Martello tower - Knowledge

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northern side of the entrance to Port Louis harbour. Two towers were built at Grand River North West; on the south-west side of the river bay the tower was built at Pointe aux Sables whilst Fort Victoria was built covering the north-eastern flank. The remaining two were built to support existing batteries, which were also improved, at the mouth of the Black River; one to the north at La Preneuse and the other south of Grande-Rivière-Noire at Batterie de l'Harmonie. Cunningham Tower disappeared after 1914. The Tower at Fort Victoria was last mentioned in 1880. In 1865, the

1931: 1595: 1390: 2122: 1766: 257: 1898: 306: 244:(32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them. Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they 277: 739: 7932: 363: 116: 1283:. The tower is the third fortification on the site. Major Thomas Blanshard built it of Bermuda limestone between 1822 and 1823. The tower shows the effect of thirty years of evolution on the design of coastal fortifications, between the 1790s and 1822. The earlier Ferry Island Fort nearby had multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, while the Martello tower used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover all of the surrounding area. 1106: 617:, which were built between 1848 and 1857 to protect the naval base there. Today, one of the towers is privately owned. The other is located on the town's riverfront, next to the old entrance of the naval base. It was converted into a small museum that focused on the local history of the dock and its defences. The museum has now shut down because of water influx. Recently Pembrokeshire County Council has decided to put the tower up for sale. 417: 409: 1152: 1004: 165: 1674: 1351: 2216: 1478: 1213: 1998: 5570:"English: Tower Dupre was a hexagonal 2 story fortified tower (a Martello Tower or Martello Castle) built in Lake Borgne (Louisiana) from 1827 to 1830. It guarded the entrance to Bayou Dupre and was part of the harbor defense of the Mississippi River. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 although the ruins are still a popular fishing spot. For more information on its history, see fortwiki.com" 233:

was lined with bass junk, five feet from the walls, and filled up with sand; and although it was cannonaded from the Height for two days, within 150 yards, and appeared in a very shattered state, the enemy still held out; but a few hot shot setting fire to the bass, made them call for quarter. The number of men in the Tower were 33; only two were wounded, and those mortally.

1658:. Photos suggest that Martello Menara was not a true Martello, but rather a circular fort. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site, and was abandoned in 1908. Bidadari Island was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honour the 5494: 1118:'s original quay. Confusion with the previous fort presumably explains the claims made in Barbudan tourism publications that this was the World's first, and is its oldest, Martello tower, built in 1745. The tower is located on the south coast of the island, a mile or so from River Landing and some seven miles south of the island's main village of 1987:: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of Mahón the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita. 5498: 1385:

received two thin towers between 1845 and 1848. However, these are dry ditch defence towers, rather than true Martello towers.) A common characteristic of Canadian Martello towers was removable cone-shaped roofs to protect against snow. Today, many of the restored towers have permanent roof additions

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The towers were about 40 feet (12 m) high with walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. In some towers the rooms were not built in the centre, but more to the landside, leaving the walls thicker on seaside. These were cases where an attack with a cannon from the landside was thought very unlikely.

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The British built five Martello Towers between 1832 and 1835 at Grand River North West (2), Black River (2), and Port Louis (1), of which three survive. One tower, named Cunningham Tower after Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham, the commanding Royal Engineer, was constructed as part of Fort George at the

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Harbour by two American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction

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chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of

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were ordered against it, without making the least impression by a continued cannonade of two hours and a half; and the former ship being very much damaged by red-hot shot, both hauled off. The walls of the Tower were of a prodigious thickness, and the parapet, where there were two eighteen-pounders,

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Is reduced to a well-built coast tower, but only mounts and is capable of a rotating gun ... The tower contains two floors and the platform. The ground floor is for the warehouse and spare part. The main one for accommodation, and in this one is the door for ladder of hand, and two spans that,

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built in Malta in 1658–1659, began to be used as if it was a Martello Tower and it is sometimes considered as such. Various modifications were made, including mounting a 64-pound rifled muzzle loading (RML) gun on the roof for coastal defence. From the late 19th century onwards it defended part of

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had a high parapet and a raised platform in the centre with a pivot (sometimes a converted cannon) for a cannon that would traverse a 360° arc. (Some towers were designed to carry more than one gun, with each having a more limited arc of fire.) The walls had narrow slits for defensive musket fire.

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In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier. In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando,

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on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating. The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the

1954:. The tower at Simon's Town and Cape Town were both built in 1795. The tower at Cape Town was demolished over 100 years ago, but the tower at Simon's Town now is sometimes claimed as the oldest Martello in the world. It is arguable as to whether one should properly call it a Martello Tower. 95:

They stand up to 40 feet (12 m) high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy

1837:), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the Genoese towers they resemble. 1964:, who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794. The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower. 157:, who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the 2285:

The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers.

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It served as an office of the Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven.

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public beach, in the Rive Noire/Black River district. The Friends operate it as a museum for visitors. The original entrance to the tower is raised above ground but a new entrance has been constructed at ground level. The other tower in Rive Noire/Black River district

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now occupies the site. The fourth surviving Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.

471:(1745–1827) and a Captain Ford. The northernmost tower at Aldeburgh is of quatrefoil design, i.e. four in one. and there are two towers at Clacton-on-Sea, one near the town and the other to the west near the local Golf Course (see the pictures on the right). 2013:. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower. 493:

The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling. After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates.

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on the south coast, which was restored in 1999. This tower may have been involved in repelling a French attack though there is nothing more than circumstantial support for the notion. British engineers commenced work on three towers to protect

985:, according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838 1286:

Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on

1575:), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the 1922:. It was significantly modified in 1870 when it was truncated to allow the installation of a water tank to supply Government House (Fort Thornton) with water. The tower has now been incorporated into Sierra Leone's Parliament Buildings. 1408:. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The 2020:, the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya. 1630:, which were demolished in 1954. An earlier example of such is the one found in Pakur, a town in the state of Jharakhand. This tower was built in 1856 by Sub District Officer Sir Martin with view to protect the British Raj from the 313:

During the first half of the 19th century, the British government embarked on a large-scale programme of building Martello towers to guard the British and Irish coastlines. Around 140 were built, mostly along the south coast of

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Martello Tower is now the reminants of the struggle fought between the British and the Santhals ... was built in the year 1856 by Sir Martin the ten S.D.O., Pakur with view to protect the British Raj from the onslaughts of the

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also constructed towers. The construction of Martello towers abroad continued until as late as the 1870s but was discontinued after it became clear that they could not withstand the new generation of rifled artillery weapons.

1994:, built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls. 662:

on the south coast. On the east coast, concentrated mainly around Dublin Bay, twenty-six towers were in line of sight of each other, providing the ability to communicate with one another, or warn of any incoming attacks.

150:. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured 12–15 m (39–49 ft) in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove. 1133:

It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a

1700:, who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815. Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at 2153:

besides serving for ventilation, are arranged to receive small caliber guns ... The platform mounts a rotating gun and has a small bench for the fire of rifle. Under the lower floor there is a cistern.

1980:, the then British governor, ordered Engineer Captain Robert D'Arcy to build some 12 Martello towers along the coast. These, when added to the three Spanish towers already in place, gave Menorca 15 towers. 5027: 1113:

The British originally constructed River Fort Martello Tower in the early 19th century, on the site of a previous fort (presumed to have been built by the Spanish) to guard nearby River Landing, which was

1634:. It was an important position for the British forces watching fighting the rebellion of the Santhals. This example is reported to still be in good condition, but decaying due to a lack of maintenance. 2262:

Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at

912:. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower. 385:). Consequently, the Martello towers of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the 1338:

was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the

528:). Some are privately owned or are private residences, The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition. 7326: 1122:. The tower is 56 feet high, has a raised gun platform and extremely thick walls, but is missing the floors. It the first such tower constructed in the Caribbean, was built in 1745 by 268:

Entry was by ladder to a door about 10 feet (3.0 m) from the base above which was a machicolated (slotted) platform which allowed for downward fire on attackers. The flat roof or

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Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new

5235: 2137:. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower: 2141:... the British are working on opening a path from the east coast to the post on Mount St. Julian, where they try to build a six-piece battery held in a tower 24 feet in diameter. 1320: 923:, which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931, and was subsequently the headquarters of the 213:

after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward.

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piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence.

2255: 1781:, three between 1808 and 1814, and five between 1834 and 1837, one of which, L'Etacq, the German occupation forces destroyed during World War II. The three original towers are: 1665:

Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete.

5257: 1431:, is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The 1432: 2183:. The tower was very similar in design to the tower at Simon's Town, with a diameter of about 45 ft (14 m) and a height of approximately 20 ft (6.1 m). 5523: 4833: 1409: 5627: 2167:

is still in good condition and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved.

1444: 1869:. The tower remained in use until World War II. It still stands today, despite having some minor modifications to its original structure, and it was recently restored. 4308:

reports that "bass" is a name "given elliptically to various articles made of this or similar material; e.g. a mat, a hassock, a flat plaited bag or flexible basket."

