617:(Ana I was Queen Njinga as Matamba accepted the Christian names of former rulers and their dynasty), who came to power in 1741, faced a Portuguese invasion in 1744. The invasion of Matamba by Portuguese forces in 1744 was one of their largest military operations in the eighteenth century. In the course of their attack, Matamba's army inflicted a serious defeat on the Portuguese, but in spite of this, a remnant of the army managed to reach the capital of Matamba. In order to avoid a long war and to get them to withdraw, Ana II signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal which renewed points conceded by Verónica in 1683. While the treaty allowed Portugal to claim Matamba as a vassal, and opened up Matamba to Portuguese trade, it had little effect on the real sovereignty of Matmaba, or indeed in the conduct of trade.
38:
427:, in 1530. In 1535 Afonso subsequently mentioned Matamba as one of the regions over which he ruled as king in his titles. There is no further information on the kingdom's early history and modern oral traditions do not seem to illuminate this at the present state of research. However, it does not seem likely that Kongo had any more than a light and symbolic presence in Matamba, and its rulers were probably quite independent. Matamba undoubtedly had closer relations with its south southeastern neighbor
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Angola. The army penetrated to Katole, where
Francisco launched a successful dawn attack on 4 September 1681, inflicting heavy casualties on the Portuguese army. However, Imbangala forces in the Portuguese army managed to stiffen resistance, and in the ensuing battle, Francisco and several of his relatives were killed. The Portuguese army, having suffered heavy losses withdrew to Ambaca and then to Masangano.
623:, like Verónica before her, was interested in developing Matamba as a Christian country, routinely sending letters to the Capuchin prefect of Congo and Angola or the Portuguese authorities requesting missionaries come and establish permanent bases in her country. While the country was visited by missionaries from Cahenda and also from the
591:, agreed to return Portuguese prisoners taken at the battle of Katole, allowed missionaries into the country and permitted agents of Portuguese free passage through her lands. She also agreed to acknowledge the independence of Kasanje and to renounce all claims on the country and to pay 200 slaves over 4 years as compensation.
611:. During his reign, the northern district of Holo seceded from Matamba to form its own kingdom and entered into relations with Portugal. As a result of Matamba's attempts to prevent the secession and Portuguese trade with the rebel province, relations between Matamba and the Portuguese colony deteriorated.
478:, turned the day and allowed Mendes de Vasconcelos' forces to sack Ndongo's capital and pillage the country. During the following two years, Mendes de Vasconcelos' son João led a detachment of Portuguese and Imbangala forces into Matamba where they did great damage. During this time the Imbangala band of
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Guterres
Kandala Kingwanga, whose long rule from 1681 to 1721 consolidated the control of the Guterres dynasty and created a lasting precedent for female rulers. Verónica was apparently a pious Christian, but also a fervent believer in Matamba's independence. In order to forestall another Portuguese
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In 1681 Francisco became involved in a war with neighboring
Kasanje, in which he sought to promote interests of one of the candidates to the throne. The Portuguese intervened in this war and invaded Matamba with a force of over 40,000 troops, the largest military force Portugal had even mobilized in
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After Njinga's death, a period of tension, punctuated by civil war, broke out. Barbara succeeded Njinga, but was killed by forces loyal to Njinga Mona in 1666. João
Guterres managed to temporarily oust Njinga Mona in 1669, but was defeated and killed in 1670. Njinga Mona would rule the kingdom until
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and Murili escaped the civil war, took refuge in the ancient capital of Ndongo on the
Kindonga islands and successfully resisted Francisco II's attempts to oust them. From this base, Queen Kamana created a rival kingdom, and in 1767 tried unsuccessfully to obtain Portuguese help against her rival.
