50:
323:, which the British built during World War II as anti-aircraft platforms. One type consisted of a concrete pontoon barge on which stood two cylindrical towers on top of which was the gun platform mounting. They were laid down in dry dock and assembled as complete units. They were then fitted out before being towed out and sunk onto their sand bank positions in 1942. The other type consisted of seven interconnected steel platforms built on stilts. Five platforms carried guns arranged in a semicircle around the sixth platform, which contained the control centre and accommodation. The seventh platform, set further out than the gun towers, was the searchlight tower.
237:
20:
35:
816:
532:
732:
1143:
980:
3707:
424:
482:
192:, seaborne assaults of the classical and medieval age more often took the form of coastal raiders sailing up river and landing well inland of the coast. Prior to the invention of naval artillery that could sink hostile ships, the most that coastal defence could do was act as an early warning system, that could alert local naval or ground forces of the impending attack. For example, in the late Roman period the
65:
337:
1145:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1150:
118:
to sustain operations, such defences are usually concentrated around such facilities, or places where such facilities could be constructed. Coastal artillery fortifications generally followed the development of land fortifications, usually incorporating land defences; sometimes separate land defence
215:
raiders took the form of coast watchers whose duty was to alert the local militia, the navy, which would attempt to intercept the raider's ships, or failing that, to destroy them after they had beached. Against smaller raiding forces, the threat of losing their ships, and their way home with their
135:
or weapons based on them, often supplemented by lighter weapons. In the late 19th century separate batteries of coastal artillery replaced forts in some countries; in some areas these became widely separated geographically through the mid-20th century as weapon ranges increased. The amount of
1147:
927:
rendered these open topped emplacements vulnerable to air attack. Therefore, the next, and last, generation of coastal artillery was mounted under thick concrete shields covered with vegetation to make them virtually invisible from above. In anticipation of a conflict with
852:
many coastal fortifications already dotted the
Atlantic coast, as protection from pirate raids and foreign incursions. The Revolutionary War led to the construction of many additional fortifications, mostly comprising simple earthworks erected to meet specific threats.
932:, most of the limited funds available between 1933 and 1938 were spent on the Pacific coast. In 1939–40 the threat of war in Europe prompted larger appropriations and the resumption of work along the Atlantic coast. Under a major program developed in the wake of the
967:. Cullen was the first American who actually came in contact with the enemy on the shores of the United States during the war and his report led to the capture of the German sabotage team. For this, Cullen received the
641:
In the early 15th century, a number of watch posts had been established around Malta's coastline. In the early 17th century, the Order began to strengthen the coastal fortifications outside the harbour area, by building
856:
The prospect of war with
European powers in the 1790s led to a national programme of fortification building spanning seventy years in three phases, known as the First, Second and Third Systems. By the time of the
156:
were used extensively, usually added to boom defences, with major warships often being equipped with them (to allow rapid deployment once the ship was anchored or moored) through early World War I. In World War I
1146:
161:
emerged and soon became part of coastal artillery in some countries; with railway artillery in coast defence some type of revolving mount had to be provided to allow tracking of fast-moving targets.
892:, whose recommendations would lead to a large-scale modernization programme of harbour and coastal defences in the United States, especially the construction of well dispersed, open topped
959:
would patrol the shores of the United States during the war. Some patrolled on horseback with mounted beach patrols. On 13 June 1942 Seaman 2nd Class John Cullen, patrolling the beach in
1560:
3101:
462:
Subsequently, the
European powers built their own coastal defences to protect the various colonial enclaves that they established along the Chinese coast. One such, a fort built by the
700:
were built in the 1870s to protect the Grand
Harbour from landward attacks. Between 1872 and 1912, many forts and batteries were built around the coastline. The first of these was
602:
was built on the
Sciberras Peninsula, and further modifications were made to the fortifications over the years. The harbour area was strengthened even more by the building of the
312:
is on a built-up island, 400 meters (1,312 ft) from the shore, and connected to it by a causeway that high tide completely submerses. The most elaborate sea fort is
1119:
With the advent of missile technology coastal forts became obsolete. Britain's coastal forts were therefore decommissioned in 1956 and the units manning them disbanded.
1073:
on "an iron high-road running parallel with that other 'silent highway', the source of all our greatness, the ocean, our time-honoured 'moat and circumvallation'"
1058:
1128:
1031:
1196:
1019:
677:, along with several entrenchments, were built around the coasts of Malta and Gozo. Many of these have been destroyed, but a few examples still survive.
131:, or sea forts, the first three types often with detached gun batteries called "water batteries". Coastal defence weapons throughout history were heavy
1529:
1186:
901:
1568:
136:
landward defence provided began to vary by country from the late 19th century; by 1900 new US forts almost totally neglected these defences.