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of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction.

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Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African

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was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.

4671: 400:, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations. 4474: 5653: 4532: 1331:

Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built.

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Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).

4488: 377:, from 1801 to 1922, spanning the time during which most Martello towers were erected (the initial scheme started under the previous entities of the 4924: 1650:

that damaged Menara Martello, which the Dutch colonial government of the East Indies built in 1850 on Bidadari Island (Pulau Bidadari), one of the

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The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the

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The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer

4774: 3570: 1785: 1507:, the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of 855: 842:; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at 613:

A small number of Martello towers were also built in Wales, of which few survive. The most notable surviving towers are the two located in

4645: 1544:, features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower. 516:

Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at

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each per diem", for the towers at Fort George and Grand River. The Friends of the Environment have restored one Martello tower near the

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government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications.

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There is a Martello tower located at what was Fort Nugent. In 1709, the Spanish slave agent in Jamaica, James Castillo, built a fort in

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Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into

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still exists but has remained neglected for many years. The other existing tower is at Pointe aux Sables, Grand River North West.

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store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.

7142: 5389: 2290: 1961: 1704:, Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at 103:

The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful

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in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking

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stands. The Portuguese are said to have built many of these towers, but Arnala's is the best surviving specimen. After the

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had four Martello towers, but tower no. 3 was demolished in 1904. In this picture, the internal structure can be seen.

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returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at

1845: 1537: 1526: 1451:; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on 1199: 1087: 927:(GSI). The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records. 631: 209:(32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under 89: 4667: 1532:

The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in

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There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant. During the 19th century

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mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a

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Saunders, Ivan J. (1976) "A History of the Martello Towers in the Defence of British North America, 1796–1871",

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The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. Vol II, 3rd Series

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Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower to

5970: 5433: 4715: 4150: 3150: 1300: 1228: 682:, then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In 55: 4492: 6984: 6522: 6032: 3203: 2219:

Ruined Martello tower at New Castle, New Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth harbour in the late 19th century

1712:. Lastly, the fourth tower is situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea from where it can defend the 1623: 1452: 1227:

The last Martello tower built in the British Empire is said to be that which composes a part of the larger

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The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by

210: 5455: 2644: 764:. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and 753:. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd 7321: 6402: 5516:"Dominican College Additional Images: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage" 4916: 2195: 1440: 646:

About fifty Martello towers were built around the Irish coastline, especially along the east coast, from

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Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months

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The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of

1943: 541: 509:, some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for 451:. A total of 103 Martello towers were built in England, set at regular intervals along the coast from 7366: 4204: 2656: 2483: 2232: 1643: 1522: 1500: 1482: 1312: 692:

lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The

85: 6991: 5258:"Image details - Skeleton record plan, Fort George, Mauritius - The National Archives Image library" 5154: 3941: 3920: 2164: 1299:. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the 7957: 7863: 6941: 5960: 5172: 5005: 1693:. The new higher rate of fire of ships' guns led to the choice of the Martello tower as the model. 1619: 1572: 1162: 804: 590: 378: 5584:"On the Trail of Codman Parkerson: Tower Dupre, 1828 (CP No. 34) N29 56.709 W89 50.123 04.26.2015" 5298: 4607: 1654:, as part of a set of fortifications built between 1850 and 1852 that protected the approaches to 1614:. There is a Martello Tower that the Portuguese built at the southern tip of the island where the 1503:

has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The

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resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the

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government built several Martello towers at locations along the eastern seaboard. Two are at

2058: 2036: 2024: 1729: 1586:, built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower. 1439:. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The 1424: 1413: 1296: 750: 238: 193: 43: 39: 5992: 5986: 4175:

East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public

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Harbour. The tower was probably built between 1808 and 1811, at a reported cost of £12,000.

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from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by

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Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an

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Daly, Gavin (2007). "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814".

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El último hálito de la fortificación abalartuada. El fuerte de San Julián de Cartagena (1)

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Harris, Edward (1988). "The Martello Tower at Ferry Point, St George's Island, Bermuda".

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artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments.

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Location list and explanatory article of most Martello towers in the UK, with pictures

5945: 4585: 2121: 1466:. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks. 974:, built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the 7868: 7827: 7802: 7675: 7356: 7196: 7043: 6629: 6507: 6185: 6128: 5955: 5760: 5748: 5716: 5695: 5348: 4780: 4709: 4216: 4166: 4133: 3811: 3096: 2547: 2524: 2501: 2478: 2228: 2065: 2017: 1737: 1541: 1494: 1459: 1405: 1401: 877:

The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near

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Three Martello towers were built in Scotland, the first on offshore rocks facing the

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to be fired through the walls. It was never tested in battle and by the time of the

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Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford.

812: 780: 594: 506: 5384: 4696:. Pembroke Dock Gun Tower Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012 3162: 3138: 1770: 671: 256: 7731: 7583: 7556: 7496: 7466: 7351: 7316: 7296: 7281: 6836: 6831: 6799: 6560: 6502: 6490: 6472: 6339: 6320: 6246: 6223: 6012: 5925: 4275: 4257: 4185: 4026: 3859: 3767: 3484: 3349: 3215: 2747: 2180: 2055: 1897: 1861: 1701: 1681:

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British "Protectorate" of

1508: 1339: 1236: 986: 975: 963: 959: 700: 689: 684: 532: 479: 204: 2023:

Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of

1594: 1583: 305: 7900: 7895: 7561: 7546: 7481: 7471: 7346: 7331: 7231: 7186: 7060: 6853: 6550: 6517: 6481: 6297: 6155: 6119: 5191: 4757: 4124:

Hexagonal; originally built on shore, 150 ft (46 m) from water, near

3864: 3053: 2854: 2792: 2552: 2267: 2134: 1990:

One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the

1866: 1857: 1849: 1791: 1606:

Although European in origin, a primitive form of Martello tower had existed in

1512: 1490: 1292: 1271:(1822) (background), contrasts with the Ferry Island Fort (1790s) (foreground). 1220: 947: 882: 820: 776: 732: 647: 636: 571: 421: 237:

Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after

81: 5935: 288:

and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The

7951: 7905: 7858: 7766: 7756: 7710: 7680: 7665: 7634: 7615: 7476: 7416: 7371: 7286: 7245: 7055: 6688: 6683: 6416: 6379: 6364: 6315: 6260: 6239: 6048: 4847: 4285: 4224: 4199: 4180: 4161: 4140: 4104: 4086: 4007: 3620: 3236: 2721: 2240: 2224: 2105: 2092: 1951: 1690: 1576: 1565: 1448: 1291:

from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through

982: 920: 905: 901: 827: 704: 640: 614: 468: 386: 351: 347: 158: 77: 47: 5950: 4729: 1105: 276: 7883: 7741: 7705: 7660: 7644: 7572: 7525: 7501: 7491: 7486: 7301: 7118: 6979: 6946: 6811: 6747: 6722: 6634: 6608: 6576: 6570: 6512: 6451: 6421: 6269: 5980: 5168: 4041: 4021: 4002: 3981: 3615: 3551: 3528: 3506: 2896: 2506: 2331: 2176: 2032: 1958: 1939: 1919: 1915: 1736:, later strengthened the fort to guard the eastern entrance of the city of 1467: 1436: 1232: 1216: 951: 859: 839: 788: 659: 331: 7782: 7639: 7608: 7590: 7578: 7520: 7515: 7456: 7451: 7411: 7311: 7276: 7172: 7075: 6846: 6816: 6806: 6712: 6601: 6218: 6165: 5941:

English Heritage Report into Martello Towers on the East Coast of England

4129: 4125: 4109: 3946: 3636: 3547: 3502: 3444: 3431: 3193: 2986: 2700: 2529: 2415: 2215: 2204: 2129:

Another tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of

1887: 1814: 1659: 1615: 1607: 1599: 1561: 1533: 1504: 1486: 1397: 1252: 939: 935: 897: 843: 835: 808: 675: 366: 260: 173: 59: 6409: 5930: 966:. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of 738: 373:

Great Britain and Ireland were united as a single political entity, the

7807: 7627: 7599: 7530: 7406: 7361: 7291: 7211: 7108: 7013: 6953: 6912: 6890: 6841: 6787: 6737: 6732: 6717: 6676: 6624: 6582: 6527: 6369: 6285: 5757:

The Historical Development of the Martello Tower in the Channel Islands

4895: 4252: 4067: 3965: 3690: 3421: 3075: 2810: 2199: 2084: 2080: 2069: 2052: 1028: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 967: 955: 943: 931: 772: 716: 655: 579: 559: 362: 7787: 6332: 6005: 4862:"A brief history of a dynamic and innovative campaigning organisation" 4467:"Holiday at Martello Tower in Aldeburgh, Suffolk - The Landmark Trust" 2679: 412:

An aerial view of the western of two Martello towers at Clacton-on-Sea

115: 7216: 7147: 6974: 6969: 6902: 6543: 6456: 6386: 6344: 6170: 6140: 6101: 6067: 4113: 4062: 4046: 3959: 3936: 3915: 3896: 3877: 3708: 3186: 2875: 2447:

Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited

2321: 2271: 2248: 2191: 1947: 1627: 1557: 1334:

The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from

1138:

from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings.

