1241:
1264:(1572) was not only "a Protestant of sorts, and thus, apparently, writing with inside knowledge", but also "an extreme apologist for the massacre ... in his view ... a well-merited punishment for years of civil disobedience secret sedition..." A strand of Catholic writing, especially by Italian authors, broke from the official French line to applaud the massacre as precisely a brilliant stratagem, deliberately planned from various points beforehand. The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.
1410:, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. He contacted the Parisian authorities and another ambitious young man, running out of authority and power, Duke Henri de Guise (whose uncle, the clear-sighted Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, was then detained in Rome).
1511:, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. ... Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation. ... Belonging to different religious traditions must not constitute today a source of opposition and tension. On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."
456:
573:
1131:
1774:
719:
1034:
33:
1283:'s "books held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the massacre, and not very much after, until Gentillet's own book, but this concept was seized upon by many contemporaries, and played a crucial part in setting the long-lasting popular concept of Machiavellianism. It also gave added impetus to the strong anti-Italian feelings already present in Huguenot polemic.
824:, Comte de Retz. On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. Other historians are reluctant to speculate on the composition or size of the group of leaders targeted at this point, beyond the few obvious heads. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity.
978:
1622:
1475:
inflicted on many of the corpses "was not random at all, but patterned after the rites of the
Catholic culture that had given birth to it". "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". Viewed as a threat to the social and political order, Holt argues that "Huguenots not only had to be exterminated â that is, killed â they also had to be humiliated, dishonoured, and shamed as the inhuman beasts they were perceived to be."
1010:
where some hundreds were killed, the
Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 7â8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of
1414:
the King. One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of
Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which, while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Initially the
3510:. This justification, written "in the entourage of the Gondi, in 1628, exonerate their ancestor" of the accusation of having instigated the massacre. Albert de Gondi is portrayed there as opposed to the bloody designs of Charles IX, whose tirade is allegedly reported in 1573 by Duke Henri d'Anjou, then reigning in Warsaw as the elected king of Poland. The apocryphal sentence of Charles IX thus participates in a "rewriting of facts" for the apologetic needs of the Gondi family. In Arlette Jouanna, p. 15 ; 333-334, n. 26.
1493:) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". He concludes that the historical importance of the Massacre "lies not so much in the appalling tragedies involved as their demonstration of the power of sectarian passion to break down the barriers of civilisation, community and accepted morality".
871:, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders, and that night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader, but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. According to the contemporary French historian
655:" and others. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the
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king and his court visited
Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself.
1504:. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement â radical otherness â to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants".
1363:
1093:
447:. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. Those who remained became increasingly radicalised. Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".
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1525:
1452:, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre".
883:. The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. Holt concludes that "while the general massacre might have been prevented, there is no evidence that it was intended by any of the elites at court", listing a number of cases where Catholic courtiers intervened to save individual Protestants who were not in the leadership. Recent research by Jérémie Foa, investigating the
796:
440:, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000.
1456:
1403:, the violently anti-Huguenot city of Paris was really responsible. He stresses that the city was on the verge of revolt. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people.
1052:, who himself barely escaped death. Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled, and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. At the low end are figures of about 2,000 in Paris and 3,000 in the provinces, the latter figure an estimate by
969:. In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. According to Mack P. Holt: "All twelve cities where provincial massacres occurred had one striking feature in common; they were all cities with Catholic majorities where there had once been
895:(respectively aged 19 and 20), were spared as they pledged to convert to Catholicism; both would eventually renounce their conversions when they managed to escape Paris. According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful.
1952:
and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail.
