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sit in small pits within the curls of the structure, which makes them less likely to open and lose water. The folded leaves have hairs on the inside to slow or stop air movement, much like many other xerophytes (though these are typically found on the outside of the plant,in marram grass they are
343:, the European species, "has been introduced into virtually every British colonial settlement within its latitudinal tolerance range, including southeast and southwest Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Norfolk Island and has been reported from Argentina and Chile."
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close to the sea. The harvesting of marram grass for thatch was so widespread during the 17th century that it had the effect of destabilizing dunes, resulting in the burial of many villages, estates and farms. In 1695 the practice was banned by an Act of the
Scottish Parliament:
647:, marram grass was traditionally much used for fuel, thatch, cattle fodder (after frost) etc. The use led to sand drift and loss of arable land. Hence, legislation promoting dune stabilization came into force in 1779 and 1792, successively leading to a system of state-supported
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Considering that many lands, meadowes and pasturages lying on sea coasts have been ruined and overspread in many places in this kingdom by sand driven from adjacent sand hills ... His
Majesty does strictly prohibit and discharge the pulling of bent,
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species were introduced in the late 19th century on the
Pacific coast of North America as well, and massive, intentional plantings were continued at least through 1960. In essentially all of the locations where they have been introduced,
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is not desirable in a very dry landscape, and marram grass has developed particular adaptations to help it deal with this. Sandy conditions drain water quickly, and very windy conditions will further increase rates of transpiration.
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builds coastal dunes and thus stabilizes the sand. For this reason, the plants are seen as a useful means of reinforcing dunes around the world and have been introduced far from their native range. Alfred
Wiedemann writes that
596:
where it is responsible for stabilising and building the foredune by capturing blown sand and binding it together with the warp and weft of its tough, fibrous rhizome system. Marram grass is strongly associated with two
1048:
translation: Beschreibung der
Sandgewächse und ihrer Anwendung zur Hemmung des Flugsandes auf der Küste von Jütland etc. Viborg, Erich Aus dem Dänischen von J. Petersen. Kopenhagen, 1789)
655:. Marram grass was – and still is – propagated by root and shoot cuttings dug up locally and planted into the naked sand in periods of relatively calm and moist weather.
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also within the leaf as this has now become a structure with more volume). This slowing of air movement once again reduces the amount of water vapour being lost. A waxy
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Marram grass has a rolled leaf that creates a localized environment of water vapour concentration within the leaf and helps to prevent water loss. The
961:(Seymour) P.J. Walker, C.A. Paris & Barrington ex Barkworth. Recent work on morphological differences between varying populations assigned to
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grasses are not particularly tolerant of saline soils; they can tolerate a salinity of about 15 g/L (1.5%), which makes them "moderate
602:
1386:
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973:"Taxonomic Recognition of Ammophila champlainensis and Morphological Variation in Northeastern North American Ammophila (Poaceae)"
720:, marram grass is well adapted to its surroundings to thrive in an otherwise harsh environment. The natural loss of water through
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Viborg, E. (1788) Efterretning om
Sandvexterne og deres Anvendelse til at dæmpe Sandflugten paa Vesterkanten af Jylland.
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do not support the assignment of a distinct species for the latter specimens, despite significant differences. See
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is the dominant species. In the semi-fixed dunes (community SD7), where the quantity of blown sand is declining
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where they are usually the dominant species on dunes. Their native range includes few inland regions, with the
74:
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The ability of marram grass to grow on and bind sand makes it a useful plant in the stabilization of coastal
17:
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allow them to thrive under conditions of shifting sands and high winds, and to help stabilize and prevent
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Andresen, C. C. 1861. Om
Klitformationen og Klittens Behandling og Bestyrelse. - P.G. Philipsens Forlag.
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is still under investigation, and some authors consider
Champlain beachgrass to be a subspecies
908:"Calamagrostis epigejos x Ammophila arenaria = X Calammophila baltica (Flüggé ex Schrad.) Brand"
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Gimingham, C. H. (1964). "Maritime and sub-maritime communities". In
Burnett, J. H. (ed.).
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on sandy coasts. The usefulness was recognized in the late 18th century. On the
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A single leaf of marram grass, showing the rolled leaf which reduces water loss
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The identification of
Champlain beachgrass as a species that is distinct from
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272:. These grasses are found almost exclusively on the first line of
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433:. The hybrid occurs in parts of northern Europe, mainly from the
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372:. Two other species have been proposed, and are discussed below.
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Delisle-Oldham, M. B.; Oldham, M. J.; Catling, P. M. (2008).
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1074:. Edinburgh and London: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 67–142.
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279:. Their extensive systems of creeping underground stems or
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has a coastal distribution and is the dominant species on
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of North America being the main exception. The genus name
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becomes less competitive, and other species, notably
819:
Preston, C. D.; Pearman, D. A.; Dines, T. D. (2002).
356:, and costly efforts are underway to eradicate them.
30:
This article is about grass. Not to be confused with
509:. Inflorescence to 22 cm long; very similar to
845:"Comprehensive Report Species - Ammophila arenaria"
666:once used marram grass in the manufacture of mats,
252:consisting of two or three very similar species of
471:. Inflorescence to 30 cm long; narrower than
1491:
1505:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
737:on the leaf surface also prevents evaporation.
556:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
603:British National Vegetation Classification
403:. Inflorescence to 25 cm long; broad.
