Martello tower - Knowledge

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northern side of the entrance to Port Louis harbour. Two towers were built at Grand River North West; on the south-west side of the river bay the tower was built at Pointe aux Sables whilst Fort Victoria was built covering the north-eastern flank. The remaining two were built to support existing batteries, which were also improved, at the mouth of the Black River; one to the north at La Preneuse and the other south of Grande-Rivière-Noire at Batterie de l'Harmonie. Cunningham Tower disappeared after 1914. The Tower at Fort Victoria was last mentioned in 1880. In 1865, the

1920: 1584: 1379: 2111: 1755: 246: 1887: 295: 233:(32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them. Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they 266: 728: 7921: 352: 105: 1272:. The tower is the third fortification on the site. Major Thomas Blanshard built it of Bermuda limestone between 1822 and 1823. The tower shows the effect of thirty years of evolution on the design of coastal fortifications, between the 1790s and 1822. The earlier Ferry Island Fort nearby had multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, while the Martello tower used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover all of the surrounding area. 1095: 606:, which were built between 1848 and 1857 to protect the naval base there. Today, one of the towers is privately owned. The other is located on the town's riverfront, next to the old entrance of the naval base. It was converted into a small museum that focused on the local history of the dock and its defences. The museum has now shut down because of water influx. Recently Pembrokeshire County Council has decided to put the tower up for sale. 406: 398: 1141: 993: 154: 1663: 1340: 2205: 1467: 1202: 1987: 5559:"English: Tower Dupre was a hexagonal 2 story fortified tower (a Martello Tower or Martello Castle) built in Lake Borgne (Louisiana) from 1827 to 1830. It guarded the entrance to Bayou Dupre and was part of the harbor defense of the Mississippi River. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 although the ruins are still a popular fishing spot. For more information on its history, see fortwiki.com" 222:

was lined with bass junk, five feet from the walls, and filled up with sand; and although it was cannonaded from the Height for two days, within 150 yards, and appeared in a very shattered state, the enemy still held out; but a few hot shot setting fire to the bass, made them call for quarter. The number of men in the Tower were 33; only two were wounded, and those mortally.

1647:. Photos suggest that Martello Menara was not a true Martello, but rather a circular fort. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site, and was abandoned in 1908. Bidadari Island was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honour the 5483: 1107:'s original quay. Confusion with the previous fort presumably explains the claims made in Barbudan tourism publications that this was the World's first, and is its oldest, Martello tower, built in 1745. The tower is located on the south coast of the island, a mile or so from River Landing and some seven miles south of the island's main village of 1976:: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of Mahón the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita. 5487: 1374:

received two thin towers between 1845 and 1848. However, these are dry ditch defence towers, rather than true Martello towers.) A common characteristic of Canadian Martello towers was removable cone-shaped roofs to protect against snow. Today, many of the restored towers have permanent roof additions

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The towers were about 40 feet (12 m) high with walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. In some towers the rooms were not built in the centre, but more to the landside, leaving the walls thicker on seaside. These were cases where an attack with a cannon from the landside was thought very unlikely.

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The British built five Martello Towers between 1832 and 1835 at Grand River North West (2), Black River (2), and Port Louis (1), of which three survive. One tower, named Cunningham Tower after Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham, the commanding Royal Engineer, was constructed as part of Fort George at the

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Harbour by two American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction

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chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of

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were ordered against it, without making the least impression by a continued cannonade of two hours and a half; and the former ship being very much damaged by red-hot shot, both hauled off. The walls of the Tower were of a prodigious thickness, and the parapet, where there were two eighteen-pounders,

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Is reduced to a well-built coast tower, but only mounts and is capable of a rotating gun ... The tower contains two floors and the platform. The ground floor is for the warehouse and spare part. The main one for accommodation, and in this one is the door for ladder of hand, and two spans that,

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built in Malta in 1658–1659, began to be used as if it was a Martello Tower and it is sometimes considered as such. Various modifications were made, including mounting a 64-pound rifled muzzle loading (RML) gun on the roof for coastal defence. From the late 19th century onwards it defended part of

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had a high parapet and a raised platform in the centre with a pivot (sometimes a converted cannon) for a cannon that would traverse a 360° arc. (Some towers were designed to carry more than one gun, with each having a more limited arc of fire.) The walls had narrow slits for defensive musket fire.

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In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier. In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando,

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on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating. The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the

1943:. The tower at Simon's Town and Cape Town were both built in 1795. The tower at Cape Town was demolished over 100 years ago, but the tower at Simon's Town now is sometimes claimed as the oldest Martello in the world. It is arguable as to whether one should properly call it a Martello Tower. 84:

They stand up to 40 feet (12 m) high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy

1826:), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the Genoese towers they resemble. 1953:, who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794. The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower. 146:, who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the 2274:

The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers.

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It served as an office of the Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven.

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public beach, in the Rive Noire/Black River district. The Friends operate it as a museum for visitors. The original entrance to the tower is raised above ground but a new entrance has been constructed at ground level. The other tower in Rive Noire/Black River district

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now occupies the site. The fourth surviving Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.

460:(1745–1827) and a Captain Ford. The northernmost tower at Aldeburgh is of quatrefoil design, i.e. four in one. and there are two towers at Clacton-on-Sea, one near the town and the other to the west near the local Golf Course (see the pictures on the right). 2002:. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower. 482:

The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling. After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates.

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on the south coast, which was restored in 1999. This tower may have been involved in repelling a French attack though there is nothing more than circumstantial support for the notion. British engineers commenced work on three towers to protect

974:, according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838 1275:

Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on

1564:), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the 1911:. It was significantly modified in 1870 when it was truncated to allow the installation of a water tank to supply Government House (Fort Thornton) with water. The tower has now been incorporated into Sierra Leone's Parliament Buildings. 1397:. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The 2009:, the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya. 1619:, which were demolished in 1954. An earlier example of such is the one found in Pakur, a town in the state of Jharakhand. This tower was built in 1856 by Sub District Officer Sir Martin with view to protect the British Raj from the 302:

During the first half of the 19th century, the British government embarked on a large-scale programme of building Martello towers to guard the British and Irish coastlines. Around 140 were built, mostly along the south coast of

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Martello Tower is now the reminants of the struggle fought between the British and the Santhals ... was built in the year 1856 by Sir Martin the ten S.D.O., Pakur with view to protect the British Raj from the onslaughts of the

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also constructed towers. The construction of Martello towers abroad continued until as late as the 1870s but was discontinued after it became clear that they could not withstand the new generation of rifled artillery weapons.

1983:, built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls. 651:

on the south coast. On the east coast, concentrated mainly around Dublin Bay, twenty-six towers were in line of sight of each other, providing the ability to communicate with one another, or warn of any incoming attacks.

139:. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured 12–15 m (39–49 ft) in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove. 1122:

It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a

1689:, who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815. Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at 2142:

besides serving for ventilation, are arranged to receive small caliber guns ... The platform mounts a rotating gun and has a small bench for the fire of rifle. Under the lower floor there is a cistern.

1969:, the then British governor, ordered Engineer Captain Robert D'Arcy to build some 12 Martello towers along the coast. These, when added to the three Spanish towers already in place, gave Menorca 15 towers. 5016: 1102:

The British originally constructed River Fort Martello Tower in the early 19th century, on the site of a previous fort (presumed to have been built by the Spanish) to guard nearby River Landing, which was

1623:. It was an important position for the British forces watching fighting the rebellion of the Santhals. This example is reported to still be in good condition, but decaying due to a lack of maintenance. 2251:

Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at

901:. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower. 374:). Consequently, the Martello towers of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the 1327:

was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the

517:). Some are privately owned or are private residences, The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition. 7315: 1111:. The tower is 56 feet high, has a raised gun platform and extremely thick walls, but is missing the floors. It the first such tower constructed in the Caribbean, was built in 1745 by 257:

Entry was by ladder to a door about 10 feet (3.0 m) from the base above which was a machicolated (slotted) platform which allowed for downward fire on attackers. The flat roof or

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Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new

5224: 2126:. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower: 2130:... the British are working on opening a path from the east coast to the post on Mount St. Julian, where they try to build a six-piece battery held in a tower 24 feet in diameter. 1309: 912:, which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931, and was subsequently the headquarters of the 202:

after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward.

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piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence.

2244: 1770:, three between 1808 and 1814, and five between 1834 and 1837, one of which, L'Etacq, the German occupation forces destroyed during World War II. The three original towers are: 1654:

Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete.

5246: 1420:, is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The 1421: 2172:. The tower was very similar in design to the tower at Simon's Town, with a diameter of about 45 ft (14 m) and a height of approximately 20 ft (6.1 m). 5512: 4822: 1398: 5616: 2156:

is still in good condition and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved.

1433: 1858:. The tower remained in use until World War II. It still stands today, despite having some minor modifications to its original structure, and it was recently restored. 4297:

reports that "bass" is a name "given elliptically to various articles made of this or similar material; e.g. a mat, a hassock, a flat plaited bag or flexible basket."