680:
After the
British took Malta in 1800, they modified the Order's defences in the harbour area to keep up with new technology. Malta itself,
1238:
1705:
1426:
1814:
917:
353:
1478:
1453:
255:. Construction beginning in 1612, these were the first stone fortifications, with the first coastal artillery batteries, built by
783:
designs adapted to New
Zealand conditions. These installations typically included gun emplacements, pill boxes, fire command or
2917:
1674:
1503:
1422:"El frustrado fuerte de Tenquehuen en el archipiélago de los Chonos, 1750: Dimensión chilota de un conflicto hispano-británico"
913:
244:
384:
the
Valdivian Fort System was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of colonial Chile such as
1637:
1284:
839:
751:
1362:
280:
Unlike most coastal fortifications, which are on the coast, sea forts are not. Instead, they are off the coast on islands,
1049:
was strongly fortified to provide a massive anchorage for the
British Navy before France became an ally of Britain in the
3511:
3206:
1206:
475:
1057:, a group of forts and associated structures were built during the Victorian period on the recommendations of the 1860
1014:
to defend the southern coast of
England. Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers known as
292:, are within harbours in proximity to the coast, but most are at some distance off the coast. Some, such as for example
54:
666:
in 1667. Between 1605 and 1667, a total of 31 towers were built, of which 22 survive today (with another 3 in ruins).
49:
3111:
1781:
1594:
1421:
1309:
598:
reduced many of these coastal fortifications to rubble, but after the siege they were rebuilt. The fortified city of
404:
494:
248:
3732:
3536:
1757:
760:
was fortified in two main waves. The first wave occurred around 1885 and was a response to fears of an attack by
735:
38:
904:
were a critical component of the defence, and smaller guns were also employed to protect the mine fields from
217:
273:
Sea forts are completely surrounded by water – if not permanently, then at least at high tide (i.e. they are
23:
1537:
937:
2759:
2297:
1807:
1338:
370:
3096:
2177:
137:
2692:
1046:
1006:, built 1283 to 1289, defend river approaches as well as the surrounding land. Built 1539 to 1544, the
412:
366:
diverted significant resources to fortify the Chilean coast as consequence of Dutch and English raids.
3141:
1191:
478:. This tells the story of coastal defence along the South China coast from the Ming dynasty onwards.
2766:
704:, built to protect the northern approach to the Grand Harbour. A chain of fortifications, including
513:
dates primarily to the first half of the 19th century. It actually underwent bombardment during the
393:
3638:
2716:
119:
forts were built to protect coastal forts. Through the middle 19th century, coastal forts could be
1277:
A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816-1867, 2nd Ed
401:
3685:
3460:
3166:
3161:
3081:
2878:
2825:
2795:
2552:
2482:
2426:
2003:
1800:
1253:
743:
526:
490:
297:
3710:
3526:
3116:
3013:
2898:
2082:
1062:
995:
607:
400:
were also made ready for an eventual English attack. Inspired in the recommendations of former
236:
1653:
562:
was possibly first fortified during Arab rule, and by the 13th century, a castle known as the
3663:
3501:
3283:
3036:
2773:
2596:
1925:
1228:
1038:. This type of tower was also used elsewhere in the British Empire and in the United States.
1011:
909:
539:
535:
502:
374:
341:
240:
196:
was a system of forts at the mouths of navigable rivers, and watch towers along the coast of
908:. Defences of a given harbor were initially designated artillery districts, redesignated as
662:
were built over the course of the 17th century. The last coastal watchtower to be built was
385:
34:
3648:
3176:
2802:
2601:
2567:
1967:
1849:
1081:
960:
796:
701:
689:
595:
373:
in 1643 caused great alarm among Spanish authorities and triggered the construction of the
998:, had evolved from simpler Norman fortifications by the start of the 13th century. Later,
936:
in 1940, a near-total replacement of previous coast defenses was implemented, centered on
389:
19:
8:
3465:
3201:
2557:
1935:
1392:
999:
964:
893:
849:
823:
571:
381:
165:
148:
were often used, or stored in peacetime to be available in wartime. With the rise of the
42:
1328:
3587:
3196:
3171:
3156:
3151:
3001:
2981:
2778:
2339:
2206:
1950:
1736:
1482:
1457:
1201:
1066:
949:
858:
831:
720:
627:
587:
281:
268:
189:
153:
216:
loot, was often enough to force them to curtail their attack. In addition there was a
3643:
3602:
3577:
3450:
3131:
2971:
2818:
2404:
2282:
1960:
1903:
1777:
1740:
1699:
1633:
1305:
1280:
1181:
924:
897:
693:
670:
651:
579:
510:
158:
107:
1681:
1507:
140:
were also usually part of a protected harbor's defences. In the middle 19th century
3617:
3592:
3521:
3445:
3046:
3041:
2976:
2527:
2331:
1910:
1728:
1132:
1113:
1085:
1054:
987:
956:
885:
878:
784:
739:
471:
145:
3506:
3358:
3331:
3271:
3241:
3126:
3091:
3071:
3056:
2611:
2606:
2574:
2335:
2277:
2265:
2247:
2114:
2095:
2021:
1998:
1379:
1366:
1333:
1176:
1158:
1077:
968:
815:
697:
659:
655:
611:
583:
531:
514:
173:
1359:
293:
3675:
3670:
3336:
3321:
3256:
3246:
3121:
3106:
3006:
2996:
2961:
2835:
2628:
2325:
2292:
2256:
2072:
1930:
1894:
1105:
1097:
1070:
1061:, following concerns about the strength of the French Navy. In 1865 Lieutenant
1015:
933:
889:
780:
776:
603:
563:
463:
363:
359:
320:
128:
1732:
799:, supply and plotting rooms and protected engine rooms supplying power to the
635:
3726:
3680:
3633:
3541:
3531:
3485:
3455:
3440:
3409:
3390:
3251:
3191:
3146:
3061:
3020:
2830:
2463:
2458:
2191:
2154:
2139:
2090:
2035:
2014:
1823:
1417:
1233:
1171:
1101:
1042:
945:
845:
709:
705:
631:
615:
559:
345:
313:
197:
103:
1242:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 599–602.
