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military to foreigners. As expected, the demands were viewed as humiliating and unacceptable by the
Chinese. In response, Chiang, who had left the area, sent a courier to the Japanese garrison, stating that he would meet some, but not all of the stated demands. Fukuda, who deemed that his demands had not been met, launched a full-scale attack on the Chinese in Jinan in the afternoon of 8 May. Fighting was fiercest on the night of 9–10 May, with the Japanese using artillery to bombard the old walled city, where the remaining NRA troops had holed up. The civilian population of the old city were not warned in advance of the Japanese bombardment, which is thought to have resulted in many casualties. The final group of Chinese soldiers escaped under the cover of night on 10–11 May. By morning, the Japanese had gained full control of Jinan, and took up positions in the walled city. The city would remain under Japanese occupation until March 1929, when an agreement to settle the dispute over Jinan was reached. The period of occupation was defined by oppression, with freedom of the press and assembly proscribed, postal correspondence censored, and residents killed for alleged sympathies with the KMT.
669:, eight members of his staff, seven NRA soldiers, and one cook. The exact nature of the killing is contested between the Japanese and Chinese sides, with the Japanese claiming they were attacked from the upper floors, and did not know that the building was a government office or that Cai held the position of negotiator. The Chinese, on the other hand, said that the building was clearly marked, and that Cai's nose, ears, and tongue were cut off, and his eyes gouged out, before he was executed. The other members of his staff were reported by the Chinese to have been stripped naked, whipped, dragged out to the back lawn and killed with machine guns. In response to these reports, Major General Ryū Saitō wrote that the Chinese account was "propaganda", that Cai was simply shot dead during ongoing fighting between the Japanese and Chinese, and that one cannot cut off ears or noses with a bayonet.
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conflict in Jinan, he added that "before one can settle scores, one must be strong". When Chiang lectured a group of
Chinese army cadets on the subject, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment. Japanese prime minister Tanaka, who also had hoped to avoid conflict, opened negotiations with Chiang, and close to a year later, in March 1929, an agreement was reached to share responsibility for the Jinan incident, settle the dispute, and withdraw all Japanese troops from Shandong.
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treatment at a local
Christian hospital with the help of a local labourer was blocked from proceeding down the street to the hospital by Japanese soldiers, sparking a verbal argument. The Japanese then shot and killed the soldier and the labourer. Different Chinese sources, however, reported different versions of the events, and this gave the impression that the Chinese were inventing stories to justify their behaviour. The Japanese version, however, is marked by its own association with the later use of disinformation tactics by the Kwantung Army in the
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515:, Chiang replied that this was not possible. The discussion, therefore, ended without a clear conclusion, though Tanaka was said to be hopeful for future meetings. Chiang, for his part, considered the meeting a failure, but maintained his approach of attempting to work with the Japanese to reach a solution that was amenable to both parties. Despite this, Chiang had only a tenuous hold on power in China, and relied in large measure on the promise to end foreign domination and re-unify the country to buttress his legitimacy.
58:
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753:, the Jinan incident demonstrated the weak nature of the Japanese chain of command, and the powerlessness of civilian government officials to stop unilateral aggression by the military. Japanese army leaders, increasingly outside civilian control, feared that Chiang would respond to patriotic agitation and threaten their interests in southern Manchuria. Following the precedent of General Fukuda's unilateral action in Jinan, a group of officers of the Kwantung Army
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597:, abandoning Jinan. As they left the city, the warlord forces were reported to have engaged in looting, though Japanese-inhabited areas continued to be protected by Japanese troops. Public dissatisfaction with the presence of the Imperial Japanese Army in Shandong became increasingly evident, their presence viewed as a new attempt by the Japanese to seize control of the region, as they had in 1914
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following morning, however, when a dispute between the
Chinese and Japanese resulted in the deaths of 13–16 Japanese civilians. The resulting conflict resulted in thousands of casualties on the NRA side, which fled the area to continue northwards toward Beijing, and left the city under Japanese occupation until March 1929.
