953:; Sykes was clearly, with proviso, converted to the cause of Zionism. On 7 November 1917, the Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin overthrew the Russian Provisional Government. Sykes believed that the Bolsheviks were mostly Jewish, and the best way of keeping Russia in the war was for Britain to make a pro-Jewish gesture. The Balfour Declaration stated that: "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine..."
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394:, diplomat and scholar, would remember Sir Mark Sykes with affection: "An effervescent personality; he could turn a gathering into a party, a party into a festival. He bubbled with ideas, and he swept up his listeners with his enthusiasm. In addition he had a remarkable talent for sketching caricatures and for mimicry ... Mark Sykes had vitality beyond any man I have ever met. When one had been in his company one felt almost as if one had been given from the fountain of life."
906:
Question. Across
Whitehall, Sykes became known as "the Mad Mullah", even so he was summoned to No. 10, as rumours spread he was to become a Joint Cabinet secretary. Lloyd George hated the corrupted Ottomans and could not wait to seize imperial power from them; while Balfour at the admiralty, was the only non-bellicose member. Sykes proposed that the issue of Syria be settled as quickly as possible with France. It was reported on 16 August that Sykes was attending the
848:. However T. E. Lawrence called Sykes "the imaginative advocate of unconvincing world movements... a bundle of prejudices, intuitions, half-sciences. His ideas were of the outside; and he lacked patience to test his materials before choosing the style of building … He would sketch out in a few dashes a new world, all out of scale, but vivid as a vision of some sides of the thing we hoped". Lawrence thought him a good fellow, but a sadly unreliable intellect.
309:, who, then a 48-year-old wealthy bachelor, married Christina Anne Jessica Cavendish-Bentinck, 30 years his junior. Several accounts suggest that his future mother-in-law essentially trapped Sir Tatton Sykes into marrying Christina. They were reportedly an unhappy couple. After spending large amounts of money paying off his wife's debts, Sir Tatton published a notice in the papers disavowing her future debts and legally separating from her.
98:
714:
647:, on which occasion he was presented with a list of points for discussion. Sykes's advice was clear: "Turkey must cease to be...should be done up to the nines and given money and food....Then premiums might be offered for camels...then a price for telegraphic insulators...then a price for interruption of
905:
for the illiterate Arab, he glossed over the German contribution to building railways that enabled Arabs to travel; Sykes stressed the negative aspects of social squalor. Sykes underestimated the Turks but W Crooke's review surmised that the facts he collected would be helpful to resolve the
Eastern
1108:
There are only five other extant samples of the
Spanish flu virus. Professor Oxford's team was expecting to find a well-preserved cadaver. However, the coffin was found to be split because of the weight of soil over it, and the cadaver was found to be badly decomposed. Nonetheless, samples of lung
948:
to the
Cabinet issued on 2 November 1917. Sykes was convinced that the Jews held vast and sinister powers to manipulate world events and in March 1916 he wrote that with "great Jewry against us, there is no possible chance of getting the thing through -it means optimism in Berlin, dumps in London,
852:
and
Lawrence were less congenial, and not his favourite people in the Arab Bureau. Sykes remained a purist who shunned democratic progress, instead vesting his energy in an indomitable Arab Spirit. He was a champion of the Levantine tradition, of a mercantile trading empire, finding the progressive
824:
had been replaced by Sir Henry MacMahon as High
Commissioner; with the secretariat of Clayton and Storrs still in support. Sykes amused the High Commissioner with mimicry of Turks and Syrians, drawing caricatures of the General Staff. But Sykes was also on a fact-finding mission reporting back to
815:
Sykes set off from London on a journey of six months' duration overland across Europe to
Bulgaria. He stopped at Sofia, and thence took ship to the British HQ in the Dardanelles. From Turkey, travelling to Cairo, Egypt, down the Suez Canal to Aden on the Yemen peninsula. From the Port of Aden he
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which were not set at rest by a visit to Rome. To
Cardinal Gasquet he admitted the change of his views on Zionism, and that he was determined to qualify, guide and, if possible, save the dangerous situation which was rapidly arising. If death had not been upon him it would not have been too late."
