306:
233:
152:
219:. Such towers were typically used to protect a vulnerable shoreline, and were round structures about 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft) high, with very thick, mortar-bound walls. The fort would hold heavy artillery in the upper level, with accommodations for fifteen or twenty soldiers on the ground floor. The name comes from the location of the tower at Mortella (Myrtle) Point on the island. In 1794 the garrison of the
261:. Work began on these defenses. Philip II of Spain succeeded Charles V in 1558, and commissioned El Fratino to improve the defenses. El Fratino decided that the traverse should be abandoned, and what had been done on the zigzag wall should be demolished. Work on the traverse ceased, but Philip II's chief engineer
252:
to construct a wall that would defend
Gibraltar from attackers landing on the tip of the peninsula to the south. Calvi designed a wall that ran in a straight line eastward from the coast for about 280 metres (920 ft), terminating on the foot of a precipice. A traverse wall would run southward
138:
in 1517. A military engineer by occupation, his brothers
Bernardino and Giorgio followed the same trade, as did Giorgio's son Francesco and grandson Pietro. Giacomo and the other members of his family designed and built fortifications throughout Spanish territory, which at that time also included
223:
resisted two
British frigates with over 100 guns between them for two days. The tower had just one 6-pounder gun and two 18-pounders. Although it was eventually captured by a landing force, the performance was so impressive that Britain, and later the United States, built copies of it around the
276:" through a mistake about when it was built, or sometimes the Philip II Wall. El Fratino's brothers Giorgio and Bernadino may have assisted him in this work. Plans for the traverse wall along the top of the cliff were abandoned. El Fratino converted a tower in the northeast to a bastion, the
445:
had begun a counter-attack. According to the French
Ministry of Culture, the Mortello tower was built by Doria in 1553–1554 rather than in 1565. Possibly this is due to confusion between Admiral Andrea Doria and Colonel Giorgio Doria, who was responsible for building the
395:
also assisted
Vespasiano Gonzaga in the design of the fortifications of Cartagena in 1570. In March 1571, Il Fratino and Vespasiano Gonzaga were sent to inspect the defenses of the frontier between Spain and Navarre. In Portugal, he designed the
195:
citadels and establishing new fortifications along the coast. On 30 December 1563, after he had left the island, he gave the
Genoese a diagram and building instructions for the tower at Mortella Point, which was to help defend the town of
163:, Giovan Fratino initially served in the French army. After being captured by the Spanish in 1558, he joined the army of Philip II. Giovan and his brother Giorgio were assigned to the Governor of Milan, tasked with strengthening the old
412:
in
Tunisia, finishing the latter fortifications in the summer of 1573. In 1574 he visited Majorca, still considered vulnerable to Turkish attack despite the Turkish defeat three years before in the
272:
In the meantime, a wall designed by El
Fratino had been completed by 1575, running straight up from the precipice above the end of the lower wall. This wall is usually called the "
797:
236:
Fortifications of
Gibraltar in 1597 viewed from the west. Fratino was responsible for bastions at both ends of the sea wall, and for the northern (left) of the two upper walls
207:. Fratino designed a 3-story cylindrical tower with a rooftop gun platform, and with no machicolation, an innovative design that was only accepted after some resistance. The
391:. The citadel in the south of the town is a regular pentagon, and the city itself was bounded by walls that made it almost a regular hexagon. Paleari and
176:
265:
refused allow demolition of the zigzag wall, and it was eventually finished in 1599. It is the upper portion of what is now called the
804:
1057:
305:
972:
875:
833:
780:
360:
determined to rebuild, choosing the high ground of Mount
Sciberras as the site for the new fortress. The military engineer
1067:
1062:
1024:
Viganò, Marino (2004). "'El fratin mi ynginiero' I Paleari Fratino da Morcote ingegneri militari ticenesi in Spagna ".
397:
333:
1072:
203:
The tower was built between 1564 and October 1565. Typical towers at that time were square and had a defending
697:
341:
245:
95:
160:
392:
438:
369:
357:
232:
212:
329:
295:
376:
has recorded the discourse between el Fratino and Laparelli that took place early in April 1566.
