Margaret of Valois

837: 960: 1138: 1090: 1563: 6938: 1496: 1016:, my husband's sister; there were besides a number of ladies belonging to myself. The King my husband was attended by a numerous body of lords and gentlemen, all as gallant persons as I have seen in any Court; and we had only to lament that they were Huguenots. Sometimes we took a walk in the park on the banks of the river, bordered by an avenue of trees three thousand yards in length. The rest of the day was passed in innocent amusements; and in the afternoon, or at night, we commonly had a ball. 712: 501: 972: 1319: 632: 42: 1258: 384: 577:, queen of Navarre, wrote about Margaret: "She has frankly owned to me the favourable impression which she has formed of you. With her beauty and wit, she exercises a great influence over the Queen-Mother and the King, and Messieurs her younger brothers." Jeanne d'Albret died in June 1572, two months after the engagement, and was succeeded on the throne by Henry, so that Margaret became queen of Navarre upon the day of her wedding. 1454: 1200: 551: 7379: 4437: 2383: 627:, who officiated for that day, and pronounced the nuptial benediction. After this we proceeded on the same platform to the tribune which separates the nave from the choir, where was a double staircase, one leading into the choir, the other through the nave to the church door. The King of Navarre passed by the latter and went out of church. 1461:

In 1605, after nineteen years in Usson, Margaret made her return to the capital. She impressed the Parisians for her appearance: her skin was red and raw, she wore an extravagant blonde wig and her clothes were twenty years out of fashion, but despite this she equally won the affection of the people.

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When she fell sick in June 1583, rumors claimed that she was pregnant by Champvallon. Henry III was soon displeased by her reputation and behavior and expelled her from the court, an unprecedented and humiliating measure that scandalized Europe. The Queen's court was stopped by Henry III's guards and

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thermal waters, Margaret left Paris with her court. She devoted two months to her mission: at every stage of the journey, during brilliant receptions, the queen of Navarre was entertained with gentlemen hostile to Spain and, while praising his brother, she tried to persuade them to join him. She also

1413:, Margaret returned to her demand for reasons of conscience, in exchange for strong financial compensation and the right to retain the use of her royal title. During the trial, many witnesses reported the fake saying that Margaret had been forced by her mother and brother Charles IX to marry Henry. 1153:

In 1582, Margaret returned to Paris. She had failed to give her husband an heir, which would have strengthened her position. However, the real reasons for her departure were obscure. No doubt she wanted to escape from an atmosphere that became hostile, perhaps also to approach her lover Champvallon,

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Shortly afterwards, Margaret, who denied any participation in this escape, finally got permission to join her husband. Catherine also saw the years pass and still had no heir. She hoped for a new wedding and invited her son-in-law to act as a good husband. Perhaps Henry III and the Queen-Mother also

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Some historians have hinted that the duke was Margaret's lover, but nothing confirms this. In the sixteenth century, a king's daughter had to remain a virgin until her marriage for political reasons. Surely after their marriage she was not faithful to her husband, however, it is difficult to discern

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to delegitimize the claims of Henriette d'Entragues, sister of Charles of Valois and lover of Henry IV, who claimed that her son was the legitimate heir due to the King's promise of marriage. Margaret often helped plan events at court and nurtured the children of Henry IV and Marie. In 1608, at the

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The negotiations began after the return of peace and Henry IV's return to Catholicism. To support the invalidity of the marriage with the Pope, the King and Margaret put forward the infertility of the couple, their consanguinity, and the formal defects of the marriage. During the talks, the Queen’s

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Besides, I had found a secret pleasure, during my confinement, from the perusal of good books, to which I had given myself up with a delight I never before experienced. My captivity and its consequent solitude afforded me the double advantage of exciting a passion for study, and an inclination for

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and their presumptive plan of marriage. When the royal family found this out, Catherine and Charles beat her and sent Henry of Guise away from court. This episode is perhaps at the root of a "lasting brotherly hatred" between Margaret and her brother Henry, as well as the equally lasting cooling of

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created a mythical image of a woman which persisted through the centuries to the modern day. In the late 20th and the early 21st centuries, revisionist historian have reviewed the extensive chronicles of her life and concluded that some elements of her scandalous reputation stemmed from anti-Valois

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Only since the 1990s have some historians, such as Éliane Viennot, Robert J. Sealy, and Kathleen Wellman, contributed to rehabilitating the image of the last Valois and to distinguishing between the historical figure of Margaret of Valois and the legend of Queen Margot. However, literary works and

1046:, had been at court in Nérac with Queen Margaret of Valois; Medrano flourished during her time. The Queen, who knew how to value people of wit, believed she gained much by having him at her Nérac Court, where he was for several years both an ornament and a delight. Julián Íñiguez de Medrano's book 898:

in 1576, seemed willing to offer a throne to a foreign prince who was tolerant and willing to provide them with the diplomatic and military forces necessary to protect their independence. Henry III accepted the proposal of his sister because he would finally release the inconvenient duke of Anjou.

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My husband, having no counsellor to assist him, desired me to draw up his defence in such a manner that he might not implicate any person, and, at the same time, clear my brother and himself from any criminality of conduct. With God's help I accomplished this task to his great satisfaction, and to

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His words inspired me with resolution and powers I did not think myself possessed of before. I had naturally a degree of courage, and, as soon as I recovered from my astonishment, I found I was quite an altered person. His address pleased me, and wrought in me a confidence in myself; and I found I

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As Queen of Navarre, Margaret also played a pacifying role in the stormy relations between her husband and the French monarchy. Shuttling back and forth between both courts, she endeavoured to lead a happy conjugal life, but her infertility and the political tensions inherent in the civil conflict

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screamed that she would refuse to cooperate. She never ceased to incite Henry against his wife, hoping perhaps to be married to him. "From that moment until the hour of delivery, which was a few months after, never spoke to me. We slept in separate beds in the same chamber, and had done so for

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in which she affirmed the superiority of the woman over man, arguing that God in the creation of the world started from the lower creatures up to the superiors and the woman is the last created creature, not even from the mud, like Adam, but from a rib. Furthermore, the delicacy of the aesthetic

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Following the annulment of their marriage, positive relations between the two former spouses continued. After twenty years of exile, Margaret entered the good graces of the King of France. Her case was not foreseen by custom, but her new position allowed her to receive visitors at Usson who were

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I have been induced to undertake writing my Memoirs the more from five or six observations which I have had occasion to make upon your work, as you appear to have been misinformed respecting certain particulars. For example, in that part where mention is made of Pau, and of my journey in France;

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During this time, Margaret was able to train, as she had done at Nérac, a new court of intellectuals, musicians and writers. She restored the castle and committed her time to reading many works, especially religious and esoteric ones. Even her financial condition improved when her sister-in-law,

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and Henry III refused to release her to her husband, fearing that Margaret would become a hostage in the hands of the Huguenots or that she would act to strengthen the alliance between Navarre and Anjou. However, Catherine was persuaded that Henry of Navarre could potentially change religion yet

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This episode may give the impression that despite frequent infidelity, the marriage was a solid political alliance. In reality, Henry only approached his wife when it served his interests, and did not hesitate to abandon her if it did not. For her part, Margaret might have availed herself of the

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appeared that Margaret of Valois never felt inferior to her brothers and wanted to participate in the affairs of the kingdom. They have also addressed the political behavior of Margaret, in addition to her private life. However, those studies remained marginal and did not affect official texts.

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in 1609. The palace became a Parisian political and intellectual center. Queen Margaret gave brilliant receptions with theatrical performances and ballets that lasted until night and had great patrons; she also opened a literary lounge where she organized a company of philosophers, poets, and

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Between the 19th and the 20th centuries, some historians such as Count Léo de Saint-Poincy sought to rehabilitate the figure of the Queen by trying to discern the scandals from reality and depicting her as a woman who challenged the turmoil of the civil war. To some 20th-century historians, it

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Despite obtaining her freedom, Margaret decided to stay in the castle of Usson, where she spent eighteen years. Of her life in Usson, there is very little reliable information, so a lot of legends have gathered around it. Here, she learned of her mother's death and of her brother Henry III's

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Due to her inclination for her two elder brothers, Margaret initially denounced the plot in which her husband was involved, but later turned her coat in the hope of becoming an indispensable link between moderate Catholic supporters and her King of Navarre's Huguenot supporters. She actively

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On 13 April 1584, after long negotiations, Margaret was allowed to return to her husband's court in Navarre, but she received an icy reception. The situation got worse. In June 1584, her brother Francis died and she missed her most valuable ally. With Anjou's death, Henry of Navarre became

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At the French court, she studied grammar, classics, history, and Holy Scripture. Margaret learned to speak Italian, Spanish, Latin and Greek in addition to her native French. She was competent also in prose, poetry, horsemanship, and dance. She traveled with her family and the court in the

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Queen Margaret was initially well received by her brother, the King. Margaret maintained an active correspondence with her husband and tried to convince him to join her in Paris. But Henry of Navarre was not persuaded, and a rupturing of their relationship occurred when Margaret forced

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But, tired of the Queen's demands, the Agenais revolted and agreed with the lieutenant of Henry III. With the arrival of royal troops, Margaret had to flee precipitously. Refusing her mother's pleas that she move to a royal manor, she retreated to her lofty and impregnable fortress of

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of their marriage. Margaret resumed contact with him to try to improve her financial situation. Her infertility was proven, but she knew that the new King needed a legitimate son to consolidate his power. For this, he needed the support of his wife because he wished to marry again.

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refused to receive his wife. He gave Henry III embarrassed explanations, then compensations. The Queen of Navarre remained for eight months in uncertainty between the French and Navarre courts, waiting for the negotiations to be concluded. The Huguenot warlords found there the

1480:. This was an extremely important political move for the Bourbon family, as it made official the dynastic transition between the Valois family, of which Queen Margaret was the last legitimate descendant, and that of Bourbon dynasty, just settled on the throne of France. 1177:

In the meantime, the relationship between Margaret and her brother Henry III had become very strained. While the King alternated between a dissolute life and crises of mysticism, Margaret encouraged mockery against his morals and she made enemies of two of his chief

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Anjou and Navarre finally managed to escape, one in September 1575 and the other in 1576. Henry did not even warn his wife of his departure. Margaret found herself confined to her chambers in the Louvre, under suspicion as her husband's accomplice. She wrote in her

943:, a lover of Margaret. In 1578 Anjou asked to be absent. But Henry III saw in it the proof of his participation in a conspiracy: he had him arrested in the middle of the night, and kept him in his room, where Margaret joined him. As for Bussy, he was taken to the 865:

Anjou, who allied himself with the Huguenots, took up arms and refused to negotiate until his sister was set free. She was therefore released and assisted her mother in the peace talks. They led to a text extremely beneficial to the Protestants and to Anjou: the

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and released her in early 1587. Rumors at the court of France reported that she seduced him, but most probably he was bought by her. Her freedom suited the League perfectly: her continued existence guaranteed that Henry of Navarre would remain without an heir.