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of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction.

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Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African

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was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.

4660: 389:, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations. 4463: 5642: 4521: 1320:

Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built.

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Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).

4477: 366:, from 1801 to 1922, spanning the time during which most Martello towers were erected (the initial scheme started under the previous entities of the 4913: 1639:

that damaged Menara Martello, which the Dutch colonial government of the East Indies built in 1850 on Bidadari Island (Pulau Bidadari), one of the

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The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the

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The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer

4763: 3559: 1774: 1496:, the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of 844: 831:; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at 602:

A small number of Martello towers were also built in Wales, of which few survive. The most notable surviving towers are the two located in

4634: 1533:, features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower. 505:

Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at

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each per diem", for the towers at Fort George and Grand River. The Friends of the Environment have restored one Martello tower near the

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government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications.

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There is a Martello tower located at what was Fort Nugent. In 1709, the Spanish slave agent in Jamaica, James Castillo, built a fort in

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Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into

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still exists but has remained neglected for many years. The other existing tower is at Pointe aux Sables, Grand River North West.

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store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.

7131: 5378: 2279: 1950: 1693:, Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at 92:

The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful

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in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking

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stands. The Portuguese are said to have built many of these towers, but Arnala's is the best surviving specimen. After the

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had four Martello towers, but tower no. 3 was demolished in 1904. In this picture, the internal structure can be seen.

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returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at

1834: 1526: 1515: 1440:; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on 1188: 1076: 916:(GSI). The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records. 620: 198:(32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under 78: 4656: 1521:

The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in

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There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant. During the 19th century

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mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a

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Saunders, Ivan J. (1976) "A History of the Martello Towers in the Defence of British North America, 1796–1871",

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The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. Vol II, 3rd Series

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Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower to

5959: 5422: 4704: 4139: 3139: 1289: 1217: 671:, then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In 44: 4481: 6973: 6511: 6021: 3192: 2208:

Ruined Martello tower at New Castle, New Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth harbour in the late 19th century

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The last Martello tower built in the British Empire is said to be that which composes a part of the larger

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The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by

199: 5444: 2633: 753:. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and 742:. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd 7310: 6391: 5505:"Dominican College Additional Images: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage" 4905: 2184: 1429: 635:

About fifty Martello towers were built around the Irish coastline, especially along the east coast, from

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Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months

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The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of

1932: 530: 498:, some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for 440:. A total of 103 Martello towers were built in England, set at regular intervals along the coast from 7355: 4193: 2645: 2472: 2221: 1632: 1511: 1489: 1471: 1301: 681:

lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The

74: 6980: 5247:"Image details - Skeleton record plan, Fort George, Mauritius - The National Archives Image library" 5143: 3930: 3909: 2153: 1288:. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the 7946: 7852: 6930: 5949: 5161: 4994: 1682:. The new higher rate of fire of ships' guns led to the choice of the Martello tower as the model. 1608: 1561: 1151: 793: 579: 367: 5573:"On the Trail of Codman Parkerson: Tower Dupre, 1828 (CP No. 34) N29 56.709 W89 50.123 04.26.2015" 5287: 4596: 1643:, as part of a set of fortifications built between 1850 and 1852 that protected the approaches to 1603:. There is a Martello Tower that the Portuguese built at the southern tip of the island where the 1492:

has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The

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resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the

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government built several Martello towers at locations along the eastern seaboard. Two are at

2047: 2025: 2013: 1718: 1575:, built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower. 1428:. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The 1413: 1402: 1285: 739: 227: 182: 32: 28: 5981: 5975: 4164:

East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public

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Harbour. The tower was probably built between 1808 and 1811, at a reported cost of £12,000.

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from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by

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Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an

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Daly, Gavin (2007). "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814".

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El último hálito de la fortificación abalartuada. El fuerte de San Julián de Cartagena (1)

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Harris, Edward (1988). "The Martello Tower at Ferry Point, St George's Island, Bermuda".

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artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments.

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Location list and explanatory article of most Martello towers in the UK, with pictures

5934: 4574: 2110: 1455:. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks. 963:, built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the 7857: 7816: 7791: 7664: 7345: 7185: 7032: 6618: 6496: 6174: 6117: 5944: 5749: 5737: 5705: 5684: 5337: 4769: 4698: 4205: 4155: 4122: 3800: 3085: 2536: 2513: 2490: 2467: 2217: 2054: 2006: 1726: 1530: 1483: 1448: 1394: 1390: 866:

The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near

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Three Martello towers were built in Scotland, the first on offshore rocks facing the

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to be fired through the walls. It was never tested in battle and by the time of the

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Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford.

801: 769: 583: 495: 5373: 4685:. Pembroke Dock Gun Tower Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 3151: 3127: 1759: 660: 245: 7720: 7572: 7545: 7485: 7455: 7340: 7305: 7285: 7270: 6825: 6820: 6788: 6549: 6491: 6479: 6461: 6328: 6309: 6235: 6212: 6001: 5914: 4264: 4246: 4174: 4015: 3848: 3756: 3473: 3338: 3204: 2736: 2169: 2044: 1886: 1850: 1690: 1670:

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British "Protectorate" of

1497: 1328: 1225: 975: 964: 952: 948: 689: 678: 673: 521: 468: 193: 2012:

Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of

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Hexagonal; originally built on shore, 150 ft (46 m) from water, near

3853: 3042: 2843: 2781: 2541: 2256: 2123: 1979:

One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the

1855: 1846: 1838: 1780: 1595:

Although European in origin, a primitive form of Martello tower had existed in

1501: 1479: 1281: 1260:(1822) (background), contrasts with the Ferry Island Fort (1790s) (foreground). 1209: 936: 871: 809: 765: 721: 636: 625: 560: 410: 226:

Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after

70: 5924: 277:

and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The

7940: 7894: 7847: 7755: 7745: 7699: 7669: 7654: 7623: 7604: 7465: 7405: 7360: 7275: 7234: 7044: 6677: 6672: 6405: 6368: 6353: 6304: 6249: 6228: 6037: 4836: 4274: 4213: 4188: 4169: 4150: 4129: 4093: 4075: 3996: 3609: 3225: 2710: 2229: 2213: 2094: 2081: 1940: 1679: 1565: 1554: 1437: 1280:

from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through

971: 909: 894: 890: 816: 693: 629: 603: 457: 375: 340: 336: 147: 66: 36: 5939: 4718: 1094: 265: 7872: 7730: 7694: 7649: 7633: 7561: 7514: 7490: 7480: 7475: 7290: 7107: 6968: 6935: 6800: 6736: 6711: 6623: 6597: 6565: 6559: 6501: 6440: 6410: 6258: 5969: 5157: 4030: 4010: 3991: 3970: 3604: 3540: 3517: 3495: 2885: 2495: 2320: 2165: 2021: 1947: 1928: 1908: 1904: 1725:, later strengthened the fort to guard the eastern entrance of the city of 1456: 1425: 1221: 1205: 940: 848: 828: 777: 648: 320: 7771: 7628: 7597: 7579: 7567: 7509: 7504: 7445: 7440: 7400: 7300: 7265: 7161: 7064: 6835: 6805: 6795: 6701: 6590: 6207: 6154: 5930:

English Heritage Report into Martello Towers on the East Coast of England

4118: 4114: 4098: 3935: 3625: 3536: 3491: 3433: 3420: 3182: 2975: 2689: 2518: 2404: 2204: 2193: 2118:

Another tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of

1876: 1803: 1648: 1604: 1596: 1588: 1550: 1522: 1493: 1475: 1386: 1241: 928: 924: 886: 832: 824: 797: 664: 355: 249: 162: 48: 6398: 5919: 955:. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of 727: 362:

Great Britain and Ireland were united as a single political entity, the

7796: 7616: 7588: 7519: 7395: 7350: 7280: 7200: 7097: 7002: 6942: 6901: 6879: 6830: 6776: 6726: 6721: 6706: 6665: 6613: 6571: 6516: 6358: 6274: 5746:

The Historical Development of the Martello Tower in the Channel Islands

4884: 4241: 4056: 3954: 3679: 3410: 3064: 2799: 2188: 2073: 2069: 2058: 2041: 1017: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 956: 944: 932: 920: 761: 705: 644: 568: 548: 351: 7776: 6321: 5994: 4851:"A brief history of a dynamic and innovative campaigning organisation" 4456:"Holiday at Martello Tower in Aldeburgh, Suffolk - The Landmark Trust" 2668: 401:

An aerial view of the western of two Martello towers at Clacton-on-Sea

104: 7205: 7136: 6963: 6958: 6891: 6532: 6445: 6375: 6333: 6159: 6129: 6090: 6056: 4102: 4051: 4035: 3948: 3925: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3697: 3175: 2864: 2436:

Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited

2310: 2260: 2237: 2180: 1936: 1616: 1546: 1323:

The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from

1127:

from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings.