579:
The author H. G. Wells noted in the
Appendix of his 1913 publication Little Wars, an early publication about the hobby of wargaming with miniature soldiers, that he had exchanged correspondence with "Colonel" Mark Sykes about how his hobby war game might be converted into a proper "Kriegspiel" as
972:
From being the evangelist of
Zionism during the war he had returned to Paris with feelings shocked by the intense bitterness which had been provoked in the Holy Land. Matters had reached a stage beyond his conception of what Zionism would be. His last journey to Palestine had raised many doubts,
885:
Late morning 16 December 1915 Sir Mark Sykes arrived at Downing street for a meeting to advise Prime Minister Asquith on the situation with the Ottoman Empire. Sykes made a "statement to the War Council". Over the last four years Sykes had become the principal British expert on Turkish affairs.
327:
Sledmere House "lay like a ducal demesne among the Wolds, approached by long straight roads and sheltered by belts of woodland, surrounded by large prosperous farms...ornamented with the heraldic triton of the Sykes family...the mighty four-square residence and the exquisite parish church." The
619:
Although Sykes never got to know Kitchener well, they shared a similar outlook, and Sykes had gained a new confidence. He soon became the dominant person on the committee, and so garnering great influence on British Middle Eastern policy, later becoming a prominent expert. For the
724:
Sykes had long agreed with the traditional policy of British Conservatives in propping up the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) as a buffer against Russian expansion into the Mediterranean. Britain feared that Russia had designs on India, its most important colonial possession. A
1669:"...certain statements that Sir Mark Sykes and Amery are to be joint secretaries with me. I wished at once to make a formal announcement about the secretariat, but Lloyd George would not sanction it...." Sir Maurice Hankey, Diary, 17 January 1917, I, p.352.
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A small sign of the artificiality of the Arab revolt is that Mark Sykes himself designed the flag of the Arabs as a combination of green, red, black, and white. Variations on this design are today the official flags of Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and the
886:
Elected as Conservative MP in Hull in 1911, his maiden speech in November 1911 was about British foreign policy in the Middle East and North Africa. Sykes brought a map and a three-page document on his thoughts of middle eastern policy.
956:
In June 1918, the 14th Division was ordered to remove to Italy from Palestine. Sykes told Hankey the General Staff had expected him to be in Gaza by Christmas and not Damascus. Moslem troops, Picot had mentioned were unreliable but
387:, the first half of which is a brief overview of political geography of the Middle East up to the Ottoman Empire while the second half is an account of the author's travels in Asia Minor and the Middle East between 1906 and 1913.
868:
It was Sykes's special role to hammer out an agreement with Britain's most important ally, France, which was shouldering a disproportionate part of the effort against Germany in the First World War. His French counterpart was
856:
This meant the Alexandretta Plan to roll up Syria, in order to reshape the Middle East on nationalist lines. On 16 December he met the War Committee of the Cabinet at 11 am. Although others were present, only Lloyd George,
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Mark Sykes was left much to his own devices and developed an imagination, without the corresponding self-discipline to make him a good scholar. Most winters he travelled with his father to the Middle East, especially the
580:
played by the British Army and be used as a training aid for young officers. This Appendix then proceeds to set forth the modifications and additions to the original rules to convert them to this new purpose.
705:
With the rise of the Lloyd George ministry in December 1916, he was appointed to the War Cabinet Secretariat, and assigned to the British section of the Supreme War Council at Versailles, France.
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that Turkey would fight alongside Germany – which Fitzgerald carried by letter to Kitchener. (Turkey became a belligerent in November 1914.) Sykes only saw Kitchener briefly once in his life at
907:
651:
line and a good price for Turkish Mausers and a good price for deserters from the Turkish Army...if possible keep the whole of the Hejaz Railway in a ferment and destroy bridges".
911:
2367:
1093:. His remains were exhumed in mid-September 2008. His remains were of interest because he had been buried in a lead-lined coffin, and this was thought likely to have preserved
426:
on 28 February 1902, and returned to the United Kingdom on 15 May the same year, when the appointment was confirmed. He travelled extensively, especially in the Middle East.
625:
749:, was much more critical of the Ottoman government, deploring its misgovernment and periodic slaughter of minorities, especially Christian ones. A Liberal successor,
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In 2007, 88 years after Sir Mark Sykes died, all the living descendants gave their permission to exhume his body for scientific investigation headed by virologist
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portraits in commemoration of his friends and the local men who fell in the war. He also added a brass portrait himself in crusader armour with the inscription
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548:, the pro-Arab Foreign Office advisor and Middle Eastern traveller. Sykes was never as single-minded an advocate of the Arab cause as Bell, and her friends
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844:. Sykes had left Cairo and travelled through Syria. By 8 December 1915 he returned to England, having also met Lawrence, to gain support for an
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990:, wrote in his diary the day after Sykes's death: "...It was due to his endless push and perseverance, to his enthusiasm and faith, that
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2004:
Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "France's Middle Eastern ambitions, the Sykes-Picot negotiations, and the oil fields of Mosul, 1915-1918."