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clash began, they were left in control of the only working line of communication out of Jinan, forcing foreign media reports to rely entirely on the
Japanese version of the events. According to the official Japanese narrative, as reported by General Fukuda, a group of Chinese soldiers under the command of General
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Chiang in China, and not interfere in
Chinese domestic affairs. Chiang responded by saying he "understood" Japanese interest in China. When Tanaka said that Chiang should focus on consolidating his power in the territories under KMT control, rather than advance northward toward the Japanese sphere of influence in
677:, was robbed and nearly beaten to death, and only saved by intervention of one of Chiang's officers. In addition, they claimed that Chiang's promise to remove all Chinese soldiers from the Japanese-inhabited commercial area of the city had not been implemented. Speaking after the Sasaki incident, Major General
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With his forces bolstered, General Fukuda issued a set of demands to the
Chinese, to be met within twelve hours. These were: punishment of responsible Chinese officers, the disarming of responsible Chinese troops before the Japanese army, evacuation of two military barracks near Jinan, prohibition of
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Negotiations to halt the escalating violence quickly began, with Chiang and Fukuda agreeing to a truce. Chiang, who was not interested in conflict with the
Japanese, and wanted to continue the Northern Expedition, agreed to withdraw his troops from the city, leaving only a small number to keep order.
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patrolling in the area rushed to the scene, and attempted to stop the
Chinese soldiers. The Chinese soldiers then opened fire on the Japanese troops, causing the Japanese to return fire. In the Chinese version of events, as recorded by Chiang Kai-shek, a sick Chinese soldier who had attempted to seek
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The area remained quiet, though tense, until a clash erupted between
Japanese and NRA soldiers during the morning of 3 May. The exact details of what instigated the clash are contested between the Japanese and Chinese sides. As the Japanese immediately destroyed the Chinese wireless station after the
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that there would be no disruption in Jinan, and ordered his troops to proceed northward from Jinan with haste, so as to avoid any potential conflict. Following the negotiations, Saitō decided to begin preparations to withdraw the Japanese troops, and said that all security matters in Jinan would then
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Japanese military. The first substantial group of 475 troops, however, arrived in Jinan from Qingdao on 20 April. They were followed by over 4,000 more troops over the coming days. The arrival of the Japanese troops in Jinan, just as the Beiyang-aligned forces had retreated there, prompted suspicions
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As the NRA launched a pincer attack on Jinan, the railways to Qingdao and Beijing were damaged, preventing warlord-aligned troops from receiving reinforcements. This also brought the NRA in conflict with the Japanese, who were guarding the Qingdao–Jinan railway, though no violence broke out at this
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If the incident had been an isolated example of Japanese assertion and Chinese resistance, a broader understanding might have been reached. Chiang's troops, however, continued to expand their control in northern China and the Japanese army's distrust of the forces of Chinese nationalism would only
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Regardless of who started the clash, it quickly resulted in a full-scale conflict between the NRA and the Japanese Army. The Japanese reported that NRA soldiers had "run amok", causing mass destruction and a massacre of Japanese civilians, and the British Acting Consul-General reported that he had
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Chiang sought to avoid repetition of such conflicts and further Japanese interference, and on 5 November 1927, while he was nominally retired from leading the Northern Expedition, he met with Japanese prime minister Tanaka. During the meeting, Tanaka suggested that the Japanese would support only
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said that they would "protect to their fullest ability the lives and property of foreigners in China in accordance with international law and usage". Despite these assurances, foreign powers, including the Japanese, remained concerned about the safety of their economic and political interests in
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Chiang apologised to the Japanese on 10 May and removed He Yaozu from his post. After the incident, Chiang decided he would write one "way to kill the Japanese" each day in his journal, and also wrote that he now thought the Japanese were China's greatest enemy. Justifying his backing down from
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on both sides of the Qingdao–Jinan railway. The Japanese knew that the Chinese would not be able to fulfil their demands within the stated timeframe. Instead, their issuance was designed to raise the morale of Japanese troops, cow the Chinese, and demonstrate the "determination" of the Japanese
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withdrew from the area, allowing for the peaceful capture of the city by the NRA. NRA forces initially managed to coexist with Japanese troops stationed around the Japanese consulate and businesses, and Chiang Kai-shek arrived to negotiate their withdrawal on 2 May. This peace was broken the
540:, and advanced into Shandong. Sun retreated to Jinan by railway on 17–18 April, leaving the path to Jinan open to the NRA. When the Japanese learned of Sun's failure to defend Shandong, Prime Minister Tanaka, on the counsel of his military advisors, decided to deploy the
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said that it was "necessary for Japan to chastise the lawless Chinese soldiers in order to maintain Japan's national and military prestige". Responding to a request from General Fukuda, Prime Minister Tanaka ordered the despatch of reinforcements from
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knew that the deployment of troops could result in a conflict with the Chinese, which, rather than protecting Japanese citizens and economic interests, could further endanger them. As it happened, in an attempt to resolve the split between the
503:, Chiang was forced to resign from his post of commander of the NRA and halt the Northern Expedition in August 1927, avoiding conflict. With the threat of the NRA advance gone, the Japanese withdrew their troops from Jinan in September 1927.