249:
192:
286:, now North Bastion). He built a small bastion at the south-west corner of Charles V Wall, the
1010:
823:
262:
962:
865:
850:
770:
353:
200:
by protecting the entrance to the gulf. These have been preserved in the archives of Genoa.
135:
43:
988:
441:
assisted by the Turks in the summer of 1553. By November of that year the Genovese Admiral
1052:
1047:
8:
361:
364:
was commissioned to undertake construction, and the foundation stone of the new city of
388:
380:
278:
180:
99:
909:
1004:
968:
871:
829:
776:
413:
349:
258:
208:
168:
924:
314:
299:
39:
94:"), was a military engineer who served the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain
942:
337:
266:
216:
103:
71:
1041:
891:
373:
368:
was laid in March 1566. Philip II sent el Fratino to check the design of the
204:
164:
442:
356:
was lifted in September 1565, but the island was ruined. The Grand Master
273:
197:
175:. Fratino arrived in Corsica on 29 January 1563, accompanied by Colonel
328:
occupies a strategic position in the Mediterranean. The Ottoman Sultan
558:
409:
114:
Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino came from the Paleari Fratino family of
151:
825:
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
400:. In North Africa, Il Fratino overhauled the defenses of the Spanish
241:
582:
384:
365:
310:
140:
119:
405:
184:
172:
115:
35:
332:
attacked in May 1565. The island was held by the knights of the
345:
254:
188:
123:
325:
179:. He spent the rest of the year on the island, improving the
127:
91:
987:
564:
642:
618:
131:
734:
630:
606:
769:
Balbi, Francesco; Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby (1965).
923:
746:
678:
588:
570:
497:
495:
493:
491:
478:
476:
474:
536:
534:
459:
437:
Corsica, long a possession of Genoa, was successfully
387:, starting in 1569, to designs by Giacomo Palearo and
309:
City wall bastion of Sant Pere by Paleari in Palma de
666:
546:
654:
488:
471:
257:
wall would continue eastward up to the crest of the
126:
which had long been contested between the rulers of
531:
519:
344:in 1530. If Malta fell, Philip II's possessions of
155:
Ruins of the Torra di Mortella at Mortella, Corsica
722:MOREIRA, Rafael (1986). "A Arquitectura Militar".
594:
1039:
1006:The ingenious gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha
294:). This bastion was later incorporated into the
171:, allies of Spain, to help with the defenses of
828:. University of California Press. p. 928.
507:
768:
648:
636:
624:
102:. He is known for having designed the first
908:
864:Finlayson, Clive; Fa, Darren (2006-10-31).
863:
612:
576:
336:, who had been given Malta and the port of
991:. Ministry of Culture (France). 1993-09-15
690:
867:The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945
848:
482:
1002:
465:
304:
231:
167:. In 1563 his services were lent to the
150:
1032:(1). The Malta Historical Society: 129.
821:
803:. Fingal County Council. Archived from
752:
740:
721:
715:
684:
552:
320:
253:along the top of the cliff, and then a
1040:
1023:
1003:Saavedra, Miguel de Cervantes (1888).
960:
795:
672:
660:
540:
525:
501:
288:Baluarte de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
215:was the first of what became known as
106:as well as many other fortifications.
890:
600:
16:Italian military engineer (1520–1586)
964:Cities at War in Early Modern Europe
947:Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
352:would be threatened. The four-month
941:
513:
13:
989:"Ruines de la tour de la Mortella"
798:"Martello Towers Research Project"
23:Giovan Giacomo Paleari (El Fratin)
14:
1084:
146:
912:. Bungalow Vanille. June 9, 2012
698:"Forte de SĂŁo Filipe de SetĂşbal"
565:Ruines de la tour de la Mortella
851:"1740 – Skinner's Moorish Wall"
822:Braudel, Fernand (1996-07-16).
408:on the coast of Morocco and at
1058:16th-century Italian engineers
967:. Cambridge University Press.
431:
340:on the North African coast by
292:Our Lady of the Rosary Bastion
248:had commissioned the engineer
80:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino
1:
961:Pollak, Martha (2010-08-09).