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for two years, where he was engaged mostly in guard duty, but saw action on several occasions. Following the war, he was promoted to
484:, and fulfilling his social obligations. He married Edith Gorst, also a Roman Catholic, daughter of the Conservative party manager,
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viral particles intact. Any samples taken are to be used for research in the quest to develop defences against future influenza
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Sykes was also a friend of Aubrey Herbert, another Englishman influential in Middle Eastern affairs, and was acquainted with
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Levene, Mark (2011). "The 'Jewish Question' and its impact on International Affairs, 1914-39". In Frank McDonough (ed.).
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Commonwealth War Graves Commission Casualty Record, Sir Mark Sykes. The entry does not mention his other given forenames.
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600:. However he did not lead them into battle, as his particular talents were needed by the Intelligence department of the
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1061:, being the current occupant. Another brother, Christopher Sykes, or his son, will eventually inherit the baronetcy.
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572:. This is reflected in the Turkish Room he had installed in Sledmere House, using the noted Armenian ceramic artist
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628:, Kitchener's assistant secretary. London still hoped to persuade Turkey to abstain from fighting, or to join the
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he wrote pamphlets promoting Arab independence, fomenting revolt against the Ottoman Empire. He was introduced to
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Lady Sykes lived in London, and Mark divided his time between her home and his father's 34,000 acre (120 km)
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772:. Then Russian claims had to be considered, particularly with respect to control of the Straits leading from the
764:, where there were significant minorities, that included Palestine. Another ally, Italy, advanced claims to the
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in the grave during this process. Soon afterwards, the open grave was sealed again by refilling it with earth.
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administration. He made a friend of the Prime Minister, who went on to serve as Foreign Secretary during the
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would not be advised by any Political Officer who said the cross-border raids were upsetting the Arabs.
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After two unsuccessful attempts, Sykes was elected to Parliament as a Unionist in 1911, representing
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s editor, to the effect that Robertson was plotting with Asquith to bring back the old government.
666:, a combination of green, red, black and white. Variations on his design later served as flags of
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449:, when Sykes worked closely with him. Transferred by Balfour, he served as honorary attaché to the
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politician, and diplomatic advisor, particularly with regard to the Middle East at the time of the
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and her twin sister, Lucy Sykes (Mrs. Euan Rellie), and their brother, writer Thomas (Tom) Sykes.
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24:
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1101:. The Spanish flu virus itself became a human infection by a mutation of an avian virus called
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The Man Who Created the Middle East: A Story of Empire, Conflict and the Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Sykes had begun to change his views on Zionism in late 1918. Diplomat and Sykes's biographer,
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410:, Sykes was not content to await his inheritance. In 1897 he was commissioned into the 3rd (
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Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East, Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac
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Edwin Pears, review of 'The Caliphs Last Heritage', EHR, vol.31, no.122 (April 1916), p.300
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When God Made Hell: The British Invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921
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1905–06, at which time he began a lifetime's interest in middle eastern affairs of state.
8:
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1933:
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Balfour Declaration. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2007, from
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1047:. Sir Mark's great-grandchildren include the New York-based fashion writer and novelist
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826:
286:
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The papers of Sir Mark Sykes, 1879–1919: the Sykes-Picot Agreement & the Middle East
1951:
Capern, Amanda L. "Winston Churchill, Mark Sykes and the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915."
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When God Made Hell: British invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq, 1914–1921
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1968:
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and brain tissue were taken through the split in the coffin, with the coffin remaining
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He was succeeded by his son, Sir Richard Sykes, 7th Baronet (1905–1978). Another son,
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and the Coalition government throughout. He alerted Hankey, the Cabinet Secretary, to
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in the Mediterranean might cut British sea routes to India. British statesmen such as
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He received during his service no British honours but he was made a Commander of the
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1946:
Redrawing the Middle East: Sir Mark Sykes, Imperialism and the Sykes-Picot Agreement
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and it is generally accepted that Picot got a better deal than expected. (See the
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A Line in the Sand: Britain, France, and the Struggle that Shaped The Middle East
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A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the struggle that shaped the Middle East.