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seen corpses of Japanese males that had been emasculated. In an incident that would provoke Chinese outrage, Japanese soldiers entered a building that the Chinese later said was their negotiation headquarters, and killed Chinese diplomat
601:. NRA troops marched into Jinan over the course of 30 April and 1 May, and took control without trouble. On 2 May, Chiang Kai-shek began negotiations with the Japanese to withdraw their troops, gave assurances to Japanese Major General
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According to cables sent from Kobe to Hong Kong, on May 1928, 11 or 7 Japanese were shot to death by a Chinese man in Kobe, Japan in revenge for the Jinan incident and then he committed suicide.
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By April 1928, Chiang Kai-shek had once again consolidated power, at which time he resumed the Northern Expedition. The NRA was able to quickly push back the forces of Beiyang-aligned warlord
780:, pictures of the corpses of massacred Japanese citizens undergoing autopsy in a Jinan hospital have been mistakenly used by Chinese publishers in textbooks as depicting the Japanese
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denied doing any such thing. Both the Beiyang government and the KMT government in Nanjing protested against the Japanese action, deeming it a violation of Chinese sovereignty.
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province, and in middle school textbooks. The same pictures have also been mistakenly used in Japan, such as in "The Road to the Tokyo Trials" by Kuriya Kentarō, and in a
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wanted to keep his troops away from Jinan, avoiding what he viewed as a useless and potentially costly clash with the Japanese. Similarly, Japanese prime minister Baron
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Japanese soldiers had been deployed to Shandong province to protect Japanese commercial interests in the province, which were threatened by the advance of Chiang's
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about whether the Beiyang warlords had asked for a Japanese intervention. This was used as propaganda by the Kuomintang, though Beiyang government leader
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be entrusted to Chiang. General Fukuda later gave his approval to this decision, and the Japanese troops began withdrawal during the night of 2–3 May.
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Luo, Zhitian (1994). "The Chinese Rediscovery of the Special Relationship: The Jinan Incident as a Turning Point in Sino-American Relations".
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572:, limiting his ability to moderate the Japanese response. Even before Tanaka had given the order, troops under the command of General
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made repeated statements to the effect that he would not tolerate anti-foreign attacks by his soldiers, and the KMT foreign minister
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Wei, Shuge (2013). "Beyond the Front Line: China's rivalry with Japan in the English-language press over the Jinan Incident, 1928".
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Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). "The Nationalist Revolution : from Canton to Nanking, 1923-1928". In Fairbank, John King (ed.).
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newspaper, and assaulted its proprietor at 09:30. A group of Japanese soldiers commanded by Captain
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stage. On 29 April, chaos erupted as the warlord troops began to flee northwards across the
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and consulates in Nanjing in March 1927 and Hankou in April 1927 were attacked by the KMT's
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Abend, Hallett (11 May 1928). "Japan Wins Tsinan; Drives out Chinese in Week's Fighting".