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However, reintegration in the
Christian community did not solve her problems, and there were still troubling succession issues. The church refused to recognize a dynastic marriage between João Guterres and her sister Barbara, because Guterres had a wife at the Portuguese fort of Mbaka where he had
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in 1575 altered the political situation as the
Portuguese immediately became involved in Ndongo's affairs, and war broke out between Ndongo and Portugal in 1579. Although Matamba played a small role in the early wars, the threat of a Portuguese victory stirred the ruler of Matamba (probably a king
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Verónica, however, was not really cowed, and within a few years was advancing claims as Queen of Ndongo and
Matamba that rivaled those of her predecessor Njinga. In the process of asserting her claims she was drawn into wars with Portugal in 1689 and again in 1692–3. She also sought some sort of
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Njinga hoped that a peaceful relationship with
Portugal would allow her to settle her kingdom and determine a successor, as she had no children. She formed a close alliance with a related family, whose leader João Guterres Ngola Kanini, became one of her most important councillors. She was also
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received a
Portuguese peace mission which did not achieve a treaty, but did reestablish relations between her and the Portuguese. When the Dutch took over Luanda in 1641, Njinga immediately sent ambassadors to make an alliance with them. During these years, she moved her capital from Matamba to
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Queen Njinga ruled in Matamba from 1624 until her death in 1663. During this time she integrated the country into her domains and thousands of her former subjects who had fled Portuguese attacks with her settled there. She made several wars against Kasanje especially in 1634–5. In 1639 she
494:(also known as Nzinga) took over as ruler of that country. She continued the war unsuccessfully against Portugal and was forced to flee the country in 1626 and then again in 1629. During her second flight Njinga entered Matamba and her forces routed the army of Matamba's ruler, Queen
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deserted the Portuguese and continued a campaign of destruction in Matamba. Thousands of Matamba subjects were killed and thousands more taken to America as slaves. It is during this period, for example, that the ethnonym "Matamba" appears in slave inventories in
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anxious to remove Imbangala forces, led by Njinga Mona, from her army and place them under her direct control. For this reason she also sought to reconcile with the Catholic Church. This strategy was successful, she signed a peace treaty in 1657 and Italian
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While the Portuguese governor of the time, Francisco Innocencio de Sousa Coutinho granted her asylum and instructed his officials to respect her and her position, he did not favor direct intervention in affairs in the eastern part of the Portuguese zone.
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Verónica appears to have been anxious to re-establish a Christian mission in the country, abandoned following the death of Njinga and the civil war that followed. However, in spite of her various entreaties, the mission was not reestablished.
454:
named Kambolo Matamba) to intervene. He sent an army to aid Ndongo against the Portuguese, and with these forces, the combined armies were able to defeat and rout Portuguese forces at the
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Ana III was in turn overthrown by Kalwete ka Mbandi, a military leader. Kalwete won the war, and was baptized as Francisco II upon taking the throne. However, two of Ana's daughters,
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once been prisoner. Similarly, although the non-and even anti-Christian Imbanagala allowed Njinga to alter some of their customs, Njinga Mona's power was unchecked in the army.
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Kamana's son and successor did manage to end the division of the country by successfully recovering the capital and being crowned as king of Matamba in around 1810.
442:(1545–1561). Though this queen received the missionaries and perhaps allowed them to preach, there is no indication that the kingdom converted to Christianity.
534:, an island in the Kwanza River where she and her predecessor had ruled, the real capital was at the town of Matamba (Santa Maria de Matamba). Njinga had been
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missionaries began working in her lands. They regarded Njinga in her later days as a model Christian and thousands of Matamba subjects were baptized.
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alliance with Kongo in 1706. These wars and the raiding in between major operations led to serious depopulation on the western edges of her domains.
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505:, capturing her and taking her prisoner. From at least 1631 onward, Njinga made Matamba her capital, joining it to the Kingdom of Ndongo.
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518:, where she conducted operations against the Portuguese. Though Ndongo forces won a significant victory over the Portuguese in at the
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invasion, Verónica sent an embassy to Luanda that negotiated a peace treaty, signed 7 September 1683. In it she accepted nominal
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in 1648 drove out the Dutch and forced Njinga to return to Matamba. Although she maintained a symbolic capital at
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Ana II died in 1756 and a civil war broke out at that time among rival contenders for the throne, during which
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The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of
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Trade and Conquest in Angola: the Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese
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in 1631, the state had many male and female rulers. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted
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in 1647, nearly forcing them to abandon the country and laying siege to their inland capital of
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as Ana de Sousa while in Luanda in 1622, and in 1654 she began peace overtures to Portugal.
