732:
311:
496:
202:
982:
345:
178:
338:
331:
511:
213:
530:
351:
40:
1861:
617:, but he dissipated her fortune so rapidly that he was soon heavily in debt. The next year (21 January 1715), Johanna gave birth to a son, called August Adolf after his grandfather; the child only lived a few hours. Since Maurice had also given her more serious grounds of complaint against him, he consented to an annulment of the marriage on 21 March 1721.
609:
As an adult, Maurice bore a strong resemblance to his father, both physically and in character. His grasp was so powerful that he could bend a horseshoe with his hand, and even at the end of his life, his energy and endurance were scarcely affected by the illnesses his many excesses had caused.
856:. Marie Aurore married firstly in 1766 with Antoine, Count of Horne (1735–1767), an alleged illegitimate son of Louis XV. By her second marriage with Louis Claude Dupin de Francueil (in 1777), she was the grandmother of Amandine Lucile Aurore Dupin, who later became famous as the writer
648:, he raised a force by which he maintained his authority till 1727, when he withdrew and took up residence in Paris. Lecouvreur was to die mysteriously shortly afterwards: there is controversy as to whether or not she was poisoned by her rival,
819:
During the last years of his life, Maurice had an affair with a French lady, Marie
Rinteau, who at that time was only eighteen years old. In 1748 she gave birth to a daughter, the last of Maurice's several illegitimate children. She was called
486:
in the previous year, but the unsettled condition of the country obliged
Maurice to spend the greater part of his youth outside its borders. This separation from his father made him independent and had an important effect on his future career.
644:, who offered him her hand. He was chosen duke in 1726, but declined marriage with the duchess. He soon found it impossible to resist her opposition to his claims, but with the assistance of ÂŁ30,000 lent him by the French actress
989:
After
Maurice de Saxe's death in Chambord, a funerary ceremony was held for him in Paris, but as a Protestant, he could not be buried there. His remains were transported to Strasbourg and temporarily kept at the
712:. He had been given only 50–60,000 men to defend against an enemy army twice as large. From this time on, he became one of the great generals of the age. In 1744, he was chosen to command the 10,000 men of the
911:
followed this by subjecting "military affairs to reasoned criticism and intellectual treatment, and the ensuing military doctrines were perceived as forming a definitive system". Written following
614:
1064:
1990:
766:
for life, and in April 1746, he was naturalised as a French subject. Until the end of the war, he continued to command in the
Netherlands, always with success. Besides Fontenoy he added
1549:
1051:
Maurice de Saxe has been the focus of several biographical works. Many previous errors in former biographies were corrected and additional information supplied in Karl von Weber's
575:
Upon his return to the camp of the Allies at the beginning of 1710, Maurice displayed a courage so impetuous that Prince Eugene admonished him to not confuse rashness with valour.
919:, Saxe rejected their rigid discipline; arguing the French character was fundamentally different and their tactics should reflect that, he advocated the use of a deep order or
944:
argued winning one battle was more beneficial than taking 12 fortresses; Saxe followed this line but his argument was given increased weight by French losses in the 1756–1763
2020:
705:
on 19 April 1742, he received a leave of absence, and went to Russia to push his claims for the Duchy of
Courland, but returned to his command after getting nowhere.
724:
but did not proceed more than a few miles out of harbour before being wrecked by disastrous storms. After its termination, he received an independent command in the
1985:
860:. Maria Aurore died on 25 December 1821 when her granddaughter George Sand was seventeen. Sand included details of her grandmother's parentage in her memoires.
2005:
801:
403:; 28 October 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a notable soldier, officer and a famed military commander of the 18th century. The illegitimate son of
731:
936:
also challenged French military orthodoxy in arguing for a greater focus on mobile warfare, rather than fortifications; this was partly a legacy of
940:(1633–1707), who had revolutionised this field but adherence to his principles meant French engineers became ultra-conservative. As early as 1701,
779:
1876:
708:
Maurice's exploits were the sole redeeming feature in an unsuccessful campaign, and on 26 March 1743, his merits were rewarded by promotion to
1842:
177:
2015:
1881:
1069:
1010:, of which it now marks the focal point. The elaborate monument, under which de Saxe's remains were interred on 20 August 1777, shows
467:. He was the first of eight extramarital children whom August acknowledged, although as many as 354 are claimed by sources, including
1193:
751:, an encounter determined entirely by his constancy and cool leadership. During the battle, he was unable to sit on horseback due to
728:, and by skilful manoeuvering succeeded in continually harassing the superior forces of the enemy without risking a decisive battle.
