Himalayan states
5184:Russian Far East
4978:
4977:
4906:Water Hemisphere
4795:
4788:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4743:
4736:
4489:
4488:
4313:Free trade areas
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
3949:
3948:
3829:
3828:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3762:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3717:on 6 March 2020.
3713:. Archived from
3702:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3566:The Quarto Group
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3362:
3356:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3206:. ResearchGate.
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:. 4 January 2012
3144:
3138:
3137:
3106:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2907:
2896:
2891:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2788:
2779:
2756:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2694:
2688:
2677:
2668:
2645:
2634:
2588:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2546:
2537:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2476:Southeast Europe
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2414:Geography portal
2411:
2410:
2409:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2102:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2074:
1959:
1953:Southeast Europe
1950:
1944:
1938:Southwest Europe
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1864:Eastern Orthodox
1800:Semitic language
1788:Arbëreshë people
1713:Slavic Languages
1708:Slavic languages
1567:economic miracle
1532:communist states
1520:Second World War
1486:The outbreak of
1443:, producing the
1441:colonial empires
1421:Age of Discovery
1393:Post-Middle Ages
1371:wars of conquest
1359:late Middle Ages
1307:Germanic peoples
1157:
1141:
1126:
1094:
1075:
1056:
1037:maquis shrubland
880:
868:
856:
844:
800:Balearic Islands
736:offshore islands
700:Northern Dobruja
631:Balkan Peninsula
626:Southeast Europe
332:Balearic Islands
305:Balkan Peninsula
297:Balearic Islands
291:Southeast Europe
188:Balkan Mountains
176:Balkan Peninsula
59:is the southern
46:Balkan Mountains
21:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6335:Southern Europe
6325:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6292:
6234:
6211:
6178:
6142:
6071:
6060:South China Sea
5969:
5912:Central America
5864:
5797:
5718:
5670:Northern Mexico
5658:Northern Canada
5643:Atlantic Canada
5598:Mountain states
5524:
5379:European Russia
5372:Southern Russia
5328:
5281:Iranian Plateau
5109:
5098:West Antarctica
5081:East Antarctica
5067:
4967:
4915:
4891:Land Hemisphere
4872:
4812:
4799:
4769:
4764:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4719:
4703:Life expectancy
4691:genetic history
4662:
4597:Classical music
4544:
4533:Bologna Process
4496:Ages of consent
4470:
4380:Budget revenues
4363:
4332:
4273:
4167:
4099:
4044:
3934:
3906:
3864:Early modernity
3818:
3809:
3779:
3771:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3711:EU Vocabularies
3703:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3610:
3602:. p. 186.
3591:
3587:
3576:
3568:. p. 357.
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3455:
3444:
3440:
3434:Wayback Machine
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3375:. p. 145.
3363:
3359:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3303:
3284:
3280:
3269:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3157:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3012:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2899:
2894:Southern Europe
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2852:
2848:
2835:
2831:
2810:
2806:
2789:
2782:
2760:French Cerdagne
2757:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2724:
2698:Alpes-Maritimes
2695:
2691:
2678:
2671:
2646:
2637:
2615:Pelagie Islands
2589:
2580:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2540:
2523:
2514:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2466:Northern Europe
2426:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2374:North Macedonia
2337:
2320:as well as the
2290:North Macedonia
2216:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2199:Northern Europe
2194:
2192:
2185:
2172:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2081:Northern Europe
2076:
2063:
2043:North Macedonia
1964:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:Northern Europe
1906:
1891:
1884:
1872:Northern Cyprus
1836:
1820:Turkic language
1808:Basque language
1765:
1763:Other languages
1727:) is spoken in
1710:
1702:Occitan Valleys
1638:
1633:
1627:
1614:
1484:
1461:capture of Rome
1401:
1395:
1326:Crusader states
1177:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1132:forest, Croatia
1127:
1118:
1114:Q. rotundifolia
1095:
1086:
1076:
1067:
1057:
998:
891:
884:
881:
872:
869:
860:
857:
848:
845:
836:
691:North Macedonia
595:Northwest Italy
590:Northeast Italy
414:Alpes-Maritimes
352:French Cerdagne
307:
293:
279:
145:southern France
125:North Macedonia
57:Southern Europe
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6353:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6314:Physical Earth
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6221:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6153:
6151:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6126:Mariana Trench
6123:
6113:
6108:
6106:Atlantic Ocean
6103:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6085:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6067:Southern Ocean
