344:
301:
309:
46:
385:
pH from 4.5 to 9.0, soil temperatures from 10–40 °C (50–104 °F), and salt concentrations of no more than 1.0-1.5%. Marram grass can also be found on alkaline soils with a high pH of around 9.1 and also acidic soils with pH less than 4.5. Adult plants can tolerate a large range of chemical issues. Marram grass has an ability to adapt dry sand well. Its leaves become rolled and tight when moisture levels are low.
33:
488:) are present on the island. These three fungi result in ergot, rust and leaf spot respectively and are found both on flower-heads and leaves. However, in European countries, there are a lot of pests known to feed on marram grass. Those pests killed 30%-40% of the tillers, and also damaged other species. The fungi, always found in soil, may decrease the vigour on the stabilized sand.
456:
Not only is it invasive in
California, it is also a highly invasive weed in coastal areas of New Zealand and Western Australia, where it was introduced for the same purpose in California, to stabilise dunes; outcompeting native spinifex species. However, in New Zealand the larvae of the endemic moth
319:
is a perennial plant, which means it can live for many years. It mainly grows in spring when leaf production exceeds leaf senescence. However, the conditions in autumn cause the plant to nearly stop growth while its leaves become aged. In winter, because of the cold temperatures, growth is very slow
384:
Marram grass grows on coastal sand dunes all over the world. It prefers growing on the active sand area and the windward side of the foredune. It prefers well-drained soils with different kinds of mineral compositions and low in organic matter. The optimal soil conditions for marram grass is a soil
334:
Its inflorescences are initiated in autumn of the second year after germination and mature in May or June, and its flowers are always produced from May to August. But this is changed to May in Europe because of the different climates. The fruit is always mature in
September, and the seeds germinate
335:
in the next spring. Though the adult plant is strong, the seeds have low viability, and the seedlings also have low survival rates as well because of desiccation, burial, and erosion. The main organ for its reproduction is rhizomes, which are dispersed along the shore by wind and water.
467:
as one of its main host species. It has been suggested that prior to the removal of this invasive grass from the coasts of New
Zealand that surveys be undertaken to establish whether this endemic moth is present in order to assist with the conservation of that species.
496:
The roots of marram grass are edible, although rather thin and fibrous. The flowering stems and leaves are used for thatching, basketry and making brooms. Fiber from the stem is used for making paper, and the rhizomes are used for making rope and mats.
275:. It is native to the coastlines of Europe and North Africa where it grows in the sands of beach dunes. It is a perennial grass forming stiff, hardy clumps of erect stems up to 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in height. It grows from a network of thick
279:
which give it a sturdy anchor in its sand substrate and allow it to spread upward as sand accumulates. These rhizomes can grow laterally by 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in six months. One clump can produce 100 new shoots annually.
283:
The rhizomes tolerate submersion in sea water and can break off and float in the currents to establish the grass at new sites. The leaves are up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) long and sharply pointed. The cylindrical
1156:
375:
region and extends from to 55 to 32 degrees south latitude. In the
Northern Hemisphere, it grows between 30 and 63 degrees north latitude. Occurs in Chatham Islands, Otago Region, Doughboy Bay and Mason Bay.
430:). The plant's spread has changed the topography of some California beach ecosystems, especially in sand dunes. The presence of this grass was a major cause of the destruction of native dune habitat in
331:
This plant is highly adaptive in sand, and can withstand burial for more than one year. Unlike other plants which will die in sand, marram grass will elongate its leaves when it is buried by sand.
934:
363:
is a
European and North African native plant. It occurs in Australia, Canada, Chile, Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (sub-Antarctic), New Zealand, South Africa and United States (USA).
441:
Several methods have been employed in attempts to eradicate the grass in
California, including manual pulling, burning, mechanical removal followed by salt water irrigation, and
1086:
324:
adaptation, its leaves curl during drought (see pictures). The relatively high humidity within the curled leaf prevents a rapid water loss. This is facilitated by the
1017:
1844:
1464:
1643:
1306:
288:
is up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long. It is adapted to habitat made up of shifting, accreting sand layers, as well as that composed of
613:
1134:
794:
Ranwell, D. (1960). "Newborough Warren, Anglesey: II. Plant associes and succession cycles of the sand dune and dune slack vegetation".
1617:
1792:
1376:
1857:
1805:
1490:
1415:
943:. Coastal Dune Vegetation Network Technical Bulletin. Vol. 5. Rotorua: New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited. 32 pp.