875: 867: 860: 773: 754: 656: 449: 405: 397: 324: 308: 234: 86: 5183:. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gov't of India 4744:

Damian Corless (25 October 2000). "The man with a mind of his own".

3831:

since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery

1845:

The British never built any true Martello Towers in Malta. However,

1504:, the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry. 1140: 992: 116:

Martello towers were inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger

7689: 7684: 7609: 7450: 7168: 7143: 7126: 7056: 6997: 6925: 6918: 6761: 6649: 6523: 6343: 6338: 6314: 6242: 6222: 6202: 6169: 5862:#15, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Thorn Press Limited. 5729: 5122: 3975: 3844: 3820: 3581: 3284: 3106: 2950: 2928: 2906: 2776: 2754: 2591:

Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission

1900: 1872: 1812:– Absorbed into the 19th-century artificers' barracks and workshops 1675: 1662: 1620: 1560:

In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the

1542: 1339: 905: 840: 789: 785: 781: 732: 701: 506: 425: 282: 278: 153: 5797:

McCall, M. (1999). "The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka".

2152:

The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of

1998:

at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the

1995: 1973: 1466: 1312:, and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of 1115:, and was designed by Commodore Charles Knowles RN, later Admiral 7821: 7786: 7781: 7119: 7102: 7087: 7071: 7023: 6951: 6896: 6886: 6854: 6756: 6731: 6716: 6486: 6430: 6348: 6195: 6188: 6134: 6006: 3815: 3795: 3715: 3692: 3674: 3658: 3640: 3620: 3599: 3576: 3554: 3531: 3508: 3486: 3463: 3447: 3428: 3405: 3383: 3364: 3345: 3323: 3304: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3220: 3199: 3170: 3146: 3122: 3101: 3080: 3059: 3037: 3013: 2992: 2970: 2945: 2923: 2901: 2880: 2859: 2837: 2815: 2794: 2771: 2749: 2726: 2705: 2663: 2378: 2353: 2333: 2243: 2053:, sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. ( 1962: 1698: 1644: 1636: 1355: 1228:. It is the only Martello tower to have been built in Australia. 1201: 1124: 1104: 685:, as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce. 527:

A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.

464: 453: 386: 382: 316: 304: 125: 2285: 2147:

Plano de la plaza de Cartagena, Tebar, Echevarria, Pajares, 1855

1986: 463:

Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or

7826: 7180: 6746: 6684: 6628: 6606: 6583: 6576: 6452: 6435: 6267: 6099: 6081: 6051: 5988: 2640: 2617: 2596: 2575: 2554: 2531: 2508: 2485: 2462: 2441: 2420: 2395: 2315: 2264: 1767: 1671: 1389:

originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the

1367: 1237: 1232: 750: 709: 587: 491: 445: 433: 421: 312: 170: 166: 136: 93: 52: 5446:

Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na: places of interest

3138:

Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of

2028:

the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The

1890:

Canon on Martello tower in La Preneuse, Black River, Mauritius

1098:

A 1953 stamp of Antigua showing the Martello Tower in Barbuda.

346: 7867: 7811: 7555: 7080: 6911: 6751: 6072: 5925:

YouTube video showing a 3D reconstruction of a Martello tower

4252: 3839: 3772: 3751: 3734: 3710: 3018: 2684: 1841:(not a true Martello Tower but sometimes considered as such). 1451:

to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the

805: 760:

On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in

564: 552: 381:

This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of

117: 5888:

Ward, S.G.P. (1949). "Defence Works of Britain, 1803–1805".

2114:

Martello tower at Castle of San Julian, Cartagena de Levante

1961:

During the last period of British occupation (1798–1802) of

1370:

still survive. (In addition, the existing fortifications at

6849: 6691: 6658: 6633: 6425: 6415: 6384: 6363: 5955:

English Heritage Martello towers definition and description

3585: 3563: 852: 713: 142:

Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as

931:. Several other towers are still extant, including one at 823:

briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near

708:

and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in

5853:

The Channel islands: pictorial, legendary and descriptive

4797:

Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society

1822:

In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the

1721:, to guard his home against attack. An English Governor, 1119:

Bt, who was then commanding the Leeward Islands station.

5950:

Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada

4973:"Prince of Wales Tower National Historic Site of Canada" 3880:

abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story

5907: 5835:

Millward, J. (2007). "The East Coast Martello Towers".

5759:

Grundy, Mark (1991). "The Martello Towers of Minorca".

5478: 5476: 688:

A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at

456:. Most were constructed under the direction of General 5499: 5497: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 4803:. Cork Historical and Archaeological Society: 198–200. 3419:

Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from

534:

Martello Tower on Seaford seafront, housing the Museum

487:

took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling.

5814:

Mead, H.P. (1948). "The Martello Towers of England".

5410:

American Civil War Fortification: Coastal Stone Forts

4480:. Martello-towers.co.uk. 16 June 2009. Archived from 2057:, later a naval captain and author, was serving as a 5978:– the ancestor of Martello towers all over the world 4835:

Seapoint Boat Club archives at the LexIcon library,

4514:"Napoleon-proof your home: convert a Martello tower" 4324: 4322: 2135:

Report by Second Lieutenant Navarro, March 10, 1813.

571:

now lies land-locked within the eastern breakwater.

5890:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

5639:"davenporthousemuseum.org – Davenport House Museum" 5494: 5453: 5163:

A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India

5110:. London: Parbury, Allen, and Company. p. 114. 1463:) are now museums that are open during the summer. 358:

Martello tower, one of many on Ireland's east coast

289: 5123:"Heritage of Portuguese Influence, Asia - entries" 4764:"Liam Collins: Courts lay bare Quinn's oil empire" 4762: 667:lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with 655:Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in 132:(el Fratin), and the tower was completed in 1565. 4319: 4293:Bass-junk was a type of cable made of grass. The 3635:Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant 7938: 5869:. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press). 5356: 5329: 5271:The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register 2280:41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army 2247:41st Infantry Coat of arms with a Martello Tower 1766:The British built eight true Martello towers in 839:(now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at 6278: 5945:Interactive Google Map of Killiney Bay defences 2255:was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and 1907:in 1805 to defend the port from attacks by the 1375:– for ease of upkeep, not historical accuracy. 1220:, built on a small island, Pinchgut Island, in 881:One of the most interesting Martello towers is 112:to the British in 1794 inspired Martello towers 6840: 6786: 6604: 6450: 5613:"SeacoastNH.com – The Forgotten Walbach Tower" 4743: 1366:Nine of the fourteen Martello towers built in 286:roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern. 73:during the 19th century, from the time of the 7495: 7225: 7054: 7030: 6647: 6638: 6595: 6319: 6115: 6106: 6022: 5330:Clements, Bill; Clements, William H. (2011). 3400:Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed 2721:Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers 2286:List of Martello towers outside Great Britain 1611:, the British erected Martello towers at the 594:now operates the Hackness tower as a museum. 173:), at the top of Cap Diamant overlooking the 7614: 7595: 7586: 7577: 7166: 7141: 7117: 7078: 7069: 7021: 7007: 6978: 6949: 6940: 6916: 6877: 6682: 6663: 6581: 6530: 6521: 6477: 6468: 6459: 6396: 6382: 6373: 6256: 6233: 5972:– pictures of the original tower at Mortella 5860:Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 5702:Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers 4760: 2278:A Martello tower figures in the arms of the 2068:There are also four towers on the island of 1899:A Martello tower was built on Tower Hill at 1869:Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register 1500:Ontario for one day only in June each year. 1412:, had five towers, the oldest of which, the 6265: 6247: 6193: 6179: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 5995:Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum 5217:"Madliena Tower – Malta's 'Martello' Tower" 4784: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 3031:Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio 1927:The British built three Martello towers in 1541:There are three similar Martello towers in 1169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 513:), visitor centres, and galleries (such as 364:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 347:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 269:Diagram of the interior of a Martello tower 6029: 6015: 5976:Mortella Point (Punta Mortella) in Corsica 5695:Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South 5545:New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City 5286:. Welcometosierraleone.org. Archived from 5079: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4025:At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum. 1990:Martello tower at Cap Cavalleria, Menorca. 616:Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area 418:defend the south and east coast of England 240: 19:For the rock formation in Antarctica, see 5372: 5316: 5314: 5284:"National Tourist Board – Heritage Sites" 3741:Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort 1972:The British built five towers to protect 1459:and the tower at Point Frederick (at the 1334: 1189:Learn how and when to remove this message 1077:Learn how and when to remove this message 298:Distribution of Martello towers worldwide 5991:: Seapoint Martello Tower, County Dublin 5834: 5199: 4848: 4363: 4349: 2242: 2203: 2109: 2065:at the time.) (This fort has 17 walls.) 1985: 1918: 1885: 1833: 1753: 1661: 1582: 1465: 1377: 1338: 1284:and the channel between Ferry Reach and 1251: 1200: 1093: 726: 619: 542: 529: 404: 396: 350: 293: 264: 244: 152: 150:), that warded off later foreign raids. 103: 27: 5940:Restoration of No.7 Tower, Killiney Bay 5920:Martello Tower No.24 in Dymchurch, Kent 5519: 5214: 5156: 5103: 4511: 4406: 4381: 3246:Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road 2220:; others were built at the harbours of 1470:Line of defence: three Martello towers 520:Many remaining Martello Towers are now 21:Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands) 7939: 5982:Restoration of an Irish Martello tower 5796: 5775: 5758: 5311: 5215:Spiteri, Stephen C. (11 August 2010). 5173: 5120: 4790: 4637:from the original on 28 September 2007 4512:Glancey, Jonathan (20 December 2010). 4466:from the original on 11 February 2013. 1793:The four surviving, later towers are: 1089: 409:The eastern of two Martello towers at 6010: 5960:The Dymchurch tower: English Heritage 5679:Brock, B.B. & Brock, B.G. (1976) 5648:from the original on 19 February 2020 5619:from the original on 12 December 2013 5515:from the original on 19 October 2015. 5075:from the original on 11 October 2014. 5027:from the original on 3 December 2007. 4793:"The Martello Towers of Cork Harbour" 4725:from the original on 26 December 2010 4663:from the original on 24 December 2007 4657:"Hackness Martello Tower and Battery" 4607:from the original on 22 February 2011 4563:from the original on 17 October 2012. 4553:"Listed buildings - Historic England" 4524:from the original on 22 December 2015 1939:, one at Cape Town, and the third at 1264:There is a Martello tower located at 863:, though these are no longer intact. 855:). There are also Martello towers at 281:of 24 men and one officer lived in a 5887: 5813: 5715: 5357:Guimaraens Igual, Guillermo (2007). 5227:from the original on 19 October 2015 5181:"History, District Pakur, Jharkhand" 4585:from the original on 1 October 2017. 2232:. Two more Martello towers stood at 1599:by the time it was conquered by the 1167:adding citations to reliable sources 1134: 1015:adding citations to reliable sources 986: 923:is a feature of an island garden in 7421:Weapons Storage and Security System 5381:from the original on 8 January 2017 5336:. Casemate Publishers. p. 56. 5094:Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135. 4916:from the original on 9 August 2016. 4853:. Genealogical Society of Ireland. 2263:on the garrison floor that enabled 1641:Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu) 1447:Four Martello towers were built at 970:A Martello-like tower was built on 647:(29 installations) but also around 237:, leaving it in an unusable state. 13: 6036: 5023:. Public Archives of Nova Scotia. 4825:from the original on 10 June 2015. 4761:Liam Collins (23 September 2012). 2673:Forteca Korčula (Fort Wellington) 2072:, and one on the nearby island of 967:; it is now a visitor attraction. 181:On 7 February 1794 as part of the 14: 7973: 5901: 5585: 5556: 5449:. Government Central Press. 1882. 4815:"Rutland House Additional Images" 4436:Mead (1948), pp. 205–17, 294–303. 3920:Ruined (now a national monument) 1666:Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo. 1527:International Hockey Hall of Fame 1382:Martello tower no. 1, Quebec City 7920: 7919: 5965:James Joyce Tower, Dun Laoghaire 5365:Technical University of Valencia 5308:Brock & Brock (1976), p.162. 5273:(1865; Harrison and Sons), p.23. 5041:. Chebucto.ns.ca. Archived from 4857:from the original on 3 June 2012 2199: 1461:Royal Military College of Canada 1346:, in the British Virgin Islands. 1139: 991: 290:Martello towers around the world 5989:Genealogical Society of Ireland 5631: 5605: 5579: 5565: 5550: 5537: 5437: 5415: 5402: 5393: 5350: 5323: 5302: 5276: 5264: 5239: 5208: 5150: 5114: 5097: 5088: 5057: 5031: 5009: 4983: 4965: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4898: 4869: 4842: 4829: 4807: 4754: 4737: 4711: 4675: 4649: 4619: 4589: 4567: 4545: 4536: 4505: 4496: 4470: 4448: 4439: 4430: 2679:Deserted, accessible to hikers 2328:Museum, harbour light station. 2159: 1923:Martello tower at Fort Beaufort 1914: 1894: 1871:listed "Two Artillery Men, at 1 1436:stood opposite York Redoubt on 1430:Duke of Clarence Martello Tower 1002:needs additional citations for 914:Genealogical Society of Ireland 731:Martello tower (South No.7) at 5828:10.1080/00253359.1948.10657527 5790:10.1080/00253359.1988.10656190 5561:– via Wikimedia Commons. 5251:images.nationalarchives.gov.uk 5021:The Royal Engineers in Halifax 4849:Merrigan, Michael (May 2012). 4721:. Photopol.com. 12 July 2008. 4397: 4343: 4331: 4310: 4287: 3140:Dublin & Kingstown Railway 2634:Tourist activity - Escape game 1525:FOB Martello. The logo of the 1432:stood on the Dartmouth shore. 574:Two towers were then built at 130:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino 1: 7316:British "hedgehog" road block 5704:. (London: Pen & Sword). 5663: 5557:G, KaDee (1 September 1974). 4359:. 15 March 1794. p. 222. 4046:Demolished late 19th century 3986:Part of Parliament Buildings 2164:There is a Martello tower at 1587:Portuguese Martello tower at 1510:, overlooking the harbour of 1358:they added a Martello tower. 5908:Martello Towers Encyclopedia 5700:Clements, William H. (1998) 5693:Ciucevich, Robert A. (2005) 5065:"Kingston, Ontario (Canada)" 4557:list.english-heritage.org.uk 4394:Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21. 