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367:(1904), a parody of the magazines of the period (illustrated by Edmund Sandars);
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541:. A JP in the East Riding, he was also elected a member of the County Council.
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418:. Sykes was sent abroad with the 5th Battalion of the Green Howards during the
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1984:
Egypt and the Middle East Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of the War, 1918–22
488:. It was a happy union, and they had six children. Two of those children were
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Aubrey Herbert, a tribute to Sykes at his memorial service, SRO, HP DD/HER/53
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Opera minora. Textes recueillis, classés et présentés avec une bibliographie
800:, claims that conflicted with those of Russia and Italy, as well as Turkey.
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1961:
The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East
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is still in the possession of the family, with Sir Mark's eldest grandson
930:'s part in the war. Sykes was concerned that rumours were swirling around
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Upon Sykes's instigation, but not completely according to his wishes, the
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702:, none of which existed as separate nations before the First World War.
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in Paris at this time, wrote that he "... fell as a hero at our side."
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363:. By the age of twenty-five, Sykes had published at least four books;
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Gentleman Spies: Intelligence Agents in the British Empire and Beyond
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finally broke silence after 6 months to reply to the proposals which
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1043:(1907–1986), was a distinguished author and official biographer of
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modernisation in the West totally unsuited to the desert kingdoms.
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The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
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The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective
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The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
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The Caliphs' Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire
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88:
804:, favoured the Greek cause. Complicating this was the desire of
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Part One. "The Carve-up 1915–1919" 1. "Very Practical Politics"
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Compounding Britain's difficulties, France sought to secure a
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829:, to which he had been appointed by Kitchener in March 1915.
616:'s Committee advising the Cabinet on Middle Eastern affairs.
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Sykes was the commanding officer of the 5th Battalion of the
254:(16 March 1879 – 16 February 1919) was an English traveller,
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unit that he raised in 1912, composed of farm labourers and
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and Mark was brought into that faith from the age of three.
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1009:. His remains were transported back to his family home at
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The Big House: The Story of a Country House and Its Family
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intended for war service as drivers of horse-drawn wagons.
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1564:. Introduction. Foundations of Revolt . Chapter VI p.17;
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Evidence suggests that Sykes had a hand in promoting the
753:, shared a progressively disdainful attitude towards the
80:
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became two of the most successful of our war causes..."
877:.) Sykes came to feel this as well and it bothered him.
1926:
My Political Life, Volume II, War and Peace (1914-1929)
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in 1919. At the conference, a junior diplomat present,
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and the estates in 1913. Lady Sykes went on to found a
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269:, drawn up while the war was in progress regarding the
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Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
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Review in 'Man' magazine, vol.17, (January 1917), p.24
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and protection of the Christian population of Turkish
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Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East.
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http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks01/0100111h.html#intro
476:, raising and commanding a militia unit, serving as
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Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East
1402:. No. 36753. London. 28 April 1902. p. 8.
1001:He died in his room at the HĂ´tel Le Lotti near the
949:unease". In March he had visited Palestine to meet
375:of 1896 (also with Sandars); and two travel books,
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2116:
1765:
1615:TNA, FO 882/2, Sykes to Clayton, 28 December 1915;
2100:, Eloge mortuaire (in English) de Mark Sykes, in
1467:Sykes to Herbert, spring 1915, SRO, HP, DD/HER/34
901:. Whilst he praised the French for inventing the
556:. His sympathies and interests later extended to
2423:British military personnel killed in World War I
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1768:Empire of Sand: How Britain Made the Middle East
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482:1st Volunteer Battalion, East Yorkshire Regiment
355:. He did not finish a degree, unlike his rival
2107:Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac (2008)
1021:, he was buried in the churchyard of the local
893:Sykes was appalled by the filth and squalor of
768:offering protection to Christian minorities in
2373:Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic in France
1543:Amery, Leopold, "My Political Life, Vol. II",
1169:to the men of the Wagoners Special Reserve, a
1005:on 16 February 1919, aged 39, a victim of the
639:It was Sykes's intelligence that informed the
2348:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
662:in Cairo in January 1916. Sykes designed the
214:politician, diplomatic advisor, and traveller
2225:The Political Diaries of C.P.Scott 1911–1928
1500:. Random House Publishing Group, 2010, p.383
1476:Meyer, Karl Ernest; Brysac, Shareen Blair.