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on 4 June 1928, setting off a chain of events that created the pretext for the 1931
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Hara, Masayoshi (October 1999). "「済南事件」邦人被害者の写真(イラスト)を七三一部隊細菌戦人体実験として宣伝する「中国教科書」".
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programme about the horrors of war. Some of these pictures can be viewed below.
408:(NRA) soldiers and Chinese civilians respectively in what came to be called the
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After Imperialism : the search for a new order in the Far East, 1921–1931
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On 4 May, however, the Japanese reported that their chief negotiator, Colonel
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all anti-Japanese propaganda, and withdrawal of all Chinese troops beyond 20
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A map of troop movements in the lead up to the Jinan incident, April–May 1928
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1658:(in Chinese). Beijing: China University of Political Science and Law Press.
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The generalissimo : Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China
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to Jinan on 19 April, in what was called the "Second Shandong Expedition"
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biological weapons experiments. They have also appeared in a museum in
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China, and resolved that the Nanking incident would not be repeated.
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Shōwa ishin no ashita : Niniroku jiken o ikita shōgun to musume
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Hata, Ikuhiko; Sase, Masamori; Tsuneishi, Keiichi (2002). "済南事件 ".
838:(Japanese assassination of the Chinese head of state Generalissimo
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Japanese soldiers atop a gate in the walled city of Jinan, May 1928
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The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928
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1860:. Vol. 12. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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Former foreign office building in Jinan, site of the killing of
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1710:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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Japanese victory; Japanese army occupied Jinan until March 1929
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the leader of the Beiyang government and ruler of Manchuria
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who considered the province within their sphere of influence
32:"Shantung Incident" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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1768:(in Japanese). Vol. 21, no. 5. pp. 146–158.
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1384:蔡公时用日语抗议，日兵竟将其耳鼻割去，继又挖去舌头、眼睛。日军将被缚人员的衣服剥光，恣意鞭打，然后拉至院内用机枪扫射
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Jinan Municipal People's Government (1 September 2005).
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Japanese troops in the commercial district, July 1927.
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incidents. Following these incidents, NRA commander
1904:"How the Japanese 'Reported' the Tsinan Incident".
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in what they called the "First Shandong Expedition"
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1741:. The Military History Society of Japan: 98–117.
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610:3 May dispute between NRA and Japanese soldiers
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334:(NRA) and Japanese soldiers and civilians in
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1886:世界戦争犯罪事典 [Sekai sensō hanzai jiten]
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2401:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1964:
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708:, which began arriving in Jinan on 7 May.
1913:"Japan Gives League Her Case on Tsinan".
1762:Nakamura, Akira (May 1989). "大東亜戦争への道 ".
456:province in May–June 1927, the Japanese,
1777:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Asahi Shinbunsha.
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1639:. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.
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29:1928 Chinese-Japanese conflict in China
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831:Events preceding World War II in Asia
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1833:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Chikumashobō.
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576:had begun arriving in Jinan via the
1908:. 12 May 1928 – via ProQuest.
1858:Republican China, 1912-1949. Part I
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1733:Miyata, Masaki (2006). "再考-済南事件 ".
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239:6,123 civilians and soldiers killed
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690:in the "Third Shandong Expedition"
595:Luokou Yellow River Railway Bridge
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1601:. Chicago: Imprint Publications.
776:According to Japanese researcher
2373:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
2233:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
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51:Jinan Incident / 3 May Tragedy
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763:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
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2051:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
1889:(in Japanese). Bungeishunjū.
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749:grow. According to historian
736:Jinan Tragedy Memorial Hall,
440:When the NRA forced back the
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2653:Japanese war crimes in China
2135:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
1370:(in Chinese). Archived from
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76:(1 week and 1 day)
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406:National Revolutionary Army
332:National Revolutionary Army
186:National Revolutionary Army
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2377:Northeast Flag Replacement
2283:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1980:and warlordism during the
1633:Jordan, Donald A. (1976).