6064:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6055:East China Sea
6047:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5989:Atlantic Ocean
5986:
5980:
5978:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5793:Remote Oceania
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5728:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5663:Western Canada
5660:
5655:
5653:Eastern Canada
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5437:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5367:South Caucasus
5364:
5362:North Caucasus
5354:
5344:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5269:South Caucasus
5261:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5138:Aralkum Desert
5135:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5095:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5077:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4929:Africa-Eurasia
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4590:film festivals
4582:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4177:
4175:
4173:European Union
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Extreme points
3990:
3988:Climate change
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Late antiquity
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3777:
3748:
3720:
3697:
3678:
3653:
3639:
3619:
3608:
3585:
3574:
3550:
3524:
3502:
3479:
3453:
3438:
3436:around 1320 AD
3409:
3382:
3357:
3337:
3312:
3301:
3278:
3267:
3261:. p. 38.
3243:
3221:
3190:
3168:
3139:
3125:
3101:
3090:
3068:
3056:
3045:
3033:
3017:
3010:
2990:
2983:
2963:
2929:
2897:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2863:
2859:Eastern Europe
2846:
2842:Eastern Europe
2829:
2825:Western Europe
2804:
2800:Western Europe
2780:
2776:Western Europe
2751:
2738:
2722:
2718:Western Europe
2689:
2685:Western Europe
2669:
2657:Eurasian Plate
2635:
2627:Eurasian Plate
2607:Adriatic Plate
2599:Eurasian Plate
2578:
2554:
2538:
2512:
2508:Eastern Europe
2491:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2481:Western Europe
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2446:Eastern Europe
2443:
2441:Central Europe
2438:
2432:
2431:
2417:
2401:
2398:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2214:Western Europe
2208:
2202:
2193:
2190:Eastern Europe
2184:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2099:
2093:
2090:Western Europe
2084:
2075:
2062:
2059:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1962:Eastern Europe
1956:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1929:Central Europe
1923:
1920:Western Europe
1914:
1905:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1860:Roman Catholic
1852:Constantinople
1835:
1832:
1812:Basque Country
1792:southern Italy
1773:Greek language
1764:
1761:
1725:Български език
1709:
1706:
1637:
1634:
1626:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1571:European Union
1496:Central Powers
1483:
1480:
1457:Ottoman Empire
1434:Southeast Asia
1409:printing press
1394:
1391:
1379:Ottoman Empire
1259:Ancient Greece
1248:Atlantic Ocean
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1062:forest in the
1058:
1051:
997:
994:
969:can be found.
890:
887:
886:
885:
882:
875:
873:
870:
863:
861:
858:
851:
849:
846:
839:
835:
832:
824:island country
792:
791:
790:
789:
779:
769:
759:
754:
744:
739:
725:
724:
723:
713:
710:Central Serbia
703:
693:
688:
683:
678:
668:
658:
648:
643:
638:
622:
621:
620:
619:
609:
599:
598:
597:
592:
585:Northern Italy
582:
577:
572:
571:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
490:
489:
488:
483:
473:
463:
453:
452:
451:
441:
436:
431:
421:
404:
403:
402:
401:
391:
390:
389:
379:
369:
366:United Kingdom
359:
349:
339:
278:
275:
109:southern Italy
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6352:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6116:Pacific Ocean
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6050:Pacific Ocean
6048:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Caribbean Sea
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5972:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5946:by population
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5919:South America
5917:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5902:North America
5900:
5899:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5853:Southern Cone
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:Andean States
5826:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5803:South America
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5530:North America
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Low Countries
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5469:South-western
5467:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5457:South-eastern
5455:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5445:South-central
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:Mediterranean
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5401:British Isles
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5298:Levantine Sea
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:Mediterranean
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:Ethnic groups
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4392:GDP (nominal)
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:Schengen Area
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:by population
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3770:
3767:. p. 5.