1217:
whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: " must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various
644:, a book of 1561, in which he had argued that when kings disobey God, they "automatically abdicate their worldly power" â a change from his views in earlier works that even ungodly kings should be obeyed. This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the
2749:
a century later, put the number at 100,000, but "This last number is probably exaggerated, if we reckon only those who perished by a violent death. But if we add those who died from wretchedness, hunger, sorrow, abandoned old men, women without shelter, children without bread,âall the miserable whose
1380:
The traditional interpretation makes
Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. This traditional interpretation has been
587:
The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born
Protestants in Paris, but Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of
1951:
uses this event. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. Follett completely clears King
Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity
1828:
described the massacre in "From the
Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. All the best people took
1447:
had "said if the King ordered the
Admiral (Coligny) killed, 'it would be wicked not to kill him'. With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". Diefendorf says that when the head of the murdered Coligny was shown to the Paris mob by
1427:
Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. Ordinary lay
Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and
600:
on a stone base. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. In the massacres of August, the relatives of the
1485:
Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were
1474:
Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day massacre. He noted that the extra violence
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Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a
812:
The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the
595:
Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of
1470:
Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. Some blame the complete esteem with which the
1413:
The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of
1216:
mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup,
1001:
the mayor fortunately held on to his without publicising it until a week later when contrary orders from the king had arrived. In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up
878:
The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. The
1236:
There is also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! Kill them! But kill them all! Don't leave a single one alive to
989:
In several cases the Catholic party in the city believed they had received orders from the king to begin the massacre, some conveyed by visitors to the city, and in other cases apparently coming from a local nobleman or his agent. It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the
738:
After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on 18 August 1572, Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on 22
1009:
In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. In Rouen,
1325:
of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasising the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. By this period the Massacre was being widely used by
703:
against the Spanish. This intervention threatened to involve France in that war; many Catholics believed that Coligny had again persuaded the king to intervene on the side of the Dutch, as he had managed to do the previous October, before Catherine had got the decision reversed.
1196:
The massacre caused a "major international crisis". Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them.
1348:
changed his mind on whether the massacre had been premeditated twice, finally concluding that it was not. The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.
1818:(1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's
1224:
Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events, which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous
973:
Protestant minorities.... All of them had also experienced serious religious division... during the first three civil wars... Moreover seven of them shared a previous experience ... had actually been taken over by Protestant minorities during the first civil war..."
1295:(1589â90) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 3â4) His last play,
1381:
largely abandoned by some modern historians including, among others, Janine Garrisson. However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou;
785:
Catherine de' Medici: according to tradition, the Queen Mother had been worried that the king was increasingly becoming dominated by Coligny. Among other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the
604:
The court itself was extremely divided. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the
1193:, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". Moderate French Catholics also began to wonder whether religious uniformity was worth the price of such bloodshed and the ranks of the Politiques began to swell.
1418:
of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1056:
in 1978. Other estimates are about 10,000 in total, with about 3,000 in Paris and 7,000 in the provinces. At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000, or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians
1064:
For Paris, the only hard figure is a payment by the city to workmen for collecting and burying 1,100 bodies washed up on the banks of the Seine downstream from the city in one week. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this.
920:
Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on 24 August to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict, from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities:
832:
were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. It seems probable that a signal was given by ringing bells for
1482:, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour".
781:
to free the region from Spanish control. During the summer, Coligny had secretly dispatched a number of troops to help the Protestants in Mons, who were now besieged by the Duke of Alba. So Admiral de Coligny was a real threat to the
887:
suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.
1305:
of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain
1712:
was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. Chénier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of
1471:
sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "...were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy".
906:, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family." A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city.
609:(paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Beside this, the rivalries between the leading families re-emerged. The Guises were not prepared to make way for their rivals, the
1435:
in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant.
1927:
and survives only in audio form. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.
1240:
3236:. Paris: Gallimard, p. 203. The ultimate source for the story of Gregory XIII and Maurevert is a contemporaneous diplomatic report preserved in the French National Library, and described in De la FerriĂšre,
1107:, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot
525:, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of
3496:
Butterfield, p. 183 (and note), and p. 199; Anjou's account was defended by a minority of historians into the early 20th century, or at least claimed as being in some sense an account informed by actual
827:
Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The king's
2999:, who discusses the matter in some detail, found that "no evidence takes us as high as eight thousand", and found those contemporaries in the best position to know typically gave the lowest figures â
168:
509:
put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. The strongly Catholic
2069:
It is unlikely that it was an agreed signal for a massacre planned in advanceâa highly dubious plan, whether attributed to the Queen Mother (by Protestant sources) or to Parisian Catholics.
841:, near the Louvre, which was the parish church of the kings of France. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets.
1742:, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. That novel has been translated into English and was made first into a commercially successful
214:
2454:
1396:, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's.