4304: 3720:Cariddi's Tower or Tower of 3526:Museum, owned by Irish Navy 3193:James Joyce Tower and Museum 3128:Kingstown Harbour, West Pier 2175: 2036:, Menorca. In 1808, Captain 1861: 1849:, which was one of thirteen 1626: 1130: 982: 716:owned the Martello tower in 61:, sometimes known simply as 7: 7726:Cities with defensive walls 7311:Defensive fighting position 7226: 7031: 6841: 6787: 6648: 6639: 6605: 6596: 6451: 5822:(3): 205–17 & 294–303. 5592:South Carolina Encyclopedia 5425:. The Institute of Heraldry 4993:. Gov.ns.ca. Archived from 4877:"Magilligan Martello Tower" 4575:"Geograph: Martello Towers" 4338:The United Service Magazine 4235: 3318:Site of battery, not tower 3255:Site of battery, not tower 2168:that was incorporated into 1536: 1422:Duke of York Martello Tower 624:Offshore Martello tower on 538: 69:that were built across the 35:– oldest Martello tower in 10: 7978: 7957:Forts in Key West, Florida 5748:. (Sarnian Publications). 5718:Journal of British Studies 5671:The Rough Guide to Corsica 5641:. Davenport House Museum. 4135:Charleston, South Carolina 3980:Tower Hill Martello Tower 3861:Intact, recently restored 2700:Deserted and Dilapidated. 2344:River Fort Martello Tower 2226:Charleston, South Carolina 2196:but never completed them. 1712: 1399:McKenzie Memorial Building 1247: 677:, the fictional character 613: 609: 392: 99: 18: 7910: 7840: 7764: 7708: 7642: 7528: 7433: 7356:Hardened aircraft shelter 7331:Entry control point (ECP) 7243: 7154: 6870: 6863: 6295: 6044: 5865:Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973) 5509:www.buildingsofireland.ie 5412:. Osprey Publishing, 2003 5374:10.4995/Thesis/10251/2921 5333:Martello Towers Worldwide 5085:Clements (1998), p.83-90. 4881:Discover Northern Ireland 4703:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4542:Millward (2007), 173–184. 4316:Vigano (2001), pp. 41–57. 4295:Oxford English Dictionary 4194:Portsmouth, New Hampshire 3328:Shanganagh, Mahera Point 2646:Saint John, New Brunswick 2457:Demolished prior to 1900 2451:Duke of Clarence's Tower 2222:Portsmouth, New Hampshire 2005:To protect the harbor of 1789:(AKA Noirmont; 1808–1814) 1749: 1633:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 1512:Saint John, New Brunswick 1434:Sherbrooke Martello Tower 1361: 1350:When the British rebuilt 467:that were constructed at 436:, then under the rule of 75:French Revolutionary Wars 7853:Continuity of government 5423:"41st Infantry Regiment" 5221:MilitaryArchitecture.com 4906:"Beautiful Barbuda 2012" 4460:www.landmarktrust.org.uk 4280: 3965:Disappeared after 1914. 3359:Lost to coastal erosion 2409:Prince of Wales's Tower 2095:38.7848000°N 1.4180583°E 2040:, commanding the 38-gun 1956: 1829: 1732: 1674:after the escape of the 1657: 1609:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1578: 1562:Guernsey loophole towers 1514:, is now a museum and a 597: 368:Kingdom of Great Britain 185:, two British warships, 157:A Martello tower on the 7675:Motte-and-bailey castle 7381:Missile launch facility 7376:Main line of resistance 6071: 5851:Rooke, Octavius (1857) 5681:Historical Simon's Town 5121:Mendiratta, Sidh Losa. 5104:Parbury, Allen (1844). 4445:Ward (1949), pp. 18–37. 3890:Grand River North West 3871:Grand River North West 2651:Carleton Martello Tower 1933:Simon's Town Naval base 1508:Carleton Martello Tower 669:Oliver St. John Gogarty 563:in 1807–1809 to defend 500:anti-aircraft artillery 241:Design and construction 7952:Coastal fortifications 7751:Military installations 7615: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7496: 7167: 7142: 7118: 7108:Scarp and Counterscarp 7079: 7070: 7055: 7022: 7008: 6979: 6950: 6941: 6917: 6878: 6683: 6664: 6582: 6531: 6522: 6478: 6469: 6460: 6397: 6383: 6374: 6320: 6279: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6234: 6194: 6180: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6062: 5970:Note on Sir John Moore 5744:Grimsley, E.J. (1988) 5205:Grimsley (1988), p.43. 5138:Cite journal requires 4601:Gazetteer for Scotland 4597:"Leith Martello Tower" 4270:List of fortifications 3154:, site of present-day 2760:Meelick Martello Tower 2374:British Virgin Islands 2248: 2209: 2150: 2138: 2115: 2000:Fortress of San Felipe 1991: 1924: 1891: 1842: 1763: 1667: 1592: 1516:National Historic Site 1486: 1383: 1347: 1335:British Virgin Islands 1261: 1256:The Martello tower at 1213: 1113:Sir William Codrington 1099: 943:on the south coast of 919:The restored tower at 899:Meelick, County Galway 883:Meelick Martello Tower 792:(Hicks tower owned by 735: 632: 556: 555:, Edinburgh, Scotland. 535: 515:Jaywick Martello Tower 494:artillery. During the 413: 402: 385:and the east coast of 359: 299: 270: 253: 224: 183:siege of Saint-Florent 178: 113: 108:The resistance of the 65:, are small defensive 55: 7520:Floating water castle 7251:Admiralty scaffolding 6544:Fortified buildings ( 5913:6 August 2013 at the 5697:(Arcadia Publishing). 4659:. Historic Scotland. 4328:Abram (2003), p. 103. 4219:Tybee Island, Georgia 2430:Duke of York's Tower 2253:Tybee Island, Georgia 2246: 2234:Tybee Island, Georgia 2207: 2139: 2128: 2113: 2100:38.7848000; 1.4180583 1989: 1981:Fortress of Isabel II 1922: 1889: 1837: 1806:(AKA St Ouen 2; 1834) 1800:(AKA St Ouen 1; 1835) 1757: 1665: 1651:that had been there. 1586: 1545:, all built in 1804: 1469: 1424:was built in 1798 at 1414:Prince of Wales Tower 1403:Jeffery Hale Hospital 1381: 1342: 1255: 1204: 1097: 730: 623: 590:assembling offshore. 546: 533: 408: 400: 354: 297: 268: 248: 211: 156: 107: 33:Prince of Wales Tower 31: 7863:Subterranean warfare 6816:Viking ring fortress 6000:18 June 2011 at the 5987:, Newsletter of the 5878:Fortress Study Group 5845:Fortress Study Group 5807:Fortress Study Group 5769:Fortress Study Group 5669:Abram, David (2003) 5533:on 29 November 2015. 5367:. pp. 285–311. 4979:on 10 February 2013. 4912:. 21 December 2011. 4819:Buildings of Ireland 4627:"The Martello Tower" 3910:Grande-Rivière-Noire 3899:Last mentioned 1880 3452:Bere Island, Ardagh 3265:Killiney, Tara Hill 2447:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2426:Halifax, Nova Scotia 1410:Halifax, Nova Scotia 1290:Royal Naval Dockyard 1258:Ferry Reach, Bermuda 1163:improve this section 1011:improve this article 947:in the townlands of 874:and the entrance to 712:. During the 1980s, 175:Saint Lawrence River 16:Small defensive fort 7680:Quadrangular castle 7416:Weapon storage area 6772:Quadrangular castle 5363:(doctoral thesis). 4579:www.geograph.org.uk 4484:on 23 December 2010 4478:"Dymchurch Redoubt" 4403:Rooke (1857), p.68. 4340:, Volume 51, p.301. 4088:Abandoned by 1810. 4071:Trinidad and Tobago 2623:Quebec City, Quebec 2602:Quebec City, Quebec 2581:Quebec City, Quebec 2560:Quebec City, Quebec 2401:Point Pleasant Park 2091: / 1824:Jersey Round Towers 1739:Nishinomiya Battery 1418:Point Pleasant Park 1354:on the west end of 1278:St. George's Island 1117:Sir Charles Knowles 1090:Antigua and Barbuda 128:. The designer was 120:defence system, at 77:onwards. Most were 41:Point Pleasant Park 7411:Underground hangar 7196:Fire control tower 6993:Gunpowder magazine 6421:Butter-churn tower 5872:Vigano, M. (2001) 5615:. Seacoastnh.com. 5543:Codman Parkerson, 5045:on 14 October 2008 4997:on 3 December 2007 4959:www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca 4683:"Gun Tower Museum" 4502:Daly (2007), p.34. 4356:The London Gazette 4204:Incorporated into 3874:Pointe aux Sables 3630:Greencastle Tower 3594:Private residence 3514:Haulbowline Island 3378:Private residence 3350:Bray, Corke Abbey 3299:Private residence 3215:Private residence 3054:Private residence 2987:Private residence 2965:Private residence 2918:Private residence 2766:Private residence 2744:Private residence 2269:American Civil War 2249: 2210: 2116: 1992: 1951:George Elphinstone 1925: 1892: 1843: 1764: 1758:La Tour de Vinde, 1744:Wadamisaki Battery 1668: 1601:East India Company 1593: 1487: 1393:, overlooking the 1384: 1348: 1325:Fort St. Catherine 1310:Murray's Anchorage 1270:St George's Parish 1262: 1214: 1100: 979:the coast-guard." 961:County Londonderry 897:river crossing to 837:Haulbowline Island 768:and Red Island at 736: 633: 557: 536: 414: 403: 372:Kingdom of Ireland 360: 333:optical telegraphs 300: 271: 254: 179: 124:(Myrtle) Point in 114: 56: 7934: 7933: 7858:Military urbanism 7792:Fortified gateway 7665:Concentric castle 7429: 7428: 7346:Fire support base 7186:Coastal artillery 7061:(Spanish America) 6655: 6497:Concentric castle 5985:The Genie Gazette 5754:978-0-9513868-0-4 5710:978-0-85052-679-0 5586:Keith, Willis J. 5547:. The Quest, 1990 5527:"als Digitalisat" 5490:on 12 March 2016. 5343:978-1-84884-535-0 4770:Irish Independent 4378:Sutcliffe (1973). 4233: 4232: 4206:Fort Constitution 4156:Key West, Florida 4123:Hurricane Katrina 3959:Cunningham Tower 3761:Torre di Magnisi 3729:Closed to public 3648:Magilligan Tower 3185:'s Martello tower 2694:Hanumant Bastion 2549:Closed to Public 2537:Kingston, Ontario 2526:Closed to Public 2514:Kingston, Ontario 2491:Kingston, Ontario 2468:Kingston, Ontario 2236:and Bayou Dupre, 2218:Key West, Florida 2055:Frederick Marryat 1810:La Collette Tower 1613:British Residency 1531:Kingston, Ontario 1484:Kingston, Ontario 1449:Kingston, Ontario 1395:St Lawrence River 1391:Plains of Abraham 1199: 1198: 1191: 1087: 1086: 1079: 1061: 747:18-pounder cannon 683:James Joyce Tower 592:Historic Scotland 430:possible invasion 428:to guard against 307:. Governments in 235:blew up the tower 159:plains of Abraham 110:Torra di Mortella 7969: 7923: 7922: 7916: 7807:National redoubt 7736:Fortified estate 7660:Circular rampart 7620: 7601: 7592: 7583: 7501: 7261:Anti-tank trench 7256:Air raid shelter 7231: 7191:Disappearing gun 7172: 7147: 7123: 7084: 7075: 7060: 7036: 7027: 7013: 6984: 6955: 6946: 6922: 6883: 6868: 6867: 6846: 6826:Bailey (or ward) 6792: 6697:Motte-and-bailey 6688: 6669: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6610: 6601: 6587: 6536: 6527: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6456: 6402: 6388: 6379: 6325: 6282: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6239: 6199: 6185: 6125:Circular rampart 6121: 6112: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6031: 6024: 6017: 6008: 6007: 5897: 5848: 5831: 5816:Mariner's Mirror 5810: 5793: 5778:Mariner's Mirror 5772: 5741: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5575:. 