916:
was divided into field artillery and coast artillery units, and in 1907 the
623:
397:
3658:
3516:
3480:
3435:
3419:
3347:
3300:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3076:
2893:
2754:
2721:
2586:
2522:
2497:
2409:
2383:
2351:
2345:
2287:
2226:
2196:
2044:
1109:
1007:
1003:
819:
765:
731:
647:
448:
436:
309:
285:
274:
120:
27:
1598:
979:
447:). Coastal defences were maintained through both the Ming dynasty and the
3557:
3414:
3383:
3365:
3353:
3295:
3290:
3231:
3226:
3186:
3086:
3051:
2947:
2850:
2621:
2591:
2581:
2487:
2376:
1993:
1940:
1050:
905:
827:
804:
757:
663:
643:
619:
467:
289:
225:
193:
68:
58:
2184:
3582:
3402:
3374:
3305:
3181:
3136:
3066:
2986:
2883:
2788:
2728:
2687:
2665:
2616:
2562:
2512:
2507:
2492:
2451:
2399:
2357:
2302:
2144:
2060:
1154:
983:
800:
788:
713:
498:
428:
301:
201:
141:
3562:
2107:
1719:
Brown, D. (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo—French Relations, 1846—1865".
2991:
2922:
2749:
2744:
2677:
2318:
2231:
2161:
2119:
1945:
1915:
1876:
1842:
1093:
900:, which sat protected behind the walls, but could be raised to fire.
874:
681:
506:
451:
that followed, protecting the coast against pirates, and against the
316:, which is so extensive that one might truly call it a sea fortress.
260:
149:
132:
124:
1227:
896:
emplacements protected by sloped earthworks. Many of these featured
423:
3475:
3470:
3395:
3236:
2954:
2929:
2912:
2842:
2783:
2711:
2704:
2547:
2435:
2309:
2129:
2124:
2100:
2028:
2008:
1988:
1955:
1027:
941:
826:
harbor, US, typifies an early seacoast defense system prior to the
599:
481:
452:
91:
72:
3607:
3572:
3567:
2905:
2888:
2873:
2857:
2809:
2737:
2682:
2672:
2640:
2542:
2517:
2502:
2272:
2216:
2134:
1981:
1974:
1920:
1792:
1627:
870:
685:
674:
591:
590:
were built, and walls surrounded the coastal cities of Birgu and
558:
all have some form of coastal fortification. The area around the
435:
China first established formal coastal defences during the early
256:
252:
177:
115:
1754:
Walker, Arthur (2000) , "Coast Railways and Railway Artillery",
3612:
2966:
2532:
2470:
2414:
2392:
2369:
2362:
2238:
2221:
2053:
1885:
1867:
1837:
1089:
1035:
1023:
866:
862:
792:
761:
555:
456:
440:
326:
305:
228:
along navigable rivers to prevent raiders from sailing inland.
212:
208:
1135:
coastal defence system and Bal-E coastal missile complex with
881:
could penetrate Third System defences with acceptable losses.
489:
Taiwan has several coastal fortifications, with some, such as
64:
3653:
3597:
3341:
2866:
2697:
2537:
1858:
1136:
929:
769:
575:
567:
547:
444:
408:
284:, or are specially built structures. Some sea forts, such as
221:
99:
95:
912:
in 1913 and as harbor defense commands in 1924. In 1901 the
16:
Measures to protect against a military attack by a coastline
2635:
2477:
2444:
2419:
2211:
2201:
2170:
2149:
551:
169:
111:
570:
to protect the harbour. The Maltese islands were given to
336:
1597:. Royal New Zealand Artillery Association. Archived from
873:
forts obsolete, and the combatants discovered that their
1304:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 180–181.
1380:
Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750
1080:
the British Admiralty designed eight towers code named
963:, discovered the first landing of German saboteurs in
844:
The defence of its coasts was a major concern for the
1506:. Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Archived from
1481:. Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Archived from
1456:. Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence. Archived from
1059:
Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom
723:
in Malta for defence in case of an Italian invasion.
415:
into a direct dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
1279:. McLean, VA: Redoubt Press. pp. 16–17, 24–34.