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After St. Bartholomew's Day, Catherine de' Medici proposed to Margaret that the marriage be annulled, but she replied that this was impossible because she had already had sexual relations with Henry and was "in every sense" his wife. Later she wrote in her

1441:– a mistress evicted by King Henry IV. Duly informed, in 1604 the King ordered the capture of the conspirator and the confiscation of all his property. Queen Margaret ought in her time to have inherited from Auvergne a property belonging to her mother, 1307:'s wish, in front of Margaret. Margaret assumed she was going to die and in a "farewell" letter to the Queen-Mother, she asked that after her execution a post-mortem be held to prove that she was not, despite gossip, pregnant with d'Aubiac's child. 1586:

and Marie de' Medici obtained the regency for their minor child. The regent was entrusted with various diplomatic roles, including the reception of foreign ambassadors at court, the celebrations for the future marriage of Louis XIII and in the

1406:, who was legitimized in 1595, and refused to endorse what she considered to be a dishonorable remarriage: "It is repugnant to me to put in my place a woman of such low extraction and of so impure a life as the one about whom rumor speaks." 619:, or regal close dress of ermine, and I blazed in diamonds. My blue-coloured robe had a train to it of four ells in length, which was supported by three princesses. A platform had been raised, some height from the ground, which led from the 592:

for the wedding, and the different faiths of the bridal couple made for an unusual wedding service. The King of Navarre had to remain outside the cathedral during the mass, where his place was taken by Margaret's brother, the Duke of Anjou.

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what is true or invented about her extramarital affairs. Many have no basis, others were simply platonic. Most of Margaret's alleged adventures are the result of pamphlets printed with the intent to politically discredit her and her family.

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Queen Margaret was buried in the funerary chapel of the Valois in the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Her casket has disappeared and it is not known whether it was removed and transferred when work was done at the chapel, or destroyed during the

754:, to the throne of France instead. Anjou appeared willing to compromise in religious affairs, making him an appealing option to those tired of violence. Allied with the Protestants, the Malcontents executed several plots to seize power. 337:

A well-known woman of letters, considered both enlightened and an generous patron, she played a considerable part in the cultural life of the court, especially after her return from exile in 1605. She preached the supremacy of

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After Charles IX's death, at the accession of Henry III of France, Francis and Henry were left at liberty (albeit under surveillance) and even allowed at court, but the new king did not forgive or forget Margaret's betrayal.

1622:– there died in Paris, Queen Margaret, the sole survivor of the race of Valois; a princess full of kindness and good intentions for the welfare and repose of the State, and who was her only enemy. She was deeply regretted". 1078:, a province in which Henry of Navarre was governor. During the conflict, Margaret took the side of her husband. It lasted briefly (1579–1580), thanks in part to the Queen of Navarre who suggested calling her brother, 512:

During her teenage years, she and her brother Henry were very close friends. In 1568, leaving court to command the royal armies, he entrusted his 15-year-old sister with the defense of his interests with their mother.

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pronounced the bull of annulment on 24 October 1599. Later, on 17 December 1599, the Archbishop of Arles pronounced the annulment of Henry's marriage to Margaret of Valois. Nearly a year later, Henry IV married

659:, Margaret remembered that she saved the lives of several prominent Protestants during the massacre by keeping them in her rooms and refusing to admit the assassins. Her eye-witness account of the massacre in 566:(French Calvinist Protestant). It was hoped this union would strengthen family ties, as the Bourbons were part of the French royal family and the closest relatives to the reigning Valois branch, and end the 3140:

Although inaccurate, this name for the war relates to a series of scandals at the Navarre court and to the notion that Henry of Navarre took up arms in response to jibes about his love life from the French

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assassination in 1589. Her husband, Henry of Navarre, became king of France under the name of Henry IV. He was, however, not accepted by most of the Catholic population until he converted four years later.

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On 11 April 1572, Margaret was betrothed to Henry. Henry was a few months younger than Margaret, and their initial impressions of each other were favorable. In one of her letters to Henry, his mother

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forms of women reflects only their perfection. For Queen Margaret, the world is not "made for man and man for God, but rather the world is made for man, man made for woman, and woman made for God".

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some time", remembered Margaret. Françoise finally gave birth to a daughter, but the child was stillborn. "It pleased God that she should bring forth a daughter since dead", the queen wrote in her

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Robert J. Sealy suggested that many of Margaret's supposed sexual partners, such as Auvergnate barons, Lignerac, Aubiac and Canillac, were not her lovers but only political allies (Sealy, p. 121).

1445:, who had disinherited her from her brother Henry III's schemes for the benefit of this ally. Margaret initiated a long trial and the King allowed her to return to Paris to manage her legal case. 1012:

Our residence, for the most part of the time I have mentioned, was Nérac, where our Court was so brilliant that we had no cause to regret our absence from the Court of France. We had with us the

989:. Catherine and her son-in-law agreed on the modalities of the execution of the last edict of pacification – the object of the Nérac conference in 1579. Then, the Queen-Mother returned to Paris. 6989: 623:

to the Church of Notre Dame. It was huge with cloth of gold; and below it stood the people in throngs to view the procession, stifling with heat. We were received at the church door by the

603:, who pushed down her head as though she were nodding her assent. This was Bourbon propaganda to justify the subsequent annulment of the marriage, 27 years later, part of the myth of the 1067:, on his side, endeavored to conquer all the maids of honor who accompanied his wife. In 1579, a religious war, later called the "Lovers' War", broke out between the Huguenots and King 1269:, which united as well the intransigent Catholics with the people hostile to the policy of her family and her husband. Determined to overcome her difficulties, Margaret masterminded a 326:

led to the end of her marriage. Mistreated by a brother, who was quick to take offence, and rejected by her husband, she chose the path of opposition in 1585. She took the side of the

470:(1564–1566). During this period Margaret had direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in France, and learned from her mother the art of political mediation. 726:

came to the French court only to see her. Later he proclaimed "The beauty of that princess is more divine than human, but she is made to damn and ruin men rather than to save them."

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from her service on the order of the Queen-Mother. After this new break with her husband, from November 1582 to August 1583, the Queen of Navarre resumed the relationship with

985:. This journey was an opportunity for entering the cities crossed, a way of forging closer ties with the reigning family. At the end of their journey, they finally found the 825:." Charlotte also provoked a quarrel between Anjou and Navarre, both her lovers, spoiling Margaret's attempt at forming an alliance between her husband and youngest brother. 6624: 1296:, as proposed to her by her mother. But she found herself besieged by the royal troops who seized the fortress. She waited nearly a month for a decision on her fate. 1215:

some of her servants were arrested and interrogated by the King himself, especially about the possible birth of a bastard child by Jacques de Harlay or an abortion.

4810: 4505: 334:, which lasted for 20 years. In 1599, she consented to a "royal divorce", the annulment of the marriage, but only after the payment of a generous compensation. 1074:

The conflict was provoked by the misapplication of the last edict of pacification and by a conflict between Navarre and the lieutenant-general of the king in

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propaganda and a factionalism that denigrated the participation of women in politics and was created by Bourbon dynasty court historians in the 17th century.

7526: 5194: 4638: 7356: 6546: 5052: 1860: 5199: 3089: 1745:, is a fictionalised account of the events surrounding Margaret's marriage to Henry of Navarre. The novel was adapted into film three times, with the 6996: 5409: 6879: 5552: 508:, 16th century. Margaret was considered in her time beautiful, cultured, refined and flirtatious: for this she was called the "pearl of the Valois". 1804: 1060: 1476:

In 1606, she managed to win the lawsuit against her nephew and gained her entire maternal inheritance. After this, Margaret named as her heir the

7411: 6634: 454:, baronne de Courton, "a wise and virtuous lady greatly attached to the Catholic religion". After her sisters' weddings, Margaret grew up in the 478: 7361: 6917: 836: 908: 4072: 1281:. The Queen of Navarre spent several months fortifying the city. Recruiting troops, she sent them to the assault of the cities around Agen. 7366: 5083: 4938: 2396: 1438: 6922: 1053:

The court of Nérac became especially famous for the amorous adventures that occurred there, to the point of having inspired Shakespeare's

1120:, was conducting a passionate affair with the King of Navarre and became pregnant. Margaret proposed banishing her rival from court, but 6463: 5537: 4318: 7496: 7426: 981:

For her return with her husband, Margaret was accompanied by her mother and her chancellor, a renowned humanist, magistrate and poet,

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In Paris Queen Margaret established herself as a mentor of the arts and benefactress of the poor. She was also now very devout and

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After a year, probably due to the approach of royal troops, Margaret took refuge in the castle of Ibois, a little to the north of

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are devoted to this mission. For Margaret, returning to France was dangerous due to the risk that the Spanish would capture her.

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were published posthumously in 1628. Queen Margaret was also visited by writers, beginning with the faithful Brantôme, but also

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After reporting her mission to her younger brother, Margaret returned to the court. The fighting multiplied between Henry III's

877:. During this conflict, they reconciled to the point that she reported pertinent information from the court in her letters. But 6539: 5358: 5179: 5001: 4820: 522:

Delighted with this mission, she fulfilled it conscientiously, but Henry showed no gratitude upon his return, according to her

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against Henry IV, were the ones that were most successful by being subsequently handed down as if they had been established.

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likewise where you speak of the late Maréchal de Biron, of Agen, and of the sally of the Marquis de Canillac from that place.

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In 1585, in an unprecedented gesture for a Queen of the sixteenth century, Margaret abandoned her husband. She rallied the

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Her childhood was spent in the French royal nursery of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye with her sisters Elisabeth and

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in 1614, in which Margaret was charged with negotiating with clergy representatives. This was her last public assignment.