419:
398:Fort of SĂŁo Filipe de SetĂşbal
139:Portugal, parts of Italy and
796:Bolton, Jason (March 2008).
453:
383:built the fortifications at
227:
54:1586 (aged 65–66)
7:
849:Chipulina, Neville (2012).
589:Martello Towers – Kent Past
393:Giovanni Battista Antonelli
10:
1089:
1068:Spanish military engineers
1063:Italian military engineers
761:
358:Jean Parisot de la Valette
213:Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse
649:Balbi & Bradford 1965
637:Balbi & Bradford 1965
625:Balbi & Bradford 1965
291:
283:
109:
66:
58:
50:
28:
21:
772:The Siege of Malta, 1565
424:
404:, or military posts, at
330:Suleiman the Magnificent
161:Italian War of 1551–1559
134:. It became part of the
1009:. B. Quaritch. p.
613:Finlayson & Fa 2006
250:Giovanni Battista Calvi
1073:Gibraltarian engineers
317:
237:
156:
82:(1520–1586), known as
870:. Osprey Publishing.
439:invaded by the French
308:
235:
154:
44:Old Swiss Confederacy
321:Other fortifications
221:Torre della Mortella
362:Francesco Laparelli
263:TibĂşrcio Spannocchi
211:in what is now the
98:, and then his son
743:, p. 855-856.
389:Vespasiano Gonzaga
381:Philip II of Spain
342:Charles V of Spain
318:
284:St. Paul's Bastion
279:Baluarte San Pablo
238:
157:
100:Philip II of Spain
974:978-0-521-11344-1
925:"Martello Towers"
910:"Martello Towers"
877:978-1-84603-016-1
835:978-0-520-20330-3
782:978-1-84383-140-2
775:. Boydell Press.
414:Battle of Lepanto
350:Kingdom of Naples
259:Rock of Gibraltar
209:Torra di Mortella
143:in North Africa.
136:Swiss Confederacy
96:Emperor Charles V
77:
76:
62:Military engineer
1080:
1033:
1026:Melita Historica
1020:
1018:
1017:
999:
997:
996:
984:
982:
981:
957:
955:
954:
938:
936:
935:
920:
918:
917:
905:
903:
902:
896:Fortified Places
887:
885:
884:
860:
858:
857:
845:
843:
842:
818:
816:
815:
809:
802:
792:
790:
789:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
731:
724:HistĂłria da Arte
719:
713:
712:
710:
708:
694:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
486:
480:
469:
463:
447:
435:
334:Order of St John
315:Balearic Islands
293:
285:
19:
18:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1015:
1013:
994:
992:
979:
977:
975:
952:
950:
933:
931:
915:
913:
900:
898:
882:
880:
878:
855:
853:
840:
838:
836:
813:
811:
807:
800:
787:
785:
783:
764:
759:
755:, p. 1141.
751:
747:
739:
735:
720:
716:
706:
704:
696:
695:
691:
687:, p. 1094.
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
607:
599:
595:
587:
583:
577:Martello Towers
575:
571:
563:
559:
551:
547:
539:
532:
524:
520:
512:
508:
500:
489:
481:
472:
464:
460:
456:
451:
450:
446:fortifications.
436:
432:
427:
422:
323:
300:Daniel Specklin
230:
217:Martello towers
149:
112:
46:
40:Lugano District
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1000:
985:
973:
958:
939:
921:
906:
888:
876:
861:
846:
834:
819:
793:
781:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:
745:
733:
714:
702:Fortalezas.org
689:
677:
675:, p. 165.
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
605:
593:
581:
569:
557:
555:, p. 928.
545:
530:
518:
506:
504:, p. 129.
487:
483:Chipulina 2012
470:
468:, p. 246.