216:
49:
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576:Learn how and when to remove this message
437:west to eastern England, and is known as
879:on the northwest coast of North America"
821:New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora
707:
364:Only two species seem incontrovertible:
318:grasses are widely known as examples of
291:species are native to the coasts of the
930:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
799:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
303:originates from the Greek words ἄμμος (
14:
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889:from the original on 27 September 2008
677:Marram grass has been widely used for
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910:. National Biodiversity Network (UK).
1451:3c2ff0ba-7d7b-4836-8485-a71b3cb1938c
1366:9e1c5c6f-a62f-402f-b73f-65b8438ecc40
883:Botanical Electronic News - BEN #183
554:adding citations to reliable sources
521:
1019:. New York Natural Heritage Program
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1405:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30207324-2
768:. www.ars-grin.gov. Archived from
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699:off the sand hills for hereafter.
605:. In community SD6 (Mobile Dune)
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873:Wiedemann, Alfred (1998-02-12).
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307:), meaning "sand", and φίλος (
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1101:California Conservation Corps
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599:coastal plant community types
419:has now been identified as a
1017:"Champlain Beachgrass Guide"
7:
823:. Oxford University Press.
766:"Species in GRIN for genus"
740:
439:× Ammocalamagrostis baltica
10:
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1072:The Vegetation of Scotland
658:Women from the village of
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501:. Native to the shores of
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260:for these grasses include
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352:plants are now listed as
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70:Scientific classification
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27:Genus of flowering plants
924:Ammophila champlainensis
1114:Jepson Manual Treatment
670:covers and brushes for
622:
200:Ammophila breviligulata
747:List of Poaceae genera
713:
701:
443:× Calammophila baltica
430:Calamagrostis epigejos
391:. Native to coasts of
58:European marram grass
1059:Full text (in Danish)
1042:Full text (in Danish)
711:
688:
681:in many areas of the
486:A. breviligulata
457:American marram grass
385:European marram grass
370:A. breviligulata
311:), meaning "friend".
1096:at Wikimedia Commons
660:Newborough, Anglesey
550:improve this section
499:Champlain beachgrass
293:North Atlantic Ocean
1163:Ammophila (Poaceae)
461:American beachgrass
389:European beachgrass
877:Ammophila arenaria
714:
590:Ammophila arenaria
340:Ammophila arenaria
192:Ammophila arenaria
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1374:Open Tree of Life
1125:Taxon identifiers
1094:Ammophila (plant)
1092:Media related to
967:A. champlainensis
830:978-0-19-851067-3
586:
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480:A. champlainensis
240:(synonymous with
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229:in North America
207:A. champlainensis
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244:P. Beauv.) is a
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853:the original
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802:. Retrieved
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18:Marram grass
1286:iNaturalist
1157:Wikispecies
935:6 September
849:NatureServe
716:Like other
704:Adaptations
588:In Europe,
473:A. arenaria
469:Great Lakes
425:A. arenaria
379:A. arenaria
297:Great Lakes
139:Commelinids
113:Angiosperms
64:, February
60:Dunes near
1494:Categories
1304:30207324-2
1023:2008-09-27
1002:2008-09-21
893:2008-09-19
859:2008-09-28
776:2008-04-24
753:References
718:xerophytes
435:Baltic Sea
417:A. baltica
408:A. baltica
395:(north to
328:halophytes
320:xerophytes
270:beachgrass
266:bent grass
1260:GrassBase
1239:Ammophila
1221:FloraBase
1200:Ammophila
1133:Ammophila
1107:Ammophila
1038:København
793:Ammophila
639:coast of
637:North Sea
611:Ammophila
607:Ammophila
537:does not
350:Ammophila
345:Ammophila
334:Ammophila
324:Ammophila
316:Ammophila
301:Ammophila
289:Ammophila
237:Ammophila
227:Ammophila
195:(L.) Link
170:Ammophila
83:Kingdom:
62:The Hague
43:Ammophila
1500:Pooideae
1446:VicFlora
1435:VASCAN:
1418:40012128
1413:Tropicos
1265:gen00028
1195:eFloraSA
1142:Wikidata
997:86593875
887:Archived
741:See also
668:haystack
633:defences
423:between
354:invasive
281:rhizomes
183:Species
155:Family:
126:Monocots
1428:9698846
1317:1284557
1252:2703794
977:Rhodora
965:and to
735:cuticle
730:stomata
697:juniper
645:Denmark
641:Jutland
601:in the
558:removed
543:sources
518:Ecology
397:Iceland
360:Species
274:coastal
254:grasses
209:Seymour
203:Fernald
165:Genus:
159:Poaceae
145:Order:
87:Plantae
1477:403901
1425:uBio:
1387:PLANTS
1379:345181
1363:NZOR:
1174:188010
1171:APDB:
1148:Q21130
1046:German
995:
827:
679:thatch
421:hybrid
401:Africa
393:Europe
309:philos
268:, and
256:. The
242:Psamma
149:Poales
1472:WoRMS
1392:AMMOP
1356:95188
1330:40447
1312:IRMNG
1291:83951
1234:FoAO2
1226:20952
1213:1AMOG
1187:85970
993:S2CID
957:ssp.
693:broom
664:Wales
629:dunes
594:dunes
305:ámmos
277:dunes
246:genus
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
1400:POWO
1351:NCBI
1325:ITIS
1299:IPNI
1273:GRIN
1247:GBIF
1208:EPPO
1182:APNI
937:2008
825:ISBN
806:2008
623:Uses
541:any
539:cite
505:and
490:ssp.
427:and
368:and
314:The
176:Host
1459:WFO
1438:811
1338:NBN
1278:532
985:doi
981:110
695:or
552:by
483:or
459:or
441:or
387:or
330:".
248:of
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