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Even if she had changed little - at least as far as her tastes were concerned - she became "horribly stout", according to

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After her death, the anecdotes and slanders circulated about her created a legend which consolidated around the nickname

5706: 1619: 1113: 408: 346:, the first woman to have done so. One of the most fashionable women of her time, her dress influenced many of Europe's 92: 7471: 7431: 7025: 5711: 5378: 5146: 4624: 4094: 2293: 1664: 890:

In 1577, Margaret asked permission to go on a mission in the south of the Netherlands on behalf of her younger brother

691:, written by an anonymous Huguenot author in 1574 against the royal family, Margaret was accused for the first time of 599:, a 17th century historian, invented the anecdote that Margaret was forced to marry the King of Navarre by her brother 5271: 3915: 7501: 7441: 7436: 7279: 7239: 7085: 6532: 6483: 6214: 5276: 4499: 4385: 4367: 4352: 4293: 4249: 4145: 4112: 3952: 1816: 1696: 649: 636: 4815: 4714: 1043: 779:, pretended lover of Margaret. After the failure of the conspiracy, Francis and Henry were held as prisoners at the 648:

Just six days later, the Catholic faction assassinated many of the Huguenots gathered in Paris for the wedding (the

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On the other hand, well-established in the Auvergne and well-informed, she did not fail to spot the schemes of the

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to continue his expedition to the Netherlands, which King Henry III wished to interrupt, fearing a war with Spain.

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The Rival Queens: Catherine de' Medici, her daughter Marguerite de Valois and the Betrayal that Ignited a Kingdom

1029: 1025: 620: 4968: 3656: 3374:, pp. 254–55; Henry III wrote to his secretary Villeroy: "The Queen my mother wishes me to hang Obyac [ 1310:

But suddenly, her gaoler, the Marquis de Canillac, switched from the royal side in the civil war to that of the

1192:, who retaliated by circulating very injurious reports about her private life. In addition, Margaret encouraged 873:

Henry of Navarre, who had once again converted to the Protestant faith, sought to have Margaret join him in his

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with Jean de Lard de Galard, seigneur d'Aubiac, her probable lover, whom she appointed captain of her guards.

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At the end, despite the contacts Margaret had found, the Duke of Anjou was incapable of defeating the Spanish

7166: 6955: 6847: 6720: 6234: 5847: 5816: 5606: 5480: 5078: 4933: 1350:. In response to the poet's work, which contained several mistakes and false rumors about her, she wrote her 494: 6644: 5348: 5141: 681:: "I suspected the design of separating me from my husband was in order to work some mischief against him." 6962: 6278: 6050: 6020: 5136: 5121: 4441: 775:

In April 1574 the conspiracy was exposed, the leaders of the plot were arrested and decapitated, including

769: 5414: 4953: 4523: 1004:, which was part of the Kingdom of France and where the religious regulations and intolerance in force in 796:

the surprise of the commissioners, who did not expect to find them so well prepared to justify themselves.

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Queen Margaret worked to create a refined court. She was indeed forming a true literary academy. Besides

7188: 6927: 6456: 6431: 5649: 1105:, lord of Champvallon. The letters she addressed to him illustrate her conception of love. She favoured 7486: 7476: 7456: 6025: 5189: 5116: 4574: 4472: 3655:. Currently the building no longer exists. Now is located the École National Supériore des Beaux Arts. 1770:(1594–1595) is possibly based on an attempt at reconciliation made in 1578 between Margaret and Henry. 1766: 1363:

Her work was dedicated to Brantôme, and it consisted of an autobiography from her infancy to 1582. The

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woman in a damned family. Many slanders were spread throughout the life of the princess, but those in

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to the French throne, and he was under increased pressure to produce an heir. In 1585, his new lover

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After the departure of Anjou, the situation of Margaret deteriorated. One of her ladies-in-waiting,

640:. Catherine de' Medici emerging from the Louvre castle to inspect a heap of bodies in a painting by 7461: 7128: 5809: 5749: 5472: 1588: 1311: 1266: 1137: 1109:- which does not mean that she didn't appreciate physical love – to bring about a fusion of souls. 685: 489:. However, Alba refused any consideration of a dynastic marriage. Other marriage negotiations with 327: 66: 7315: 6055: 2481: 1736: 1089: 7325: 7310: 7305: 7284: 7005: 6328: 5842: 5368: 5167: 5151: 4991: 4778: 4606: 4553: 2231: 1741: 1691: 1579: 1442: 1398:

financial situation improved, but she was displeased at the idea of Henry marrying his mistress,

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Historical wax statue of Queen Margaret of Valois produced by artist/historian George S. Stuart.

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devotion, advantages I had never experienced during the vanities and splendour of my prosperity.

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and Margaret deteriorated. Margaret did not get pregnant even though Henry continued to pay his

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Autour d'un « démariage » célèbre : dix lettres inédites de Marguerite de Valois

1685:

It is in the 19th century that the myth of Queen Margot was born. The nickname was invented by

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hoped that Margaret could play a conciliation role in the troubled provinces of the southwest.

891: 751: 527: 459: 388: 319: 6768: 6075: 5449: 1606:, a text that she considered to be misogynist, written by the Jesuit father Loryot. She wrote 1463: 7218: 7203: 7144: 6802: 6664: 6164: 6124: 6045: 5467: 5261: 5243: 5111: 4567: 4480: 3421: 2147: 1799: 1492:, future duke of Orléans, Queen Margaret was chosen by the King himself to be the godmother. 1426:

charmed by the cultural quality of this "new Parnassus" and the generosity of their hostess.

1368: 1207: 1146: 982: 975: 490: 6888: 6596: 6502: 4492: 3889: 3116: 1583: 1300: 1005: 746:. Due to Henry's support of suppressing Protestant worship, moderate Catholic lords, called 7491: 7406: 7401: 7171: 7061: 7037: 6715: 6614: 6333: 6229: 6204: 6184: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6060: 5373: 5248: 5068: 4923: 4749: 4059: 2422:

in his 1852 article on "La Reine Marguerite, ses mémoires et ses lettres" in vol. 6 of the

1786: 1527: 1477: 1434: 1339: 1013: 895: 747: 731: 600: 440: 424: 420: 392: 315: 291: 287: 125: 6407: 5332: 4087:

Deux épouses et reines à la fin du XVIe siècle: Louise de Lorraine et Marguerite de France

3380:] in the presence of this miserable creature in the courtyard of the Château d'Usson" 1842: 1556: 947:. A few days later, Anjou fled again, thanks to a rope thrown out of his sister's window. 8: 7330: 7269: 7067: 7043: 6826: 6725: 6392: 6239: 5997: 5977: 5858: 5672: 5439: 4709: 4683: 4589: 4489: 4324:

III. The third Marguerite (1553–1615), called more particularly Marguerite de Valois.....

4266:

L'exil auvergnat de Marguerite de Valois (la reine Margot) : Carlat-Usson, 1585–1605

2025: 1931: 1761: 1679: 1484: 1419: 1242: 1155: 1068: 1059:. Margaret had an affair with one of the most illustrious companions of her husband, the 1033: 765: 739: 696: 581: 451: 432: 428: 396: 342:

over physical love. During her imprisonment, she took advantage of the time to write her

295: 7340: 6606: 6474: 1548: 1162:

urged her to return, hoping thus to attract the King of Navarre to the court of France.

7546: 7521: 7244: 7208: 7198: 7177: 7031: 6907: 6674: 6559: 6493: 6422: 6354: 6343: 6323: 6298: 6288: 6199: 6179: 6139: 6134: 6100: 5444: 4660: 4599: 1989: 1703:

in contrast exploited the figure of Princess Valois to denounce the "depravity" of the

1675: 1595: 1562: 1544: 1219: 1142: 1064: 1038: 996:

where Margaret suffered from the prohibition of Catholic worship. They then settled in

986: 940: 874: 830: 818: 810: 574: 559: 474: 436: 412: 279: 268: 212: 138: 6745: 6583: 1724: 1507: 719: 641: 505: 298:. Her union with the King of Navarre, intended to contribute to the reconciliation of 7289: 7264: 7254: 7223: 6692: 6367: 6283: 6219: 6154: 6144: 6085: 6065: 6030: 5173: 4996: 4486: 4451: 4421: 4381: 4363: 4348: 4307: 4289: 4245: 4201: 4188: 4159: 4141: 4123: 4108: 4090: 3948: 3868: 3843: 3818: 1865: 1855: 1812: 1793:

trilogy which focuses on her mother, Catherine de' Medici, mostly in the second book

1627: 1571: 1414: 1335:, with whom she had always had good relations, began sending her half of her income. 1171: 1102: 964: 867: 585: 96: 6937: 6776: 6735: 6601: 6249: 1270: 760: 7259: 7156: 7150: 7113: 7049: 6812: 6639: 6629: 6591: 6446: 6412: 6378: 6318: 6303: 6194: 6015: 5521: 5232: 4789: 4647: 4531: 4460: 4237: 4227: 3944: 2388: 2205: 2083: 2051: 1850: 1837: 1671: 1552: 1540: 1238: 1047: 1042:. The Navarrese knight, poet, author and descendant of the first kings of Navarre, 927: 735: 447: 1705: 1249:, pressed the King of Navarre to repudiate Margaret, hoping to be married to him. 462:. During her childhood, her brother Charles IX gave her the nickname of "Margot". 7108: 7103: 6831: 6782: 6397: 6259: 6129: 4886: 4724: 4068:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires. 1963: 1833: 1754: 1643:

Queen Margaret's life is obscured by the legend of "Queen Margot", the myth of a

1470: 1409:

She stopped the negotiations, but after the providential death of Gabrielle from

1378: 1189: 1083: 912: 822: 723: 664: 404: 299: 244: 232: 202: 182: 6974: 1495: 7118: 6702: 6293: 6115: 6095: 5791:

Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.