1377:
Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family:
875:, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly".
1870:), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events.
77:
629:
In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but
348:
232:
3123:
3006:
2691:("Emond" or "Edmond"). Garrison, pp. 144â45, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. See also: Pearl, Jonathan L. (1998),
1301:(1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. The
770:, whose assassination ten years earlier they believed to have been ordered by Coligny. The shot aimed at Admiral de Coligny came from a house belonging to the Guises.
340:
1221:
that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court.
352:
172:
328:
739:
August as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. The would-be assassin, most likely
517:, was readmitted into the king's council in September 1571. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother,
4444:
1897:
as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth.
1542:
253:
222:
218:
1279:
in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that
4159:
2644:
2199:
915:
70:
2703:
17:
3090:
1048:
Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot
2846:
2602:
3151:
2882:
3020:
1659:, David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays,
1645:
knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native
1127:(Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants.
774:
1589:
1478:
However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to...
2322:
1166:
and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots."
3976:
Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violatedâ Motherhood, Female Militancy and Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's
1561:
107:
4310:
3508:
The Speech of Roy Henry third to a personage of honor and quality, being close to His Majesty, of the causes and motives of Saint Barthelemy
1154:
depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the
3677:
3601:
3493:
2750:
life was shortened by this great catastrophe, we shall see that the estimate of Péréfixe is still below the reality." G. D. Félice (1851).
651:
Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "
455:
63:
4016:
1244:
Charles IX in front of the Paris Parlement on 26 August 1572, justifying the Saint Bartholomew massacre as a response to a Huguenot plot.
4464:
4434:
4419:
754:â1583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates:
744:
4346:
3959:
1568:
1486:
wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers.
1022:
596:
the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden
572:
4394:
4225:
4098:
3370:
4414:
2765:
The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian
1448:
a member of the nobility, with the claim that it was the King's will, the die was cast. Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at
2770:
606:
102:
1575:
1428:
of God. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".
777:: he governed the Netherlands on behalf of Philip II. Coligny planned to lead a campaign in the Netherlands to participate in the
4424:
1915:
1814:
1630:
40:, a Huguenot painter who fled France after the massacre. Although it is not known whether Dubois witnessed the event, he depicts
1049:
4389:
3093:, who goes into full details, listing estimates of other historians, which range up to 100,000. His own estimation was 20,000.
892:
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and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. On 20 August, he left the capital and retired to
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1797:(1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French
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to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto
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1991:
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1721:. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.
556:. The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the
324:
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The historian H.G. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College,
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1389:, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court.
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Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under
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332:
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The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the war in the Crimea in 1857
2246:
Holt (2005), pp. 78â79; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and
1675:
614:
123:
977:
4324:
4268:
James R. Smither, "The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and Images of Kingship in France: 1572â1574."
1698:, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the
1463:
640:
156:
138:
4299:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Diarmaid McCulloch, Mark Greengrass & Penny Roberts, chaired by
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Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification
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on the many shifts in emphasis of the historiography of the massacre over the next four centuries.
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1002:
Protestants with little mob involvement. In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on 29 September of a
186:
4364:
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Massacres during the wars of religion: The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, a foundational event
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Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy
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Her Majesty's Spymaster: Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Birth of Modern Espionage
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To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter
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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine & Death in Reformation Europe
3325:
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine & Death in Reformation Europe
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was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. In the
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On 26 August, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the
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at left, his subsequent murder at right, and scenes of the general massacre in the streets.
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592:'s opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension.
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1777:"They seemed but dark shadows as they slid along the walls", illustration from an English
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Les Guerriers de Dieu. La violence au temps des troubles de religion vers 1525âvers 1610
3590:
Politics, Ideology, and the Law in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of J.H.M. Salmon
1994:, a massacre during World War II that was named after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1832:
The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into
1307:
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2011:
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appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. This serial is
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1649:. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled
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Les huguenots et le roi: le combat politique de Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, 1572â1600
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2385:"Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de ChĂątillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader"
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1947:
1311:
1233:, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family.