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881:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
846:Northeast Flag Replacement
712:Japanese reprisal on Jinan
660:Initial fighting and truce
599:during the First World War
524:NRA troops arrive in Jinan
446:National Pacification Army
400:(KMT) government, foreign
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1814:10.1017/S0026749X11000886
1558:. 1 June 1928. p. 7.
1540:. 25 May 1928. p. 8.
875:Defense of the Great Wall
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511:-controlled Shandong and
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396:to reunite China under a
357:to reunite China under a
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194:NRA 2nd Collective Army (
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2355:Muslim conflict in Gansu
2325:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2315:Nanking incident of 1927
2195:First Zhili–Fengtian War
772:Dispute over photographs
384:Nanking incident of 1927
39:Not to be confused with
2638:Battles involving Japan
2633:Battles involving China
2273:Canton–Hong Kong strike
2055:National Protection War
1906:The China Weekly Review
1695:10.1163/187656194X00085
1280:The China Weekly Review
1262:The China Weekly Review
434:Jinan's railway station
191:NRA 1st Collective Army
2259:May Thirtieth Movement
2115:Paris Peace Conference
1773:Usui, Katsumi (1974).
1597:Iriye, Akira (1990) .
1534:"Chinese Amok in Kobe"
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570:February 1928 election
533:
483:Dai-ichi Santō Shuppei
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348:Imperial Japanese Army
244:13–16 civilians killed
214:Imperial Japanese Army
147:Commanders and leaders
2668:China–Japan relations
2155:Guangdong–Guangxi War
2105:Siberian intervention
1829:Kudō, Miyoko (2010).
1628:(in Japanese): 40–45.
735:
701:Dai-san Santō Shuppei
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578:Qingdao–Jinan railway
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288:; formerly romanised
234:Casualties and losses
126:Kuomintang government
2410:Sino-Soviet conflict
2065:Death of Yuan Shikai
1938:at Wikimedia Commons
1802:Modern Asian Studies
1702:Taylor, Jay (2009).
1654:Li, Jiazhen (1987).
904:Nikolayevsk incident
852:on 29 December 1928)
555:Dai-ni Santō Shuppei
248:157 soldiers wounded
2678:Northern Expedition
2369:Huanggutun incident
2299:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
2294:Northern Expedition
2124:May Fourth Movement
1775:Shōwashi no shunkan
1511:, pp. 212–213.
1451:, pp. 203–204.
1308:, pp. 201–202.
1218:, pp. 178–180.
1152:, pp. 199–201.
1114:, pp. 193–195.
1102:, pp. 352–353.
1048:, pp. 195–200.
998:, pp. 125–126.
869:January 28 Incident
863:(18 September 1931)
836:Huanggutun incident
679:Tatekawa Yoshitsugu
394:Northern Expedition
355:Northern Expedition
308:traditional Chinese
270:traditional Chinese
2658:Chinese war crimes
2421:Central Plains War
2255:Yunnan–Guangxi War
2206:First United Front
2075:Manchu Restoration
2041:Twenty-One Demands
2021:Bai Lang Rebellion
1915:The New York Times
1697:– via JSTOR.
1590:The New York Times
1436:The New York Times
1368:"The Year of 1928"
1230:, p. 158–159.
1206:, pp. 159–60.
1009:The New York Times
742:
645:Yoshiharu Kumekawa
623:
534:
442:Beiyang government
438:
363:Beiyang government
298:simplified Chinese
260:simplified Chinese
246:26 soldiers killed
34:Battle of Shantung
18:May Third incident
2643:Conflicts in 1928
2608:
2607:
2594:
2593:
2485:
2484:
2436:Qinghai–Tibet War
2335:Shanghai massacre
2269:Anti-Fengtian War
2242:
2241:
2031:Second Revolution
1934:Media related to
1538:The Straits Times
1463:, pp. 82–83.
967:, pp. 62–63.