4447: 3965: 3504:

Bulletin de l'Association d'étude sur l'humanisme, la réforme et la renaissance

1700: 1371:, who was no doubt inspired by Margaret to create the character of Galathee in 1230: 829:

absence of jealousy of her husband to take a lover in the person of the famous

322:, her younger brother, which caused Henry to have a deep aversion towards her. 260: 1373: 711: 631: 7395: 7335: 6268: 6105: 4794: 1828: 1106: 1101:

It is then that Margaret fell in love with the grand equerry of her brother,

500: 347: 339: 41: 6524: 1299:

On 13 October 1586, Margaret was imprisoned by her brother Henry III in the

971: 580:

Margaret and Henry, both 19 years of age, were married on 18 August 1572 at

6149: 5972: 5801: 4476: 4311: 2419: 1644: 1535: 1503: 903: 844: 814: 615:

I was set out in the most royal manner. I wore a crown on my head with the

1727:, have continued to perpetuate the image of an obscene and lustful woman. 1318: 817:

assiduously. But he had many mistresses and openly deceived Margaret with

558:

By 1570, Catherine de' Medici was seeking a marriage between Margaret and

7161: 5987: 5967: 5962: 5917: 5912: 5631: 5595: 5434: 3782: 1774: 1515: 1225: 1180: 1036:

frequented the court. Margaret had many exchanges with the author of the

362: 6857: 6002: 5952: 5927: 5872: 5575: 5547: 4868: 4699: 734:'s fragile mental state and constitution deteriorated further, but the 5594:

Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future

3090:"Otro enigma en torno a Julián Iñíguez de Medrano: las dos Orcavellas" 1614:

Early in March 1615, Margaret became dangerously ill. She died in her

1384: 7123: 6080: 6070: 5932: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5503: 5429: 5029: 4902: 4840: 1823: 1410: 1390: 1343: 1257: 383: 306:

in France, was tarnished six days after the marriage ceremony by the

303: 4338:

The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the European conflict, 1559–1572

4080: 4061:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

1819:) covers Margaret's adolescence and the early days of her marriage. 584:. The marriage between a Catholic and a Huguenot was controversial. 518:

was become of more consequence than I had ever conceived I had been.

6035: 6006: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5922: 5882: 5877: 5867: 5782: 5314: 5227: 4616: 4066:

Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France

3788: 3651:

It was eventually demolished and partially replaced in 1640 by the

1660: 1582:. The following day, Henry IV was assassinated by the fanatic monk 1293: 1278: 944: 563: 331: 3118:

La silva curiosa, en que se tratan diversas cosas sotilissimas ...

2464:

History as Voyeurism: from Marguerite De Valois to La Reine Margot

1578:

On 13 May 1610, Queen Margaret attended Marie's coronation at the

1453: 1082:, to lead the negotiations. They were rapid and culminated in the 997: 275:

at her husband's 1589 accession to the latter throne as Henry IV.

5892: 5776: 4079:

Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: Lamb, 1912.

1199: 1075: 935: 550: 482: 197: 4089:, Saint-Étienne, Presses universitaires de Saint-Étienne, 1998, 1832:. That was one of the signature roles of the Australian soprano 1483:

It strengthened the friendship that had been created with Queen

1229:

they were waiting for and Navarre took advantage of it to seize

6793: 5887: 4436: 1648: 1286: 1233:, which Henry III agreed to cede to him to close the incident. 1001: 692: 366: 882:

again, and used her daughter as bait to attract him to Paris.

6573: 4322:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 705–706 see para 3. 1519: 916: 113: 4331:

The Myth of Reine Margot: Toward the Elimination of a Legend

663:

is the only one from the royal family. These facts inspired

4345:

The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence.

1274: 526:. He had suspicions of a secret romance between Margot and 5598:, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed. 2450:

L'exil auvergnat de Marguerite de Valois (la reine Margot)

3554:

Culture and Power: Tuscany and Its Universities 1537-1609

3376: 2542: 1699:

and the intrigues of subsequent courtiers. The historian

1437:

and uterine sister (half-sister with the same mother) of

4378:

Margherita di Valois. La vera storia della regina Margot

1836:, who performed it for her farewell performance for the 1154:

or to support her younger brother Anjou. Moreover, King

783:. Margaret wrote a letter pleading for her husband, the 4725:

Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland

750:, supported a plot to raise Charles' youngest brother, 4821:Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême 4783:

Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon

485:

in hopes of arranging a marriage between Margaret and

419:. Three of her brothers would become kings of France: 314:. In the conflict between Henry III of France and the 1342:, known as Brantôme, with whom she was in contact, a 2378: 1338:

In 1594, Margaret received a letter from her friend

542:(1607), which described Margaret as a nymphomaniac. 4422:

Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois, written by herself

4077:

Illustrious Dames of the Court of the Valois Kings.

2530: 1689:, who titled his first novel in the Valois Trilogy 1385:

Reconciliation with Henry and annulment of marriage

1261:

Portrait of Queen Margaret of Valois. 16th century.