1129:
A-222E Bereg-E 130mm coastal mobile artillery system
795:, sometimes with interconnected tunnels, containing
1197:
List of coastal fortifications of the United States
1010:are a series of artillery fortifications built for
1774:The History of Coast Artillery in the British Army
459:powers that sought to impose their will on China.
1187:Coastal defences of Australia during World War II
300:completely occupy small islands; others, such as
90:are measures taken to provide protection against
3724:
1323:
1321:
1302:British & American Artillery of World War II
1088:to protect allied merchant shipping from German
1002:was a prolific castle builder and sites such as
509:, date more to the end of the 19th century. The
308:, are on artificial islands built up on shoals.
110:. Because an invading enemy normally requires a
2064:
1416:
719:From 1935 to the 1940s, the British built many
2626:
2572:
2390:
2236:
1753:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
474:and the mainland, has been converted into the
3281:
3011:
2840:
2816:
2433:
2424:
2381:
2105:
1901:
1892:
1808:
1771:
1632:(Third ed.). CDSG Press. pp. 5–13.
1629:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
1318:
439:(14th century) to protect against attacks by
152:threat at the beginning of the 20th century,
3400:
3381:
3372:
3363:
2952:
2927:
2903:
2864:
2855:
2807:
2793:
2764:
2735:
2726:
2702:
2663:
2468:
2449:
2367:
2316:
2307:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2182:
2168:
2159:
2042:
2019:
1561:"18th Century Hospitaller Coastal Batteries"
1084:that were to be built and positioned in the
830:, with low earthworks. The cannons are post-
327:Coastal defence and fortification by country
245:fortifications of the Castle Harbour Islands
2051:
2033:
1979:
1965:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1612:
1100:were small fortified towers, primarily for
538:, which was built in 1618, was used by the
1815:
1801:
1399:(in Spanish), Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1020:defend the south and east coast of England
630:in the 18th century. The Order also built
427:View looking north from the gun platform.
1718:
1712:
1410:
1274:
994:The walls around coastal cities, such as
53:Ottoman fortification and redoubt of the
1496:
1479:"Gallery 3: The Qing Period (1644–1911)"
1471:
1454:"Gallery 2: The Ming Period (1368–1644)"
1446:
1141:
978:
918:United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
814:
768:and was due to fears of invasion by the
730:
530:
480:
422:
354:Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile
335:
235:
188:Rather than the beach assault of modern
63:
48:
33:
18:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1558:
1329:"IngenierĂa Militar durante la Colonia"
1053:, even so plans changed slowly and the
920:was created to operate these defences.
407:the Spanish founded the "city-fort" of
3725:
1704:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1625:
944:batteries. These were supplemented by
411:in 1768 and separated Chiloé from the
71:, a sea fortress from 18th century in
1796:
1656:. United States National Park Service
1646:
1559:Spiteri, Stephen C. (10 April 2010).
1385:
1225:
1122:
840:Seacoast defense in the United States
752:Coastal fortifications of New Zealand
1583:
1299:
848:from its independence. Prior to the
3207:Weapons Storage and Security System
1372:
1352:
476:Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence
319:The most recent sea forts were the
13:
1822:
1527:
764:. The second wave occurred during
55:Dardanelles Fortified Area Command
14:
3744:
1772:Maurice-Jones, Col. K.W (2005) .
1761:, Pallas Armata, pp. 221–234
1246:
974:
578:and rebuilt the Castrum Maris as
348:, an example of a coastal defense
3706:
3705:
1207:Peter the Great's Naval Fortress
810:
1765:
1758:Royal United Services Institute
1747:
1667:
1552:
1521:
650:, which was built in 1605. The
491:Fort Zeelandia or Anping Castle
1293:
1268:
1219:
726:
168:, coastal defence counteracts
39:Castillo San Felipe de Barajas
1:
3102:British "hedgehog" road block
1626:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
1418:Urbina Carrasco, MarĂa Ximena
1226:Brown, William Baker (1911).
1213:
952:, also in new installations.
24:Castillo San Felipe del Morro
1593:Baigent, Captain AJ (1959).
1339:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1127:Russia Federation developed
712:, was also built to protect
669:From 1714 onwards, about 52
371:Dutch occupation of Valdivia
231:
7:
3512:Cities with defensive walls
3097:Defensive fighting position
3012:
2817:
2627:
2573:
2434:
2425:
2391:
2382:
2237:
1275:Weaver II, John R. (2018).
1164:
10:
3749:
1776:(Reprint). N&M Press.