713:
479:
1030:, and their broken flags, while to the right are France's triumphant standards. In the middle stands the heroic marshal holding his
1995:
1975:
1955:
625:
523:
941:
1313:
1901:
1825:
1777:
1750:
1711:
664:
495:
1965:
1161:
973:, were destroyed by the bombardment of that place in 1870. Thirty copies had, however, been printed from the original.
966:
744:
235:
1694:
1135:
541:
412:
375:
310:
45:
1403:
1377:
937:
808:, "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies", was revived for Maurice. But on 20 November 1750 he died at the
698:
1970:
1007:
637:
101:
1281:
1088:(Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, 1962). See also the military histories of the period, especially Carlyle's
1458:
613:
On 12 March 1714, a marriage was arranged between him and one of the richest of his father's subjects, Countess
916:
805:
783:
676:
621:
483:
424:
247:
464:
166:
561:
408:
206:
668:
660:
518:, 11 May 1745, showing Maurice de Saxe presenting the captured British and Dutch prisoners and colours to
1960:
1950:
1018:
weeps on the tomb's side. To the left are France's enemies personnified by three distraught animals: the
717:
672:
2000:
787:
282:
981:
2010:
420:
358:
30:
1056:
1980:
1255:
240:
1045:
1011:
991:
740:
694:
684:
649:
549:
456:
257:
252:
1014:
holding a sandglass and calling him to the grave while a crying France tries to retain him, and
504:
2025:
1219:
962:
545:
468:
448:
404:
156:
809:
763:
86:
1027:
999:
905:
and the idea every activity could be expressed in terms of a universal system. In one sense,
687:
during the night, and seized it before the garrison was aware of the presence of an enemy, a
407:, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Elector of Saxony, he initially served in the
1945:
1940:
898:
821:
725:
557:
553:
128:
797:, which fired a half-pound ball a distance of 4,000 paces at a rate of 100 shots an hour.
8:
1023:
945:
887:
653:
645:
599:
370:
1035:
633:
510:
891:
841:
771:
748:
587:
529:
515:
428:
277:
262:
1803:
From Myth-Conceived to Myth-Understood: France's
Revolutionary Ordre Profond Revisited
1897:
1821:
1773:
1746:
1739:
1690:
1096:
1081:
902:
775:
709:
680:
632:
in 1717, he went to Paris to study mathematics, and in 1720 obtained a commission as
533:
500:
460:
416:
267:
217:
121:
90:
70:
1031:
767:
603:
272:
1917:
1891:
1767:
1715:
825:
813:
579:
396:
388:
590:. In 1711, Augustus formally recognized him and Maurice was granted the rank of
1921:
1769:
Reimagining War in the 21st
Century: From Clausewitz to Network-Centric Warfare
1494:
1048:
had performed in the church in 1778 shortly after the monument's inauguration.
879:
641:
629:
583:
452:
1061:
Maurice de Saxe, étude historique d'après les documents des archives de Dresde
1053:
Moritz Graf von
Sachsen, Marschall von Frankreich, nach archivalischen Quellen
39:
1934:
1872:
1867:
922:
774:
or Val (1747) to the list of French victories. He led the French force which
1038:
believed his majestic pose might have inspired the
Commendatore's statue in
1086:
Marshal of France: The Life and Times of
Maurice, Comte de Saxe (1696–1750)
1040:
894:, more than two centuries later, as "a remarkable work on the art of war".
689:
444:
1918:
Child of Chequer'd Fortune: The Life, Loves and Battles of Maurice de Saxe
1893:
Marshal of France: the life and times of Maurice, comte de Saxe, 1696–1750
1019:
857:
985:
Funerary monument of Maurice de Saxe in Saint Thomas Church, Strasbourg
970:
105:
844:
formally recognized her parentage and she could assume the surname of
536:, 2 July 1747: Louis XV pointing out the village of Lawfeld to Maurice
595:
1801:
1015:
995:
882:
as "a strange military farrago, dictated, as I should think, under
759:
569:
519:
1866:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
912:
793:
Saxe invented a handheld light-artillery piece that he called an
721:
602:. At the age of 17 in 1713 he commanded his own regiment of the
1991:
French military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
565:
475:
440:
66:
693:
which made him famous throughout Europe; he thus repeated the
883:
752:
591:
1925:
1003:
702:
636:. In 1725, he entered negotiations for election as Duke of
415:, before finally entering French service. De Saxe became a
564:. A proposal at the end of the campaign to send him to a
330:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
878:), was published after his death in 1757. Described by
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
2021:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
1605:
679:he took command of an army division sent to invade
1738:
998:'s request, a permanent mausoleum was created by
743:and inflicted a severe defeat on the army of the
1932:
786:. He himself won the last success of the war in
474:In 1698, the Countess sent him to his father in
1986:Illegitimate children of Augustus II the Strong
739:In the following year, Maurice with 65,000 men
572:was dropped due to the protests of his mother.