1233:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
922:'s agitation against the Prime Minister and
252:Sir Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet
2343:Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
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1482:. W. W. Norton & Company, 2008, p. 203.
2237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2152:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1996:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1973:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1429:Kingston upon Hull War Memorial 1914-1918
1365:"The Yorkshire Regiment, WW1 Remembrance"
332:, where Sir Tatton Sykes bred his prized
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1911:
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1641:HC Deb 27 November 1911 vol 32 cc98-105
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1230:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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533:, another MP and was a contemporary of
390:At his memorial service an old friend,
369:D'Ordel's Tactics and Military Training
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982:Sykes was in Paris in connection with
2353:British Army personnel of World War I
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1920:
1150:that Sir Mark Sykes converted into a
1017:) for burial. Although he had been a
196:Middle Eastern advisor to War Cabinet
1958:
1932:
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1678:Hankey, Diary, 16 August 1917, p.427
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1425:"Hull's WWI Hospitals and Charities"
504:in Hull during the First World War.
398:The Boer War, travels and Parliament
29:
2428:Military personnel from Westminster
1812:"Body exhumed in fight against flu"
1398:"The War – Troops returning home".
1217:
305:, Mark Sykes was the only child of
13:
2413:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
1914:Mark Sykes: Portrait of an Amateur
1905:
1887:National Heritage List for England
1519:. New York: Penguin. p. 238.
1085:Exhumation for biological research
285:, and was a key negotiator of the
271:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
14:
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2246:
2182:Sykes, Christopher Simon (2016).
2173:Sykes, Christopher Simon (2005).
1032:, a Russian Zionist colleague of
496:, author. Sykes succeeded to the
347:Sykes was educated at the Jesuit
2326:Mark Tatton Richard Tatton-Sykes
2262:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2090:Mark Sykes: His Life and Letters
1764:Walter Reid (1 September 2011).
1628:, (London 1934), pp.66-7; Barr,
460:Sykes was very much a Yorkshire
379:('The Home of Islam', 1904) and
34:
23:. For the Irish footballer, see
1940:. London: Simon & Schuster.
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1282:. New York: Owl Books. p.
2093:. London: Cassell and Company.
1882:"Wagoners' Memorial (1161354)"
1698:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1449:pg 101, Appendix, Little Wars,
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1154:in 1919. He added a series of
632:' side in the war against the
381:Through Five Turkish Provinces
1:
1387:. 4 April 1902. p. 2282.
1059:Sir Tatton Sykes, 8th Baronet
926:, as well as criticizing the
808:to have a Jewish homeland in
709:Britain's strategic conundrum
612:. Kitchener placed Sykes on
537:, later Lord Birkenhead, and
307:Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet
292:
239:Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet
103:
2223:Wilson, Trevor, ed. (1970).
2111:New York: Norton. pp 94–126.
1721:C P Scott, Diaries, pp.271-2
1687:Hankey, 8 May 1918, I, p.542
1342:bibliographical information"
1247:UK public library membership
1131:Sykes is a major feature in
1079:Order of the Star of Romania
912:Seamen & Firemen's Union
816:crossed the Indian Ocean to
242:Christina Cavendish-Bentinck
45:appears to contradict itself
19:For the English priest, see
7:
2297:Baronetage of Great Britain
2191:Townshend, Charles (2010).
2177:. London: Harper Perennial.
2123:. New York: Vintage Books.
2054:England and the Middle East
1606:. Simon and Schuster, 2011
1583:England and the Middle East
910:as a paid up member of the
464:, with his country seat at
435:Chief Secretary for Ireland
116:Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes
21:Sir Mark Sykes, 1st Baronet
10:
2454:
2279:Kingston upon Hull Central
2208:. New York: Anchor Books.
2186:. London: William Collins.
1912:Adelson, Roger D. (1975).
1585:, chap.3; Townshend, p.267
1340:The Caliphs' Last Heritage
1310:The Caliphs' Last Heritage
1064:
610:Secretary of State for War
527:Kingston upon Hull Central
320:. Lady Sykes converted to
265:He is associated with the
18:
2323:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2285:
2277:Member of Parliament for
2275:
2267:
2260:
2006:Journal of Modern History
1944:Berdine, Michael. (2018)
1116:
784:and the Black Sea coast.