3766:
3759:
3752:
3737:
3733:
3732:"Methodology"
3727:
3725:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:"7206 Europe"
3701:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3642:
3640:9780521616645
3636:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3609:9781464812163
3605:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3575:9781781319383
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3490:
3483:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:Divine Comedy
3419:
3413:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3345:Wolfgang Frey
3341:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3302:9789264160651
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3268:9783110824841
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3231:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3126:9781317907336
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:African Plate
2650:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:African Plate
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2428:Europe portal
2418:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2200:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2091:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:In addition,
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1954:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Siculo-Arabic
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:Mediterranean
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Roman legions
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Carthaginians
1213:
1209:
1208:Mediterranean
1205:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1181:
1175:Early history
1164:groove, Crete
1163:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:Olea europaea
1002:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
895:
879:
874:
867:
862:
855:
850:
843:
838:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
752:
748:
745:
743:
740:
737:
733:
729:
726:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
704:
701:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
623:
617:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
568:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
548:
544:
541:
538:
534:
531:
528:
524:
521:
518:
514:
513:Istria County
511:
508:
504:
501:
500:
498:
494:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:Insular Italy
474:
471:
467:
464:
461:
457:
454:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Central Italy
427:
426:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
411:
409:
406:
405:
399:
395:
392:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
320:
316:
312:
306:
302:
298:
292:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Mediterranean
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:to the south.
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
6312: /
6310:List of seas
6308: /
6273:Global South
6258:Global North
6192:Atlantic Rim
6131:Ring of Fire
6111:Indian Ocean
6101:Arctic Ocean
6043:Persian Gulf
6038:Indian Ocean
6019:Adriatic Sea
5984:Arctic Ocean
5816:Amazon Basin
5811:Amazon Plain
5783:Near Oceania
5588:Mid-Atlantic
5538:Aridoamerica
5498:Northwestern
5429:
5411:Northwestern
5384:Southeastern
5276:Greater Iran
5215:Southeastern
5210:Pacific Asia
5179:Pacific Asia
5167:Northeastern
5123:Asia–Pacific
4866:Fourth World
4856:Second World
4668:Demographics
4627:Christianity
4575:Architecture
4528:Universities
4436:Minimum wage
4375:Average wage
3879:Pax Europaea
3874:World War II
3764:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3735:
3715:the original
3710:
3700:
3681:
3666:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3629:
3622:
3613:
3598:
3588:
3579:
3560:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3537:ec.europa.eu
3536:
3527:
3518:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:
3456:
3447:
3441:
3421:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3349:Rainer Lösch
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3315:
3306:
3291:
3281:
3272:
3253:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3203:
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3171:
3163:
3156:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:August Zeune
3130:
3111:
3104:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3071:
3059:
3048:
3036:
3026:
3020:
3000:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2952:(6): 725–740
2949:
2945:
2920:. Retrieved
2889:
2866:
2849:
2832:
2807:
2754:
2741:
2692:
2534:Western Asia
2451:EU Med Group
2344:
2338:
2319:
2239:
2220:
2111:
2004:
1970:
1968:
1898:
1887:
1840:Christianity
1837:
1781:
1777:
1766:
1711:
1670:Aosta Valley
1645:
1639:
1612:Demographics
1587:
1560:
1528:Soviet Union
1524:Iron Curtain
1512:Adolf Hitler
1492:Great Powers
1485:
1438:
1430:Indian Ocean
1402:
1315:
1271:Roman Empire
1252:
1194:
1146:Monte Cimone
1112:
1106:
1105:, Portugal (
1033:olive groves
1030:
1011:
1005:
974:Adriatic Sea
971:
967:
961:forests and
904:
793:
444:Vatican City
308:
267:EU Med Group
236:
165:
161:Vatican City
68:
56:
55:
29:
6288:Global West
6248:Global East
6207:Pacific Rim
6149:waterbodies
6138:World Ocean
5963:New Zealand
5843:The Guianas
5732:Australasia
5675:West Indies
5603:New England
5583:Great Lakes
5553:Mesoamerica
5440:Middle East
5416:Scandinavia
5305:Middle East
5143:Caspian Sea
5049:Great Lakes
5029:Sub-Saharan
5015:Middle East
4878:Hemispheres
4861:Third World
4851:First World
4804:'s primary
4698:Immigration
4262:Visa policy
4245:enlargement
4141:Open Balkan
4080:Integration
3923:Sovereignty
3869:World War I
3859:Middle Ages
3391:"Phoenicia"
3330:31 December
3236:19 November
3214:4 September
3183:19 November
3179:. ESA. 2012
3158:21 February
3083:26 November
2821:Switzerland
2611:Pantelleria
2605:are on the
2593:is part of
2231:subregional
1828:South Tyrol
1684:in Italy),
1672:in Italy),
1581:(2007) and
1544:Warsaw Pact
1530:and became
1488:World War I
1413:Renaissance
1367:demographic
1363:Black Death
1355:Christendom
1347:Reconquista
1303:Middle Ages
1297:led to the
1197:Phoenicians
1130:Aleppo pine
1079:Stone pines
1020:, but also
941:, southern
915:Azores High
766:inland part
665:East Thrace
606:Switzerland
439:South Italy
221:. When the
205:blows over
192:subtropical
157:East Thrace
6329:Categories
6029:Ionian Sea
6024:Aegean Sea
5994:Baltic Sea
5926:Antarctica
5778:Micronesia
5747:New Guinea
5705:Portuguese
5628:West Coast
5578:East Coast
5573:Bible Belt
5568:Appalachia
5247:Subregions
5155:Inner Asia
5073:Antarctica
4973:Continents
4946:Antarctica
4921:Landmasses
4831:Down Under
4826:Arab World
4810:subregions
4715:Retirement
4617:Philosophy
4612:Literature
4516:endangered
4409:per capita
4397:per capita
4385:per capita
4269:Statistics
4156:statistics
4070:Eurosphere
3844:Prehistory
3832:Chronology
3646:26 January
3594:World Bank
3495:31 January
3066:WorldAtlas
2918:, Montréal
2882:References
2872:Mont Blanc
2764:Ebro Basin
2745:A part of
2570:Asia Minor
2370:Montenegro
2300:San Marino
2285:Montenegro
2154:San Marino
2039:Montenegro
2000:San Marino
1856:Christians
1757:Macedonian
1698:Val d'Aran
1662:Portuguese
1648:Latin Arch
1629:See also:
1552:Yugoslavia
1397:See also:
1238:, such as
947:Montenegro
937:, coastal
933:, coastal
686:Montenegro
434:San Marino
319:subregions
295:See also:
247:historical
227:Tramontane
219:Tramontane
174:, and the
133:San Marino
121:Montenegro
44:, and the
6225:Antarctic
6009:Irish Sea
5999:Black Sea
5958:Australia
5907:Caribbean
5884:continent
5858:Patagonia
5788:Polynesia
5766:Melanesia
5759:Zealandia
5737:Australia
5623:Southwest
5543:Caribbean
5320:Near East
4961:submerged
4956:Zealandia
4951:Australia
4841:Old World
4836:New World
4708:by region
4568:sculpture
4523:Tattooing
4511:Languages
4501:Etiquette
4404:GDP (PPP)
4328:Transport
4198:Education
4186:relations
4013:Mountains
3944:Geography
3117:Routledge
2874:(4,810 m)
2819:includes
2794:includes
2770:includes
2712:includes
2329:Gibraltar
2011:Gibraltar
1745:Slovenian
1690:Mirandese
1678:Sardinian
1646:(See the
1625:Languages
1602:North Sea
1556:socialism
1428:into the
1389:in 1453.