27 April 2015. 5569: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5529:. Archived from 5523: 5517: 5516: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5486:. Archived from 5480: 5451: 5450: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5376: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5309: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5069:www.crwflags.com 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4975:. Archived from 4969: 4963: 4962: 4951: 4945: 4944:Saunders (1976). 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4846: 4840: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4631:History of Leith 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4427:Clements (1998). 4425: 4404: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4379: 4376: 4361: 4360: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4317: 4314: 4298: 4291: 3783:Castello Maniace 2390:Private (hotel) 2290: 2289: 2148: 2136: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2030:Treaty of Amiens 1787:La Tour de Vinde 1703:Castello Maniace 1302:Hamilton Harbour 1194: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1143: 1135: 1082: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1026:"Martello tower" 1019: 995: 987: 957:Magilligan Point 740:enfilading tower 522:Listed Buildings 496:Second World War 337:Chappe Telegraph 7977: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7947:Martello towers 7937: 7936: 7935: 7930: 7914: 7906: 7836: 7760: 7704: 7638: 7573:Imperial castle 7546:Coercion castle 7541:Coastal defence 7524: 7486:Promontory fort 7456:Hillside castle 7425: 7341:Fallout shelter 7306:Concertina wire 7286:Border security 7239: 7150: 6859: 6492:Coercion castle 6480:Cheval de frise 6462:Chemin de ronde 6310:Albarrana tower 6291: 6236:Schwedenschanze 6213:Promontory fort 6040: 6035: 6002:Wayback Machine 5915:Wayback Machine 5904: 5867:Martello Towers 5683:. (Cape Town). 5666: 5661: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5503: 5502: 5495: 5482: 5481: 5454: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5408:Angus Konstam, 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5155: 5151: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5017:"Fort Clarence" 5015: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4847: 4843: 4839:, County Dublin 4834: 4830: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4759: 4755: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4696: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4633:. 26 May 2004. 4625: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4382: 4377: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4265:List of castles 4247:Fortified tower 4238: 4175:New York Harbor 4117:'s entrance to 3790:Open to public 3767:Can be visited 3757:Priolo Gargallo 3481:Open to public 3474:Finavarra Tower 3339:coastal erosion 3274:Fully restored 3205:Bulloch Harbour 2737:Aughinish Tower 2715:Gabhla Fhranca 2415:Open to public 2368:Can be visited 2305:Current status 2288: 2202: 2178: 2170:High Knoll Fort 2162: 2149: 2146: 2137: 2134: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2077: 1959: 1917: 1897: 1864: 1851:De Redin towers 1832: 1752: 1735: 1715: 1691:Priolo Gargallo 1660: 1629: 1581: 1568:they resemble. 1539: 1364: 1337: 1329:Bermuda Railway 1250: 1226:New South Wales 1195: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1160: 1144: 1133: 1092: 1083: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1020: 1018: 1008: 996: 985: 976:Ordnance Survey 965:Napoleonic Wars 893:, guarding the 817:Fenian uprising 780:, Tower Bay in 690:Bullock Harbour 679:Stephen Dedalus 639:(Drogheda), to 618: 612: 600: 541: 395: 349: 292: 243: 102: 59:Martello towers 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7975: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7890:Trench warfare 7887: 7885:Tunnel warfare 7882: 7881: 7880: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7741:Fortifications 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7558: 7553: 7551:Counter-castle 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Border barrier 7532: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7471:Lowland castle 7468: 7463: 7461:Hilltop castle 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7336:Electric fence 7333: 7328: 7326:Dragon's teeth 7323: 7321:Czech hedgehog 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7235:Wire obstacles 7232: 7223: 7221:Polygonal fort 7218: 7213: 7211:Martello tower 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7176:Border outpost 7173: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7062: 7052: 7050:Polygonal fort 7047: 7042: 7037: 7028: 7019: 7014: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6947: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6661: 6656: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6602: 6593: 6588: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6542: 6540:Flanking tower 6537: 6528: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Counter-castle 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6475: 6466: 6457: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6394: 6389: 6380: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6297:Post-classical 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6287:Vitrified fort 6284: 6272: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6240: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6191: 6186: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6145:Defensive wall 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6038:Fortifications 6034: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6005: 6004: 5992: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5903: 5902:External links 5900: 5899: 5898: 5885: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5832: 5811: 5794: 5784:(1): 131–139. 5773: 5756: 5742: 5730:10.1086/508397 5713: 5698: 5691: 5677: 5674: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5630: 5604: 5588:"Fort Johnson" 5578: 5564: 5549: 5536: 5518: 5493: 5452: 5436: 5414: 5401: 5399:McCall (1999). 5392: 5349: 5342: 5322: 5320:Grundy (1991). 5310: 5301: 5290:on 4 June 2008 5275: 5263: 5238: 5207: 5198: 5172: 5149: 5140:|journal= 5113: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5056: 5030: 5008: 4982: 4964: 4946: 4937: 4935:Harris (1988). 4928: 4919: 4897: 4868: 4841: 4828: 4806: 4783: 4753: 4747:Evening Herald 4736: 4710: 4674: 4648: 4618: 4588: 4566: 4544: 4535: 4504: 4495: 4469: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4405: 4396: 4380: 4362: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4198:Walbach Tower 4196: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040:Craig's Tower 4038: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3893:Fort Victoria 3891: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3854:Madliena Tower 3851: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3825:Fort Stockton 3823: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610:Macamish Tower 3607: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3545:Monning Tower 3543: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3180:South No. 11, 3178: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021:, Harbour Rd. 3016: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978:, Carrickhill 2973: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2844:Shenick Island 2840: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782:Millmount Fort 2779: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2542:Cathcart Tower 2539: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473:Fort Frederick 2470: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340:Palmetto Point 2336: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2287: 2284: 2257:tabby concrete 2201: 2198: 2185:Martello tower 2177: 2174: 2161: 2158: 2144: 2132: 2124:Peninsular War 2024:, in 1740. At 1967:Charles Stuart 1958: 1955: 1916: 1913: 1896: 1893: 1863: 1860: 1856:Victoria Lines 1847:Madliena Tower 1839:Madliena Tower 1831: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1816:Victoria Tower 1813: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1781:Portelet Tower 1778: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1714: 1711: 1659: 1656: 1628: 1625: 1580: 1577: 1566:Genoese towers 1538: 1535: 1529:and Museum in 1502:Cathcart Tower 1490:Fort Frederick 1480:Cathcart Tower 1472:Fort Frederick 1442:Georges Island 1363: 1360: 1336: 1333: 1282:Castle Harbour 1249: 1246: 1222:Sydney Harbour 1210:Sydney Harbour 1197: 1196: 1147: 1145: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 999: 997: 990: 984: 981: 937:County Donegal 872:County Wexford 821:Captain Mackey 774:Drumanagh Fort 766:Shenick Island 722:County Wicklow 626:Shenick Island 611: 608: 599: 596: 561:Firth of Forth 540: 537: 485:The Coastguard 411:Clacton-on-Sea 394: 391: 348: 345: 291: 288: 242: 239: 200:Sir John Moore 192:(74 guns) and 148:Genoese towers 101: 98: 71:British Empire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7974: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7927: 7926: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7895:Urban warfare 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7848:Civil