427:and especially for his decisive victory at the
1765:
1710:de Saxe, Field Marshal Herman Maurice (1757).
961:) appeared in 1794. His letters to his sister
834:) after her grandmother. She bore the surname
758:In recognition of his brilliant achievement,
755:, and was carried about in a wicker chariot.
1885:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1816:Picon, Antoine (2001). Delon, Michel (ed.).
952:
931:
920:
906:
869:
851:
845:
835:
829:
540:At the age of twelve, Maurice served in the
2006:Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) personnel
1840:
594:(Graf). He then accompanied his father to
38:
1194:Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
778:and it was under his orders that Marshal
1871:
1642:
980:
730:
528:
509:
494:
423:. He is best known for his deeds in the
1709:
942:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
615:Johanna Viktoria Tugendreich von Loeben
1933:
1474:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1235:
1125:
1121:
1889:
1815:
1799:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1521:
1518:
1508:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1462:
1456:
1446:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1391:
1375:
1365:
1361:
1337:
1327:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1253:
1243:
1239:
1223:
1217:
1207:
1191:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1133:
1129:
667:, and for a brilliant exploit at the
1772:. Taylor & Francis. p. 24.
1741:The Enlightenment: An Interpretation
1065:Karl Friedrich Vitzthum von Eckstädt
665:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
1736:
1434:13. Barbara Maria Agata von Leesten
1314:Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
927:, rather than relying on firearms.
897:A common theme of the 18th century
697:of his maternal great-grandfather,
640:, at the insistence of the Duchess
13:
1700:(Books for Libraries Press, 1967).
1162:John George III, Elector of Saxony
967:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
701:. After capturing the fortress of
683:in 1741, and on 19 November 1741,
598:, and in 1712 he took part in the
490:
14:
2037:
1911:
1818:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
1550:Amalie Magdalena of Nassau-Siegen
1136:John George II, Elector of Saxony
376:Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
1859:
1843:"Le tombeau du Maréchal de Saxe"
349:
343:
336:
329:
309:
211:
200:
176:
1996:French male non-fiction writers
1976:Counts of the Holy Roman Empire
1956:French people of German descent
1834:
1809:
1800:Smith, Bryan L. (Spring 2012),
1793:
1282:Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark
1055:(Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1863), in
868:Saxe's work on the art of war,
800:In 1747 the title once held by
315:Coat of arms of Maurice de Saxe
304:Coat of arms of Maurice de Saxe
46:Polish Order of the White Eagle
2016:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
1759:
1745:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1730:
1703:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1404:Kurt Christoph von Königsmarck
1378:Hans Christoff von Königsmarck
917:War of the Austrian Succession
699:Hans Christoff von Königsmarck
677:War of the Austrian Succession
622:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
484:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
425:War of the Austrian Succession
248:War of the Austrian Succession
236:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
1:
1598:
1008:St Thomas' Church, Strasbourg
562:war of the Spanish Succession
409:Army of the Holy Roman Empire
207:Army of the Holy Roman Empire
1841:Hans Storck (26 July 2014).
1712:"Reveries on the Art of War"
1459:Maria Aurora von Königsmarck
1111:Ancestors of Maurice de Saxe
959:Selected Letters and Memoirs
735:Engraving of Maurice de Saxe
661:War of the Polish Succession
434:
44:Maurice de Saxe wearing the
7:
1926:Project Gutenberg Australia
1890:White, Jon Manchip (1962).
1102:
954:Lettres et mémoires choisis
863:
718:James Francis Edward Stuart
465:Maria Aurora of Königsmarck
167:Maria Aurora of Königsmarck
116:Johanna Viktoria von Loeben
16:Count of Saxony (1696–1750)
10:
2042:
1966:Marshals General of France
1820:. Routledge. p. 540.