992:After her departure, the spouses stayed briefly in 251:, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), popularly known as 3769:Coward, D. (1997). Note on the Text. In A. Dumas, 939:and Anjou's supporters, in the forefront of which 7004: 885: 699:. This libel was another part of the myth of the 7393: 6513:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in 4206:Queen of Hearts: Marguerite of Valois, 1553–1615 4187:(Paperback). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4120:Regine per caso. Donne al governo in età moderna 3916:"'Les Huguenots,' Making Operatic History Again" 3194: 3192: 1678:and his historians initiated a campaign against 1389:By 1593, Henry IV first proposed to Margaret an 4182: 3840:The Italian Woman: A Catherine De' Medici Novel 2575:Éthiques et formes littéraires à la Renaissance 1840:in 1990. She also appears in the opera comique 387:Catherine de Medici with her children in 1561: 4215:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 4029: 4027: 4017: 4015: 3989: 3987: 2730:Deux épouses et reines à la fin du XVIe siècle 1863:in the second season of the television series 1853:in the series finale of the television series 1303:, in Auvergne. D'Aubiac was executed, despite 6990: 6873: 6554: 6540: 5817: 5053:Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon 4632: 3449: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3189: 2594: 2592: 2418:", wrote the historian Anaïs Bazin, cited by 1348:Discours sur la Reine de France et de Navarre 7527:French people of the French Wars of Religion 5831: 3738: 3736: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2740: 2738: 2632: 2630: 1730: 479:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 253: 4816:Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 4475:, 1892, translated by Violet Fane. View at 4396:Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France 4288:, London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 2005. 4024: 4012: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3865:Queen Jezebel: A Catherine De' Medici Novel 2437:Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France 1822:Margaret of Valois has a major role in the 1568:Coronation of Marie de' Medici in St. Denis 1354:. She was the first woman to have done so. 6997: 6983: 6880: 6866: 6547: 6533: 5824: 5810: 5333:Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska 4639: 4625: 4306: 4073:Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme 4041: 4039: 3773:(p. xxv). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3279: 2589: 1050:is dedicated to Queen Margaret de Valois. 411:, the seventh child and third daughter of 40: 4811:Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier 3733: 2874: 2841:, p. 313; Moisan, p. 192; Pidduck, p. 18. 2735: 2627: 2521: 2397:Henry IV of France's wives and mistresses 1618:, on 27 March 1615. "On 27 March – wrote 915:, with whom he had a friendly meeting in 785:Supporting Statement for Henry of Bourbon 504:Princess Margaret of Valois. Portrait by 6887: 5642: 5267:Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France 5137:Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours 4974:Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine 3996: 2426:(4th ed., Garnier Frères, n.d., p. 198). 1561: 1494: 1452: 1317: 1256: 1198: 1136: 1088: 970: 958: 835: 758:participated in the organization of the 710: 706: 630: 549: 499: 382: 162: 5724:Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême 5671: 5195:Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine 4408:. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. p. 43. 4140:, Éditions France-Empire, Paris, 1992, 4057: 4036: 3887: 3803:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 264 3114: 2759:Marguerite de Valois. “La reine Margot” 2614: 1638: 607:. Margaret did not mention this in her 554:Henry of Navarre and Margaret of Valois 14: 7412:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 7394: 5745:Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma 4771:Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf 4659: 4416:, New York, Harper and brothers, 1907. 4414:Queen Margot, wife of Henry of Navarre 4255: 4232:The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598 4213:The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 4156:Amanti e regine. Il potere delle donne 4058:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). 3913: 3862: 3837: 3812: 3551: 3000:The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 2622:The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598 2548: 2247: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2005: 1895: 1891: 1695:(1845). He described in the novel the 1506:in 1609, and its gardens, as shown in 1448: 1252: 1141:Henry III, the Queen-Mother and queen 821:, member of Queen-Mother's notorious " 439:, and her brother Francis II, married 435:, would become the third wife of King 7280:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572) 7275:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570) 7074:Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre 7020:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 6978: 6861: 6528: 5805: 5670: 5629: 5573: 5501: 5410:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 5312: 5084:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 5027: 4939:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 4866: 4826:Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy 4658: 4620: 4425:, New York, Merrill & Baker, 1800 4401: 4360:Marguerite de Valois. La reine Margot 4301:Henri IV of France; His Reign and Age 4218: 3249:Williams, pp. 289–290; Moisan, p. 25. 3087: 2717:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age 2536: 2323: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2291: 2281: 2265: 2255: 2251: 2235: 2229: 2219: 2203: 2193: 2189: 2177: 2171: 2161: 2145: 2135: 2131: 2107: 2097: 2081: 2071: 2067: 2055: 2049: 2039: 2023: 2013: 2009: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1961: 1951: 1947: 1935: 1929: 1919: 1903: 1899: 611:, nor did any of her contemporaries. 545: 407:was born on 14 May 1553 at the royal 154: 7378: 5522:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 5200:Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre 5132:Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon 4790:Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud 4646: 4457:Works by or about Margaret of Valois 4244:London and New York: Longman, 1998. 3685:Craveri, p. 83; Wellman, p. 312-314. 2784:The French religious wars: 1562–1598 2657:Mourgue, p. 10; Williams, pp. 24–25. 2478:La Reine Margot et la fin des Valois 1218:Moreover, warned of the rumors, the 5586: 5538:Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême 5292:Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe 5277:Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia 5257:Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal 5142:Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans 4887:Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain 4740:Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553) 4485:Boston, L. C. Page, 1899 . View at 3801:The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare 3657:"Histoire de la rue par les cartes" 3115:Medrano, Julian Iniguez de (1608). 1132: 1024:, Navarre's companion in arms, and 804: 764:together with her powerful friends 538:The most successful defamation was 24: 6936: 5374:Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois 5349:Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma 5147:Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse 4258:Henry II, King of France 1547-1559 2174:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 278:Margaret was the daughter of King 25: 7558: 7497:People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye 7427:16th-century French women writers 6484:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 5650:Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy 4969:Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans 4795:Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles 4743:Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557) 4524:House of Valois, Angoulême branch 4429: 4402:Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914). 1514:She settled her household on the 950: 570:between Catholics and Huguenots. 77:18 August 1572 – 17 December 1599 27:Queen of France from 1589 to 1599 7377: 5720:Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 5707:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême 5287:Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon 4959:Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois 4435: 4138:La triple vie de la reine Margot 3958: 3933: 3907: 3888:Johnson, Arleigh (August 2013). 3881: 3856: 3831: 3806: 3793: 3776: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3613:La triple vie de la reine Margot 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3515:Quoted in Williams, pp. 354–355. 3480:Moisan, p. 144; Boucher, p. 240. 2381: 1789:. She also features in Plaidy's 1751:Academy Award for Costume Design 1620:Paul Phélypeaux de Pontchartrain 1608:The Learned and Subtle Discourse 1534:was built for her to designs by 1114:Françoise de Montmorency-Fosseux 409:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 158: 112:Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte, 93:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 60:2 August 1589 – 17 December 1599 7026:Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne 5630: 5543:Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 5477:Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara 5185:Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes 5089:Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 4944:Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 4775:Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme 4466:Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois 4278:, Editions Le Manuscrit, 2008. 4122:, Bari, Editori Laterza, 2014. 4051: 3914:Loomis, George (21 June 2011). 3721:Moisan, p. 7; Casanova, p. 104. 3560: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3462: 3440: 3414: 3405: 3392: 3383: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3302: 3293: 3270: 3261: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3134: 3125: 3108: 3081: 3068: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2900: 2888: 2865: 2853: 2844: 2831: 2819: 2810: 2798: 2789: 2776: 2764: 2751: 2722: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2639: 2605: 2580: 2567: 2554: 2294:Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne 1881:Ancestors of Margaret of Valois 1717:cinematographic works, such as 1500:L'Hostel de la Reine Marguerite 1030:Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas 1026:Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac 259:, was a French princess of the 150: 7537:17th-century French memoirists 5574: 5473:Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine 4867: 4750:Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine 4715:Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans 4347:Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003. 4333:, Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. 3941:The 1991 World Book Year Book. 3890:"Queen Jezebel by Jean Plaidy" 3863:Plaidy, Jean (12 March 2013). 3838:Plaidy, Jean (25 April 2024). 3813:Plaidy, Jean (25 April 1983). 3506:, 1996, vol. 43, n°43, p.5-24. 3428:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc 2508: 2499: 2486: 2470: 2455: 2442: 2429: 2408: 1797:, and also in the third book, 1781:, a fictional memoir of Queen 1697:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 1524:Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte 1204:Ball at the Court of Henry III 1116:, a 14-year-old girl known as 963:Queen Margaret of Navarre, by 886:Diplomatic mission in Flanders 650:St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 637:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 361:. These fictional elements of 13: 1: 7250:Edict of Saint-Germain (1562) 7240:Siege of Florence (1529–1530) 7167:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine 6963:Philomena de Tornos Steinhart 6721:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy 6235:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy 5848:List of French royal consorts 5607:Bourbon Restoration in France 5502: 5481:Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara 5112:Marie Anne, Princess of Conti 5094:Louis François, Duke of Anjou 5048:Infanta María Teresa of Spain 5028: 4964:Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia 4949:Louis François, Duke of Anjou 4107:, New York: Routledge, 1990. 