886: 878: 871: 784: 765: 667: 460: 416: 408: 335: 319: 245: 97: 5194:. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gov't of India 4755:

Damian Corless (25 October 2000). "The man with a mind of his own".

3842:

since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery

1856:

The British never built any true Martello Towers in Malta. However,

1515:, the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry. 1151: 1003: 127:

Martello towers were inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger

7700: 7695: 7620: 7461: 7179: 7154: 7137: 7067: 7008: 6936: 6929: 6772: 6660: 6534: 6354: 6349: 6325: 6253: 6233: 6213: 6180: 5873:#15, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Thorn Press Limited. 5740: 5133: 3986: 3855: 3831: 3592: 3295: 3117: 2961: 2939: 2917: 2787: 2765: 2602:

Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission

1911: 1883: 1823:– Absorbed into the 19th-century artificers' barracks and workshops 1686: 1673: 1631: 1571:

In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the

1553: 1350: 916: 851: 800: 796: 792: 743: 712: 517: 436: 293: 289: 164: 5808:

McCall, M. (1999). "The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka".

2163:

The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of

2009:

at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the

2006: 1984: 1477: 1323:, and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of 1126:, and was designed by Commodore Charles Knowles RN, later Admiral 7832: 7797: 7792: 7130: 7113: 7098: 7082: 7034: 6962: 6907: 6897: 6865: 6767: 6742: 6727: 6497: 6441: 6359: 6206: 6199: 6145: 6017: 3826: 3806: 3726: 3703: 3685: 3669: 3651: 3631: 3610: 3587: 3565: 3542: 3519: 3497: 3474: 3458: 3439: 3416: 3394: 3375: 3356: 3334: 3315: 3290: 3271: 3252: 3231: 3210: 3181: 3157: 3133: 3112: 3091: 3070: 3048: 3024: 3003: 2981: 2956: 2934: 2912: 2891: 2870: 2848: 2826: 2805: 2782: 2760: 2737: 2716: 2674: 2389: 2364: 2344: 2254: 2064:, sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. ( 1973: 1709: 1655: 1647: 1366: 1239:. It is the only Martello tower to have been built in Australia. 1212: 1135: 1115: 696:, as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce. 538:

A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.

475: 464: 397: 393: 327: 315: 136: 2296: 2158:

Plano de la plaza de Cartagena, Tebar, Echevarria, Pajares, 1855

1997: 474:

Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or

7837: 7191: 6757: 6695: 6639: 6617: 6594: 6587: 6463: 6446: 6278: 6110: 6092: 6062: 5999: 2651: 2628: 2607: 2586: 2565: 2542: 2519: 2496: 2473: 2452: 2431: 2406: 2326: 2275: 1778: 1682: 1400:

originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the

1378: 1248: 1243: 761: 720: 598: 502: 456: 444: 432: 323: 181: 177: 147: 104: 63: 5457:

Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na: places of interest

3149:

Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of

2039:

the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The

1901:

Canon on Martello tower in La Preneuse, Black River, Mauritius

1109:

A 1953 stamp of Antigua showing the Martello Tower in Barbuda.

357: 7878: 7822: 7566: 7091: 6922: 6762: 6083: 5936:

YouTube video showing a 3D reconstruction of a Martello tower

4263: 3850: 3783: 3762: 3745: 3721: 3029: 2695: 1852:(not a true Martello Tower but sometimes considered as such). 1462:

to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the

816: 771:

On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in

575: 563: 392:

This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of

128: 5899:

Ward, S.G.P. (1949). "Defence Works of Britain, 1803–1805".

2125:

Martello tower at Castle of San Julian, Cartagena de Levante

1972:

During the last period of British occupation (1798–1802) of

1381:

still survive. (In addition, the existing fortifications at

6860: 6702: 6669: 6644: 6436: 6426: 6395: 6374: 5966:

English Heritage Martello towers definition and description

3596: 3574: 863: 724: 153:

Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as

942:. Several other towers are still extant, including one at 834:

briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near

719:

and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in

5864:

The Channel islands: pictorial, legendary and descriptive

4808:

Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society

1833:

In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the

1732:, to guard his home against attack. An English Governor, 1130:

Bt, who was then commanding the Leeward Islands station.

5961:

Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada

4984:"Prince of Wales Tower National Historic Site of Canada" 3891:

abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story

5918: 5846:

Millward, J. (2007). "The East Coast Martello Towers".

5770:

Grundy, Mark (1991). "The Martello Towers of Minorca".

5489: 5487: 699:

A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at

467:. Most were constructed under the direction of General 5510: 5508: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 4814:. Cork Historical and Archaeological Society: 198–200. 3430:

Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from

545:

Martello Tower on Seaford seafront, housing the Museum

498:

took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling.

5825:

Mead, H.P. (1948). "The Martello Towers of England".

5421:

American Civil War Fortification: Coastal Stone Forts

4491:. Martello-towers.co.uk. 16 June 2009. Archived from 2068:, later a naval captain and author, was serving as a 5989:– the ancestor of Martello towers all over the world 4846:

Seapoint Boat Club archives at the LexIcon library,

4525:"Napoleon-proof your home: convert a Martello tower" 4335: 4333: 2146:

Report by Second Lieutenant Navarro, March 10, 1813.

582:

now lies land-locked within the eastern breakwater.

5901:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

5650:"davenporthousemuseum.org – Davenport House Museum" 5505: 5464: 5174:

A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India

5121:. London: Parbury, Allen, and Company. p. 114. 1474:) are now museums that are open during the summer. 369:

Martello tower, one of many on Ireland's east coast

300: 5134:"Heritage of Portuguese Influence, Asia - entries" 4775:"Liam Collins: Courts lay bare Quinn's oil empire" 4773: 678:lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with 666:Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in 143:(el Fratin), and the tower was completed in 1565. 4330: 4304:Bass-junk was a type of cable made of grass. The 3646:Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant 7949: 5880:. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press). 5367: 5340: 5282:The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register 2291:41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army 2258:41st Infantry Coat of arms with a Martello Tower 1777:The British built eight true Martello towers in 850:(now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at 6289: 5956:Interactive Google Map of Killiney Bay defences 2266:was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and 1918:in 1805 to defend the port from attacks by the 1386:– for ease of upkeep, not historical accuracy. 1231:, built on a small island, Pinchgut Island, in 892:One of the most interesting Martello towers is 123:to the British in 1794 inspired Martello towers 6851: 6797: 6615: 6461: 5624:"SeacoastNH.com – The Forgotten Walbach Tower" 4754: 1377:Nine of the fourteen Martello towers built in 297:roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern. 84:during the 19th century, from the time of the 7506: 7236: 7065: 7041: 6658: 6649: 6606: 6330: 6126: 6117: 6033: 5341:Clements, Bill; Clements, William H. (2011). 3411:Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed 2732:Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers 2297:List of Martello towers outside Great Britain 1622:, the British erected Martello towers at the 605:now operates the Hackness tower as a museum. 184:), at the top of Cap Diamant overlooking the 7625: 7606: 7597: 7588: 7177: 7152: 7128: 7089: 7080: 7032: 7018: 6989: 6960: 6951: 6927: 6888: 6693: 6674: 6592: 6541: 6532: 6488: 6479: 6470: 6407: 6393: 6384: 6267: 6244: 5983:– pictures of the original tower at Mortella 5871:Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History 5713:Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers 4771: 2289:A Martello tower figures in the arms of the 2079:There are also four towers on the island of 1910:A Martello tower was built on Tower Hill at 1880:Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register 1511:Ontario for one day only in June each year. 1423:, had five towers, the oldest of which, the 6276: 6258: 6204: 6190: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6006:Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum 5228:"Madliena Tower – Malta's 'Martello' Tower" 4795: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 3042:Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio 1938:The British built three Martello towers in 1552:There are three similar Martello towers in 1180:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 524:), visitor centres, and galleries (such as 375:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 358:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 280:Diagram of the interior of a Martello tower 6040: 6026: 5987:Mortella Point (Punta Mortella) in Corsica 5706:Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South 5556:New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City 5297:. Welcometosierraleone.org. Archived from 5090: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4036:At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum. 2001:Martello tower at Cap Cavalleria, Menorca. 627:Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area 429:defend the south and east coast of England 251: 30:For the rock formation in Antarctica, see 5383: 5327: 5325: 5295:"National Tourist Board – Heritage Sites" 3752:Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort 1983:The British built five towers to protect 1470:and the tower at Point Frederick (at the 1345: 1200:Learn how and when to remove this message 1088:Learn how and when to remove this message 309:Distribution of Martello towers worldwide 6002:: Seapoint Martello Tower, County Dublin 5845: 5210: 4859: 4374: 4360: 2253: 2214: 2120: 2076:at the time.) (This fort has 17 walls.) 1996: 1929: 1896: 1844: 1764: 1672: 1593: 1476: 1388: 1349: 1295:and the channel between Ferry Reach and 1262: 1211: 1104: 737: 630: 553: 540: 415: 407: 361: 304: 275: 255: 163: 161:), that warded off later foreign raids. 114: 38: 5951:Restoration of No.7 Tower, Killiney Bay 5931:Martello Tower No.24 in Dymchurch, Kent 5530: 5225: 5167: 5114: 4522: 4417: 4392: 3257:Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road 2231:; others were built at the harbours of 1481:Line of defence: three Martello towers 531:Many remaining Martello Towers are now 32:Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands) 14: 7950: 5993:Restoration of an Irish Martello tower 5807: 5786: 5769: 5322: 5226:Spiteri, Stephen C. (11 August 2010). 5184: 5131: 4801: 4648:from the original on 28 September 2007 4523:Glancey, Jonathan (20 December 2010). 4477:from the original on 11 February 2013. 1804:The four surviving, later towers are: 1100: 420:The eastern of two Martello towers at 6021: 5971:The Dymchurch tower: English Heritage 5690:Brock, B.B. & Brock, B.G. (1976) 5659:from the original on 19 February 2020 5630:from the original on 12 December 2013 5526:from the original on 19 October 2015. 5086:from the original on 11 October 2014. 5038:from the original on 3 December 2007. 4804:"The Martello Towers of Cork Harbour" 4736:from the original on 26 December 2010 4674:from the original on 24 December 2007 4668:"Hackness Martello Tower and Battery" 4618:from the original on 22 February 2011 4574:from the original on 17 October 2012. 4564:"Listed buildings - Historic England" 4535:from the original on 22 December 2015 1950:, one at Cape Town, and the third at 1275:There is a Martello tower located at 874:, though these are no longer intact. 866:). There are also Martello towers at 292:of 24 men and one officer lived in a 5898: 5824: 5726: 5368:Guimaraens Igual, Guillermo (2007). 5238:from the original on 19 October 2015 5192:"History, District Pakur, Jharkhand" 4596:from the original on 1 October 2017. 2243:. Two more Martello towers stood at 1610:by the time it was conquered by the 1178:adding citations to reliable sources 1145: 1026:adding citations to reliable sources 997: 934:is a feature of an island garden in 7432:Weapons Storage and Security System 5392:from the original on 8 January 2017 5347:. Casemate Publishers. p. 56. 5105:Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135. 4927:from the original on 9 August 2016. 4864:. Genealogical Society of Ireland. 2274:on the garrison floor that enabled 1652:Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu) 1458:Four Martello towers were built at 981:A Martello-like tower was built on 658:(29 installations) but also around 248:, leaving it in an unusable state. 24: 6047: 5034:. Public Archives of Nova Scotia. 4836:from the original on 10 June 2015. 4772:Liam Collins (23 September 2012). 2684:Forteca Korčula (Fort Wellington) 2083:, and one on the nearby island of 978:; it is now a visitor attraction. 192:On 7 February 1794 as part of the 25: 7984: 5912: 5596: 5567: 5460:. Government Central Press. 1882. 4826:"Rutland House Additional Images" 4447:Mead (1948), pp. 205–17, 294–303. 3931:Ruined (now a national monument) 1677:Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo. 1538:International Hockey Hall of Fame 1393:Martello tower no. 1, Quebec City 7931: 7930: 5976:James Joyce Tower, Dun Laoghaire 5376:Technical University of Valencia 5319:Brock & Brock (1976), p.162. 5284:(1865; Harrison and Sons), p.23. 5052:. Chebucto.ns.ca. Archived from 4868:from the original on 3 June 2012 2210: 1472:Royal Military College of Canada 1357:, in the British Virgin Islands. 1150: 1002: 301:Martello towers around the world 6000:Genealogical Society of Ireland 5642: 5616: 5590: 5576: 5561: 5548: 5448: 5426: 5413: 5404: 5361: 5334: 5313: 5287: 5275: 5250: 5219: 5161: 5125: 5108: 5099: 5068: 5042: 5020: 4994: 4976: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4909: 4880: 4853: 4840: 4818: 4765: 4748: 4722: 4686: 4660: 4630: 4600: 4578: 4556: 4547: 4516: 4507: 4481: 4459: 4450: 4441: 2690:Deserted, accessible to hikers 2339:Museum, harbour light station. 2170: 1934:Martello tower at Fort Beaufort 1925: 1905: 1882:listed "Two Artillery Men, at 1 1447:stood opposite York Redoubt on 1441:Duke of Clarence Martello Tower 1013:needs additional citations for 925:Genealogical Society of Ireland 742:Martello tower (South No.7) at 5839:10.1080/00253359.1948.10657527 5801:10.1080/00253359.1988.10656190 5572:– via Wikimedia Commons. 5262:images.nationalarchives.gov.uk 5032:The Royal Engineers in Halifax 4860:Merrigan, Michael (May 2012). 4732:. Photopol.com. 12 July 2008. 4408: 4354: 4342: 4321: 4298: 3151:Dublin & Kingstown Railway 2645:Tourist activity - Escape game 1536:FOB Martello. The logo of the 1443:stood on the Dartmouth shore. 585:Two towers were then built at 141:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino 13: 1: 7327:British "hedgehog" road block 5715:. (London: Pen & Sword). 5674: 5568:G, KaDee (1 September 1974). 4370:. 15 March 1794. p. 222. 4057:Demolished late 19th century 3997:Part of Parliament Buildings 2175:There is a Martello tower at 1598:Portuguese Martello tower at 1521:, overlooking the harbour of 1369:they added a Martello tower. 