582:Meiji Restoration
464:to the cities of
365:-aligned army of
338:, the capital of
252:
251:
241:Thousands wounded
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
2685:
2648:Combat incidents
2586:
2583:Communist Party
2578:
2432:Sino-Tibetan War
2345:July 15 Incident
2248:
2247:
2217:Lincheng Outrage
2119:Shandong Problem
2095:Golok rebellions
2014:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1976:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1879:
1852:
1825:
1796:
1769:
1758:
1729:
1709:
1698:
1677:
1650:
1629:
1620:
1593:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
968:
962:
945:
939:
909:Tonghua incident
899:Nanjing Massacre
871:(Shanghai, 1932)
819:
810:
801:
707:
706:
703:
697:
696:
636:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
489:
488:
485:
479:
478:
380:Shandong Problem
324:
315:
305:
287:
277:
267:
212:
211:
184:
183:
142:
138:
136:
135:
124:
123:
68:
67:
60:
48:
47:
21:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2663:May 1928 events
2613:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2576:
2486:
2446:Kumul Rebellion
2408:
2399:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2301:
2297:
2271:
2257:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2145:Zhili–Anhui War
2121:
2117:
2053:
1989:
1970:
1926:
1921:
1897:
1868:
1841:
1785:
1737:(in Japanese).
1718:
1666:
1647:
1609:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1375:
1374:on 24 July 2012
1364:
1360:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:, pp. 199.
1292:
1288:
1277:
1270:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
971:
963:
948:
940:
936:
932:
927:
919:Shakee Massacre
914:Tongzhou mutiny
861:Mukden Incident
842:on 4 June 1928)
827:
820:
811:
802:
774:
730:
714:
704:
691:
662:
630:
612:
574:Fukuda Hikosuke
565:Rikken Seiyūkai
558:
545:
526:
521:
509:Fengtian clique
492:Chiang Kai-shek
486:
473:
418:Chiang Kai-shek
390:
388:Hankou incident
376:
328:Chiang Kai-shek
247:
245:
240:
216:
206:
178:
164:
162:Fukuda Hikosuke
155:
153:Chiang Kai-shek
133:
131:
118:
96:
75:
61:
44:
41:Battle of Jinan
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2691:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2597:
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2592:
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2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
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2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:War in Ningxia
2477:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2405:Beijing Revolt
2397:Chiang-Gui War
2394:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2365:Jinan incident
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2348:
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2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
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2290:
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2214:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1982:Nanjing decade
1969:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:Jinan Incident
1925:
1924:External links
1922:
1920:
1919:
1917:. 30 May 1928.
1910:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1866:
1853:
1839:
1826:
1808:(1): 188–224.
1797:
1783:
1770:
1759:
1730:
1716:
1699:
1689:(4): 345–372.
1678:
1664:
1651:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1607:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1561:
1556:Malaya Tribune
1543:
1525:
1523:, p. 214.
1513:
1501:
1499:, p. 204.
1489:
1487:, p. 205.
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1427:
1425:, p. 180.
1412:
1410:, p. 202.
1400:
1398:, p. 173.
1388:
1358:
1343:
1331:
1329:, p. 159.
1310:
1298:
1286:
1284:, p. 313.
1268:
1266:, p. 311.
1253:
1251:, p. 179.
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1181:
1179:, p. 198.
1166:
1164:, p. 197.
1154:
1137:
1135:, p. 156.
1116:
1104:
1089:
1087:, p. 155.
1077:
1075:, p. 195.
1065:
1063:, p. 133.
1050:
1038:
1036:, p. 145.
1026:
1024:, p. 194.
1014:
1000:
988:
986:, p. 158.
969:
946:
944:, p. 238.
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:Kantō Massacre
891:
889:Gando massacre
886:
885:
884:
878:
872:
866:
865:
864:
853:
850:Zhang Xueliang
843:
826:
823:
822:
821:
814:
812:
805:
803:
796:
778:Masayoshi Hara
773:
770:
729:
726:
713:
710:
661:
658:
611:
608:
525:
522:
520:
517:
375:
372:
256:Jinan incident
250:
249:
242:
236:
235:
231:
230:
229:
228:
223:
203:
202:
201:
192:
174:
173:
172:Units involved
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159:
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128:
115:
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110:
109:
106:
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52:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:1928 in Japan
2626:
2624:
2623:1928 in China
2621:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2587:
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2203:
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2052:
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2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:9780521243278
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1840:9784480427489
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
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1790:
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1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1717:9780674033382
1713:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1646:9780824803520
1642:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 83.