3970:Starry Constellation Magazine 2402: 1616:Hostel de la Reyne Marguerite 1381:, who visited Usson in 1599. 1174:, who had returned to Paris. 896:rebelled against Spanish rule 378: 308:St Bartholomew's Day massacre 6279:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne 5445:Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia 5313: 5152:Louise, Baroness of La Queue 5122:Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine 4954:Marie Louise, Queen of Spain 4313:"Marguerite de Valois" 3894:The Historical Novels Review 2773:, pp. 55-56; Boucher, p. 22. 2494:The Myth of the Reine Margot 2467:», Rethinking History, 2000. 1604:The Flowers of Moral Secrets 919:. Almost one quarter of her 902:On the pretext of a bath in 770:Claude Catherine of Clermont 689:Le Réveil-matin des Français 473:In 1565, Catherine met with 458:with her brothers Henry and 7: 7417:16th-century French writers 7270:Treaty of Longjumeau (1568) 7050:Claude, Duchess of Lorraine 5777:Infante or Infanta of Spain 5394:Princess Louise (1737–1787) 5359:Princess Louise (1728–1733) 5127:Louis César, Count of Vexin 4836:Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois 4710:Christine, Duchess of Savoy 4448:Works by Margaret of Valois 3694:Quoted in Williams, p. 385. 2577:, H. Champion, 2006, p. 89. 2374: 2268:John III, Count of Auvergne 2052:Claude, Duchess of Brittany 1906:Charles, Count of Angoulême 1872: 1528:Merian's 1615 plan of Paris 909:governor of the Netherlands 560:Henry de Bourbon of Navarre 531:relations with her mother. 10: 7563: 7422:17th-century French people 7219:Admiral Gaspard de Coligny 6645:Urraca of León and Castile 6026:Desiderata of the Lombards 5384:Sophie, Duchess of Louvois 5190:Louis Charles, Count of Eu 5117:Louis, Count of Vermandois 4491:or Google Books 4380:, 1994, Mondadori, Milano 4256:Knecht, Robert J. (1988). 4208:, London: Constable, 1968. 2706:Quoted in Williams, p. 60. 2241: 2125: 1999: 1893: 1665:Théodore Agrippa d'Aubigné 1594:Also in 1614, she entered 1526:, which is illustrated in 777:Joseph Boniface de La Mole 716:Margaret, Queen of Navarre 487:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 310:and the resumption of the 7472:House of Bourbon (France) 7467:House of Valois-Angoulême 7432:17th-century French women 7375: 7349: 7298: 7245:Colloquy of Poissy (1561) 7232: 7157:Cardinal Silvio Passerini 7137: 7094: 7044:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain 7012: 6947: 6934: 6896:Wives of hereditary Dukes 6895: 6840: 6811: 6792: 6767: 6744: 6701: 6673: 6582: 6566: 6511: 6492: 6473: 6445: 6421: 6377: 6352: 6258: 6114: 5996: 5857: 5837: 5766: 5738:Princess Louise Élisabeth 5731: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5666: 5638: 5625: 5582: 5569: 5530: 5514: 5510: 5497: 5458: 5425:Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine 5402: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5308: 5208: 5160: 5102: 5061: 5040: 5036: 5023: 4982: 4916: 4908:Philippe, Duke of Orléans 4895: 4879: 4875: 4862: 4846:Philippe, Duke of Orléans 4803: 4758: 4733: 4705:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain 4692: 4671: 4667: 4654: 4604: 4596: 4581: 4572: 4559: 4552: 4517: 4508:at pandemonium.tiscali.de 4158:, Milano, Adelphi, 2008, 3966:"Reign – All It Cost Her" 3799:Dobson, M. and Wells, S. 3653:Hôtel de La Rochefoucauld 3552:Davies, Jonathan (2009). 3343:, p. 307; Boucher, p. 388 2311: 2303: 2275: 2253: 2249: 2213: 2191: 2183: 2155: 2133: 2129: 2091: 2084:Anne, Duchess of Brittany 2069: 2061: 2033: 2011: 2007: 1971: 1949: 1941: 1913: 1897: 1731:In literature and fiction 1633: 1044:Julián Íñiguez de Medrano 597:François Eudes de Mézeray 228: 218: 208: 196: 181: 176: 172: 132: 120: 102: 86: 82: 72: 65: 55: 48: 39: 34: 7502:French suo jure nobility 7442:Navarrese royal consorts 7437:Queens consort of France 7290:Edict of Beaulieu (1576) 7265:Surprise of Meaux (1567) 7255:Massacre of Vassy (1562) 7189:Louis I, Prince of Condé 6928:Marie Joséphine of Savoy 6457:Marie Joséphine of Savoy 6432:Joséphine de Beauharnais 5832:Royal consorts of France 5750:Henri, Count of Chambord 5415:Princess Marie Zéphyrine 5364:Louis, Dauphin of France 5282:Charles, Duke of Alençon 5069:Louis, Dauphin of France 4924:Louis, Dauphin of France 4575:Queen consort of Navarre 4336:Nicola Mary Sutherland, 4268:, Editions Creer, 1999. 4260:. Duke University Press. 4223:. Yale University Press. 4183:Nancy Goldstone (2015). 4105:Henry IV, King of France 2943:Holt, p. 105–6; Knecht, 2908:Henry IV, King of France 1849:Margot was portrayed by 1753:(Margaret was played by 1566:Queen Margaret in 1610. 894:. The Flemings, who had 286:and the sister of Kings 67:Queen consort of Navarre 7532:16th-century memoirists 7512:French women memoirists 7326:Palace of Fontainebleau 7311:Basilica of Saint-Denis 7306:Palazzo Medici Riccardi 7285:French Wars of Religion 7260:Edict of Amboise (1563) 7129:French Catholic Leagues 5843:List of Frankish queens 5420:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 5369:Philippe, Duke of Anjou 5272:Luis, Count of Chinchón 5223:Louis, Duke of Brittany 5218:Louis, Duke of Brittany 5168:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 5074:Princess Anne Élisabeth 4992:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 4929:Princess Anne Élisabeth 4786:Antoine, Count of Moret 4779:Henri, Duke of Verneuil 4720:Gaston, Duke of Orléans 4607:Queen consort of France 4568:Marguerite of Angoulême 4473:Charles Scribner's Sons 4405:The La Trémoille family 4319:Encyclopædia Britannica 4176:, Paris, Fayard, 1994. 3703:Castarède, pp. 236–237. 3498:Éliane Viennot, « 1859:. She is portrayed by 1846:, by Ferdinand Herold. 1580:Basilica of Saint-Denis 1457:Queen Margaret in 1605. 841:François, Duke of Anjou 568:French Wars of Religion 373: 330:and was thus exiled to 318:, she took the side of 312:French Wars of Religion 50:Queen consort of France 7482:French Roman Catholics 7214:Henry I, Duke of Guise 7184:Francis, Duke of Guise 7080:Francis, Duke of Anjou 7056:Louis, Duke of Orléans 6941: 6449:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 6403:Maria Theresa of Spain 6091:Beatrice of Vermandois 5938:Brunhilda of Austrasia 5783:Archduchess of Austria 5691:Maria Theresa of Savoy 5553:Princess Sophie Hélène 5459:Illegitimate children 5180:Charles, Duke of Berry 5174:King Felipe V of Spain 5007:Louis, Duke of Orléans 5002:Charles, Duke of Berry 4766:César, Duke of Vendôme 4419:Marguerite of Valois, 4362:, Paris, Perrin, 2005 3867:. Simon and Schuster. 3842:. Simon and Schuster. 3575:Williams, pp. 361–363. 3446:Williams, pp. 341–342. 3299:Williams, pp. 302–303. 3240:Williams, pp. 283–285. 2989:Williams, pp. 222–224. 2416:Leur divorce fut royal 1575: 1511: 1458: 1433:, bastard son of King 1361: 1323: 1273:and seized power over 1262: 1211: 1194:Francis, Duke of Anjou 1150: 1098: 1080:Francis, Duke of Anjou 1018: 978: 968: 892:Francis, Duke of Anjou 863: 848: 798: 787:. She recorded in her 752:Francis, Duke of Anjou 744:elected king of Poland 727: 645: 629: 555: 520: 509: 497:also did not succeed. 460:Francis, Duke of Anjou 400: 320:Francis, Duke of Anjou 254: 248: 186: 7316:Château de Chenonceau 7209:Jeanne III of Navarre 7204:Claude, Duke of Guise 6940: 6923:Marie Anne de Bourbon 6918:Françoise of Lorraine 6803:Marguerite de Navarre 6665:Constance of Toulouse 6165:Adelaide of Maurienne 6125:Adelaide of Aquitaine 6056:Ermentrude of Orléans 6046:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 5468:Charles de Vintimille 5262:Philip, Duke of Parma 5244:Ferdinand VI of Spain 4759:Illegitimate children 4276:Margot, reine d'Usson 4242:Catherine de' Medici. 4219:Kamen, Henry (1997). 3310:Marguerite of Navarre 3053:Williams, pp. 259–60. 1737:Alexandre Dumas, père 1565: 1539:scholars (among them 1498: 1456: 1439:Henriette d'Entragues 1402:, mother of his son, 1356: 1321: 1260: 1208:Franco-Flemish school 1202: 1147:Franco-Flemish school 1140: 1093:Henri of Navarre and 1092: 1010: 983:Guy Du Faur de Pibrac 974: 962: 858: 839: 793: 714: 707:Malcontent conspiracy 667:for his famous novel 644:, a Huguenot painter. 634: 613: 553: 515: 503: 491:Sebastian of Portugal 386: 7447:Duchesses of Vendôme 7383:Catherine de' Medici 7172:Mary, Queen of Scots 7062:Charles IX of France 7038:Francis II of France 7006:Catherine de' Medici 6956:Henriette of Belgium 6889:Duchesses of Vendôme 6716:Clementia of Hungary 6711:Margaret of Burgundy 6339:Elisabeth of Austria 6329:Catherine de' Medici 6230:Clementia of Hungary 6225:Margaret of Burgundy 6205:Margaret of Provence 6185:Isabella of Hainault 6175:Constance of Castile 6170:Eleanor of Aquitaine 6160:Bertrade of Montfort 6061:Richilde of Provence 5249:Charles III of Spain 4997:King Felipe of Spain 4529:Cadet branch of the 4444:at Wikimedia Commons 4442:Marguerite de Valois 4412:Hugh Noel Williams, 4174:Marguerite de Valois 4085:Jacqueline Boucher, 4033:Anselme, pp. 126–128 4021:Anselme, pp. 210–211 3993:Anselme, pp. 131–132 3524:Buisseret, p. 77–78. 3400:Marguerite de Valois 3372:Catherine de' Medici 3341:Marguerite de Valois 3076:Marguerite de Valois 2945:Catherine de' Medici 2839:Marguerite de Valois 2746:Catherine de' Medici 2677:Marguerite de Valois 2505:Moisan, pp. 192-195. 2232:Catherine de' Medici 1787:Charles I of England 1773:Margaret appears in 1767:Love's Labour's Lost 1687:Alexandre Dumas père 1663:probably written by 1657:Le Divorce Satyrique 1639:Myth of Queen Margot 1443:Catherine de' Medici 1435:Charles IX of France 1340:Pierre de Bourdeille 1333:Elisabeth of Austria 1305:Catherine de' Medici 1056:Love's Labour's Lost 1014:Princesse de Navarre 879:Catherine de' Medici 781:Château de Vincennes 540:Le Divorce Satyrique 468:grand tour of France 450:, under the care of 441:Mary, Queen of Scots 417:Catherine de' Medici 359:Alexandre Dumas père 284:Catherine de' Medici 269:Henry III of Navarre 223:Catherine de' Medici 187:Marguerite de Valois 126:Basilica of St Denis 18:Marguerite de Valois 7331:Notre-Dame de Paris 7194:Michel de l'Hôpital 7068:Henry III of France 6903:Françoise d'Alençon 6769:House of Trastámara 6731:Marie of Luxembourg 6726:Blanche of Burgundy 6683:Margaret of Bourbon 6650:Margaret of L'Aigle 6245:Marie of Luxembourg 6240:Blanche of Burgundy 6190:Ingeborg of Denmark 6076:Théodrate of Troyes 5978:Balthild of Chelles 5673:Charles X of France 5253:Francisco of Spain 5079:Princess Marie Anne 4934:Princess Marie Anne 4831:Princess Marie Anne 4519:Margaret of Valois 4154:Benedetta Craveri, 4118:Cesarina Casanova, 3566:Craveri, pp. 82–83. 3556:. Brill. p. 5. 3533:Boucher, p.378–383. 3258:Craveri, pp. 80–81. 3121:(in Spanish). Orry. 2026:Louis XII of France 1932:Francis I of France 1791:Catherine de Medici 1762:William Shakespeare 1760:The main action of 1670:By 1630, after the 1653:The Satiric Divorce 1600:querelle des femmes 1510:1615 plan of Paris. 1464:Tallemant des Réaux 1449:Last years in Paris 1422:on 5 October 1600. 1400:Gabrielle d'Estrees 1253:Rebellion and exile 1069:Henry III of France 1034:Michel de Montaigne 766:Henriette of Nevers 625:Cardinal de Bourbon 588:refused to grant a 582:Notre Dame de Paris 452:Charlotte de Vienne 433:Elisabeth of Valois 7542:Daughters of kings 7517:Henry IV of France 7452:Countesses of Foix 7350:Patron of the arts 7299:Places in her life 7199:Antoine of Navarre 7178:Philip II of Spain 7145:Clarice de' Medici 7138:People in her life 7097:Groups in her life 7032:Henry II of France 6942: 6913:Margaret of Valois 6822:Margaret of Valois 6759:Eleanor of Castile 6688:Isabella of France 6675:House of Champagne 6635:Agnes of Aquitaine 6597:Andregoto Galíndez 6503:Eugénie de Montijo 6494:House of Bonaparte 6423:House of Bonaparte 6388:Margaret of Valois 6355:House of Lancaster 6344:Louise of Lorraine 6324:Eleanor of Austria 6299:Charlotte of Savoy 6289:Isabeau of Bavaria 6274:Blanche of Navarre 6210:Isabella of Aragon 6200:Blanche of Castile 6180:Adela of Champagne 6140:Constance of Arles 6135:Bertha of Burgundy 6101:Gerberga of Saxony 5450:Princess Élisabeth 5354:Princess Henriette 4679:Margaret of Valois 4661:Henry IV of France 4600:Louise of Lorraine 4586:Title next held by 4564:Title last held by 4502:at cybersybils.net 4394:Kathleen Wellman, 4343:Natalie R. Tomas, 4308:Saintsbury, George 4303:, JHU Press, 2009. 