5919:Martello Towers Encyclopedia 5711:Clements, William H. (1998) 5704:Ciucevich, Robert A. (2005) 5076:"Kingston, Ontario (Canada)" 4568:list.english-heritage.org.uk 4405:Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21. 4315: 3731:Cariddi's Tower or Tower of 3537:Museum, owned by Irish Navy 3204:James Joyce Tower and Museum 3139:Kingstown Harbour, West Pier 2186: 2047:, Menorca. In 1808, Captain 1872: 1860:, which was one of thirteen 1637: 1141: 993: 727:owned the Martello tower in 72:, sometimes known simply as 7: 7737:Cities with defensive walls 7322:Defensive fighting position 7237: 7042: 6852: 6798: 6659: 6650: 6616: 6607: 6462: 5833:(3): 205–17 & 294–303. 5603:South Carolina Encyclopedia 5436:. The Institute of Heraldry 5004:. Gov.ns.ca. Archived from 4888:"Magilligan Martello Tower" 4586:"Geograph: Martello Towers" 4349:The United Service Magazine 4246: 3329:Site of battery, not tower 3266:Site of battery, not tower 2179:that was incorporated into 1547: 1433:Duke of York Martello Tower 635:Offshore Martello tower on 549: 80:that were built across the 46:– oldest Martello tower in 10: 7989: 7968:Forts in Key West, Florida 5759:. (Sarnian Publications). 5729:Journal of British Studies 5682:The Rough Guide to Corsica 5652:. Davenport House Museum. 4146:Charleston, South Carolina 3991:Tower Hill Martello Tower 3872:Intact, recently restored 2711:Deserted and Dilapidated. 2355:River Fort Martello Tower 2237:Charleston, South Carolina 2207:but never completed them. 1723: 1410:McKenzie Memorial Building 1258: 688:, the fictional character 624: 620: 403: 110: 29: 7921: 7851: 7775: 7719: 7653: 7539: 7444: 7367:Hardened aircraft shelter 7342:Entry control point (ECP) 7254: 7165: 6881: 6874: 6306: 6055: 5876:Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973) 5520:www.buildingsofireland.ie 5423:. Osprey Publishing, 2003 5385:10.4995/Thesis/10251/2921 5344:Martello Towers Worldwide 5096:Clements (1998), p.83-90. 4892:Discover Northern Ireland 4714:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4553:Millward (2007), 173–184. 4327:Vigano (2001), pp. 41–57. 4306:Oxford English Dictionary 4205:Portsmouth, New Hampshire 3339:Shanganagh, Mahera Point 2657:Saint John, New Brunswick 2468:Demolished prior to 1900 2462:Duke of Clarence's Tower 2233:Portsmouth, New Hampshire 2016:To protect the harbor of 1800:(AKA Noirmont; 1808–1814) 1760: 1644:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 1523:Saint John, New Brunswick 1445:Sherbrooke Martello Tower 1372: 1361:When the British rebuilt 478:that were constructed at 447:, then under the rule of 86:French Revolutionary Wars 7864:Continuity of government 5434:"41st Infantry Regiment" 5232:MilitaryArchitecture.com 4917:"Beautiful Barbuda 2012" 4471:www.landmarktrust.org.uk 4291: 3976:Disappeared after 1914. 3370:Lost to coastal erosion 2420:Prince of Wales's Tower 2106:38.7848000°N 1.4180583°E 2051:, commanding the 38-gun 1967: 1840: 1743: 1685:after the escape of the 1668: 1620:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1589: 1573:Guernsey loophole towers 1525:, is now a museum and a 608: 379:Kingdom of Great Britain 196:, two British warships, 168:A Martello tower on the 7686:Motte-and-bailey castle 7392:Missile launch facility 7387:Main line of resistance 6082: 5862:Rooke, Octavius (1857) 5692:Historical Simon's Town 5132:Mendiratta, Sidh Losa. 5115:Parbury, Allen (1844). 4456:Ward (1949), pp. 18–37. 3901:Grand River North West 3882:Grand River North West 2662:Carleton Martello Tower 1944:Simon's Town Naval base 1519:Carleton Martello Tower 680:Oliver St. John Gogarty 574:in 1807–1809 to defend 511:anti-aircraft artillery 252:Design and construction 7963:Coastal fortifications 7762:Military installations 7626: 7607: 7598: 7589: 7507: 7178: 7153: 7129: 7119:Scarp and Counterscarp 7090: 7081: 7066: 7033: 7019: 6990: 6961: 6952: 6928: 6889: 6694: 6675: 6593: 6542: 6533: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6408: 6394: 6385: 6331: 6290: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6245: 6205: 6191: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6073: 5981:Note on Sir John Moore 5755:Grimsley, E.J. (1988) 5216:Grimsley (1988), p.43. 5149:Cite journal requires 4612:Gazetteer for Scotland 4608:"Leith Martello Tower" 4281:List of fortifications 3165:, site of present-day 2771:Meelick Martello Tower 2385:British Virgin Islands 2259: 2220: 2161: 2149: 2126: 2011:Fortress of San Felipe 2002: 1935: 1902: 1853: 1774: 1678: 1603: 1527:National Historic Site 1497: 1394: 1358: 1346:British Virgin Islands 1272: 1267:The Martello tower at 1224: 1124:Sir William Codrington 1110: 954:on the south coast of 930:The restored tower at 910:Meelick, County Galway 894:Meelick Martello Tower 803:(Hicks tower owned by 746: 643: 567: 566:, Edinburgh, Scotland. 546: 526:Jaywick Martello Tower 505:artillery. During the 424: 413: 396:and the east coast of 370: 310: 281: 264: 235: 194:siege of Saint-Florent 189: 124: 119:The resistance of the 76:, are small defensive 66: 7531:Floating water castle 7262:Admiralty scaffolding 6555:Fortified buildings ( 5924:6 August 2013 at the 5708:(Arcadia Publishing). 4670:. Historic Scotland. 4339:Abram (2003), p. 103. 4230:Tybee Island, Georgia 2441:Duke of York's Tower 2264:Tybee Island, Georgia 2257: 2245:Tybee Island, Georgia 2218: 2150: 2139: 2124: 2111:38.7848000; 1.4180583 2000: 1992:Fortress of Isabel II 1933: 1900: 1848: 1817:(AKA St Ouen 2; 1834) 1811:(AKA St Ouen 1; 1835) 1768: 1676: 1662:that had been there. 1597: 1556:, all built in 1804: 1480: 1435:was built in 1798 at 1425:Prince of Wales Tower 1414:Jeffery Hale Hospital 1392: 1353: 1266: 1215: 1108: 741: 634: 601:assembling offshore. 557: 544: 419: 411: 365: 308: 279: 259: 222: 167: 118: 44:Prince of Wales Tower 42: 7874:Subterranean warfare 6827:Viking ring fortress 6011:18 June 2011 at the 5998:, Newsletter of the 5889:Fortress Study Group 5856:Fortress Study Group 5818:Fortress Study Group 5780:Fortress Study Group 5680:Abram, David (2003) 5544:on 29 November 2015. 5378:. pp. 285–311. 4990:on 10 February 2013. 4923:. 21 December 2011. 4830:Buildings of Ireland 4638:"The Martello Tower" 3921:Grande-Rivière-Noire 3910:Last mentioned 1880 3463:Bere Island, Ardagh 3276:Killiney, Tara Hill 2458:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2437:Halifax, Nova Scotia 1421:Halifax, Nova Scotia 1301:Royal Naval Dockyard 1269:Ferry Reach, Bermuda 1174:improve this section 1022:improve this article 958:in the townlands of 885:and the entrance to 723:. During the 1980s, 186:Saint Lawrence River 27:Small defensive fort 7691:Quadrangular castle 7427:Weapon storage area 6783:Quadrangular castle 5374:(doctoral thesis). 4590:www.geograph.org.uk 4495:on 23 December 2010 4489:"Dymchurch Redoubt" 4414:Rooke (1857), p.68. 4351:, Volume 51, p.301. 4099:Abandoned by 1810. 4082:Trinidad and Tobago 2634:Quebec City, Quebec 2613:Quebec City, Quebec 2592:Quebec City, Quebec 2571:Quebec City, Quebec 2412:Point Pleasant Park 2102: / 1835:Jersey Round Towers 1750:Nishinomiya Battery 1429:Point Pleasant Park 1365:on the west end of 1289:St. George's Island 1128:Sir Charles Knowles 1101:Antigua and Barbuda 139:. The designer was 131:defence system, at 88:onwards. Most were 52:Point Pleasant Park 7422:Underground hangar 7207:Fire control tower 7004:Gunpowder magazine 6432:Butter-churn tower 5883:Vigano, M. (2001) 5626:. Seacoastnh.com. 5554:Codman Parkerson, 5056:on 14 October 2008 5008:on 3 December 2007 4970:www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca 4694:"Gun Tower Museum" 4513:Daly (2007), p.34. 4367:The London Gazette 4215:Incorporated into 3885:Pointe aux Sables 3641:Greencastle Tower 3605:Private residence 3525:Haulbowline Island 3389:Private residence 3361:Bray, Corke Abbey 3310:Private residence 3226:Private residence 3065:Private residence 2998:Private residence 2976:Private residence 2929:Private residence 2777:Private residence 2755:Private residence 2280:American Civil War 2260: 2221: 2127: 2003: 1962:George Elphinstone 1936: 1903: 1854: 1775: 1769:La Tour de Vinde, 1755:Wadamisaki Battery 1679: 1612:East India Company 1604: 1498: 1404:, overlooking the 1395: 1359: 1336:Fort St. Catherine 1321:Murray's Anchorage 1281:St George's Parish 1273: 1225: 1111: 990:the coast-guard." 972:County Londonderry 908:river crossing to 848:Haulbowline Island 779:and Red Island at 747: 644: 568: 547: 425: 414: 383:Kingdom of Ireland 371: 344:optical telegraphs 311: 282: 265: 190: 135:(Myrtle) Point in 125: 67: 7945: 7944: 7869:Military urbanism 7803:Fortified gateway 7676:Concentric castle 7440: 7439: 7357:Fire support base 7197:Coastal artillery 7072:(Spanish America) 6666: 6508:Concentric castle 5996:The Genie Gazette 5765:978-0-9513868-0-4 5721:978-0-85052-679-0 5597:Keith, Willis J. 5558:. The Quest, 1990 5538:"als Digitalisat" 5501:on 12 March 2016. 5354:978-1-84884-535-0 4781:Irish Independent 4389:Sutcliffe (1973). 