defense 7846: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716:Bastion forts 7714: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7700:Z-plan castle 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7670:L-plan castle 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7655:Bridge castle 7653: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624:Refuge castle 7622: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7605:Military base 7603: 7600: 7599: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7568:Hunting lodge 7566: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7481:Moated castle 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466:Island castle 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434:By topography 7432: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7406:Submarine pen 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:Hesco bastion 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7276:Blast shelter 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Place-of-arms 7043: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6678:Machicolation 6676: 6674: 6673:L-plan castle 6671: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Bridge castle 6404: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6369:Bent entrance 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6354:Battery tower 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6305:Advanced work 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6229:Refuge castle 6227: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5689:0-86961-055-4 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5673:Rough Guides. 5672: 5668: 5667: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5424: 5418: 5411: 5405: 5396: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5317: 5315: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5272: 5267: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5202: 5195: 5182: 5176: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5158:Khalidi, Omar 5153: 5145: 5132: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4837:Dun Laoghaire 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791:Cn, (1907). 4787: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4719:"Tower No. 7" 4714: 4706: 4700: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4400: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4313: 4309: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4275:List of forts 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4214:United States 4212: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189:United States 4187: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4170:United States 4168: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:United States 4149: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:United States 4128: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4094:United States 4092: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Port of Spain 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3997:Fort Beaufort 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953:Fort George, 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436:, Cloughland 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369:Bray harbour 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3292:Enoch's Tower 3290:South No. 6, 3289: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3226:Dalkey Island 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209:South No. 10 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3160:South No. 12 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152:Dún Laoghaire 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3132:South No. 13 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3111:South No. 14 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3090:South No. 15 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069:South No. 16 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2998:Ireland's Eye 2996: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956:North No. 5, 2955: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931:, Balcarrick 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2848:North No. 10 2847: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2826:North No. 11 2825: 2823:, Red Island 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2804:North No. 12 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2718:c. 1803–1815 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711:Achill Island 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2690:Arnala Island 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2384:Fort Recovery 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2283: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:New York City 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2214:United States 2206: 2200:United States 2197: 2195: 2190: 2187:, located at 2186: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2143: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2122:, during the 2121: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2038:Lord Cochrane 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1941:Fort Beaufort 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1760:Saint Brélade 1756: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1723:George Nugent 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1680:Joachim Murat 1677: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1555:Fort Saumarez 1552: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453:Oregon Crisis 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1438:McNabs Island 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:Fort Recovery 1345: 1344:Fort Recovery 1341: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1254: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1182: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1148:This section 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1096: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1028: – 1027: 1023: 1022:Find sources: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1005: 1000:This section 998: 994: 989: 988: 980: 977: 973: 972:Achill Island 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 910:County Dublin 907: 904:The tower at 902: 900: 896: 892: 891:County Offaly 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 858: 857:Little Island 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819:, the famous 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 802:Ireland's Eye 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 745: 741: 734: 729: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:Dalkey Island 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 675: 670: 666: 662: 661:Dún Laoghaire 658: 653: 650: 646: 642: 638: 631: 630:County Dublin 627: 622: 617: 607: 605: 604:Pembroke Dock 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 567:Harbour. The 566: 562: 554: 550: 545: 532: 528: 525: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 458:William Twiss 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 412: 407: 399: 390: 388: 384: 379: 377: 376:British Isles 373: 369: 365: 357: 353: 344: 342: 341:United States 338: 334: 329: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 296: 287: 284: 280: 276: 267: 263: 260: 251: 247: 238: 236: 232: 231: 223: 220: 216: 210: 208: 205:Vice-Admiral 203: 201: 197: 196: 191: 190: 184: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 151: 149: 145: 140: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 111: 106: 97: 95: 90: 88: 82: 80: 79:coastal forts 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 37:North America 34: 30: 26: 22: 7962:Round towers 7918: 7873:Siege engine 7841:Other topics 7765:Related word 7731:Defense line 7695:Tower castle 7650:Bastion fort 7634:Urban castle 7562:Ganerbenburg 7560: 7515:Water castle 7491:Ridge castle 7476:Marsh castle 7291:Bomb shelter 7271:Belgian gate 7244:20th century 7210: 7155:19th century 7093:Retrenchment 7065:Punji sticks 6974:Entrenchment 6969:Device Forts 6936:Counterguard 6871:Early modern 6801:Tower castle 6737:Powder tower 6712:Outer bailey 6624:Inner bailey 6598:Gulyay-gorod 6566:Ganerbenburg 6564: 6560:Fujian tulou 6502:Corner tower 6441:Chamber gate 6411:Bridge tower 6259:Trou de loup 5984: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5819: 5815: 5802: 5798: 5781: 5777: 5764: 5760: 5745: 5724:(1): 30–46. 