4299:Vincent J. Pitts, 4284:Julianne Pidduck, 4172:Janine Garrisson, 3712:Castarède, p. 237. 3267:Moisan, pp. 24–25. 3231:Moisan, pp. 20–21. 2611:Moisan, pp. 14–17. 2551:, p. 207-208. 2461:Moshe Sluhovsky, « 2424:Causeries du lundi 2110:Margaret of Valois 1990:Henry II of France 1785:, consort of King 1749:nominated for the 1735:The 1845 novel of 1676:Cardinal Richelieu 1596:the woman question 1584:François Ravaillac 1576: 1545:Philippe Desportes 1512: 1473:was her chaplain. 1459: 1324: 1263: 1247:La Belle Corisande 1212: 1151: 1143:Louise of Lorraine 1099: 1061:Vicomte de Turenne 979: 969: 875:Kingdom of Navarre 849: 819:Charlotte de Sauve 809:Relations between 728: 646: 556: 546:Vermillion wedding 510: 437:Philip II of Spain 401: 280:Henry II of France 241:Margaret of Valois 213:Henry II of France 139:Henry IV of France 35:Margaret of Valois 7487:Repudiated queens 7477:French memoirists 7457:French princesses 7389: 7388: 7362:Building projects 7321:Château d'Amboise 7224:Diane de Poitiers 7174:(daughter-in-law) 6972: 6971: 6855: 6854: 6693:Blanche of Artois 6660:Sancha of Castile 6655:Urraca of Castile 6522: 6521: 6425:(1804–1814; 1815) 6408:Marie Leszczyńska 6368:Margaret of Anjou 6284:Joanna of Bourbon 6220:Joan I of Navarre 6155:Bertha of Holland 6145:Matilda of Frisia 6086:Eadgifu of Wessex 6066:Adelaide of Paris 6051:Judith of Bavaria 5799: 5798: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5379:Princess Victoire 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4615: 4614: 4487:Project Gutenberg 4477:Google Books 4452:Project Gutenberg 4440:Media related to 4329:Robert J. Sealy, 4202:Charlotte Haldane 4194:978-1-780-22477-0 4164:978-88-459-2302-9 4128:978-88-581-0991-5 4103:David Buisseret, 3874:978-1-4516-8654-8 3849:978-1-4516-8652-4 3824:978-0-399-12877-6 3751:Casanova, p. 103. 3730:Casanova, p. 105. 3676:Williams, p. 385. 3642:Williams, p. 377. 3602:Williams, p. 369. 3584:Williams, p. 366. 3542:Buisseret, p. 79. 3489:Buisseret, p. 77. 3411:Williams, p. 337. 3361:Williams, p. 329. 3044:Williams, p. 247. 2980:Pitts, pp. 81–82. 2795:Pitts, pp. 61–65. 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2326:Jeanne of Bourbon 1866:The Serpent Queen 1843:Le pré aux clercs 1795:The Italian Woman 1628:French Revolution 1602:) in response to 1572:Peter Paul Rubens 1557:Théophile de Viau 1431:Count of Auvergne 1415:Pope Clement VIII 1168:La Belle Fosseuse 1122:La Belle Fosseuse 1118:La Belle Fosseuse 1103:Jacques de Harlay 1095:La Belle Fosseuse 1022:Agrippa d'Aubigné 1000:, capital of the 965:Nicholas Hilliard 868:Edict of Beaulieu 695:with her brother 586:Pope Gregory XIII 456:Château d'Amboise 238: 237: 192: 191: 16:(Redirected from 7554: 7507:French duchesses 7381: 7380: 7341:Château of Blois 7336:Palais du Louvre 7151:Pope Clement VII 7114:House of Bourbon 6999: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6975: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6859: 6858: 6827:Marie de' Medici 6813:House of Bourbon 6640:Bertha of Aragon 6611:Jimena Fernández 6607:Urraca Fernández 6584:House of Jiménez 6567:House of Íñiguez 6549: 6542: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6475:House of Orléans 6447:House of Bourbon 6413:Marie Antoinette 6393:Marie de' Medici 6379:House of Bourbon 6319:Claude of France 6304:Anne of Brittany 6269:Joan of Burgundy 6215:Marie of Brabant 6195:Agnes of Merania 6016:Bertrada of Laon 5826: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5772: 5681: 5680: 5668: 5667: 5640: 5639: 5627: 5626: 5599: 5584: 5583: 5571: 5570: 5512: 5511: 5499: 5498: 5389:Princess Thérèse 5323: 5322: 5310: 5309: 5240:Felipe of Spain 5237:Felipe of Spain 5233:Louis I of Spain 5038: 5037: 5025: 5024: 4877: 4876: 4864: 4863: 4746:Madeleine (1556) 4684:Marie de' Medici 4669: 4668: 4656: 4655: 4648:House of Bourbon 4641: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4617: 4597:Preceded by 4590:Marie de' Medici 4548: 4541: 4532:Capetian dynasty 4515: 4514: 4461:Internet Archive 4439: 4409: 4391: 4376:Éliane Viennot, 4373: 4358:Éliane Viennot, 4326: 4315: 4281: 4271: 4261: 4238:Robert J. Knecht 4228:Robert J. Knecht 4224: 4198: 4179: 4169: 4151: 4136:Jean Castarède, 4133: 4100: 4069: 4046: 4043: 4034: 4031: 4022: 4019: 4010: 4007: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3945:World Book, Inc. 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3810: 3804: 3797: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3593:Wellman, p. 308. 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3085: 3079: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2872: 2871:Boucher, p. 191. 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2850:Wellman, p. 278. 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2726: 2720: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2688:Williams, p. 39. 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2666:Wellman, p. 280. 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2587: 2586:Williams, p. 11. 2584: 2578: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527:Wellman, p. 277. 2525: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2412: 2391: 2389:Biography portal 2386: 2385: 2384: 2206:Alfonsina Orsini 2148:Piero de' Medici 1887: 1886: 1878: 1877: 1861:Philippine Velge 1851:Rebecca Liddiard 1838:Australian Opera 1809:Médicis Daughter 1779:Myself, My Enemy 1764:'s early comedy 1680:Marie de' Medici 1672:Day of the Dupes 1553:Etienne Pasquier 1549:François Maynard 1541:Marie de Gournay 1490:Gaston of France 1488:birth of Prince 1485:Marie de' Medici 1420:Marie de' Medici 1243:Diane d'Andouins 1239:heir presumptive 1133:Scandal in Paris 1065:Henry of Navarre 1048:La Silva Curiosa 1008:did not apply: 976:Château de Nérac 928:Army of Flanders 805:A divided family 736:heir presumptive 265:Queen of Navarre 257: 174: 173: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 109: 78: 61: 44: 32: 31: 21: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7462:Dukes of Valois 7392: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7371: 7367:Court Festivals 7345: 7294: 7228: 7147:(paternal aunt) 7133: 7109:House of Valois 7104:House of Medici 7096: 7090: 7008: 7003: 6973: 6968: 6943: 6932: 6908:Jeanne d'Albret 6891: 6886: 6856: 6851: 6848:Queen of France 6844:Queen of Aragon 6836: 6832:Anne of Austria 6815:- Lower Navarre 6807: 6796:- Lower Navarre 6794:House of Albret 6788: 6783:Agnes of Cleves 6763: 6746:House of Évreux 6740: 6697: 6669: 6578: 6562: 6553: 6523: 6518: 6507: 6488: 6469: 6441: 6417: 6398:Anne of Austria 6373: 6348: 6260:House of Valois 6254: 6130:Rozala of Italy 6110: 6001: 5992: 5853: 5852: 5833: 5830: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5770: 5754: 5727: 5695: 5675: 5654: 5634: 5613: 5593: 5578: 5557: 5526: 5506: 5485: 5460: 5454: 5398: 5337: 5317: 5296: 5210: 5204: 5156: 5104: 5098: 5057: 5032: 5011: 4984: 4978: 4912: 4891: 4871: 4850: 4799: 4754: 4729: 4688: 4663: 4650: 4645: 4610: 4602: 4587: 4578: 4565: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4432: 4389: 4371: 4286:La Reine Margot 4279: 4274:Alain Mourgue, 4269: 4264:Michel Moisan, 4221:Philip of Spain 4195: 4177: 4167: 4149: 4131: 4098: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4013: 4008: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3815:Myself My Enemy 3811: 3807: 3798: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3771:La Reine Margot 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667:Craveri, p. 83. 3666: 3662: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624:Craveri, p. 85. 3623: 3619: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3457:Amanti e regine 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3290:Craveri, p. 80. 3289: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3135: 3131:Craveri, p. 79. 3130: 3126: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2816:Craveri, p. 65. 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2736: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697:Craveri, p. 69. 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2628: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2600:La Reine Margot 2597: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2516:Regine per caso 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2491: 2487: 2475: 2471: 2460: 2456: 2452:, p. 7, p. 195. 2447: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2372: 1964:Louise of Savoy 1875: 1834:Joan Sutherland 1783:Henrietta Maria 1755:Isabelle Adjani 1742:La Reine Margot 1733: 1725:Patrice Chéreau 1720:La Reine Margot 1692:La Reine Margot 1641: 1636: 1589:Estates General 1508:Matthäus Merian 1471:Vincent de Paul 1451: 1387: 1379:Joseph Scaliger 1312:Catholic League 1301:castle of Usson 1267:Catholic League 1255: 1220:King of Navarre 1190:Duke of Joyeuse 1186:Duke of Epernon 1135: 987:King of Navarre 953: 941:Bussy d'Amboise 913:Juan of Austria 888: 831:Bussy d'Amboise 823:Flying Squadron 807: 724:John of Austria 722:, c. 1572. Don 720:François Clouet 709: 670:La Reine Margot 665:Alexandre Dumas 642:François Dubois 621:Bishop's palace 575:Jeanne d'Albret 548: 506:François Clouet 495:Archduke Rudolf 477:chief minister 395:, Margaret and 381: 376: 355:La Reine Margot 328:Catholic League 273:Queen of France 267:by marriage to 255:La Reine Margot 168: 148: 144: 141: 128: 111: 107: 91: 76: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7560: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7387: 7386: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7148: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7119:House of Guise 7116: 7111: 7106: 7100: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6949: 6948:Courtesy title 6945: 6944: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6892: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6818: 6816: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6777:Juana Enríquez 6773: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6754:Joan of Valois 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6736:Joan of Évreux 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6707: 6705: 6703:House of Capet 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6609: 6604: 6602:Teresa Ramírez 6599: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6556:Royal consorts 6552: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6467: 6460: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6361: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6309:Joan of France 6306: 6301: 6296: 6294:Marie of Anjou 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6250:Joan of Évreux 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6116:House of Capet 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6096:Emma of France 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5677: 5676: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5635: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5507: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4873: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4664: 4652: 4651: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4613: 4612: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4585: 4580: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554:French royalty 4550: 4549: 4528: 4521: 4518: 4510: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4483: 4468:(in English): 4463: 4454: 4445: 4431: 4430:External links 4428: 4427: 4426: 4417: 4410: 4399: 4392: 4374: 4356: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4304: 4297: 4282: 4272: 4262: 4253: 4235: 4225: 4216: 4211:Marc P. Holt, 4209: 4199: 4193: 4180: 4170: 4152: 4134: 4116: 4101: 4095:978-2862720807 4083: 4070: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3995: 3983: 3972:. 22 June 2017 3957: 3932: 3920:New York Times 3906: 3880: 3873: 3855: 3848: 3830: 3823: 3805: 3792: 3775: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3705: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3644: 3635: 3633:Pitts, p. 270. 3626: 3617: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3461: 3448: 3439: 3413: 3404: 3402:, pp. 234–235. 3391: 3389:Sealy, p. 125. 3382: 3363: 3354: 3352:Moisan, p. 58. 3345: 3332: 3330:Moisan, p. 30. 3323: 3321:Moisan, p. 29. 3314: 3301: 3292: 3278: 3276:Moisan, p. 27. 3269: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3212: 3210:, pp. 224–228. 