1468:
1355:
1229:
1123:
1080:A biography in English is
714:French invasion of Britain
393:Hermann Moritz von Sachsen
283:Siege of Maastricht (1748)
1535:
1527:
1519:7. Maria Kristina Wrangel
1502:
1480:
1476:
1440:
1421:
1413:
1385:
1363:
1359:
1321:
1299:
1291:
1263:
1241:
1237:
1201:
1179:
1171:
1143:
1127:
1044:, based on the fact that
976:
421:Marshal General of France
369:
365:
359:Marshal General of France
325:
320:
308:
303:
295:
223:
193:
188:
184:
172:
162:
152:
143:
138:
134:
120:
112:
96:
76:
53:
37:
31:Marshal General of France
26:
21:
1920:, Maréchal de France by
1714:. London. Archived from
1256:Frederick III of Denmark
385:Maurice, Count of Saxony
241:Siege of Belgrade (1717)
126:August Adolf von Sachsen
1971:French military writers
1882:Encyclopædia Britannica
1766:Manabrata Guha (2011).
1696:Great Captains Unveiled
1034:, unfazed by his fate.
663:, Maurice served under
659:At the outbreak of the
650:Maria Karolina Sobieska
457:Grand Duke of Lithuania
258:Siege of Tournai (1745)
253:Battle of Prague (1741)
144:Hermann Maurice de Saxe
1847:Le Rouge & le Noir
1220:Augustus II the Strong
1095:He is honoured in the
1057:Saint-René Taillandier
986:
963:Anna Karolina Orzelska
953:
932:
921:
907:
870:
852:
846:
836:
830:
736:
546:Prince Eugene of Savoy
537:
526:
507:
469:Wilhelmine of Bayreuth
449:Augustus II the Strong
405:Augustus II the Strong
400:
392:
157:Augustus II the Strong
1000:Jean-Baptiste Pigalle
984:
915:expansion during the
901:was to emphasise the
886:", it was praised by
762:conferred on him the
734:
720:, which assembled at
669:Siege of Philippsburg
578:He next served under
532:
513:
499:Maurice de Saxe as a
498:
899:Age of Enlightenment
840:until 1766 when the
788:capturing Maastricht
726:Austrian Netherlands
558:Battle of Malplaquet
505:Jean-Étienne Liotard
478:. Augustus had been
439:Maurice was born at
129:Marie-Aurore de Saxe
1737:Gay, Peter (1996).
1718:on February 5, 2008
1090:Frederick the Great
888:Frederick the Great
810:Château de Chambord
764:Château de Chambord
654:Duchess of Bouillon
646:Adrienne Lecouvreur
600:Battle of Gadebusch
548:, at the sieges of
471:, to have existed.
463:, and the Countess
102:Saint Thomas Church
87:Château de Chambord
1961:Marshals of France
1951:People from Goslar
987:
842:Parlement of Paris
749:Battle of Fontenoy
745:Duke of Cumberland
737:
673:lieutenant-general
588:Great Northern War
538:
527:
516:Battle of Fontenoy
508:
429:Battle of Fontenoy
278:Battle of Lauffeld
263:Battle of Fontenoy
2001:Dukes of Courland
1903:978-1-258-13994-0
1827:978-1-57958-246-3
1779:978-0-415-56166-2
1752:978-0-393-00870-8
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1097:Walhalla Memorial
1082:Jon Manchip White
1077:(Leipzig, 1861).
965:, the Duchess of
903:scientific method
890:and described by
776:captured Brussels
710:Marshal of France
534:Battle of Lawfeld
501:Marshal of France
461:Elector of Saxony
382:
381:
299:
298:
268:Siege of Brussels
218:French Royal Army
148:
147:
91:Kingdom of France
71:Holy Roman Empire
2033:
2011:Albertine branch
1907:
1896:. Rand McNally.