1721:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1595:"Coast Artillery Defences"
1157:coastal defense launching
837:
749:
524:
493:dating to the time of the
413:Captaincy General of Chile
351:
266:
224:, that were positioned at
183:
3696:
3626:
3550:
3494:
3428:
3314:
3219:
3142:Hardened aircraft shelter
3117:Entry control point (ECP)
3029:
2940:
2656:
2649:
2081:
1830:
1733:10.1080/09592290600942918
1192:Coastal towers in Salento
646:. The first of these was
218:system of fortified towns
88:and coastal fortification
3639:Continuity of government
1565:MilitaryArchitecture.com
1177:Chain of the Golden Horn
791:strategies, underground
618:in the 17th century and
574:in 1530, who settled in
520:
495:Dutch East India Company
418:
331:
3461:Motte-and-bailey castle
3167:Missile launch facility
3162:Main line of resistance
1857:
1239:Encyclopædia Britannica
527:Fortifications of Malta
3733:Coastal fortifications
3537:Military installations
3401:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3282:
2953:
2928:
2904:
2894:Scarp and Counterscarp
2865:
2856:
2841:
2808:
2794:
2765:
2736:
2727:
2703:
2664:
2469:
2450:
2368:
2317:
2308:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2183:
2169:
2160:
2106:
2065:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2020:
1980:
1966:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1848:
1393:"Lugares estratégicos"
1161:
1096:is still in situ. The
1063:Arthur Campbell Walker
991:
910:coast defense commands
902:Underwater mine fields
835:
747:
608:Santa Margherita Lines
543:
486:
485:Fort Zeelandia, Taiwan
432:
394:Juan Fernández Islands
380:As consequence of the
349:
264:
76:
61:
46:
31:
3306:Floating water castle
3037:Admiralty scaffolding
2330:Fortified buildings (
1300:Hogg, Ian V. (2002).
1229:"Coast Defence"
1153:
1112:estuaries during the
1069:advocated the use of
982:
884:In 1885 US President
818:
734:
540:Armed Forces of Malta
534:
503:Eternal Golden Castle
484:
426:
375:Valdivian Fort System
352:Further information:
342:Valdivian Fort System
339:
239:
211:, protection against
207:Later in Anglo-Saxon
190:amphibious operations
142:underwater minefields
67:
52:
37:
22:
3649:Subterranean warfare
2602:Viking ring fortress
1369:at coloniavoyage.com
1256:. GlobalSecurity.org
961:Amagansett, New York
906:minesweeping vessels
702:Sliema Point Battery
690:Halifax, Nova Scotia
596:Great Siege of Malta
377:that begun in 1645.
249:St. George's Harbour
94:attack at or near a
3466:Quadrangular castle
3202:Weapon storage area
2558:Quadrangular castle
1382:, 1998, pages 88–92
1104:guns, built in the
986:is situated beside
965:Operation Pastorius
923:The development of
894:reinforced concrete
850:American Revolution
694:Imperial fortresses
572:Order of Saint John
154:anti-submarine nets
43:Cartagena de Indias
3197:Underground hangar
2982:Fire control tower
2779:Gunpowder magazine
2207:Butter-churn tower
1365:2016-03-03 at the
1360:The Dutch in Chili
1202:Middelgrundsfortet
1162:
1139:/Kh-35E missiles.
1123:Russian Federation
1067:School of Musketry
992:
859:American Civil War
836:
748:
628:Marsamxett Harbour
588:Fort Saint Michael
544:
536:Saint Mary's Tower
497:. Others, such as
487:
433:
386:Chiloé Archipelago
350:
282:artificial islands
269:Category:Sea forts
265:
176:, naval infantry (
77:
62:
47:
32:
3720:
3719:
3644:Military urbanism
3578:Fortified gateway
3451:Concentric castle
3215:
3214:
3132:Fire support base
2972:Coastal artillery
2847:(Spanish America)
2441:
2283:Concentric castle
1654:"Coastal Defense"
1639:978-0-9748167-3-9
1528:Debono, Charles.
1286:978-1-7323916-1-1
1254:"Coastal Defense"
1182:Coastal artillery
1151:
1032:possible invasion
925:military aviation
898:disappearing guns
879:ironclad warships
785:observation posts
756:The coastline of
580:Fort Saint Angelo
511:Uhrshawan Battery
172:offence, such as
159:railway artillery
108:coastal artillery
3740:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3593:National redoubt
3522:Fortified estate
3446:Circular rampart
3406:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3287:
3047:Anti-tank trench
3042:Air raid shelter
3017:
2977:Disappearing gun
2958:
2933:
2909:
2870:
2861:
2846:
2822:
2813:
2799:
2770:
2741:
2732:
2708:
2669:
2654:
2653:
2632:
2612:Bailey (or ward)
2578:
2483:Motte-and-bailey
2474:
2455:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2396:
2387:
2373:
2322:
2313:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2188:
2174:
2165:
2111:
2068:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2025:
1985:
1971:
1911:Circular rampart
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1680:. Archived from
1679:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:. Archived from
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:. Archived from
1530:"Coastal Towers"
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1231:
1223:
1152:
1133:K-300P Bastion-P
1114:Second World War
1086:Straits of Dover
1055:Palmerston Forts
957:U.S. Coast Guard
886:Grover Cleveland
779:were built from
740:disappearing gun
692:were designated
582:. In the 1550s,
472:Hong Kong Island
470:channel between
382:Seven Years' War
243:1624 map of the
166:littoral warfare
146:controlled mines
102:), for example,
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3700:
3692:
3622:
3546:
3490:
3424:
3359:Imperial castle
3332:Coercion castle
3327:Coastal defence
3310:
3272:Promontory fort
3242:Hillside castle
3211:
3127:Fallout shelter
3092:Concertina wire
3072:Border security
3025:
2936:
2645:
2278:Coercion castle
2266:Cheval de frise
2248:Chemin de ronde
2096:Albarrana tower
2077:
2022:Schwedenschanze
1999:Promontory fort
1826:
1821:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1766:
1756:Journal of the
1752:
1748:
1717:
1713:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:"Archived copy"
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1571:on 20 June 2016
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1397:Memoria chilena
1391:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1367:Wayback Machine
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1334:Memoria Chilena
1327:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1167:
1159:SS-N-3 Shaddock
1142:
1125:
1078:First World War
1071:armoured trains
1016:Martello Towers
977:
969:Legion of Merit
914:Artillery Corps
842:
813:
754:
729:
698:Corradino Lines
660:De Redin towers
612:Cottonera Lines
594:. In 1565, the
584:Fort Saint Elmo
546:The islands of
529:
523:
515:Sino-French War
466:commanding the
421:
356:
340:Cannons of the
334:
329:
271:
234:
186:
174:naval artillery
129:polygonal forts
80:Coastal defence
17:
12:
11:
5:
3746:
3736:
3735:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3676:Trench warfare
3673:
3671:Tunnel warfare
3668:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:Fortifications
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3337:Counter-castle
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Border barrier
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Lowland castle
3254:
3249:
3247:Hilltop castle
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Electric fence
3119:
3114:
3112:Dragon's teeth
3109:
3107:Czech hedgehog
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3021:Wire obstacles
3018:
3009:
3007:Polygonal fort
3004:
2999:
2997:Martello tower
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Border outpost
2959:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2836:Polygonal fort
2833:
2828:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2374:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2328:
2326:Flanking tower
2323:
2314:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Counter-castle
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2180:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:Post-classical
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2073:Vitrified fort
2070:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1931:Defensive wall
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:Fortifications
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1764:
1746:
1727:(4): 675–692.
1711:
1666:
1645:
1638:
1611:
1582:
1551:
1540:on 10 May 2015
1520:
1495:
1470:
1445:
1409:
1384:
1371:
1351:
1337:(in Spanish).
1317:
1310:
1292:
1285:
1267:
1245:
1234:Chisholm, Hugh
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1124:
1121:
1098:Maunsell Forts
976:
975:United Kingdom
973:
934:Fall of France
890:Endicott Board
888:appointed the
861:, advances in
838:Main article:
812:
809:
777:fortifications
750:Main article:
728:
725:
626:in the nearby
604:Floriana Lines
525:Main article:
522:
519:
431:Museum, China.
420:
417:
364:Spanish Empire
360:Colonial times
333:
330:
328:
325:
321:Maunsell Forts
233:
230:
185:
182:
104:fortifications
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3745:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3712:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:Urban warfare
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Civil defense
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Bastion forts
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3486:Z-plan castle
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:L-plan castle
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Bridge castle
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Refuge castle
3408:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Military base
3389:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Hunting lodge
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Moated castle
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Island castle
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:By topography
3218:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Submarine pen
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Hesco bastion
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:Blast shelter
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Place-of-arms
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2464:Machicolation
2462:
2460:
2459:L-plan castle
2457:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
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2192:Bridge castle
2190:
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2167:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2155:Bent entrance
2153:
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2148:
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2140:Battery tower
2138:
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2110:
2109:
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2091:Advanced work
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2018:
2016:
2015:Refuge castle
2013:
2010:
2007:
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1799:
1798:
1795:
1785:
1783:9781845740313
1779:
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1759:
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1742:
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1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1687:on 2006-07-23
1683:
1676:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:on 2009-10-17
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1510:on 2009-05-26
1509:
1505:
1499:
1485:on 2012-04-09
1484:
1480:
1474:
1460:on 2013-09-05
1459:
1455:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1378:Kris E. Lane
1375:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:Robbert Kock
1355:
1344:September 30,
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1311:1-85367-478-8
1307:
1303:
1296:
1288:
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1175:
1173:
1172:Atlantic Wall
1170:
1169:
1160:
1156:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:anti-aircraft
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:In the early
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:King Edward I
997:
989:
985:
981:
972:
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951:
947:
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939:
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899:
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880:
876:
872:
868:
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854:
851:
847:
846:United States
841:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:United States
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
746:, New Zealand
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
710:Fort Benghisa
707:
706:Fort Delimara
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
637:
636:Mġarr Harbour
633:
632:Fort Chambray
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:Fort Ricasoli
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:was built in
565:
564:Castrum Maris
561:
560:Grand Harbour
557:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
528:
518:
516:
512:
508:
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500:
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492:
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387:
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378:
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372:
367:
365:
361:
355:
347:
346:Niebla, Chile
343:
338:
324:
322:
317:
315:
314:Murud-Janjira
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
275:tidal islands
270:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
227:
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210:
205:
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171:
167:
162:
160:
155:
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147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:bastion forts
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
74:
70:
66:
60:
56:
51:
44:
40:
36:
30:, Puerto Rico
29:
25:
21:
3704:
3659:Siege engine
3627:Other topics
3551:Related word
3517:Defense line
3481:Tower castle
3436:Bastion fort
3420:Urban castle
3348:Ganerbenburg
3346:
3326:
3301:Water castle
3277:Ridge castle
3262:Marsh castle
3077:Bomb shelter
3057:Belgian gate
3030:20th century
2941:19th century
2879:Retrenchment
2851:Punji sticks
2760:Entrenchment
2755:Device Forts
2722:Counterguard
2657:Early modern
2587:Tower castle
2523:Powder tower
2498:Outer bailey
2410:Inner bailey
2384:Gulyay-gorod
2352:Ganerbenburg
2350:
2346:Fujian tulou
2288:Corner tower
2227:Chamber gate
2197:Bridge tower
2045:Trou de loup
1773:
1767:
1755:
1749:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1689:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1648:
1628:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1573:. Retrieved
1569:the original
1564:
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1534:Mellieha.com
1533:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1483:the original
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1431:
1425:
1412:
1401:, retrieved
1396:
1387:
1374:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1332:
1301:
1295:
1276:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1248:
1237:
1221:
1126:
1118:
1075:
1040:
1008:Device Forts
1004:Conwy Castle
993:
990:Harbour, UK.