3200: 3198:Moisan, p. 24. 3188: 3186:Moisan, p. 23. 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3133: 3124: 3107: 3080: 3067: 3065:, pp. 210–211. 3055: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3016: 3004: 3002:, pp. 121–122. 2991: 2982: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2899: 2887: 2885:Moisan, p. 20. 2873: 2864: 2852: 2843: 2830: 2818: 2809: 2797: 2788: 2775: 2763: 2750: 2734: 2721: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2638: 2636:Moisan, p. 18. 2626: 2613: 2604: 2588: 2579: 2573:Bruno Méniel, 2566: 2553: 2541: 2529: 2520: 2518:, pp. 103-107. 2507: 2498: 2485: 2469: 2454: 2441: 2428: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1807:'s 2015 novel 1805:Sophie Perinot 1732: 1729: 1701:Jules Michelet 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1450: 1447: 1386: 1383: 1254: 1251: 1231:Mont-de-Marsan 1134: 1131: 1084:peace of Fleix 952: 951:Court of Nérac 949: 887: 884: 843:. Portrait by 806: 803: 738:, his brother 718:. Portrait by 708: 705: 701:"Reine Margot" 605:"Reine Margot" 562:, the leading 547: 544: 528:Henry of Guise 431:. Her sister, 380: 377: 375: 372: 357:, invented by 271:and then also 261:Valois dynasty 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 190: 189: 179: 178: 170: 169: 146: 142: 137: 136: 134: 130: 129: 124: 122: 118: 117: 110:(aged 61) 104: 100: 99: 88: 84: 83: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7559: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7384: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7093: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6871: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6464:Marie-Thérèse 6461: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6106:Emma of Italy 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732:Grandchildren 5730: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403:Grandchildren 5401: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211:grandchildren 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161:Grandchildren 5159: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985:grandchildren 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917:Grandchildren 4915: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804:Grandchildren 4802: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4547:27 March 1615 4546: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4525: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4386:88-04-37694-5 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4368:2-262-02377-8 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4353:0-7546-0777-1 4350: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294:1-84511-100-1 4291: 4287: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4250:0-582-08241-2 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4146:2-7048-0708-6 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4113:0-04-445635-2 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4042: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3953:0-7166-0491-4 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939:"Australia." 3936: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3742:Moisan, p. 7. 3739: 3737: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3555: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3273: 3264: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3137: 3128: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3050: 3041: 3035:Pitts, p. 82. 3032: 3025: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2847: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2754: 2747: 2744:R.J. Knecht, 2741: 2739: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2563: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2539:, p. 74. 2538: 2533: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2379: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1829:Les Huguenots 1825: 1820: 1818: 1817:9781250072092 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1800:Queen Jezebel 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1714: 1710: 1708: 1707: 1706:Ancien Régime 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1631: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1570:(detail), by 1569: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1478:Dauphin Louis 1474: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1455: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369:Honoré d'Urfé 1366: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1282: 1280: 1277:, one of her 1276: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1216: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1107:platonic love 1104: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 977: 973: 966: 961: 957: 948: 946: 942: 938: 937: 931: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 900: 897: 893: 883: 880: 876: 871: 869: 862: 857: 855: 846: 842: 838: 834: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 802: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 762: 755: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 725: 721: 717: 713: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 687: 682: 680: 674: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 643: 639: 638: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 552: 543: 541: 536: 532: 529: 525: 519: 514: 507: 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 398: 394: 390: 385: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 340:platonic love 335: 333: 329: 323: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 256: 250: 246: 242: 234: 231: 227: 224: 221: 217: 214: 211: 207: 204: 201: 199: 195: 188: 184: 180: 175: 171: 140: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 106:27 March 1615 105: 101: 98: 94: 89: 85: 81: 75: 71: 68: 64: 58: 54: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7180:(son-in-law) 7073: 6961: 6954: 6912: 6821: 6781: 6514: 6462: 6455: 6437:Marie Louise 6387: 6366: 6358: 6353: 6150:Anne of Kiev 5998:Carolingians 5973:Bertechildis 5859:Merovingians 5741:Prince Louis 5714:Mademoiselle 5713: 5605: 5172: 5103:Illegitimate 4678: 4605: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4522: 4511: 4465: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4390:(in Italian) 4377: 4359: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4300: 4285: 4275: 4265: 4257: 4241: 4231: 4220: 4212: 4205: 4184: 4173: 4168:(in Italian) 4155: 4137: 4132:(in Italian) 4119: 4104: 4086: 4081:OCLC 347527. 4076: 4065: 4060: 4052:Bibliography 4009:Whale, p. 43 3974:. Retrieved 3969: 3960: 3940: 3935: 3923:. Retrieved 3919: 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3893: 3883: 3864: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3814: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3784:Queen Margot 3783: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3652: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3612: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3459:, pp. 81–82. 3456: 3451: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3425: 3416: 3407: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3309: 3308:Chamberlin, 3304: 3295: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3127: 3117: 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 3096:(in Spanish) 3093: 3083: 3075: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2807:, pp. 65–67. 2804: 2800: 2791: 2786:, pp. 51–52. 2783: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2745: 2729: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2621: 2616: 2607: 2599: 2582: 2574: 2569: 2562:Queen Margot 2561: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2523: 2515: 2510: 2501: 2496:, pp. 23-28. 2493: 2488: 2477: 2472: 2463: 2457: 2449: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2423: 2420:Sainte-Beuve 2415: 2410: 2109: 1864: 1854: 1848: 1841: 1827: 1821: 1808: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1778: 1772: 1765: 1759: 1747:1994 version 1740: 1734: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1690: 1684: 1669: 1656: 1652: 1645:nymphomaniac 1642: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1577: 1574:, 1622–1625. 1567: 1536:Jean Bullant 1531: 1523: 1513: 1504:Jean Bullant 1499: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1460: 1428: 1424: 1408: 1396: 1388: 1372: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1309: 1298: 1291: 1283: 1264: 1246: 1245:, nicknamed 1235: 1224: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1160:Queen-Mother 1152: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1100: 1094: 1073: 1054: 1052: 1037: 1019: 1011: 991: 980: 954: 934: 932: 925: 920: 901: 889: 872: 864: 859: 853: 850: 845:Jean Decourt 827: 815:marital debt 808: 799: 794: 788: 784: 774: 759: 756: 729: 715: 700: 688: 683: 678: 675: 668: 660: 656: 654: 647: 635: 616: 614: 608: 604: 595: 590:dispensation 579: 572: 557: 539: 537: 533: 523: 521: 516: 511: 472: 464: 445: 403:Margaret of 402: 363:nymphomaniac 354: 352: 348:royal courts 343: 336: 324: 277: 252: 240: 239: 108:(1615-03-27) 29: 7492:Nostradamus 7407:1615 deaths 7402:1553 births 7162:Jean Fernel 7086:Descendants 6496:(1852–1870) 6477:(1830–1848) 6381:(1589–1792) 6359:(1422–1453) 6334:Mary Stuart 6262:(1328–1589) 5988:Chrothildis 5968:Wulfefundis 5963:Ragintrudis 5918:Austregilde 5913:Theudechild 5632:Louis XVIII 5596:Louis XVIII 5435:Louis XVIII 4540:14 May 1553 4372:(in French) 4280:(in French) 4270:(in French) 4178:(in French) 4150:(in French) 4099:(in French) 4045:Tomas, p. 7 3611:Castarède, 3100:28 December 3088:Yumpu.com. 2934:, p. 112–3. 2906:Buisseret, 2862:, pp. 68–9. 2679:, p. 39–43. 2675:Garrisson, 2549:Knecht 1988 1775:Jean Plaidy 1271:coup d'état 1226:casus belli 1172:Champvallon 1028:, the poet 761:coup d'état 748:Malcontents 475:Philip II's 316:Malcontents 263:who became 233:Catholicism 90:14 May 1553 7396:Categories 7095:Dynasties/ 7076:(daughter) 7052:(daughter) 7046:(daughter) 6314:Mary Tudor 6118:(987–1328) 6003:Robertians 5953:Gomentrude 5928:Galswintha 5873:Ultragotha 5576:Louis XVII 5548:Louis XVII 4869:Louis XIII 4700:Louis XIII 4611:1589–1599 4579:1572–1599 4471:New York, 3817:. Putnam. 3426:Britannica 3422:"Henry IV" 2560:Williams, 2537:Kamen 1997 2514:Casanova, 2403:References 1777:'s novel, 1649:incestuous 1210:, c. 1582. 1206:(detail), 1149:, c. 1582. 1145:(detail), 732:Charles IX 601:Charles IX 425:Charles IX 421:Francis II 393:Charles IX 379:Early life 292:Charles IX 288:Francis II 249:Marguerite 157:; 7547:Annulment 7522:Mediation 7124:Huguenots 7034:(husband) 6625:Placentia 6620:Stephanie 6615:Muniadona 6081:Frederuna 6071:Richardis 6031:Hildegard 6009:(751–987) 5983:Bilichild 5933:Fredegund 5908:Marcovefa 5903:Merofleda 5898:Ingoberga 5861:(509–751) 5684:Spouse(s) 5643:Spouse(s) 5515:Spouse(s) 5504:Louis XVI 5440:Charles X 5430:Louis XVI 5326:Spouse(s) 5041:Spouse(s) 5030:Louis XIV 4903:Louis XIV 4880:Spouse(s) 4841:Louis XIV 4672:Spouse(s) 3976:16 August 3899:16 August 3455:Craveri, 3398:Viennot, 3339:Viennot, 3312:, p. 240. 3222:, p. 229. 3177:, p. 221. 3165:, p. 214. 3153:, p. 211. 3094:yumpu.com 3078:, p. 121. 3074:Viennot, 3026:, p. 198. 3014:, p. 175. 2971:, p. 115. 2959:, p. 108. 2837:Viennot, 2761:, p. 357. 2757:Viennot, 2748:, p. 153. 2728:Boucher, 2598:Pidduck, 2439:, p. 306. 2435:Wellman, 1824:Meyerbeer 1516:Left Bank 1502:built by 1411:eclampsia 1391:annulment 1346:entitled 1344:panegyric 1279:appanages 1156:Henry III 730:In 1573, 429:Henry III 397:Henry III 304:Huguenots 300:Catholics 296:Henry III 7153:(cousin) 7028:(mother) 7022:(father) 6041:Luitgard 6036:Fastrada 6021:Gerberga 6007:Bosonids 5958:Nanthild 5948:Sichilde 5943:Bertrude 5923:Audovera 5883:Radegund 5878:Guntheuc 5868:Clotilde 5781:also an 5775:also an 5712:Sophie, 5700:Children 5531:Children 5461:included 5342:Children 5315:Louis XV 5228:Louis XV 5105:children 5062:Children 4896:Children 4734:Siblings 4693:Children 4310:(1911). 3947:, 1991. 3943:Chicago: 3789:AllMovie 3615:, p. 12. 3471:, p. 29. 3432:31 March 3370:Knecht, 2947:, p. 186 2922:, p. 72. 2897:, p. 70. 2828:, p. 67. 2782:Knecht, 2732:, p. 25. 2719:, p. 60. 2648:, p. 43. 2624:, p. 39. 2620:Knecht, 2602:, p. 19. 2448:Moisan, 2375:See also 1873:Ancestry 1661:pamphlet 1374:L'Astrée 1294:Auvergne 1188:and the 1158:and the 945:Bastille 907:met the 673:(1845). 564:Huguenot 413:Henry II 332:Auvergne 302:and the 229:Religion 116:, France 6846:. 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