800:
470:
The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events:
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4323:
4088:
Machiavelli â the First Century: Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility, and Irrelevance
3254:
3143:
2804:
2682:
Knecht (2001), p. 368, though see Holt (2005), pp. 93â95 for a different emphasis
2455:"Le massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy : l'obsession de la souillure hérétique"
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1854:(Frank Bennett) to sanction it. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre,
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2843:; cited by Holt (2005 ed.), p. 91, and also used by Knecht (2001), p. 366, and
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1805:
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3374:, London: David Bogue, p. 168. Ivan was against Anjou becoming King of Poland.
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2050:. Translated by Bergin, Joseph. Manchester University Press (published 2016).
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supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". In Paris, the poet
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3743:
Priests, Prelates & People: A History of European Catholicism Since 1750
1006:, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later.
954:
844:
44:'s body hanging out of a window at the rear to the right. To the left rear,
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1932:
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family was out of favour at the French court; the Huguenot leader, Admiral
387:
3232:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 119, n. 2, Jouanna, Arlette (2007),
2354:
55:
3274:
Roberts, Yvonne (1997). "Jean-Antoine de Baïf and the Saint-Barthélemy".
3184:
Howe, E. (1976). "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots'".
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1942:
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It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of
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The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion
3287:
2362:
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997:, the king's younger brother, did urge massacres in the king's name; in
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started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister
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4253:
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre: The mysteries of a crime of state
4112:
3764:
Beneath The Cross: Catholics & Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris
3408:
2830:
2047:
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre: The mysteries of a crime of state
1909:
1825:
1812:
managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting
1646:
1549: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1362:
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762:(who was in Rome at the time), and his nephews, the Dukes of Guise and
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1975:
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The massacre began in the night of 23â24 August 1572, the eve of the
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4284:
The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the European conflict, 1559â1572
3385:
Butterfield, H. (1953). "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew".
2639:
Holt (2005 ed.), p. 91. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds
1524:
648:, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely.
633:
in general. In part this was led by an apparent change in stance by
4060:"The Doctor Who Transcripts â The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve"
3197:
2435:
Garrisson, pp. 82â83, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361
1686:. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as
1496:
One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of
1341:
1332:
1327:
1115:, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a
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436:
the Apostle, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral
414:
4246:
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: A Brief History with Documents
1979:
1077:
3998:
Revolutionary Acts: Theater, Democracy, and the French Revolution
3234:
La Saint BarthĂ©lemy: Les MystĂšres d'un Crime d'Ătat, 24 AoĂ»t 1572
2693:
The Crime of Crimes: Demonology and Politics in France, 1560â1620
1120:
962:
934:
692:
496:
The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572.
2522:
Tous ceux qui tombent. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethélemy
799:
Preparation for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Painting by
707:
4133:
La Nuit de la Saint-BarthĂ©lemy. Un rĂȘve perdu de la Renaissance
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La Nuit de la Saint-BarthĂ©lemy: Un rĂȘve perdu de la Renaissance
1245:
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The two leading Huguenots, Henry of Navarre and his cousin the
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bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the
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3506:
The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in
2807:(1978). "The Saint Bartholomew's Massacres in the Provinces".
2772:
A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume IV
687:(now in Belgium and France, respectively). Louis governed the
601:
Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob.
1789:
1081:
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597:
426:
3588:
Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in:
2913:
Guerres et paix de religion en Europe aux XVIe-XVIIe siecles
1209:
expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor.
2714:
Holt (2005 ed.), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. 127â132
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2247:
1919:
is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre.
1111:. The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to
930:
795:
662:
4263:
Myths about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres, 1572â1576
3592:, ed. John Hearsey McMillan Salmon, Boydell & Brewer,
3230:
St. Bartholomew's Night: The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
405:. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen
2871:
Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and
1884:
1439:
Historian Barbara B. Diefendorf, Professor of History at
2741:(2008) EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Deluxe Edition, Chicago;
2080:
1766:, and subtitled, in English-language markets), starring
1455:
564:
strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well.
3612:
The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below.
3057:
2655:
Holt (2005 ed.), pp. 93â94, and Benedict (2004), p. 127
1829:
a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."
859:
is in black. The scene from Dubois (above) re-imagined.