954:
938:16-inch guns
922:
883:
855:
843:
820:Fort McHenry
805:searchlights
774:
766:World War II
755:
718:
679:
668:
648:Garzes Tower
640:
545:
488:
461:
449:Qing dynasty
437:Ming dynasty
434:
379:
368:
357:
318:
310:Fort Louvois
294:Bréhon Tower
286:Fort Denison
279:
272:
241:John Smith's
226:choke points
206:
187:
180:), or both.
163:
87:
83:
79:
78:
28:Old San Juan
3558:Castle town
3415:Toll castle
3384:Lustschloss
3366:Kaiserpfalz
3296:Spur castle
3291:Rock castle
3232:Hill castle
3227:Cave castle
3187:Spider hole
3087:Bremer wall
3052:Barbed tape
2948:Barbed wire
2622:Witch tower
2592:Tower house
2582:Toll castle
2568:Shield wall
2488:Murder hole
2377:Guard tower
1994:Pincer gate
1941:Faussebraye
1403:30 December
1260:29 November
1076:During the
1051:Crimean War
1022:, Ireland,
996:Southampton
955:In WW2 the
828:War of 1812
801:gun turrets
758:New Zealand
727:New Zealand
664:Isopu Tower
644:watchtowers
620:Fort Manoel
542:until 2002.
468:Lei Yue Mun
405:Santa MarĂa
290:Fort Sumter
194:Saxon Shore
69:Suomenlinna
59:World War I
3583:Gatekeeper
3403:Ordensburg
3375:Landesburg
3182:Sentry gun
3137:Flak tower
3067:Blast wall
2987:Gun turret
2884:Sally port
2789:Kotta mara
2729:Couvreface
2693:Breastwork
2688:Blockhouse
2666:Abwurfdach
2617:Watchtower
2607:Wall tower
2563:Shell keep
2513:Portcullis
2508:Peel tower
2493:Neck ditch
2452:Landesburg
2400:Half tower
2358:Gate tower
2303:Drawbridge
2145:Battlement
2061:Wagon fort
1904:Chengqiang
1691:2019-08-29
1660:2009-11-29
1605:2009-11-29
1514:2009-11-29
1489:2009-11-29
1464:2009-11-29
1438:28 January
1214:References
1155:Object 100
1012:Henry VIII
984:Nothe Fort
950:90 mm guns
875:steamships
789:camouflage
744:North Head
738:Armstrong
714:Marsaxlokk
652:Wignacourt
624:Fort Tigné
499:Cihou Fort
455:and other
453:Portuguese
429:Taku Forts
398:ValparaĂso
390:ConcepciĂłn
302:Flakfortet
267:See also:
144:and later
133:naval guns
125:star forts
98:(or other
45:, Colombia
3686:Guerrilla
3429:By design
3177:Revetment
2992:Land mine
2923:Star fort
2750:Crownwork
2745:Covertway
2678:Barricade
2319:Embrasure
2232:Chartaque
2162:Bergfried
2120:Arrowslit
1946:Gatehouse
1916:City gate
1877:Castellum
1843:Acropolis
1741:154025726
1504:"History"
1094:Nab Tower
1065:, of the
1043:Victorian
942:casemated
869:had made
832:Civil War
824:Baltimore
797:magazines
736:BL 8-inch
721:pillboxes
716:Harbour.
682:Gibraltar
671:batteries
638:in Gozo.