5721: 5717: 5701: 5694: 5680: 5670: 5650:. Retrieved 5633: 5621:. Retrieved 5607: 5595:. Retrieved 5591: 5581: 5567: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5531:the original 5521: 5508: 5488:the original 5445: 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5417: 5409: 5404: 5395: 5383:. Retrieved 5359: 5352: 5332: 5325: 5304: 5292:. Retrieved 5288:the original 5278: 5270: 5266: 5254:. Retrieved 5250: 5241: 5229:. Retrieved 5220: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5185:. Retrieved 5175: 5162: 5152: 5131:cite journal 5116: 5106: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5068: 5059: 5047:. Retrieved 5043:the original 5039:"Sherbrooke" 5033: 5020: 5011: 4999:. Retrieved 4995:the original 4985: 4977:the original 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4909: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4880: 4871: 4859:. Retrieved 4844: 4831: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4768: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4727:. Retrieved 4713: 4687:. Retrieved 4677: 4665:. Retrieved 4651: 4639:. Retrieved 4630: 4621: 4609:. Retrieved 4600: 4591: 4578: 4569: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4526:. Retrieved 4518:The Guardian 4517: 4507: 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4482:the original 4472: 4459: 4450: 4441: 4432: 4399: 4354: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4312: 4294: 4289: 4258: 4257: 4140:Fort Johnson 4107:Tower Dupre 4031:South Africa 4016:Simon's Town 4011:South Africa 3992:South Africa 3971:Sierra Leone 3832: 3805:Fort Nugent 3663:Loughshinny 3645:Lough Foyle 3605:Lough Swilly 3541:Cork Harbour 3518:Cork Harbour 3496:Cork Harbour 3394:South No. 1 3372:South No. 2 3353:South No. 3 3331:South No. 4 3312:South No. 5 3291: 3268:South No. 7 3249:South No. 8 3230:South No. 9 3181: 3156:Peoples Park 3155: 3086:Williamstown 3048:North No. 1 3024:North No. 2 3002:North No. 3 2981:North No. 4 2957: 2934:North No. 6 2912:North No. 7 2909:, Tower Bay 2890:North No. 8 2869:North No. 9 2496:Murney Tower 2321:Fort Denison 2277: 2273: 2250: 2211: 2179: 2166:Saint Helena 2163: 2160:Saint Helena 2151: 2140: 2129: 2117: 2083:38°47′5.28″N 2074:S'Empalmador 2067: 2062: 2049: 2022:Gran Canaria 2018: 2011: 2004: 1993: 1978: 1971: 1960: 1948:Vice Admiral 1945: 1929:South Africa 1926: 1915:South Africa 1909:Temne people 1905:Sierra Leone 1898: 1895:Sierra Leone 1881: 1868: 1865: 1844: 1821: 1792: 1765: 1719:Harbour View 1716: 1684: 1669: 1653: 1630: 1594: 1573:Bréhon Tower 1570: 1559: 1540: 1520: 1506: 1488: 1457:Murney Tower 1446: 1426:York Redoubt 1408: 1385: 1365: 1349: 1322: 1318:St. George's 1286:Coney Island 1274: 1263: 1230: 1218:Fort Denison 1215: 1206:Fort Denison 1185: 1176: 1161:Please help 1149: 1121: 1101: 1073: 1064: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1021: 1009:Please help 1004:verification 1001: 969: 941:County Clare 918: 903: 880: 865: 849:Great Island 829:Cork Harbour 814: 759: 737: 698:Williamstown 687: 672: 654: 649:Cork Harbour 634: 601: 573: 558: 526: 519: 504: 489: 481: 462: 415: 380: 378:as a whole. 361: 330: 321:South Africa 301: 272: 258: 255: 229: 225: 218: 214: 212: 204: 194: 188: 180: 143: 141: 134: 115: 91: 83: 62: 58: 57: 25: 7772:Castle town 7629:Toll castle 7598:Lustschloss 7580:Kaiserpfalz 7510:Spur castle 7505:Rock castle 7446:Hill castle 7441:Cave castle 7401:Spider hole 7301:Bremer wall 7266:Barbed tape 7162:Barbed wire 6836:Witch tower 6806:Tower house 6796:Toll castle 6782:Shield wall 6702:Murder hole 6591:Guard tower 6208:Pincer gate 6155:Faussebraye 5652:19 February 5429:21 February 4729:21 December 4528:21 December 4488:21 December 4351:"No. 13631" 4119:Lake Borgne 4115:Bayou Dupre 4099:Lake Borgne 4081:Fort Picton 3936:La Preneuse 3931:Black River 3914:L'Harmonie 3698:Ros a' Mhíl 3626:Lough Foyle 3537:Fota Island 3492:Ringaskiddy 3434:Bere Island 3421:Glengarriff 3309:Shanganagh 3183:James Joyce 2976:Portmarnock 2958:Hicks Tower 2953:, Robswall 2519:Shoal Tower 2405:Nova Scotia 2359:Ferry Reach 2299:Tower name 2194:Trincomalee 2098: / 2086:1°25′5.01″E 1946:That said, 1877:La Preneuse 1804:Kempt Tower 1798:Lewis Tower 1649:leprosarium 1605:Arnala fort 1551:Fort Hommet 1523:Afghanistan 1494:Shoal Tower 1476:Shoal Tower 1416:located in 1387:Quebec City 1314:St. David's 1298:Great Sound 1266:Ferry Reach 1242:Crimean War 1240:during the 939:and two in 929:County Cork 925:Glengarriff 887:Clonahenoge 833:Ringaskiddy 825:Fota Island 798:Portmarnock 665:James Joyce 663:, in which 420:, Ireland, 356:Portmarnock 335:(using the 250:Québec city 163:Quebec City 49:Nova Scotia 7941:Categories 7797:Gatekeeper 7617:Ordensburg 7589:Landesburg 7396:Sentry gun 7351:Flak tower 7281:Blast wall 7201:Gun turret 7098:Sally port 7003:Kotta mara 6943:Couvreface 6907:Breastwork 6902:Blockhouse 6880:Abwurfdach 6831:Watchtower 6821:Wall tower 6777:Shell keep 6727:Portcullis 6722:Peel tower 6707:Neck ditch 6666:Landesburg 6614:Half tower 6572:Gate tower 6517:Drawbridge 6359:Battlement 6275:Wagon fort 6118:Chengqiang 5847:: 173–184. 5809:: 143–158. 5664:References 5623:24 October 5294:24 October 5187:29 October 5049:24 October 5001:24 October 4885:Tourism NI 4861:24 October 4242:Blockhouse 4183:Destroyed 4057:Hambantota 3955:Port Louis 3680:Rathmullan 3560:Rossleague 3411:Ilnacullin 3065:Sandymount 2842:Skerries, 2800:Balbriggan 2630:1808–1812 2612:Destroyed 2609:1808–1812 2588:1808–1812 2567:1808–1812 2365:1823–1828 2189:Hambantota 2154:San Julián 2070:Formentera 2063:Imperieuse 2059:midshipman 2050:Imperieuse 2042:fifth-rate 2026:Ciutadella 2014:Ciutadella 1775:Icho Tower 1687:W.H. Smyth 1498:Doors Open 1372:Fort Henry 1306:The Flatts 1109:Codrington 1037:newspapers 945:Galway Bay 933:Rathmullan 921:Ilnacullin 845:Rossleague 794:Tony Quinn 762:Balbriggan 744:Blomefield 706:Sandymount 645:Dublin Bay 614:See also: 569:Tally Toor 549:Tally Toor 477:Eastbourne 438:Napoleon I 259:terreplein 230:Lowestoffe 209:reported: 144:torregiani 7900:Guerrilla 7643:By design 7391:Revetment 7206:Land mine 7137:Star fort 6964:Crownwork 6959:Covertway 6892:Barricade 6533:Embrasure 6446:Chartaque 6376:Bergfried 6334:Arrowslit 6160:Gatehouse 6130:City gate 6091:Castellum 6057:Acropolis 5738:159902078 5385:2 January 5194:Santhals. 4305:Citations 4251:Scottish 4208:; ruined 4103:Louisiana 4052:Sri Lanka 4036:Cape Town 3949:Mauritius 3926:Mauritius 3905:Mauritius 3886:Mauritius 3867:Mauritius 3833:Fort Hill 3808:1808–11? 3653:Restored 3469:Finavarra 3176:Sandycove 2865:Drumanagh 2732:Aughinish 2697:c. 1530s 2627:Tower #4 2606:Tower #3 2585:Tower #2 2564:Tower #1 2311:Australia 2296:Location 2261:gun loops 2238:Louisiana 2181:Sri Lanka 2176:Sri Lanka 2120:Cartagena 2048:HMS 1937:Cape Town 1931:, one at 1862:Mauritius 1635:caused a 1627:Indonesia 1617:Hyderabad 1547:Fort Grey 1179:July 2022 1150:does not 1131:Australia 983:Elsewhere 953:Aughinish 949:Finavarra 876:Waterford 868:Duncannon 861:Rostellan 755:gunpowder 657:Sandycove 643:, around 637:Millmount 580:Crockness 473:Dymchurch 450:Aldeburgh 325:Sri Lanka 309:Australia 228:HMS 215:Fortitude 207:Lord Hood 189:Fortitude 187:HMS 87:artillery 63:Martellos 7925:Category 7915:See also 7802:Loophole 7690:Ringwork 7685:Ringfort 7610:Obstacle 7451:Hillfort 7371:Loophole 7169:Barbette 7144:Tenaille 7127:Sea fort 7057:Presidio 7017:Magazine 6998:Hornwork 6931:Cavalier 6926:Casemate 6919:Caponier 6762:Ringwork 6650:Detinets 6619:Hoarding 6524:Enceinte 6399:Bretèche 6344:Bartizan 6339:Barbican 6315:Alcazaba 6243:Stockade 6223:Ringfort 6203:Palisade 6175:Landwehr 6170:Hillfort 5998:Archived 5911:Archived 5896:: 18–37. 5771:: 22–58. 5643:Archived 5617:Archived 5513:Archived 5379:Archived 5225:Archived 5160:(2009). 5073:Archived 5025:Archived 4914:Archived 4890:23 April 4855:Archived 4823:Archived 4723:Archived 4699:cite web 4661:Archived 4635:Archived 4605:Archived 4583:Archived 4561:Archived 4522:Archived 4464:Archived 4236:See also 4063:1801–03 4003:1839–46 3976:Freetown 3962:1832–35 3940:1832–35 3917:1832–35 3896:1832–35 3877:1832–35 3849:Pembroke 3845:Madliena 3821:Monrovia 3801:Kingston 3778:Syracuse 3722:Ganzirri 3582:Belvelly 3397:1804–05 3375:1804–05 3356:1804–05 3337:Lost to 3334:1804–05 3315:1804–05 3296:1804–05 3287:, beach 3285:Killiney 3271:1804–05 3252:1804–05 3233:1804–05 3212:1804–05 3189:1804–05 3163:1804–05 3135:1804–05 3114:1804–05 3107:Seapoint 3093:1804–05 3072:1804–05 3051:1804–05 3027:1804–05 3005:1804–05 2984:1804–05 2962:1804–05 2951:Malahide 2937:1804–05 2929:Donabate 2915:1804–05 2907:Portrane 2893:1804–05 2872:1804–05 2851:1804–05 2829:1804–05 2821:Skerries 2807:1804–05 2786:c. 1808 2777:Drogheda 2755:Banagher 2293:Country 2183:has one 2145:— 2133:— 2007:Fornells 1901:Freetown 1762:, Jersey 1727:Kingston 1707:Syracuse 1695:Ganzirri 1676:Bourbons 1621:Santhals 1571:Lastly, 1543:Guernsey 1537:Guernsey 1238:Russians 1067:May 2020 906:Seapoint 841:Belvelly 790:Malahide 786:Donabate 782:Portrane 770:Skerries 733:Killiney 702:Seapoint 584:Longhope 576:Hackness 539:Scotland 507:St Osyth 465:redoubts 426:Guernsey 283:casemate 279:garrison 275:magazine 122:Mortella 39:(1796), 7832:Vedette 7822:Schloss 7787:Festung 7782:Dungeon 7777:Château 7721:Castles 7529:By role 7386:Pillbox 7216:Outpost 7132:Station 7120:Schanze 7103:Sandbag 7088:Redoubt 7072:Ravelin 7040:Palanka 7024:Orillon 7010:Lunette 6952:Coupure 6897:Bastion 6887:Arsenal 6855:Zwinger 6767:Roundel 6757:Ricetto 6732:Postern 6717:Outwork 6641:Kremlin 6512:Curtain 6487:Citadel 6471:Chemise 6431:Caltrop 6349:Bastion 6322:Alcázar 6218:Rampart 6196:Oppidum 6189:Nuraghe 6135:Crannog 6109:Castros 6045:Ancient 5597:3 April 5231:19 July 4776:4 March 4689:26 July 4667:13 July 4641:13 July 4611:13 July 4043:1795/6 4022:1795/6 3943:Museum 3816:Liberia 3796:Jamaica 3716:Messina 3693:Ireland 3675:Ireland 3659:Ireland 3641:Ireland 3621:Ireland 3600:Ireland 3577:Ireland 3555:Ireland 3532:Ireland 3509:Ireland 3487:Ireland 3464:Ireland 3448:Ireland 3429:Ireland 3406:Ireland 3384:Ireland 3365:Ireland 3346:Ireland 3324:Ireland 3305:Ireland 3280:Ireland 3261:Ireland 3242:Ireland 3236:Extant 3221:Ireland 3200:Ireland 3171:Ireland 3147:Ireland 3123:Ireland 3102:Ireland 3096:Extant 3081:Ireland 3075:Extant 3060:Ireland 3038:Ireland 3014:Ireland 3008:Extant 2993:Ireland 2971:Ireland 2946:Ireland 2940:Extant 2924:Ireland 2902:Ireland 2896:Extant 2881:Ireland 2875:Extant 2860:Ireland 2854:Extant 2838:Ireland 2832:Extant 2816:Ireland 2810:Extant 2795:Ireland 2789:Extant 2772:Ireland 2750:Ireland 2727:Ireland 2706:Ireland 2669:Korčula 2664:Croatia 2658:Museum 2570:Museum 2503:Museum 2480:Museum 2477:1846/7 2454:c.1798 2433:c.1798 2379:Tortola 2354:Bermuda 2334:Barbuda 2265:muskets 2061:aboard 2045:frigate 2034:Son Bou 1963:Menorca 1713:Jamaica 1699:Messina 1645:Batavia 1637:tsunami 1591:, India 1356:Tortola 1331:Trail. 1294:Ireland 1248:Bermuda 1171:removed 1156:sources 1125:daymark 1105:Barbuda 1051:scholar 895:Shannon 847:on the 674:Ulysses 659:, near 610:Ireland 588:convoys 582:, near 511:Seaford 469:Harwich 454:Suffolk 442:Seaford 393:England 387:Ireland 383:England 339:). 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