4204:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
3627:
2339:"From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572"
3949:
Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. 89â102, quotation from p. 101
3639:
1931:
The St Bartholomew's Day massacre is the setting for
1044:, 1573. Coligny is shot at left, and killed at right.
3240:
vol. 4 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891), p. cxvi.
2884:
The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda
1939:(Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013.
548:
to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King
3960:"Vigil â Address of the Holy Father â John Paul II"
3063:
Reformation: Christianity and the World 1500 â 2000
1694:in 1792. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but
1158:(1571). "The massacre was interpreted as an act of
4230:Note: this article incorporates material from the
3615:
3259:. Vol. III: Wars of Religion. et al. Oxford:
3132:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2311:The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483â1610
500:
2510:Holt (2005 edn), pp. 88â91 (quotation from p. 91)
2266:Reformation: Christianity and the World 1500â2000
1422:
4356:
4195:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion
4110:, Cambridge University Press, 1955, Chapter VI,
2526:All Who Fall. Faces of the St. Bethlemy Massacre
3322:
3186:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1850:) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King
1717:and many others, perhaps including his brother
1146:Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist
990:Guise faction may have desired the massacres.
985:began soon after the St. Bartholomew massacre.
916:St Bartholomew's Day massacre in the provinces
816:That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the
4049:Letters from Earth. Ostara publications. 2013
3308:(in French). Editions Pygmalion. p. 82.
2219:
2155:
2109:
1080:from Lyon are said to have put the people of
837:(between midnight and dawn) at the church of
708:Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny
71:
3226:. Vol. 1. New York: Image. p. 241.
2575:
2573:
2408:
1978:, a massacre of Catholics by Protestants in
1702:of 1792, which coincided with its printing.
1271:, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot
1182:
820:Palace with her Italian advisers, including
624:
3872:, Ed. Andrew Pettegree, Routledge, (2000),
3723:Catherine de Médicis: Le pouvoir au féminin
3384:
3218:
2726:Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set
2479:Knecht (2001), p. 364. The site is now 144
1671:â see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism.
1431:Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and
1357:
443:The massacre marked a turning point in the
85:
3150:. Vol. One (Ninth ed.). London:
2415:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
2213:
2149:
1205:, barely escaped with his life. Even Tsar
1025:, which began before the end of the year.
588:a princess of France to a Protestant. The
579:, who was 22 years old in August 1572, by
78:
64:
4169:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3851:
3849:
3804:Cunningham, A. & Grell, O. P. (2000)
3546:Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter
3300:
3108:
3106:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2498:Histoire des choses arrivees de son temps
2293:
2291:
1873:Another novel depicting this massacre is
1609:Learn how and when to remove this message
1084:off drinking the water for three months.
1040:detail from a portrait print of Coligny,
1021:Soon afterward both sides prepared for a
679:and captured the Catholic strongholds of
3164:
2975:
2803:
2600:
2542:
2402:
2198:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 79â80
1961:depicts the St. Bartholomew's massacre.
1772:
1620:
1454:
1361:
1239:
1129:
1091:
1032:
976:
843:
794:
717:
663:Huguenot intervention in the Netherlands
571:
454:
31:
4192:
3785:The French Wars of Religion 1562 â 1629
3633:
3276:BibliothĂšque d'Humanisme et Renaissance
3273:
2880:
2844:
2723:
2040:
1752:(US title "A Woman of Evil"), starring
1674:The story was also taken up in 1772 by
1344:against organised religion in general.
1138:above left, as depicted in a fresco by
14:
4445:CatholicâProtestant sectarian violence
4357:
4201:
4186:The French Wars of Religion, 1562â1629
4167:The French Wars of Religion, 1562â1629
4135:, Fayard, coll. " Chroniques ", 1994 (
3846:
3645:
3564:Anglo, Chapters 10 and 11; p. 328 etc.
3477:Amanti e regine. Il potere delle donne
3142:
3103:
3091:the 19th-century historian Henry White
2924:
2879:; Schneider, Edward; Pulver, Kathryn;
2848:Montaigne And the Ethics of Skepticism
2695:, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, p. 70,
2582:
2412:The French Wars of Religion, 1562â1629
2288:
2010:
1514:
1201:'s ambassador to France at that time,
849:One morning at the gates of the Louvre
4318:
3323:Cunningham, A.; Grell, O. P. (2000).