507:Hobe Fort
298:Fort Drum
261:New World
232:Sea forts
198:Britannia
150:submarine
100:shoreline
96:coastline
75:, Finland
3727:Category
3711:Category
3701:See also
3588:Loophole
3476:Ringwork
3471:Ringfort
3396:Obstacle
3237:Hillfort
3157:Loophole
2955:Barbette
2930:Tenaille
2913:Sea fort
2843:Presidio
2803:Magazine
2784:Hornwork
2717:Cavalier
2712:Casemate
2705:Caponier
2548:Ringwork
2436:Detinets
2405:Hoarding
2310:Enceinte
2185:Bretèche
2130:Bartizan
2125:Barbican
2101:Alcazaba
2029:Stockade
2009:Ringfort
1989:Palisade
1961:Landwehr
1956:Hillfort
1700:cite web
1575:23 April
1544:23 April
1427:Historia
1420:(2014).
1363:Archived
1165:See also
1047:Alderney
1030:against
1028:Guernsey
988:Weymouth
770:Japanese
675:redoubts
656:Lascaris
600:Valletta
457:European
402:governor
92:military
73:Helsinki
3618:Vedette
3608:Schloss
3573:Festung
3568:Dungeon
3563:Château
3507:Castles
3315:By role
3172:Pillbox
3002:Outpost
2918:Station
2906:Schanze
2889:Sandbag
2874:Redoubt
2858:Ravelin
2826:Palanka
2810:Orillon
2796:Lunette
2738:Coupure
2683:Bastion
2673:Arsenal
2641:Zwinger
2553:Roundel
2543:Ricetto
2518:Postern
2503:Outwork
2427:Kremlin
2298:Curtain
2273:Citadel
2257:Chemise
2217:Caltrop
2135:Bastion
2108:Alcázar
2004:Rampart
1982:Oppidum
1975:Nuraghe
1921:Crannog
1895:Castros
1831:Ancient
1236:(ed.).
1090:U-boats
940:in new
871:masonry
867:weapons
793:bunkers
781:British
686:Bermuda
592:Senglea
464:British
441:pirates
259:in the
257:England
253:Bermuda
184:History
178:marines
116:harbour
84:defense
57:during
3613:Trench
3603:Picket
3014:Sangar
2967:Bunker
2899:Sconce
2819:Ostrog
2767:Flèche
2650:Modern
2629:Yagura
2597:Turret
2533:Reduit
2471:Merlon
2415:Kasbah
2393:Gusuku
2370:Glacis
2363:Gabion
2332:church
2239:Chashi
2222:Castle
2066:Laager
2054:Vallum
2011:(Rath)
1886:Castra
1868:Burgus
1838:Abatis
1780:
1739:
1636:
1308:
1283:
1110:Mersey
1106:Thames
1036:France
1024:Jersey
946:6-inch
863:armour
762:Russia
696:. The
688:, and
556:Comino
306:Pampus
222:burghs
213:Viking
209:Wessex
3654:Siege
3598:Palas
3542:Walls
3532:Forts
3495:Lists
3342:Fence
3284:Rocca
3152:Kabal
2867:Redan
2774:Gorge
2698:Canal
2575:Shiro
2538:Ribat
2528:Qalat
2340:Dzong
2336:house
2036:Sudis
1968:Limes
1926:Ditch
1859:Broch
1850:Agger
1737:S2CID
1685:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1232:. In
1137:Kh-35
1045:era,
1034:from
930:Japan
634:near
576:Birgu
568:Birgu
548:Malta
521:Malta
445:wokou
419:China
409:Ancud
332:Chile
170:naval
138:Booms
3664:list
3082:Buoy
2636:Yett
2478:Moat
2445:Ksar
2420:Keep
2212:Caer
2202:Burh
2178:Boom
2171:Berm
2150:Bawn
2115:Amba
1951:Gord
1778:ISBN
1706:link
1634:ISBN
1577:2015
1546:2015
1440:2016
1405:2015
1346:2014
1306:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1262:2009
1108:and
1026:and
948:and
877:and
865:and
834:era.
803:and
775:The
708:and
673:and
658:and
622:and
614:and
586:and
554:and
552:Gozo
396:and
369:The
362:the
304:and
247:and
202:Gaul
200:and
112:port
106:and
82:(or
1936:Dun
1729:doi
1434:(I)
1082:M-N
1018:to
822:in
742:at
358:In
344:in
296:or
288:or
277:).
251:in
164:In
114:or
41:in
26:in
3729::
3703::
2338:,
2334:,
1735:.
1725:17
1723:.
1702:}}
1698:{{
1614:^
1585:^
1563:.
1532:.
1432:47
1430:.
1424:.
1395:,
1331:.
1320:^
1131:,
1116:.
1092:.
971:.
807:.
787:,
772:.
684:,
654:,
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606:,
550:,
517:.
505:,
501:,
392:,
388:,
220:,
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127:,
123:,
86:)
2440:)
2432:(
2342:)
2069:)
2063:(
1816:e
1809:t
1802:v
1786:.
1743:.
1731::
1708:)
1694:.
1663:.
1642:.
1608:.
1579:.
1548:.
1517:.
1492:.
1467:.
1442:.
1348:.
1314:.
1289:.
1264:.
443:(
263:.
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