457:
455:
452:
449:
448:
429:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
370:fortifications
354:Siege of Malta
322:
319:
298:, probably by
267:Charles V Wall
229:
226:
148:
147:Martello tower
145:
111:
108:
104:Martello tower
75:
74:
72:Martello tower
68:
67:Known for
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
34:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1085:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1001:
990:
986:
976:
970:
966:
965:
959:
948:
944:
940:
930:
926:
922:
911:
907:
897:
893:
889:
879:
873:
869:
868:
862:
852:
847:
837:
831:
827:
826:
820:
810:on 2012-11-18
806:
799:
794:
784:
778:
774:
773:
767:
766:
754:
749:
742:
737:
729:
725:
718:
703:
699:
693:
686:
681:
674:
669:
663:, p. 40.
662:
657:
651:, p. 19.
650:
645:
638:
633:
627:, p. 11.
626:
621:
615:, p. 19.
614:
609:
602:
597:
590:
585:
578:
573:
566:
561:
554:
549:
543:, p. 14.
542:
537:
535:
528:, p. 13.
527:
522:
515:
510:
503:
498:
496:
494:
492:
484:
479:
477:
475:
467:
466:Saavedra 1888
462:
458:
444:
440:
434:
430:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:Giacomo Bosio
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
316:
312:
307:
303:
301:
297:
296:South Bastion
289:
281:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
234:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:machicolation
201:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Giorgio Doria
174:
170:
166:
165:Sforza Castle
162:
153:
144:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:town near to
121:
117:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:("The Little
89:
85:
81:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
31:
27:
20:
1029:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
993:. Retrieved
978:. Retrieved
963:
951:. Retrieved
949:. 2011-05-26
946:
932:. Retrieved
928:
914:. Retrieved
899:. Retrieved
895:
881:. Retrieved
866:
854:. Retrieved
839:. Retrieved
824:
812:. Retrieved
805:the original
786:. Retrieved
771:
753:Braudel 1996
748:
741:Braudel 1996
736:
727:
723:
717:
705:. Retrieved
701:
692:
685:Braudel 1996
680:
668:
656:
644:
639:, p. 7.
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
560:
553:Braudel 1996
548:
521:
509:
461:
443:Andrea Doria
433:
401:
378:
324:
287:
277:
274:Moorish Wall
271:
239:
220:
202:
198:San Fiorenzo
158:
113:
87:
83:
79:
78:
1053:1586 deaths
1048:1520 births
892:"Gibraltar"
673:Pollak 2010
661:Pollak 2010
541:Bolton 2008
526:Bolton 2008
502:Viganò 2004
159:During the
1042:Categories
1016:2012-10-13
995:2020-12-20
980:2012-10-13
953:2012-10-19
934:2012-10-13
916:2012-10-13
901:2012-10-13
883:2012-10-13
856:2012-10-13
841:2012-10-13
814:2012-10-19
788:2012-10-19
420:References
410:La Goletta
290:(English:
282:(English:
88:Il Fratino
59:Occupation
943:"Morcote"
929:Kent Past
707:3 January
601:Gibraltar
454:Citations
402:presidios
246:Charles V
242:Gibraltar
228:Gibraltar
193:Bonifacio
141:Presidios
84:El Fratin
385:Pamplona
366:Valletta
348:and the
311:Mallorca
762:Sources
514:Morcote
406:Melilla
338:Tripoli
224:world.
185:Ajaccio
173:Corsica
169:Genoese
120:Lombard
116:Morcote
36:Morcote
971:
874:
832:
779:
346:Sicily
255:zigzag
189:Bastia
124:Lugano
110:Family
70:First
808:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
425:Notes
379:King
326:Malta
181:Calvi
128:Milan
92:Friar
969:ISBN
872:ISBN
830:ISBN
777:ISBN
709:2020
191:and
132:Como
130:and
118:, a
51:Died
32:1520
29:Born
1011:246
372:.
240:In
86:or
1044::
1030:14
1028:.
945:.
927:.
894:.
726:.
700:.
533:^
490:^
473:^
416:.
313:,
302:.
269:.
244:,
187:,
183:,
42:,
38:,
1019:.
998:.
983:.
956:.
937:.
919:.
904:.
886:.
859:.
844:.
817:.
791:.
730:.
728:7
711:.
603:.
591:.
579:.
567:.
516:.
485:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