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Njinga, who received missionaries from Kongo, then a Christian kingdom, dispatched by King
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João Guterres' son, Francisco, ousted and killed Njinga Mona becoming ruler in 1680.
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Fernando Campos, "A data da morte de D. Verónica I, Rainha de Ndongo e Matamba,"
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ruled briefly for a time but she was overthrown sometime after 1758, leaving
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Ndongo continued to suffer attacks from Portuguese forces, and in 1624
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allies. The allied Imbangala, mercenary soldiers from south of the
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The joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo: Njinga and her successors
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Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini
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380:(1631–1744) was an African state located in what is now the
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When Verónica died in 1721 she was succeeded by her son
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During the mid-sixteenth century Matamba was ruled by
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431:, then a powerful kingdom as well as with Kongo.
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59:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
582:Francisco Guterres was succeeded by his sister
445:The arrival of the Portuguese colonists under
792:States and territories disestablished in 1744
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627:, a permanent mission was not established.
466:In 1618 the Portuguese governor of Angola,
787:States and territories established in 1631
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90:Learn how and when to remove this message
462:Portuguese attacks and Ndongo's conquest
298:List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom
105:Historical states of present-day Angola
14:
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699:African military systems after 1800
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526:, a Portuguese relief force led by
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407:attempts, but was integrated into
220:List of rulers of the Lunda Empire
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813:
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802:1744 disestablishments in Africa
694:African military systems to 1800
411:in the late nineteenth century.
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742:Countries in precolonial Africa
603:The Portuguese invasion of 1744
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797:1631 establishments in Africa
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767:Matamban and Ndongo monarchs
674:Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba
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27:Kingdom in modern-day Angola
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752:Former monarchies of Africa
721:(3 volumes, Venice, 1982–3)
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392:. Joined to the Kingdom of
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747:Former countries in Africa
609:Afonso I Álvares de Pontes
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468:Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos
664:List of Rulers of Matamba
487:in considerable numbers.
415:Origins and early history
669:List of Ngolas of Ndongo
45:This article includes a
74:more precise citations.
782:18th century in Angola
777:17th century in Angola
312:Portuguese West Africa
456:Battle of the Lukala
447:Paulo Dias de Novais
717:Graziano Saccardo,
631:The divided kingdom
625:Barefoot Carmelites
492:Queen Njinga Mbandi
336:President of Angola
710:David Birmingham,
378:Kingdom of Matamba
329:Republic of Angola
242:Kambamba Kulaxingo
122:Kingdom of Matamba
47:list of references
684:Kingdom of Ndongo
679:History of Angola
425:Afonso I of Kongo
409:Portuguese Angola
382:Baixa de Cassange
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234:Baixa de Kassanje
176:List of Manikongo
145:Kingdom of Ndongo
130:Rulers of Matamba
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16:(Redirected from
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762:Kingdom of Kongo
728:(São Paulo) 1982
689:Kingdom of Kongo
569:Battle of Katole
563:Battle of Katole
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386:Malanje Province
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499: [
80:August 2009
72:introducing
736:Categories
705:References
584:Verónica I
402:Portuguese
384:region of
589:vassalage
554:Civil war
524:Masangano
472:Imbangala
458:in 1590.
191:Imbangala
658:See also
544:Capuchin
536:baptized
532:Kindonga
641:Ana III
516:Kavanga
480:Kasanje
440:Diogo I
423:, then
68:improve
18:Matamba
726:Africa
648:Kamana
621:Ana II
615:Ana II
451:Luanda
429:Ndongo
394:Ndongo
390:Angola
256:Mbwila
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436:queen
421:Kongo
273:Ngoyo
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