1539:
343:
1565:
1862:
872:
1954:
1495:
953:
Ranwell, D. (1959). Newborough Warren, Anglesey. I. The dune system and dune slack habitat. J. Ecology. 47(3), pp.571-601
416:. The grass is invasive in the local ecosystems, forming dense monotypic stands that crowd out native vegetation, reduce
986:
1340:
1301:
643:
1949:
596:
1715:
1684:
1389:
1210:
542:
1025:
300:
1831:
1451:
1944:
1679:
1635:
1544:
709:
183:
1885:
45:
1516:
448:
The
California Conservation Corps also has taken a major effort in the removal of the invasive Beachgrass.
1042:
B. H. Patrick; K. J. Green (January 1991). "Notes On
Agrotis innominata Hudson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)".
1959:
1766:
1477:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1229:
408:
to the beaches of western North
America during the mid-19th century to provide stabilization to shifting
328:
located at the base of the V-shaped notch which swells and makes the leaf uncurl when filled with water.
1142:
1939:
1880:
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1810:
1420:
1872:
1720:
1531:
1267:
558:
237:
1119:
843:
1508:
424:, and cover vital open stretches of sand used for nesting by the threatened western snowy plover (
1622:
1293:
435:
289:
1596:
1849:
1469:
1172:
371:
Usually occurs on sand dunes, sometimes in inland sites with low fertility. It occurs in the
162:
1583:
836:
Russo, M., Pickart, A., Morse, L., & Young, R. (1988). ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for
1443:
1314:
803:
752:
476:
Marram grass does not carry any major disease in New
Zealand, as only 3 pathogenic fungi (
8:
1694:
1591:
438:
during the 20th century, where it was planted precisely for its dune-stabilizing effect.
271:
971:. . The Nature Conservancy Lanphere-Christensen Dunes Preserve Arcata. p. CA 95521.
807:
756:
308:
1906:
1702:
1609:
819:
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459:
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405:
191:
40:
1648:
1358:
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1779:
1578:
1275:
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768:
592:
139:
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533:
1911:
1707:
1394:
1280:
1067:
1051:
811:
760:
413:
1784:
1771:
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1407:
1055:
1747:
1552:
1234:
1221:
901:
83:
1671:
1521:
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325:
304:
A single leaf of marram grass, showing the rolled leaf which reduces water loss
70:
1928:
1345:
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1063:
772:
397:
285:
179:
96:
1071:
1898:
1661:
417:
1482:
1818:
1503:
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1204:
109:
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1381:
823:
780:
736:
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401:
372:
348:
321:
1823:
241:
1433:
1402:
1353:
1327:
506:
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815:
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1189:
588:
1836:
1332:
1288:
276:
258:
129:
1570:
1319:
1120:
http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ammophila+arenaria
431:
388:
119:
412:. It grew readily and it can now be found from California to
57:
32:
445:
application. Studies to find the best methods are ongoing.
409:
998:
1997 Symposium of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council
451:
1041:
858:
Wallén, B. (1980). Changes in structure and function of
682:
680:
1037:
1035:
338:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae
936:
Marram Grass — Friend or Foe? A Review of the Use of
677:
471:
1032:
1157:New Zealand website: Plant details - Marram grass
1926:
928:
926:
347:Sand dunes densely covered by marram grass at
582:
312:100x magnified cross section of a curled leaf
1091:) and coastal sand stability in New Zealand"
734:
698:(L.) Roth). The Journal of Ecology, 363-382.
389:Invasiveness: Pacific coast of North America
923:
793:
644:"UC Cooperative Extension Species Profile:
614:"Invasive Plants of California's Wildland:
980:
978:
31:
991:) on the West Coast of the United States"
862:during primary succession. Oikos, 227-238
969:) on the West Coast of the United States
701:
342:
307:
299:
269:. It is one of two species of the genus
1098:New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science
1018:"Exploring the Oregon Dunes . TV | OPB"
984:
975:
962:
787:
452:Invasiveness: New Zealand and Australia
355:
295:
1927:
1084:
932:
910:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
528:
526:
524:
522:
379:
1171:
1170:
1873:3be1d05a-77ee-4281-9e8a-a101998b7924
1685:30a7f18f-07ca-4542-80c2-9e53d1a2bb5e
1532:ec3b138b-0b45-45e0-9434-0a34548dfab7
638:
636:
634:
620:. California Invasive Plants Council
366:
257:is a species of grass in the family
716:. The Ohio State University at Lima
611:
519:
339:Geographic distribution and habitat
13:
737:"The Effects of Burial by Sand on
735:Maun, M. A.; Lapierre, J. (1984).