1335:Silk Road
1279:Roman law
786:Vojvodina
497:peninsula
362:Gibraltar
277:Geography
255:geography
239:political
211:Po Valley
101:Gibraltar
5752:Tasmania
5700:Hispanic
5563:Northern
5510:Germanic
5488:Atlantic
5430:Southern
5391:Northern
5357:Caucasus
5293:Dead Sea
5264:Caucasus
5232:Southern
5225:Maritime
5220:Mainland
5193:Northern
5174:Far East
5133:Aral Sea
5056:Southern
5000:Northern
4750:Category
4653:Armorial
4622:Religion
4563:painting
4252:Politics
4230:Eurozone
4054:Politics
4040:Villages
3918:Military
3911:By topic
3816:articles
3769:Archived
3692:Archived
3673:archived
3596:(2018).
3543:15 March
3472:18 April
3430:Archived
3402:9 August
3289:(2002).
3208:Archived
2813:Po Basin
2400:See also
2386:Slovenia
2378:Portugal
2310:Slovenia
2295:Portugal
2270:Holy See
2227:regional
2149:Portugal
2134:Holy See
2031:Bulgaria
2015:Portugal
1834:Religion
1784:Albanian
1733:България
1729:Bulgaria
1686:Galician
1680:town of
1604:and the
1590:Gotthard
1585:(2013).
1579:Bulgaria
1504:Big Four
1475:Ottomans
1417:theology
1405:Florence
1383:Anatolia
1318:Crusades
1311:kingdoms
1244:Carthage
1224:Sardinia
1212:Carthage
1108:Q. suber
1103:Alentejo
1045:chestnut
939:Slovenia
919:Portugal
816:Sardinia
772:Slovenia
716:Slovenia
675:mainland
646:Bulgaria
557:Slovenia
537:Slovenia
527:Slovenia
507:Slovenia
481:Sardinia
448:Holy See
386:mainland
376:mainland
372:Portugal
311:European
251:cultural
243:economic
225:and the
217:and the
186:and the
180:Pyrenees
141:Slovenia
129:Portugal
89:Bulgaria
38:Pyrenees
5953:Oceania
5941:by area
5897:America
5874:Islands
5724:Oceania
5593:Midwest
5548:Central
5515:Romance
5483:Western
5352:Balkans
5347:Eastern
5342:Central
5310:Mashriq
5254:Western
5198:Siberia
5150:Eastern
5128:Central
5061:Western
5034:Central
5010:Mashriq
5005:Maghreb
4995:Saharan
4941:America
4934:Eurasia
4806:regions
4734:Outline
4649:Symbols
4637:Judaism
4602:Cuisine
4550:Culture
4538:Erasmus
4484:Society
4303:History
4287:Economy
4240:Members
4181:Economy
4018:Regions
4003:Islands
3998:Geology
3983:Climate
3824:History
3741:17 June
3615:Europe.
2922:18 June
2815:). The
2766:). The
2702:Corsica
2649:geology
2354:Croatia
2346:Albania
2260:Croatia
2250:Andorra
2245:Albania
2113:EuroVoc
2071:EuroVoc
2061:EuroVoc
2047:Romania
2035:Croatia
2023:Albania
2007:Andorra
1969:In the
1876:Judaism
1816:Turkish
1796:Maltese
1717:Balkans
1694:Occitan
1682:Alghero
1674:Catalan
1658:Spanish
1654:Italian
1583:Croatia
1575:Romania
1548:Comecon
1375:Balkans
1232:Etruria
1170:History
1148:, Italy
1099:savanna
1085:, Spain
1066:, Italy
1041:steppes
982:Trieste
965:trees.
951:Albania
935:Croatia
909:is the
907:climate
889:Climate
834:Gallery
804:Corsica
762:Romania
757:Moldova
751:islands
728:Croatia
696:Romania
651:Croatia
636:Albania
612:Trieste
517:Croatia
503:Ankaran
466:Gorizia
456:Corsica
347:Andorra
315:climate
259:climate
223:Mistral
215:Mistral
199:Sirocco
159:), and
93:Croatia
81:Andorra
77:Albania
6240:Global
6230:Arctic
6169:Rivers
6147:Other
6081:Oceans
5936:Europe
5892:Africa
5685:French
5558:Middle
5520:Slavic
5505:Celtic
5406:Nordic
5396:Baltic
5334:Europe
5288:Levant
4982:Africa
4818:Worlds
4755:Portal
4676:Ageing
4585:Cinema
4318:Energy
4023:Rivers
3978:Cities
3814:
3812:Europe
3637:
3606:
3581:today.