3120:Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges
3118:
3094:
3018:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2196:The French Wars of Religion 1562â1626
1480:the massacre of twenty-four Catholics
1162:; Coligny was considered a threat to
1068:Among the slain were the philosopher
730:shows the attempted assassination of
59:
4217:, Oxford University Press US, 1989,
4183:
4164:
4029:"A Huguenot on St Bartholomew's Day"
3621:
3249:
3183:
2981:The Faith: A History of Christianity
2753:History of the Protestants of France
2739:Saint Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of
2548:
2017:The French religious wars: 1562â1598
1916:The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve
1883:(1953). In the third episode of the
1815:A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day
1631:A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day
1547:adding citations to reliable sources
1518:
993:Apparently genuine letters from the
552:), son of the Huguenot leader Queen
4341:"St Bartholomew, Massacre of"
4251:Arlette Jouanna and Joseph Bergin.
3745:, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
3741:Atkin, N. & Tallett, F. (2003)
3463:The Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois
3099:. London: John Murray. p. 472.
2519:
2495:
695:in southern France for his brother
567:
27:1572 killing of Huguenots in France
24:
4465:Anti-Christian sentiment in France
4435:16th-century Reformed Christianity
4420:History of Protestantism in France
4238:
4115:and the Massacre of St Bartholomew
4000:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
2756:. New York: Edward Walker, p. 217.
2528:] (in French). La DĂ©couverte.
2327:
2117:. London: Macmillan. p. 113.
2020:. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 51â52.
1992:Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew's Day
1352:
1317:The French 18th-century historian
379:) in 1572 was a targeted group of
25:
18:St Bartholomew's Day massacre
4486:
4395:Catholicism-related controversies
4290:
3126:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2930:Oxford Encyclopedia World History
2604:Rouen During the Wars of Religion
1945:'s 2017 historical fiction novel
1134:The massacre, with the murder of
1016:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
4415:History of Catholicism in France
4052:
4043:
4021:
3990:
3692:, Fayard, coll. " Chroniques ",
3368:Morell, J. R. (transl.) (1854),
3312:[the shameful bloodbath]
3112:
2983:. London: Pimlico. p. 456.
2743:Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont
2313:, p. 356, Blackwell Publishing,
1971:List of incidents of cannibalism
1730:Chronique du rĂšgne de Charles IX
1680:Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lizieux
1657:The World of Christopher Marlowe
1558:"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre"
1523:
1185:Academie de Musique et de Poésie
1076:. The corpses floating down the
983:Siege of La Rochelle (1572â1573)
714:Assassination of Admiral Coligny
369:Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
265:Succession of Henry IV of France
4325:"Saint Bartholomew's Day"
4148:1572 : la Saint-Barthélemy
3970:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3921:Early Modern Europe 1500 â 1789
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3883:
3858:
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3828:
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3500:
3482:
3479:, Milano, Adelphi, 2008, p. 65.
3469:
3455:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3377:
3362:
3345:
3316:
3294:
3267:
3243:
3238:Lettres de Catherine de MĂ©dicis
3212:
3177:
3158:
3136:
3083:
3051:
3012:
2969:
2917:
2911:, citing David El Kenz (2008),
2865:
2797:
2777:
2759:
2732:
2717:
2708:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2633:
2594:
2513:
2504:
2489:
2473:
2447:
2438:
2429:
2377:
2300:
2279:
2253:
2240:
2204:
2087:Europe in the sixteenth century
1724:The story was fictionalised by
1534:needs additional citations for
671:had crossed from France to the
501:Unacceptable peace and marriage
377:Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy
4425:Political repression in France
3808:, Cambridge University Press,
3787:, Cambridge University Press,
3661:, Cambridge University Press,
3282:(3). Librairie Droz: 607â611.
3097:The Massacre of St Bartholomew
3022:Aspects of Contemporary France
2889:University of California Press
2226:. Librairie Droz. p. 84.
2188:
2179:
2140:
2131:
2103:
2074:
2034:
2004:
1690:by the actress and playwright
1423:Role of the religious factions
1150:to paint three frescos in the
476:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
317:Franco-Spanish War (1595â1598)
13:
1:
4390:Terrorist incidents in France
4297:St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
4270:The Sixteenth Century Journal
4188:. Cambridge University Press.