1886:
1865:
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1850:
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1807:
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1036:GĂ©rard de Nerval
956:
946:Seven Years' War
935:
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910:
873:
855:
849:
839:
833:
741:besieged Tournai
685:surprised Prague
634:Maréchal de camp
604:Royal Saxon Army
353:
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273:Battle of Rocoux
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80:20 November 1750
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1596:
1340:Maurice de Saxe
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1075:Maurice de Saxe
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979:
969:, preserved at
892:Lord Montgomery
866:
695:exploit of 1648
580:Peter the Great
493:
491:Military career
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1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1063:(1865) and in
978:
975:
865:
862:
784:Bergen op Zoom
630:Ottoman Empire
620:After serving
492:
489:
453:King of Poland
436:
433:
380:
379:
373:
367:
366:
363:
362:
356:
342:
335:
328:
327:
326:
323:
322:
318:
317:
314:
306:
305:
297:
296:
293:
292:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
245:
244:
243:
232:
231:
229:Tree-like list
228:
227:
225:
221:
220:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
132:
131:
124:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
100:
98:
94:
93:
84:(aged 54)
78:
74:
73:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2038:
2027:
2026:Sons of kings
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:Saxe, Maurice
1874:
1869:
1868:public domain
1857:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:White, p. 181
1678:
1672:White, p. 147
1669:
1663:White, p. 132
1660:
1654:White, p. 138
1651:
1644:
1643:Chisholm 1911
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:15. Countess
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
983:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
928:
925:
924:
923:ordre profond
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
861:
859:
854:
848:
843:
838:
837:de la Rivière
832:
827:
823:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
716:on behalf of
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:he was named
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:Anna Ivanovna
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:Imperial Army
535:
531:
525:
521:
517:
512:
506:
502:
497:
488:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Imperial Army
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
324:
319:
312:
307:
302:
294:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
226:
222:
219:
208:
198:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
142:
137:
133:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
79:
75:
72:
68:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
33:
32:
25:
20:
1892:
1880:
1846:
1836:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1768:
1761:
1740:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1705:
1695:
1691:Hart, B.H.L.
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1457:3. Countess
1339:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1041:Don Giovanni
1039:
1028:British lion
1020:German eagle
988:
958:
950:
933:Mes RĂŞveries
929:
908:Mes RĂŞveries
896:
875:
871:Mes RĂŞveries
867:
831:Marie Aurore
822:Maria Aurora
818:
814:putrid fever
799:
794:
792:
757:
738:
707:
690:coup de main
688:
658:
628:against the
619:
612:
608:
582:against the
577:
574:
539:
480:elected King
473:
445:illegitimate
438:
384:
383:
224:Battles/wars
82:(1750-11-20)
27:
1946:1750 deaths
1941:1696 births
1068: [
992:Temple Neuf
876:My Reveries
858:George Sand
847:von Sachsen
770:(1746) and
703:Eger (Cheb)
568:college in
560:during the
556:and at the
411:, then the
60:1696 -10-28
1935:Categories
1785:6 December
1698:, pp.54-55
1599:References
1376:12. Count
1026:, and the
1024:Dutch lion
971:Strasbourg
626:a campaign
106:Strasbourg
1402:6. Count
930:However,
790:in 1748.
782:captured
780:Löwendahl
675:. In the
596:Pomerania
435:Childhood
419:and even
173:Signature
1103:Ancestry
1016:Hercules
996:Louis XV
913:Prussian
864:Writings
795:amusette
772:Lawfeldt
760:Louis XV
638:Courland
570:Brussels
522:and the
520:Louis XV
371:Order(s)
357:Arms as
321:Versions
194:Service/
1870::
1722:May 11,
1002:in the
951:Saxe's
880:Carlyle
853:de Saxe
806:Villars
802:Turenne
747:at the
722:Dunkirk
681:Austria
586:in the
550:Tournai
524:Dauphin
447:son of
417:Marshal
1900:
1864:
1824:
1776:
1749:
1046:Mozart
1022:, the
977:Legacy
938:Vauban
826:French
812:"of a
768:Rocoux
584:Swedes
566:Jesuit
544:under
476:Warsaw
441:Goslar
397:French
389:German
196:branch
163:Mother
153:Father
113:Spouse
97:Burial
67:Goslar
48:, 1748
1072:]
1032:baton
1012:Death
994:. At
884:opium
753:edema
592:Count
443:, an
139:Names
122:Issue
1898:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1787:2012
1774:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1724:2012
1493:14.
1312:11.
1254:10.
1004:apse
824:(in
804:and
554:Mons
552:and
514:The
459:and
77:Died
54:Born
1924:at
1879:".
1338:1.
1280:5.
1218:2.
1192:8.
1160:4.
1134:8.
1084:'s
1059:'s
1006:of
850:or
816:".
624:in
503:by
482:of
1937::
1845:.
1693:,
1607:^
1099:.
1092:.
1070:de
948:.
828::
656:.
652:,
606:.
455:,
451:,
431:.
399::
395:,
391::
104:,
89:,
69:,
1906:.
1849:.
1830:.
1789:.
1755:.
1726:.
1645:.
957:(
874:(
387:(
62:)
58:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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