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1438:, 11 May 1928
1437:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1354:Nakamura 1989
1350:
1348:
1341:, p. 55.
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1282:, 12 May 1928
1281:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:, 12 May 1928
1263:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1011:, 30 May 1928
1010:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
980:
978:
976:
974:
966:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
943:
938:
934:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
883:(7 July 1937)
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
828:
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813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
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793:
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787:
783:
779:
769:
766:
764:
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756:
752:
746:
739:
734:
725:
722:
721:
709:
702:
689:
685:
680:
676:
675:Sasaki Tōichi
670:
668:
657:
655:
651:
646:
642:
641:
634:
629:
621:
616:
607:
604:
600:
596:
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588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:
556:
543:
539:
538:Sun Chuanfang
530:
516:
514:
510:
504:
502:
497:
496:Tanaka Giichi
493:
484:
471:
467:
463:
462:Kwantung Army
459:
455:
452:coalition to
451:
447:
443:
435:
430:
426:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
389:
385:
381:
371:
368:
367:Sun Chuanfang
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
295:
294:3 May Tragedy
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
257:
243:
238:
237:
232:
227:
226:Kwantung Army
224:
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219:
218:
217:
215:
210:
204:
199:
198:
193:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
176:
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170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
154:
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150:
145:
141:
129:
127:
122:
117:
116:
111:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
74:3–11 May 1928
73:
70:
69:
65:
59:
54:
49:
46:
42:
35:
27:
19:
2610:
2419:
2364:
2302:
2292:
2237:Beijing Coup
2226:
2204:
2122:
1914:
1905:
1885:
1857:
1830:
1805:
1801:
1774:
1763:
1738:
1734:
1705:
1686:
1682:
1655:
1635:
1625:
1598:
1589:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1403:
1391:
1383:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1361:
1334:
1301:
1289:
1279:
1261:
1256:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1157:
1107:
1080:
1068:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1008:
1003:
991:
937:
840:Zhang Zuolin
775:
767:
759:Zhang Zuolin
755:assassinated
747:
743:
738:Baotu Spring
718:
715:
671:
663:
640:Manshū Nippō
638:
624:
591:
587:Zhang Zuolin
563:
542:6th Division
535:
505:
439:
391:
352:
342:province in
323:Wǔsān Cǎn'àn
321:
293:
289:
255:
253:
221:6th Division
205:
195:
177:
157:Feng Yuxiang
113:Belligerents
45:
26:
2575:Kuomintang
2560:New Guangxi
2555:Old Guangxi
2470:Two-Liu war
2460:Han–Liu War
1978:Warlord Era
1473:Taylor 2009
1461:Taylor 2009
1423:Wilbur 1983
1327:Jordan 1976
1249:Wilbur 1983
1228:Jordan 1976
1216:Wilbur 1983
1204:Jordan 1976
1192:Miyata 2006
1133:Jordan 1976
1061:Jordan 1976
984:Jordan 1976
751:Akira Iriye
740:Park, Jinan
667:Cai Gongshi
656:incidents.