4244: 4243: 4217:Fort Constitution 4167:Key West, Florida 4134:Hurricane Katrina 3970:Cunningham Tower 3772:Torre di Magnisi 3740:Closed to public 3659:Magilligan Tower 3196:'s Martello tower 2705:Hanumant Bastion 2560:Closed to Public 2548:Kingston, Ontario 2537:Closed to Public 2525:Kingston, Ontario 2502:Kingston, Ontario 2479:Kingston, Ontario 2247:and Bayou Dupre, 2229:Key West, Florida 2066:Frederick Marryat 1821:La Collette Tower 1624:British Residency 1542:Kingston, Ontario 1495:Kingston, Ontario 1460:Kingston, Ontario 1406:St Lawrence River 1402:Plains of Abraham 1210: 1209: 1202: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1072: 758:18-pounder cannon 694:James Joyce Tower 603:Historic Scotland 441:possible invasion 439:to guard against 318:. Governments in 246:blew up the tower 170:plains of Abraham 121:Torra di Mortella 16:(Redirected from 7980: 7934: 7933: 7927: 7818:National redoubt 7747:Fortified estate 7671:Circular rampart 7631: 7612: 7603: 7594: 7512: 7272:Anti-tank trench 7267:Air raid shelter 7242: 7202:Disappearing gun 7183: 7158: 7134: 7095: 7086: 7071: 7047: 7038: 7024: 6995: 6966: 6957: 6933: 6894: 6879: 6878: 6857: 6837:Bailey (or ward) 6803: 6708:Motte-and-bailey 6699: 6680: 6664: 6656: 6655: 6621: 6612: 6598: 6547: 6538: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6413: 6399: 6390: 6336: 6293: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6250: 6210: 6196: 6136:Circular rampart 6132: 6123: 6114: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6019: 6018: 5908: 5859: 5842: 5827:Mariner's Mirror 5821: 5804: 5789:Mariner's Mirror 5783: 5752: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5658: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5586:. 27 April 2015. 5580: 5574: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5540:. Archived from 5534: 5528: 5527: 5512: 5503: 5502: 5497:. Archived from 5491: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5387: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5080:www.crwflags.com 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4986:. Archived from 4980: 4974: 4973: 4962: 4956: 4955:Saunders (1976). 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4642:History of Leith 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4438:Clements (1998). 4436: 4415: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4390: 4387: 4372: 4371: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4328: 4325: 4309: 4302: 3794:Castello Maniace 2401:Private (hotel) 2301: 2300: 2159: 2147: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2041:Treaty of Amiens 1798:La Tour de Vinde 1714:Castello Maniace 1313:Hamilton Harbour 1205: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1154: 1146: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1037:"Martello tower" 1030: 1006: 998: 968:Magilligan Point 751:enfilading tower 533:Listed Buildings 507:Second World War 348:Chappe Telegraph 21: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7958:Martello towers 7948: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7925: 7917: 7847: 7771: 7715: 7649: 7584:Imperial castle 7557:Coercion castle 7552:Coastal defence 7535: 7497:Promontory fort 7467:Hillside castle 7436: 7352:Fallout shelter 7317:Concertina wire 7297:Border security 7250: 7161: 6870: 6503:Coercion castle 6491:Cheval de frise 6473:Chemin de ronde 6321:Albarrana tower 6302: 6247:Schwedenschanze 6224:Promontory fort 6051: 6046: 6013:Wayback Machine 5926:Wayback Machine 5915: 5878:Martello Towers 5694:. (Cape Town). 5677: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5595: 5591: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5493: 5492: 5465: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5419:Angus Konstam, 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5166: 5162: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5028:"Fort Clarence" 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4858: 4854: 4850:, County Dublin 4845: 4841: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4770: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4644:. 26 May 2004. 4636: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4619: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4393: 4388: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4276:List of castles 4258:Fortified tower 4249: 4186:New York Harbor 4128:'s entrance to 3801:Open to public 3778:Can be visited 3768:Priolo Gargallo 3492:Open to public 3485:Finavarra Tower 3350:coastal erosion 3285:Fully restored 3216:Bulloch Harbour 2748:Aughinish Tower 2726:Gabhla Fhranca 2426:Open to public 2379:Can be visited 2316:Current status 2299: 2213: 2189: 2181:High Knoll Fort 2173: 2160: 2157: 2148: 2145: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2088: 1970: 1928: 1908: 1875: 1862:De Redin towers 1843: 1763: 1746: 1726: 1702:Priolo Gargallo 1671: 1640: 1592: 1579:they resemble. 1550: 1375: 1348: 1340:Bermuda Railway 1261: 1237:New South Wales 1206: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1171: 1155: 1144: 1103: 1094: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1007: 996: 987:Ordnance Survey 976:Napoleonic Wars 904:, guarding the 828:Fenian uprising 791:, Tower Bay in 701:Bullock Harbour 690:Stephen Dedalus 650:(Drogheda), to 629: 623: 611: 552: 406: 360: 303: 254: 113: 70:Martello towers 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Martello Towers 15: 12: 11: 5: 7986: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7901:Trench warfare 7898: 7896:Tunnel warfare 7893: 7892: 7891: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:Fortifications 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7562:Counter-castle 7559: 7554: 7549: 7547:Border barrier 7543: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7482:Lowland castle 7479: 7474: 7472:Hilltop castle 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7347:Electric fence 7344: 7339: 7337:Dragon's teeth 7334: 7332:Czech hedgehog 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7246:Wire obstacles 7243: 7234: 7232:Polygonal fort 7229: 7224: 7222:Martello tower 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7187:Border outpost 7184: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7087: 7078: 7073: 7063: 7061:Polygonal fort 7058: 7053: 7048: 7039: 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6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6049:Fortifications 6045: 6044: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6003: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5914: 5913:External links 5911: 5910: 5909: 5896: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5843: 5822: 5805: 5795:(1): 131–139. 5784: 5767: 5753: 5741:10.1086/508397 5724: 5709: 5702: 5688: 5685: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5641: 5615: 5599:"Fort Johnson" 5589: 5575: 5560: 5547: 5529: 5504: 5463: 5447: 5425: 5412: 5410:McCall (1999). 5403: 5360: 5353: 5333: 5331:Grundy (1991). 5321: 5312: 5301:on 4 June 2008 5286: 5274: 5249: 5218: 5209: 5183: 5160: 5151:|journal= 5124: 5107: 5098: 5089: 5067: 5041: 5019: 4993: 4975: 4957: 4948: 4946:Harris (1988). 4939: 4930: 4908: 4879: 4852: 4839: 4817: 4794: 4764: 4758:Evening Herald 4747: 4721: 4685: 4659: 4629: 4599: 4577: 4555: 4546: 4515: 4506: 4480: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4416: 4407: 4391: 4373: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4213: 4210: 4209:Walbach Tower 4207: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051:Craig's Tower 4049: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3904:Fort Victoria 3902: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3865:Madliena Tower 3862: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3836:Fort Stockton 3834: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621:Macamish Tower 3618: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3556:Monning Tower 3554: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3191:South No. 11, 3189: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032:, Harbour Rd. 3027: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2989:, Carrickhill 2984: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855:Shenick Island 2851: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2793:Millmount Fort 2790: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2553:Cathcart Tower 2550: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2484:Fort Frederick 2481: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351:Palmetto Point 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2268:tabby concrete 2212: 2209: 2196:Martello tower 2188: 2185: 2172: 2169: 2155: 2143: 2135:Peninsular War 2035:, in 1740. At 1978:Charles Stuart 1969: 1966: 1927: 1924: 1907: 1904: 1874: 1871: 1867:Victoria Lines 1858:Madliena Tower 1850:Madliena Tower 1842: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1827:Victoria Tower 1824: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1792:Portelet Tower 1789: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1725: 1722: 1670: 1667: 1639: 1636: 1591: 1588: 1577:Genoese towers 1549: 1546: 1540:and Museum in 1513:Cathcart Tower 1501:Fort Frederick 1491:Cathcart Tower 1483:Fort Frederick 1453:Georges Island 1374: 1371: 1347: 1344: 1293:Castle Harbour 1260: 1257: 1233:Sydney Harbour 1221:Sydney Harbour 1208: 1207: 1158: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1010: 1008: 1001: 995: 992: 948:County Donegal 883:County Wexford 832:Captain Mackey 785:Drumanagh Fort 777:Shenick Island 733:County Wicklow 637:Shenick Island 622: 619: 610: 607: 572:Firth of Forth 551: 548: 496:The Coastguard 422:Clacton-on-Sea 405: 402: 359: 356: 302: 299: 253: 250: 211:Sir John Moore 203:(74 guns) and 159:Genoese towers 112: 109: 82:British Empire 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7985: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7938: 7937: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7906:Urban warfare 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Civil defense 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Bastion forts 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7711:Z-plan castle 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681:L-plan castle 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666:Bridge castle 