707:
472:Predators, parasites, and diseases
261:. It is known by the common names
14:
1971:
1636:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1141132-2
1128:
987:"Control of European Beachgrass (
631:
563:California Invasive Plant Council
1886:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325298-2
965:Control of European Beachgrass (
881:Global Invasive Species Database
543:Global Invasive Species Database
44:
1108:
1078:
1010:
956:
947:
894:
865:
852:
830:
396:is one of the most problematic
728:
661:
605:
576:
551:
404:. This sand-adapted grass was
1:
1056:10.1080/00779962.1991.9722610
512:
1114:Plant For A Future. (n.d.).
591:: Alison Hodge. p. 52.
7:
1955:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1118:- (L.)Link. Retrieved from
985:Pickart, Andrea J. (1997).
585:Exploring the Cornish Coast
500:
10:
1976:
1143:Jepson Manual Treatment -
963:Pickart, Andrea J (1997).
686:Huiskes, A. H. L. (1979).
650:. University of California
486:Colletotrichum graminicola
207:Ammannia coccinea purpurea
1731:
1179:
940:on New Zealand Sand Dunes
710:"Leaves and Leaf Anatomy"
197:
190:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1950:Plants described in 1753
1159:- discussing control of
1085:Gadgil, Ruth L. (2002).
1044:New Zealand Entomologist
933:Gadgil, Ruth L. (2006).
320:but does not stop. As a
739:Ammophila Breviligulata
694:(L.) Roem. et Schult.;
491:
1211:Calamagrostis arenaria
796:The Journal of Ecology
583:David Chapman (2008).
352:
313:
305:
219:Calamagrostis arenaria
1945:Flora of North Africa
696:Calamgrostis arenaria
463:has adapted to using
346:
311:
303:
1138:- U.C. Photo gallery
668:Encyclopedia of Life
559:"Ammophila arenaria"
356:Natural global range
296:Life cycle/phenology
1152:USDA Plants Profile
808:1960JEcol..48..117R
757:1984JEcol..72..827M
380:Habitat preferences
267:European beachgrass
225:Ammophila australis
1960:Grasses of Lebanon
1597:Ammophila arenaria
1307:Ammophila_arenaria
1268:ammophila-arenaria
1181:Ammophila arenaria
1161:Ammophila arenaria
1147:(invasive species)
1145:Ammophila arenaria
1136:Ammophila arenaria
1116:Ammophila arenaria
1089:Ammophila arenaria
989:Ammophila arenaria
967:Ammophila arenaria
938:Ammophila arenaria
904:Ammophila arenaria
875:Ammophila arenaria
838:Ammophila arenaria
745:Journal of Ecology
714:Biology Microscopy
688:Ammophila arenaria
672:Ammophila arenaria
646:Ammophila arenaria
616:Ammophila arenaria
536:Ammophila arenaria
478:Claviceps purpurea
460:Agrotis innominata
427:Charadrius nivosus
361:Ammophila arenaria
353:
317:Ammophila arenaria
314:
306:
254:Ammophila arenaria
229:Ammophila arenaria
172:Ammophila arenaria
25:Ammophila arenaria
1940:Grasses of Europe
1922:
1921:
1579:Open Tree of Life
1173:Taxon identifiers
612:Apteker, Rachel.
418:species diversity
367:New Zealand range
250:
249:
244:
1967:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1889:
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1876:
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1866:
1865:
1853:
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1840:
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1788:
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1586:
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1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
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1522:NBNSYS0000002629
1512:
1511:
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1486:
1485:
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1168:
1167:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1024:. Archived from
1014:
1008:
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1005:
1004:
995:
982:
973:
972:
960:
954:
951:
945:
944:
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828:
827:
791:
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640:
629:
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571:
569:
555:
549:
548:
530:
414:British Columbia
290:stabilised dunes
235:
227:is a synonym of
174:
154:A. arenaria
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
1975:
1974:
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1964:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1897:
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1884:
1879:
1871:
1869:
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1856:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1733:Arundo arenaria
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1678:
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1668:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1634:
1629:
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1616:
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1582:
1577:
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1553:Observation.org
1551:
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1515:
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1494:
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1481:
1476:
1468:
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1455:
1450:
1442:
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1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
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1357:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1175:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1109:
1093:
1083:
1079:
1040:
1033:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
993:
983:
976:
961:
957:
952:
948:
931:
924:
914:
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883:
871:
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866:
857:
853:
848:
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831:
816:10.2307/2257311
792:
788:
765:10.2307/2259534
733:
729:
719:
717:
706:
702:
692:Psamma arenaria
685:
678:
666:
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651:
642:
641:
632:
623:
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599:
581:
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556:
552:
532:
531:
520:
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503:
494:
474:
454:
391:
382:
369:
358:
341:
326:bulliform cells
298:
209:, (Lam.) Koehne
201:Arundo arenaria
186:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
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1937:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:wfo-0001095975
1903:
1890:
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1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
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1708:wfo-0000845777
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1614:
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1129:External links
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1087:"Marram gass (
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1028:on 2017-04-10.