626:Colonel Oswald FitzGerald
429:From 1904 to 1905 he was
234:
226:
218:
203:
183:
167:
144:
111:
95:
78:
2358:British Militia officers
2044:A Peace To End All Peace
1916:. London: Jonathan Cape.
1841:In Search of Spanish Flu
1279:A Peace to End All Peace
1184:
1165:Sykes also designed the
1015:East Riding of Yorkshire
977:
371:(1904), a parody of the
353:Jesus College, Cambridge
316:estates. Their seat was
314:East Riding of Yorkshire
177:East Riding of Yorkshire
43:This article or section
2378:English Roman Catholics
2363:British Roman Catholics
2200:Wallach, Janet (1999).
2052:Kedourie, Elie (1976).
2047:. New York: Avon Books.
1955:71.174 (1998): 108–118.
1742:Hankey, Diary, I, p.563
1562:Seven Pillars of Wisdom
1028:'s church in Sledmere.
881:The Balfour Declaration
747:William Ewart Gladstone
719:flag of the Arab Revolt
664:flag of the Arab Revolt
431:Parliamentary Secretary
328:family farm also had a
25:Mark Sykes (footballer)
2388:Green Howards officers
2115:Morris, Benny (2001).
2008:66.4 (1994): 697–725.
1516:The White Man's Burden
1239:10.1093/ref:odnb/36394
1162:(Rejoice, Jerusalem).
1128:
975:
891:Caliph's Last Heritage
871:François Georges-Picot
840:had put to his father
721:
717:Riflemen carrying the
522:
383:(1900). He also wrote
365:D'Ordel's Pantechnicon
2418:Sykes–Picot Agreement
2168:. London: Bloomsbury.
2138:Norton, W.W. (2008).
2015:Fisher, John (2002).
1982:Darwin, John (1981).
1948:(I. B. Tauris, 2018).
1928:. London: Hutchinson.
1312:complete online text"
1142:takes the form of an
1124:
1071:Order of St Stanislas
970:
875:Sykes-Picot Agreement
865:and Kitchener spoke.
716:
614:Sir Maurice de Bunsen
529:. He became close to
511:Sykes caricatured by
510:
361:Jesus College, Oxford
359:, who graduated from
267:Sykes–Picot Agreement
208:Sykes–Picot Agreement
57:for more information.
2433:Burials in Yorkshire
2079:. London: Continuum.
1772:. Birlinn. pp.
1007:Spanish flu pandemic
908:Stockholm Conference
755:'sick man' of Europe
741:had held this view.
696:United Arab Emirates
584:Protégé of Kitchener
441:in the last year of
49:on Meeting Kitchener
1959:Daly, M.W. (1997).
1953:Historical Research
1818:. 16 September 2008
1630:A Line in the Sands
1227:"Sykes, Sir Mark".
946:Balfour Declaration
827:De Bunsen Committee
592:broke out in 1914,
414:) Battalion of the
373:Infantry Drill Book
287:Balfour Declaration
2271:Henry Seymour King
2195:. Faber and Faber.
1853:"Balfour to Blair"
1733:, p. 344-345.
1431:. 26 February 2021
1384:The London Gazette
1167:Wagoners' Memorial
1129:
984:peace negotiations
802:David Lloyd George
751:David Lloyd George
722:
594:Lieutenant-Colonel
523:
492:, a sculptor, and
256:Conservative Party
212:Conservative Party
171:St Mary's Church,
16:British politician
2331:
2330:
2324:Succeeded by
2286:Succeeded by
2162:Schneer, Jonathan
2119:Righteous Victims
1783:978-0-85790-080-7
1566:Charles Townshend
1526:978-1-1012-1812-9
1511:Easterly, William
1492:Schneer, Jonathan
1293:978-0-8050-6884-9
1245:(Subscription or
1160:Laetare Jerusalem
1041:Christopher Sykes
968:, wrote in 1923:
838:Sir Ronald Storrs
834:the Emir Abdullah
832:In mid-July 1915
788:coveted historic
622:Intelligence Unit
574:David Ohannessian
494:Christopher Sykes
472:, sitting on the
322:Roman Catholicism
246:
245:
72:
71:
2445:
2398:UK MPs 1918–1922
2393:UK MPs 1910–1918
2303:Preceded by
2289:Joseph Kenworthy
2268:Preceded by
2258:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2219:
2207:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2122:
2104:, Beyrout, 1963.