3572:
3427:IV:144
3299:
3274:olive.
3265:
3123:
3008:
2981:
2956:5 June
2734:Turkey
2708:. The
2704:, and
2629:. The
2619:Sicily
2613:, the
2603:Apulia
2528:. The
2394:Turkey
2382:Serbia
2358:Greece
2305:Serbia
2265:Greece
2212:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2164:Turkey
2129:Greece
2124:Cyprus
2103:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2055:Turkey
2051:Serbia
1980:Greece
1960:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1824:German
1755:) and
1753:Istria
1741:Molise
1666:French
1569:. The
1377:, the
1357:. The
1351:Iberia
1343:Venice
1322:Levant
1269:. The
1220:Sicily
1201:Canaan
1039:, and
1026:Balkan
990:Lugano
978:Venice
955:Greece
953:, and
931:France
820:Sicily
818:, and
812:Cyprus
782:Serbia
747:Greece
742:Cyprus
734:&
706:Serbia
681:Kosovo
671:Greece
661:Turkey
602:Ticino
580:Monaco
543:Muggia
493:Istria
486:Sicily
460:France
418:France
398:France
356:France
303:, and
289:, and
261:, and
249:, and
203:Sahara
182:, the
170:, the
153:Turkey
137:Serbia
117:Monaco
105:Greece
97:Cyprus
65:Europe
61:region
40:, the
6217:Polar
6162:lists
6157:Lakes
5976:ocean
5695:Ibero
5690:Latin
5680:Anglo
4802:Earth
4741:Index
4657:Flags
4644:Sport
4632:Islam
4607:Dance
4008:Lakes
3893:Delta
3772:(PDF)
3761:(PDF)
3686:CIA.
3515:(PDF)
3416:e.g.
2659:. In
2591:Italy
2568:near
2564:Some
2487:Notes
2390:Spain
2366:Malta
2362:Italy
2315:Spain
2280:Malta
2275:Italy
2159:Spain
2144:Malta
2139:Italy
2019:Spain
1995:Malta
1990:Italy
1868:Islam
1818:is a
1798:is a
1339:Genoa
1295:Goths
1240:Cádiz
1228:Italy
1204:ports
1162:olive
1060:Beech
1014:flora
996:Flora
963:olive
927:Italy
923:Spain
828:Malta
808:Crete
616:Italy
575:Malta
567:Italy
553:Piran
547:Italy
533:Koper
523:Izola
470:Italy
382:Spain
336:Spain
263:flora
207:Italy
149:Spain
113:Malta
6174:Seas
5931:Asia
5203:Ural
5115:Asia
5044:Horn
5039:East
4808:and
4760:Maps
3896:cron
3891:and
3743:2019
3736:UNSD
3648:2018
3635:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3545:2021
3497:2010
3474:2009
3404:2017
3347:and
3332:2020
3297:ISBN
3287:OECD
3263:ISBN
3238:2021
3216:2021
3185:2021
3160:2022
3131:He (
3121:ISBN
3085:2021
3006:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2958:2015
2924:2022
2392:and
2229:and
2053:and
2017:and
1848:Rome
1767:The
1588:The
1577:and
1536:NATO
1502:the
1411:, a
1353:for
1341:and
1281:and
1267:Asia
1222:and
1195:The
1160:Dry
1111:and
1097:Oak
988:and
986:Como
980:and
959:pine
794:The
184:Alps
42:Alps
6184:Rim
5974:By
5882:By
4558:Art
4426:HDI
4085:Law
2823:in
2798:in
2774:in
2716:in
2647:In
1790:in
1771:or
1743:).
1735:).
1101:of
1081:in
826:of
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3690:.
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3665:,
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3323:.
3305:.
3271:.
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2948:.
2944:.
2932:^
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2581:^
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2541:^
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2388:,
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