4080:
3893:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
3721:Wanegffelen, Thierry (2005),
3708:Bourgeon, Jean-Louis (1992),
3228:, Erlanger, Philippe (1962),
2956:Atlas of the Christian Church
2115:Atlas of the Christian church
1925:missing from the BBC archives
1369:, Charles IX's mother, after
1173:On hearing of the slaughter,
1028:
748:
615:François, Duke of Montmorency
450:
4405:Persecution of the Huguenots
3919:Koenigsberger, H. G. (1987)
3388:Cambridge Historical Journal
3256:The Cambridge Modern History
3007:The Huguenots and the League
2845:Zalloua, Zahi Anbra (2004).
2783:Armstrong, Alastair (2003),
2485:New York Times on the plaque
1955:The second season finale of
1937:The Twelve Children of Paris
1262:Lettre de Pierre Charpentier
1087:
909:
790:
52:to inspect a heap of bodies.
7:
4090:, Oxford University Press,
4064:Chrissie's Transcripts Site
3866:The French Wars of Religion
3766:, Oxford University Press,
2500:. Boston: Ginn and Company.
2496:De Thou, Jacques- Auguste.
1964:
1756:. It was remade in 1994 as
1312:the end justified the means
1072:, and in Lyon the composer
851:, 19th-century painting by
48:is shown emerging from the
10:
4491:
3329:Cambridge University Press
3261:Cambridge University Press
3002:Lectures on Modern History
2954:& Evans, G.R. (1987),
2609:Cambridge University Press
2558:. John Murray. p. 268
2461:(in French). 3 August 2007
1905:science fiction television
1500:â the religious historian
913:
867:, on 24 August at noon, a
711:
478:, which put an end to the
434:Feast of Saint Bartholomew
4193:Jouanna, Arlette (1998).
3446:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3401:10.1017/S1474691300002201
3167:The European Reformations
3165:Lindberg, Carter (1996).
3089:Garrisson, 131; see also
2823:10.1017/S0018246X00000510
2601:Benedict, Philip (2004).
2264:& Wilson, D. (1996),
2146:Lincoln (1989), pp. 93â94
2089:(2nd ed.). Longman.
1842:(1916). The film follows
1655:. Also, in his biography
1277:Discours contre Machievel
839:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
646:sovereignty of the people
625:Shift in Huguenot thought
560:. Both the Pope and King
108:Conflict in the provinces
97:
3762:Diefendorf, B.B. (1991)
3224:The Catholic Reformation
2268:, Bantam Press, London,
2085:; Bowler, G. Q. (1999).
1998:
1682:, unperformed until the
1358:Role of the royal family
1212:The massacre "spawned a
1125:Ugonottorum strages 1572
1059:Felipe FernĂĄndez-Armesto
865:Holy Innocents' Cemetery
807:
639:Readings on the Prophet
4385:Massacres of Christians
4375:French Wars of Religion
4347:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4244:Barbara B. Diefendorf,
3710:L'assassinat de Coligny
3688:Crouzet, Denis (1994),
3450:Saint Bartholomew's Day
3440:See Butterfield, 1955,
3310:le honteux bain de sang
3124:Saint Bartholomew's Day
2934:Oxford University Press
2881:Browner, Jesse (2007).
2787:, Heinemann, pp. 70â71
2664:Benedict (2004), p. 127
2337:Usher, Phillip (2014).
2113:; Evans, G. R. (1987).
1676:Louis-SĂ©bastien Mercier
1450:George Mason University
1014:, culminating with the
873:Jacques Auguste de Thou
445:French Wars of Religion
429:to attend the wedding.
421:to the Protestant King
403:French Wars of Religion
240:War of the Three Henrys
89:French Wars of Religion
4455:Massacres of Huguenots
4440:16th century in France
4410:Protestant Reformation
4350:(11th ed.). 1911.
4202:Salmon, J.H.M (1979).
4184:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
4165:Holt, Mack P. (1995).