2094:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1964:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1878:Historic England
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
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1797:
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1755:
1749:
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1728:
1722:
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1707:
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1632:
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1607:
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1507:
1501:
1489:
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1395:
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1369:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1314:. Archived from
1304:
1298:
1297:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1177:from across the
1171:Territorial Army
1133:Balfour to Blair
1003:Tuileries Garden
992:Arab nationalism
937:The Morning Post
842:the Grand Sharif
478:Honorary Colonel
349:Beaumont College
155:HĂ´tel Le Lotti,
151:
148:16 February 1919
125:
123:
105:
100:
76:
75:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
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2216:
2145:
2144:
2131:
2098:Louis Massignon
2059:
2058:
2022:
2021:
1989:
1988:
1966:
1965:
1963:. Philadelphia.
1908:
1906:Further reading
1903:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1875:
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1576:
1557:T E Lawrence, [
1556:
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1321:
1319:
1318:on 4 March 2016
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1244:
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1187:
1179:Yorkshire Wolds
1119:
1087:
1067:
988:Harold Nicolson
980:
920:General Maurice
883:
792:territories in
711:
590:First World War
586:
531:Lord Hugh Cecil
451:British Embassy
447:First World War
420:Second Boer War
400:
295:
260:First World War
241:
199:
163:
153:
149:
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53:Please see the
52:
39:
28:
17:
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5:
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2383:Flag designers
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2248:
2247:External links
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2039:Fromkin, David
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2012:
2002:
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1949:
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1922:Amery, Leopold
1918:
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1789:
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1754:, p. 284.
1744:
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1712:, p. 344.
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1626:Shifting Sands
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1274:Fromkin, David
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1175:tenant farmers
1146:and is a true
1140:Sledmere Cross
1126:Sledmere Cross
1118:
1115:
1086:
1083:
1075:Tsarist Russia
1066:
1063:
1055:Sledmere House
1034:Chaim Weizmann
1019:Roman Catholic
1011:Sledmere House
979:
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951:Chaim Weizmann
916:Maurice Hankey
882:
879:
859:Arthur Balfour
766:Aegean Islands
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656:Foreign Office
641:Foreign Office
634:Central Powers
606:Lord Kitchener
585:
582:
550:T. E. Lawrence
539:Hilaire Belloc
513:Wallace Hester
466:Sledmere House
455:Constantinople
439:George Wyndham
406:estates and a
399:
396:
392:Aubrey Herbert
357:T. E. Lawrence
342:Ottoman Empire
318:Sledmere House
294:
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283:Russian Empire
275:United Kingdom
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2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:Leslie, Shane
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2069:
2063:
2055:
2050:
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2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1957:
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1935:
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1883:
1879:
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1858:
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1848:
1842:
1839:documentary.
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1599:Barr, James.
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1584:
1578:
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1554:
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1532:Palestinians.
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1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1506:
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1480:
1473:
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1458:Schneer, p.45
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1204:
1200:
1199:"Index entry"
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Eleanor Cross
1141:
1136:
1134:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1077:and held the
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:Nahum Sokolow
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
974:
969:
967:
962:
960:
954:
952:
947:
942:
940:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
878:
876:
872:
866:
864:
863:H. H. Asquith
860:
854:
851:
850:Gertrude Bell
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:Greater Syria
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Liberal Party
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:Russian fleet
720:
715:
706:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
649:Hejaz railway
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Green Howards
595:
591:
581:
577:
576:as designer.