631: [
620:Cai Gongshi
402:concessions
392:During the
2617:Categories
2518:Zhili Army
1896:4163585605
1784:4022591110
1755:5179115869
1665:7562000018
1608:1879176009
1552:"Untitled"
1521:Iriye 1990
1509:Iriye 1990
1497:Iriye 1990
1485:Iriye 1990
1449:Iriye 1990
1408:Iriye 1990
1294:Iriye 1990
1177:Iriye 1990
1162:Iriye 1990
1150:Iriye 1990
1112:Iriye 1990
1085:Iriye 1990
1073:Iriye 1990
1046:Iriye 1990
1034:Iriye 1990
1022:Iriye 1990
996:Iriye 1990
925:References
650:Huanggutun
444:-aligned "
398:Kuomintang
378:See also:
374:Background
359:Kuomintang
2565:Guangdong
2530:Guominjun
2442:1931–1935
2428:1930–1932
2383:1928–1929
2351:1927–1930
2289:1926–1928
2265:1925–1926
2201:1923–1927
2181:1921–1922
2161:1920–1926
2151:1920–1921
2131:1919–1921
2101:1918–1920
2091:1917–1929
2081:1917–1922
2047:1915–1916
2017:1911–1914
2002:1925–1934
1999:1915–1924
1849:743315061
1822:145325236
1747:0386-8877
1726:252922333
1572:Hara 1999
1396:Kudō 2010
1378:16 August
1339:Usui 1974
930:Citations
728:Aftermath
688:Manchuria
603:Ryū Saitō
513:Manchuria
197:Guominjun
166:Ryū Saitō
2540:Xinjiang
2508:Fengtian
2006:Factions
1793:22797563
1674:21367831
1617:23051432
1306:Wei 2013
1100:Luo 1994
825:See also
790:TV Asahi
782:Unit 731
628:He Yaozu
454:Shandong
422:Huang Fu
340:Shandong
280:Japanese
90:Shandong
81:Location
2570:Guizhou
2550:Sichuan
2493:Beiyang
2403:(incl.
1876:2424772
1765:Shokun!
1581:Sources
942:Li 1987
466:Qingdao
450:warlord
410:Nanking
2545:Yunnan
2525:Shanxi
1893:
1874:
1864:
1847:
1837:
1820:
1791:
1781:
1753:
1745:
1724:
1714:
1672:
1662:
1643:
1615:
1605:
877:(1933)
695:第三山東出兵
654:Mukden
549:第二山東出兵
519:Events
477:第一山東出兵
414:Hankou
386:, and
320::
318:pinyin
310::
300::
290:Tsinan
272::
262::
137:
101:Result
2585:(CCP)
2577:(KMT)
2503:Zhili
2498:Anhui
1818:S2CID
1656:济南惨案
786:Jilin
684:Korea
635:]
470:Jinan
344:China
336:Jinan
292:) or
140:Japan
94:China
86:Jinan
2476:1934
2466:1932
2456:1932
2416:1930
2393:1929
2361:1928
2341:1927
2331:1927
2321:1927
2311:1927
2279:1926
2251:1925
2223:1924
2213:1923
2191:1922
2171:1921
2141:1920
2111:1919
2071:1917
2061:1916
2037:1915
2027:1913
1891:ISBN
1872:OCLC
1862:ISBN
1845:OCLC
1835:ISBN
1789:OCLC
1779:ISBN
1751:OCLC
1743:ISSN
1722:OCLC
1712:ISBN
1670:OCLC
1660:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1626:Dōkō
1613:OCLC
1603:ISBN
1380:2013
848:(by
686:and
652:and
468:and
412:and
313:五三慘案
303:五三惨案
285:済南事件
275:濟南慘案
265:济南惨案
254:The
71:Date
1810:doi
1691:doi
330:'s
2619::
2535:Ma
2514:)
2448:/
2434:/
1870:.
1843:.
1816:.
1806:48
1804:.
1787:.
1749:.
1739:42
1720:.
1685:.
1668:.
1611:.
1564:^
1554:.
1536:.
1415:^
1382:.
1346:^
1313:^
1271:^
1235:^
1184:^
1169:^
1140:^
1119:^
1092:^
1053:^
972:^
949:^
765:.
720:li
698:,
633:zh
552:,
480:,
448:"
382:,
350:.
316:;
306:;
282::
268:;
92:,
88:,
2510:(
2407:)
1965:e
1958:t
1951:v
1899:.
1878:.
1851:.
1824:.
1812::
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1757:.
1728:.
1693::
1687:3
1676:.
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1356:.
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705:)
692:(
559:)
546:(
487:)
474:(
296:(
278:；
258:(
200:)
43:.
36:.
20:)
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