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922:
893:
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842:
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802:(1): 117–141.
786:
751:(3): 827–839.
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708:Norris, Ryan.
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1104:(2): 165–180.
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398:noxious weeds
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163:Binomial name
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26:
22:
19:
1732:
1180:
1160:
1144:
1135:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1050:(1): 32–36.
1047:
1043:
1026:the original
1021:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
988:
968:
964:
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949:
939:
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738:
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718:. Retrieved
713:
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263:marram grass
262:
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203:, (Linnaeus)
200:
171:
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153:
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103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1819:iNaturalist
1504:NatureServe
1429:iNaturalist
1205:Wikispecies
1022:www.opb.org
690:(L.) Link (
465:A. arenaria
400:of coastal
394:A. arenaria
231:subspecies
221:, (L.) Roth
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
1929:Categories
1610:kew-391622
1605:Plant List
1255:Calflora:
1072:Q105740814
1003:2008-09-20
654:2008-09-18
624:2008-09-18
513:References
443:glyphosate
436:Washington
422:arthropods
420:of native
410:sand dunes
406:introduced
402:California
373:Wellington
349:Oxwich Bay
322:xerophytic
1748:Q21871187
1457:1141132-2
1403:GrassBase
1354:FloraBase
1265:Cal-IPC:
1064:0077-9962
860:Ammophila
773:0022-0477
507:Sea balls
272:Ammophila
233:australis
148:Species:
141:Ammophila
54:Kingdom:
1935:Pooideae
1899:25509115
1894:Tropicos
1850:10200908
1837:325298-2
1742:Wikidata
1680:VicFlora
1669:VASCAN:
1662:25510722
1657:Tropicos
1509:2.145092
1470:11081980
1408:imp00384
1302:eFloraSA
1190:Wikidata
1068:Wikidata
670:, 2015,
589:Penzance
568:15 March
501:See also
484:sp. and
457:species
277:rhizomes
215:, (Raf.)
192:Synonyms
126:Family:
97:Monocots
1798:2703798
1382:5289845
1320:1114196
1289:Ecocrop
1196:Q161568
849:content
824:2257311
804:Bibcode
781:2259534
753:Bibcode
351:, Wales
259:Poaceae
242:M.Laínz
238:Mabille
136:Genus:
130:Poaceae
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1870:NZOR:
1863:185264
1824:399701
1772:207189
1759:168961
1756:APDB:
1721:403902
1649:1238-1
1618:PLANTS
1584:258545
1571:403902
1529:NZOR:
1369:ammare
1366:FoIO:
1346:190398
1248:122439
1219:APDB:
1070:
1062:
822:
779:
771:
720:13 May
595:
545:(GISD)
432:Oregon
120:Poales
1845:IRMNG
1716:WoRMS
1692:WoI:
1644:SANBI
1623:AMAR4
1540:NZPCN
1496:40449
1465:IRMNG
1441:IPA:
1434:61055
1341:EUNIS
1333:AMOAR
1281:66CPP
1235:85979
1222:51194
1094:(PDF)
994:(PDF)
915:4 May
886:4 May
820:JSTOR
777:JSTOR
482:Uredo
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1881:POWO
1858:ITIS
1832:IPNI
1811:4435
1806:GRIN
1793:GBIF
1785:H3JS
1767:APNI
1672:7399
1631:POWO
1592:PfaF
1566:OBIS
1558:6413
1545:2521
1491:ITIS
1483:4898
1452:IPNI
1444:5077
1421:2911
1416:GRIN
1395:1518
1390:GISD
1377:GBIF
1328:EPPO
1294:3131
1243:BOLD
1230:APNI
1060:ISSN
917:2015
888:2015
769:ISSN
722:2021
593:ISBN
570:2023
492:Uses
434:and
265:and
184:Link
1907:WFO
1780:CoL
1703:WFO
1695:716
1517:NBN
1478:ISC
1359:192
1315:EoL
1276:CoL
1258:310
1052:doi
812:doi
761:doi
1931::
1909::
1896::
1883::
1860::
1847::
1834::
1821::
1808::
1795::
1782::
1769::
1744::
1718::
1705::
1682::
1659::
1646::
1633::
1620::
1607::
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1581::
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1555::
1542::
1519::
1506::
1493::
1480::
1467::
1454::
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1392::
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1356::
1343::
1330::
1317::
1304::
1291::
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1102:32
1100:.
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1066:.
1058:.
1048:14
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810:.
800:48
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180:L.
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236:(
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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