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635:Refuge castle 7633: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:Military base 7614: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Hunting lodge 7577: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7492:Moated castle 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7477:Island castle 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445:By topography 7443: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417:Submarine pen 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372:Hesco bastion 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7287:Blast shelter 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Place-of-arms 7054: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6692: 6690: 6689:Machicolation 6687: 6685: 6684:L-plan castle 6682: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6663: 6662: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6417:Bridge castle 6415: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6381: 6380:Bent entrance 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Battery tower 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Advanced work 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6241: 6240:Refuge castle 6238: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5902: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5700:0-86961-055-4 5697: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684:Rough Guides. 5683: 5679: 5678: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5416: 5407: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5337: 5328: 5326: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5213: 5206: 5193: 5187: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5169:Khalidi, Omar 5164: 5156: 5143: 5135: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4848:Dun Laoghaire 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4802:Cn, (1907). 4798: 4783: 4782: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4735: 4731: 4730:"Tower No. 7" 4725: 4717: 4711: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4324: 4320: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4286:List of forts 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4225:United States 4223: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200:United States 4198: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:United States 4179: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4162:United States 4160: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141:United States 4139: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:United States 4103: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4087:Port of Spain 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4008:Fort Beaufort 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964:Fort George, 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447:, Cloughland 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3380:Bray harbour 3379: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3303:Enoch's Tower 3301:South No. 6, 3300: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3237:Dalkey Island 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3220:South No. 10 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3171:South No. 12 3170: 3168: 3164: 3163:Dún Laoghaire 3161: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3143:South No. 13 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3122:South No. 14 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101:South No. 15 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3080:South No. 16 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3009:Ireland's Eye 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967:North No. 5, 2966: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2942:, Balcarrick 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2859:North No. 10 2858: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2837:North No. 11 2836: 2834:, Red Island 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2815:North No. 12 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2729:c. 1803–1815 2728: 2725: 2723: 2722:Achill Island 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701:Arnala Island 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2395:Fort Recovery 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241:New York City 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:United States 2217: 2211:United States 2208: 2206: 2201: 2198:, located at 2197: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2133:, during the 2132: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2049:Lord Cochrane 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1952:Fort Beaufort 1949: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1772: 1771:Saint Brélade 1767: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734:George Nugent 1731: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1691:Joachim Murat 1688: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1566:Fort Saumarez 1563: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464:Oregon Crisis 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1449:McNabs Island 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1363:Fort Recovery 1356: 1355:Fort Recovery 1352: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1201: 1193: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1159:This section 1157: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1092: 1089: 1081: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1039: – 1038: 1034: 1033:Find sources: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1011:This section 1009: 1005: 1000: 999: 991: 988: 984: 983:Achill Island 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 921:County Dublin 918: 915:The tower at 913: 911: 907: 903: 902:County Offaly 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 868:Little Island 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 830:, the famous 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 813:Ireland's Eye 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 756: 752: 745: 740: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705:Dalkey Island 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 672:Dún Laoghaire 669: 664: 661: 657: 653: 649: 642: 641:County Dublin 638: 633: 628: 618: 616: 615:Pembroke Dock 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 578:Harbour. The 577: 573: 565: 561: 556: 543: 539: 536: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 469:William Twiss 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 423: 418: 410: 401: 399: 395: 390: 388: 387:British Isles 384: 380: 376: 368: 364: 355: 353: 352:United States 349: 345: 340: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 307: 298: 295: 291: 287: 278: 274: 271: 262: 258: 249: 247: 243: 242: 234: 231: 227: 221: 219: 216:Vice-Admiral 214: 212: 208: 207: 202: 201: 195: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 162: 160: 156: 151: 149: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 122: 117: 108: 106: 101: 99: 93: 91: 90:coastal forts 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 48:North America 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7973:Round towers 7929: 7884:Siege engine 7852:Other topics 7776:Related word 7742:Defense line 7706:Tower castle 7661:Bastion fort 7645:Urban castle 7573:Ganerbenburg 7571: 7526:Water castle 7502:Ridge castle 7487:Marsh castle 7302:Bomb shelter 7282:Belgian gate 7255:20th century 7221: 7166:19th century 7104:Retrenchment 7076:Punji sticks 6985:Entrenchment 6980:Device Forts 6947:Counterguard 6882:Early modern 6812:Tower castle 6748:Powder tower 6723:Outer bailey 6635:Inner bailey 6609:Gulyay-gorod 6577:Ganerbenburg 6575: 6571:Fujian tulou 6513:Corner tower 6452:Chamber gate 6422:Bridge tower 6270:Trou de loup 5995: 5904: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5830: 5826: 5813: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5775: 5771: 5756: 5735:(1): 30–46. 5732: 5728: 5712: 5705: 5691: 5681: 5661:. Retrieved 5644: 5632:. Retrieved 5618: 5606:. Retrieved 5602: 5592: 5578: 5563: 5555: 5550: 5542:the original 5532: 5519: 5499:the original 5456: 5450: 5438:. Retrieved 5428: 5420: 5415: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5370: 5363: 5343: 5336: 5315: 5303:. Retrieved 5299:the original 5289: 5281: 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5261: 5252: 5240:. Retrieved 5231: 5221: 5212: 5203: 5196:. Retrieved 5186: 5173: 5163: 5142:cite journal 5127: 5117: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5079: 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5054:the original 5050:"Sherbrooke" 5044: 5031: 5022: 5010:. Retrieved 5006:the original 4996: 4988:the original 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4920: 4911: 4899:. Retrieved 4891: 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4855: 4842: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4785:. Retrieved 4779: 4767: 4756: 4750: 4738:. Retrieved 4724: 4698:. Retrieved 4688: 4676:. Retrieved 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4641: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4611: 4602: 4589: 4580: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4537:. Retrieved 4529:The Guardian 4528: 4518: 4509: 4497:. Retrieved 4493:the original 4483: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4410: 4365: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4323: 4305: 4300: 4269: 4268: 4151:Fort Johnson 4118:Tower Dupre 4042:South Africa 4027:Simon's