575:
571:
568:, as well as
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Gertrude Bell
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
519:
514:
509:
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491:
487:
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479:
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471:
467:
463:
458:
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452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:Green Howards
413:
409:
405:
402:Heir to vast
395:
393:
388:
386:
382:
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366:
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170:
168:Resting place
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126:16 March 1879
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74:
66:
63:November 2020
56:
50:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2438:Sykes family
2318:
2311:
2306:Tatton Sykes
2276:
2224:
2204:Desert Queen
2203:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2139:
2118:
2108:
2101:
2089:
2076:
2053:
2042:
2016:
2005:
1983:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1891:. Retrieved
1885:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1840:
1832:
1822:16 September
1820:. Retrieved
1806:
1767:
1759:
1747:
1738:
1726:
1717:
1705:
1692:
1683:
1674:
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1625:
1624:N N E Bray,
1620:
1611:
1601:
1582:
1581:E Kedourie,
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1569:
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1545:
1539:
1530:
1515:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1359:
1350:
1339:
1332:
1322:11 September
1320:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1309:
1302:
1277:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1228:
1207:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1164:
1159:
1152:war memorial
1137:
1132:
1130:
1110:
1107:
1088:
1068:
1053:
1045:Evelyn Waugh
1038:
1000:
981:
971:
966:Shane Leslie
963:
955:
943:
935:
932:H. A. Gwynne
890:
888:
884:
867:
855:
831:
818:Simla, India
814:
759:
723:
704:
653:
638:
618:
604:working for
587:
578:
543:
524:
516:
502:VAD Hospital
490:Angela Sykes
459:
428:
401:
389:
384:
380:
377:Dar-ul-Islam
376:
372:
368:
364:
346:
338:
326:
311:
296:
264:
251:
247:
150:(1919-02-16)
73:
60:
48:
44:
2408:1919 deaths
2403:1879 births
2142:. New York.
1986:. New York.
1934:Barr, James
1752:Leslie 1923
1731:Levene 2011
1710:Levene 2011
1379:"No. 27422"
1209:20 November
1095:Spanish flu
1091:John Oxford
846:Arab Revolt
660:Arab Bureau
658:set up the
535:F. E. Smith
518:Vanity Fair
486:Eldon Gorst
468:, breeding
299:Westminster
222:Edith Gorst
184:Occupations
130:Westminster
2337:Categories
2321:1913–1919
2283:1911–1919
1261:Mark Sykes
1249:required.)
1049:Plum Sykes
903:set square
794:Asia Minor
770:Asia Minor
731:Palmerston
645:York House
602:War Office
470:racehorses
293:Early life
122:1879-03-16
85:Mark Sykes
2233:cite book
2227:. London.
2148:cite book
2062:cite book
2056:. London.
2025:cite book
2019:. Stroud.
1992:cite book
1969:cite book
1857:Aljazeera
1435:18 August
1413:Army List
1400:The Times
1099:pandemics
810:Palestine
790:Byzantine
774:Black Sea
739:Salisbury
700:Palestine
588:When the
558:Armenians
554:Percy Cox
498:baronetcy
443:Balfour's
408:baronetcy
404:Yorkshire
235:Parent(s)
179:, England
55:talk page
2164:(2010).
2087:(1923).
2041:(1990).
1936:(2011).
1924:(1953).
1893:24 March
1862:5 August
1837:BBC Four
1513:(2006).
1276:(1989).
1259:Leslie,
1026:St. Mary
1023:Anglican
1013:(in the
899:Damascus
822:Cheetham
806:Zionists
745:leader,
735:Disraeli
552:and Sir
297:Born in
281:and the
227:Children
193:Diplomat
173:Sledmere
2313:Baronet
1572:, p.263
1203:FreeBMD
1111:in situ
1065:Honours
996:Zionism
959:Allenby
782:Armenia
776:to the
480:of the
462:grandee
433:to the
424:captain
412:Militia
273:by the
249:Colonel
190:Soldier
138:England
102:Sykes,
2212:
2127:
2010:online
1780:
1546:pg. 92
1523:
1290:
1243:
1117:Legacy
895:Aleppo
798:Thrace
786:Greece
778:Aegean
694:, the
688:Kuwait
668:Jordan
630:Allies
608:, the
521:, 1912
303:London
279:France
219:Spouse
161:France
134:London
47:
1263:, p.6
1205:. ONS
1185:Notes
1156:brass
1148:folly
978:Death
692:Yemen
684:Sudan
680:Egypt
676:Syria
570:Turks
562:Arabs
474:bench
334:Arabs
157:Paris
2239:link
2210:ISBN
2154:link
2125:ISBN
2068:link
2031:link
1998:link
1975:link
1895:2016
1864:2014
1824:2008
1778:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1437:2021
1324:2014
1288:ISBN
1211:2016
1138:The
1103:H1N1
994:and
928:King
924:Haig
897:and
825:the
796:and
737:and
698:and
672:Iraq
566:Jews
564:and
515:for
351:and
330:stud
145:Died
112:Born
106:1918
1816:BBC
1776:–.
1284:146
1235:doi
1073:by
889:In
453:in
81:Sir
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