Town 4022:South Africa 4003:South Africa 3982:Sierra Leone 3843: 3816:Fort Nugent 3674:Loughshinny 3656:Lough Foyle 3616:Lough Swilly 3552:Cork Harbour 3529:Cork Harbour 3507:Cork Harbour 3405:South No. 1 3383:South No. 2 3364:South No. 3 3342:South No. 4 3323:South No. 5 3302: 3279:South No. 7 3260:South No. 8 3241:South No. 9 3192: 3167:Peoples Park 3166: 3097:Williamstown 3059:North No. 1 3035:North No. 2 3013:North No. 3 2992:North No. 4 2968: 2945:North No. 6 2923:North No. 7 2920:, Tower Bay 2901:North No. 8 2880:North No. 9 2507:Murney Tower 2332:Fort Denison 2288: 2284: 2261: 2222: 2190: 2177:Saint Helena 2174: 2171:Saint Helena 2162: 2151: 2140: 2128: 2094:38°47′5.28″N 2085:S'Empalmador 2078: 2073: 2060: 2033:Gran Canaria 2029: 2022: 2015: 2004: 1989: 1982: 1971: 1959:Vice Admiral 1956: 1940:South Africa 1937: 1926:South Africa 1920:Temne people 1916:Sierra Leone 1909: 1906:Sierra Leone 1892: 1879: 1876: 1855: 1832: 1803: 1776: 1730:Harbour View 1727: 1695: 1680: 1664: 1641: 1605: 1584:Bréhon Tower 1581: 1570: 1551: 1531: 1517: 1499: 1468:Murney Tower 1457: 1437:York Redoubt 1419: 1396: 1376: 1360: 1333: 1329:St. George's 1297:Coney Island 1285: 1274: 1241: 1229:Fort Denison 1226: 1217:Fort Denison 1196: 1187: 1172:Please help 1160: 1132: 1112: 1084: 1075: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1032: 1020:Please help 1015:verification 1012: 980: 952:County Clare 929: 914: 891: 876: 860:Great Island 840:Cork Harbour 825: 770: 748: 709:Williamstown 698: 683: 665: 660:Cork Harbour 645: 612: 584: 569: 537: 530: 515: 500: 492: 473: 426: 391: 389:as a whole. 372: 341: 332:South Africa 312: 283: 269: 266: 240: 236: 229: 225: 223: 215: 205: 199: 191: 154: 152: 145: 126: 102: 94: 73: 69: 68: 36: 7783:Castle town 7640:Toll castle 7609:Lustschloss 7591:Kaiserpfalz 7521:Spur castle 7516:Rock castle 7457:Hill castle 7452:Cave castle 7412:Spider hole 7312:Bremer wall 7277:Barbed tape 7173:Barbed wire 6847:Witch tower 6817:Tower house 6807:Toll castle 6793:Shield wall 6713:Murder hole 6602:Guard tower 6219:Pincer gate 6166:Faussebraye 5663:19 February 5440:21 February 4740:21 December 4539:21 December 4499:21 December 4362:"No. 13631" 4130:Lake Borgne 4126:Bayou Dupre 4110:Lake Borgne 4092:Fort Picton 3947:La Preneuse 3942:Black River 3925:L'Harmonie 3709:Ros a' Mhíl 3637:Lough Foyle 3548:Fota Island 3503:Ringaskiddy 3445:Bere Island 3432:Glengarriff 3320:Shanganagh 3194:James Joyce 2987:Portmarnock 2969:Hicks Tower 2964:, Robswall 2530:Shoal Tower 2416:Nova Scotia 2370:Ferry Reach 2310:Tower name 2205:Trincomalee 2109: / 2097:1°25′5.01″E 1957:That said, 1888:La Preneuse 1815:Kempt Tower 1809:Lewis Tower 1660:leprosarium 1616:Arnala fort 1562:Fort Hommet 1534:Afghanistan 1505:Shoal Tower 1487:Shoal Tower 1427:located in 1398:Quebec City 1325:St. David's 1309:Great Sound 1277:Ferry Reach 1253:Crimean War 1251:during the 950:and two in 940:County Cork 936:Glengarriff 898:Clonahenoge 844:Ringaskiddy 836:Fota Island 809:Portmarnock 676:James Joyce 674:, in which 431:, Ireland, 367:Portmarnock 346:(using the 261:Québec city 174:Quebec City 60:Nova Scotia 7952:Categories 7808:Gatekeeper 7628:Ordensburg 7600:Landesburg 7407:Sentry gun 7362:Flak tower 7292:Blast wall 7212:Gun turret 7109:Sally port 7014:Kotta mara 6954:Couvreface 6918:Breastwork 6913:Blockhouse 6891:Abwurfdach 6842:Watchtower 6832:Wall tower 6788:Shell keep 6738:Portcullis 6733:Peel tower 6718:Neck ditch 6677:Landesburg 6625:Half tower 6583:Gate tower 6528:Drawbridge 6370:Battlement 6286:Wagon fort 6129:Chengqiang 5858:: 173–184. 5820:: 143–158. 5675:References 5634:24 October 5305:24 October 5198:29 October 5060:24 October 5012:24 October 4896:Tourism NI 4872:24 October 4253:Blockhouse 4194:Destroyed 4068:Hambantota 3966:Port Louis 3691:Rathmullan 3571:Rossleague 3422:Ilnacullin 3076:Sandymount 2853:Skerries, 2811:Balbriggan 2641:1808–1812 2623:Destroyed 2620:1808–1812 2599:1808–1812 2578:1808–1812 2376:1823–1828 2200:Hambantota 2165:San Julián 2081:Formentera 2074:Imperieuse 2070:midshipman 2061:Imperieuse 2053:fifth-rate 2037:Ciutadella 2025:Ciutadella 1786:Icho Tower 1698:W.H. Smyth 1509:Doors Open 1383:Fort Henry 1317:The Flatts 1120:Codrington 1048:newspapers 956:Galway Bay 944:Rathmullan 932:Ilnacullin 856:Rossleague 805:Tony Quinn 773:Balbriggan 755:Blomefield 717:Sandymount 656:Dublin Bay 625:See also: 580:Tally Toor 560:Tally Toor 488:Eastbourne 449:Napoleon I 270:terreplein 241:Lowestoffe 220:reported: 155:torregiani 7911:Guerrilla 7654:By design 7402:Revetment 7217:Land mine 7148:Star fort 6975:Crownwork 6970:Covertway 6903:Barricade 6544:Embrasure 6457:Chartaque 6387:Bergfried 6345:Arrowslit 6171:Gatehouse 6141:City gate 6102:Castellum 6068:Acropolis 5749:159902078 5396:2 January 5205:Santhals. 4316:Citations 4262:Scottish 4219:; ruined 4114:Louisiana 4063:Sri Lanka 4047:Cape Town 3960:Mauritius 3937:Mauritius 3916:Mauritius 3897:Mauritius 3878:Mauritius 3844:Fort Hill 3819:1808–11? 3664:Restored 3480:Finavarra 3187:Sandycove 2876:Drumanagh 2743:Aughinish 2708:c. 1530s 2638:Tower #4 2617:Tower #3 2596:Tower #2 2575:Tower #1 2322:Australia 2307:Location 2272:gun loops 2249:Louisiana 2192:Sri Lanka 2187:Sri Lanka 2131:Cartagena 2059:HMS 1948:Cape Town 1942:, one at 1873:Mauritius 1646:caused a 1638:Indonesia 1628:Hyderabad 1558:Fort Grey 1190:July 2022 1161:does not 1142:Australia 994:Elsewhere 964:Aughinish 960:Finavarra 887:Waterford 879:Duncannon 872:Rostellan 766:gunpowder 668:Sandycove 654:, around 648:Millmount 591:Crockness 484:Dymchurch 461:Aldeburgh 336:Sri Lanka 320:Australia 239:HMS 226:Fortitude 218:Lord Hood 200:Fortitude 198:HMS 98:artillery 74:Martellos 7936:Category 7926:See also 7813:Loophole 7701:Ringwork 7696:Ringfort 7621:Obstacle 7462:Hillfort 7382:Loophole 7180:Barbette 7155:Tenaille 7138:Sea fort 7068:Presidio 7028:Magazine 7009:Hornwork 6942:Cavalier 6937:Casemate 6930:Caponier 6773:Ringwork 6661:Detinets 6630:Hoarding 6535:Enceinte 6410:Bretèche 6355:Bartizan 6350:Barbican 6326:Alcazaba 6254:Stockade 6234:Ringfort 6214:Palisade 6186:Landwehr 6181:Hillfort 6009:Archived 5922:Archived 5907:: 18–37. 5782:: 22–58. 5654:Archived 5628:Archived 5524:Archived 5390:Archived 5236:Archived 5171:(2009). 5084:Archived 5036:Archived 4925:Archived 4901:23 April 4866:Archived 4834:Archived 4734:Archived 4710:cite web 4672:Archived 4646:Archived 4616:Archived 4594:Archived 4572:Archived 4533:Archived 4475:Archived 4247:See also 4074:1801–03 4014:1839–46 3987:Freetown 3973:1832–35 3951:1832–35 3928:1832–35 3907:1832–35 3888:1832–35 3860:Pembroke 3856:Madliena 3832:Monrovia 3812:Kingston 3789:Syracuse 3733:Ganzirri 3593:Belvelly 3408:1804–05 3386:1804–05 3367:1804–05 3348:Lost to 3345:1804–05 3326:1804–05 3307:1804–05 3298:, beach 3296:Killiney 3282:1804–05 3263:1804–05 3244:1804–05 3223:1804–05 3200:1804–05 3174:1804–05 3146:1804–05 3125:1804–05 3118:Seapoint 3104:1804–05 3083:1804–05 3062:1804–05 3038:1804–05 3016:1804–05 2995:1804–05 2973:1804–05 2962:Malahide 2948:1804–05 2940:Donabate 2926:1804–05 2918:Portrane 2904:1804–05 2883:1804–05 2862:1804–05 2840:1804–05 2832:Skerries 2818:1804–05 2797:c. 1808 2788:Drogheda 2766:Banagher 2304:Country 2194:has one 2156:— 2144:— 2018:Fornells 1912:Freetown 1773:, Jersey 1738:Kingston 1718:Syracuse 1706:Ganzirri 1687:Bourbons 1632:Santhals 1582:Lastly, 1554:Guernsey 1548:Guernsey 1249:Russians 1078:May 2020 917:Seapoint 852:Belvelly 801:Malahide 797:Donabate 793:Portrane 781:Skerries 744:Killiney 713:Seapoint 595:Longhope 587:Hackness 550:Scotland 518:St Osyth 476:redoubts 437:Guernsey 294:casemate 290:garrison 286:magazine 133:Mortella 50:(1796), 7843:Vedette 7833:Schloss 7798:Festung 7793:Dungeon 7788:Château 7732:Castles 7540:By role 7397:Pillbox 7227:Outpost 7143:Station 7131:Schanze 7114:Sandbag 7099:Redoubt 7083:Ravelin 7051:Palanka 7035:Orillon 7021:Lunette 6963:Coupure 6908:Bastion 6898:Arsenal 6866:Zwinger 6778:Roundel 6768:Ricetto 6743:Postern 6728:Outwork 6652:Kremlin 6523:Curtain 6498:Citadel 6482:Chemise 6442:Caltrop 6360:Bastion 6333:Alcázar 6229:Rampart 6207:Oppidum 6200:Nuraghe 6146:Crannog 6120:Castros 6056:Ancient 5608:3 April 5242:19 July 4787:4 March 4700:26 July 4678:13 July 4652:13 July 4622:13 July 4054:1795/6 4033:1795/6 3954:Museum 3827:Liberia 3807:Jamaica 3727:Messina 3704:Ireland 3686:Ireland 3670:Ireland 3652:Ireland 3632:Ireland 3611:Ireland 3588:Ireland 3566:Ireland 3543:Ireland 3520:Ireland 3498:Ireland 3475:Ireland 3459:Ireland 3440:Ireland 3417:Ireland 3395:Ireland 3376:Ireland 3357:Ireland 3335:Ireland 3316:Ireland 3291:Ireland 3272:Ireland 3253:Ireland 3247:Extant 3232:Ireland 3211:Ireland 3182:Ireland 3158:Ireland 3134:Ireland 3113:Ireland 3107:Extant 3092:Ireland 3086:Extant 3071:Ireland 3049:Ireland 3025:Ireland 3019:Extant 3004:Ireland 2982:Ireland 2957:Ireland 2951:Extant 2935:Ireland 2913:Ireland 2907:Extant 2892:Ireland 2886:Extant 2871:Ireland 2865:Extant 2849:Ireland 2843:Extant 2827:Ireland 2821:Extant 2806:Ireland 2800:Extant 2783:Ireland 2761:Ireland 2738:Ireland 2717:Ireland 2680:Korčula 2675:Croatia 2669:Museum 2581:Museum 2514:Museum 2491:Museum 2488:1846/7 2465:c.1798 2444:c.1798 2390:Tortola 2365:Bermuda 2345:Barbuda 2276:muskets 2072:aboard 2056:frigate 2045:Son Bou 1974:Menorca 1724:Jamaica 1710:Messina 1656:Batavia 1648:tsunami 1602:, India 1367:Tortola 1342:Trail. 1305:Ireland 1259:Bermuda 1182:removed 1167:sources 1136:daymark 1116:Barbuda 1062:scholar 906:Shannon 858:on the 685:Ulysses 670:, near 621:Ireland 599:convoys 593:, near 522:Seaford 480:Harwich 465:Suffolk 453:Seaford 404:England 398:Ireland 394:England 350:). 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