4086:Anglo, Sydney (2005),
3996:Maslan, Susan (2005),
3855:Holt (1995 ed.), p. 87
3657:Holt, Mack P. (2002),
3452:has several quotations
3383:Anglo, 229; See also:
3019:Perry, Sheila (1997).
2810:The Historical Journal
2591:Holt (2005 ed.), p. 91
2220:Hugues Daussy (2002).
2194:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
2165:. Sutton. p. 25.
2162:The Parlement of Paris
2081:Koenigsburger, H. G.;
1782:
1634:
1467:
1374:
1257:
1203:Sir Francis Walsingham
1199:Elizabeth I of England
1183:
1143:
1100:
1045:
986:
860:
804:
768:Francis, Duke of Guise
735:
699:, who was leading the
689:Principality of Orange
584:
507:Peace of Saint-Germain
467:
376:
53:
4450:16th century in Paris
4331:Catholic Encyclopedia
4123:, Champvallon, 1990 (
4119:Denis Crouzet :
3984:, 5.1 (Summer 2014),
3940:Koenigsberger, p. 115
3910:Knecht (2001), p. 364
3870:The Reformation World
3864:Mentzer, Raymond A.,
3843:Holt (1995 ed.), p. 9
3490:Catholic Encyclopedia
3129:Catholic Encyclopedia
3095:White, Henry (1868).
3061:; Wilson, D. (1996).
3059:FernĂĄndez-Armesto, F.
2958:, Macmillan, London,
2724:Hillerbrand, Hans J.
2673:Knecht (2001), p. 367
2520:Foa, Jérémie (2021).
2409:Mack P. Holt (1995).
2355:10.1353/esp.2014.0023
2285:Holt (1995 ed), p. 95
2261:FernĂĄndez-Armesto, F.
2185:Knecht (2001), p. 359
1900:A 1966 serial in the
1776:
1734:Alexandre Dumas, pĂšre
1652:The Massacre at Paris
1624:
1458:
1365:
1319:Louis-Pierre Anquetil
1303:Catholic Encyclopedia
1298:The Massacre at Paris
1243:
1133:
1119:. The pope ordered a
1095:
1050:Maximilien de BĂ©thune
1036:
980:
847:
798:
721:
575:
485:The marriage between
480:third War of Religion
458:
409:, the mother of King
390:directed against the
258:Day of the Barricades
35:
4470:Mass murder in Paris
4104:Butterfield, Herbert
3171:Blackwell Publishing
3069:. pp. 236â237.
1935:' historical novel,
1856:Marguerite de Valois
1844:Catherine de' Medici
1810:John Everett Millais
1626:John Everett Millais
1543:improve this article
1491:University of London
1460:Henry, Duke of Guise
1367:Catherine de' Medici
1275:, who published his
1254:Sala Regia (Vatican)
1179:Jean-Antoine de BaĂŻf
857:Catherine de' Medici
853:Ădouard Debat-Ponsan
760:Cardinal of Lorraine
611:House of Montmorency
577:Charles IX of France
531:La Charité-sur-Loire
519:Catherine de' Medici
487:Henry III of Navarre
463:, the leader of the
423:Henry III of Navarre
407:Catherine de' Medici
215:La Charité-sur-Loire
46:Catherine de' Medici
4475:Attacks on weddings
4400:Counter-Reformation
4380:Massacres in France
4307:, 27 November 2003)
4206:. Metheun & Co.
4146:Garrisson, Janine,
3923:, Longman, Harlow,
3891:Catherine de Medici
3834:Holt, (1995), p. 44
3825:Holt, (1995), p. 86
3795:hardback, pp. 88â89
3783:Holt, M. P. (1995)
3148:A History of Europe
2923:Garrisson, p, 131;
2747:Archbishop of Paris
2643:to the 12 in Holt.
2444:Holt (2005), p. 85.
2307:Knecht, Robert Jean
1700:September Massacres
1643:Christopher Marlowe
1515:Cultural references
1507:On 23 August 1997,
1498:social anthropology
1408:Thierry Wanegffelen
1401:Jean-Louis Bourgeon
1310:according to which
1287:Christopher Marlowe
1219:conspiracy theories
741:Charles de Louviers
607:Cardinal de Bourbon
169:Saint-Jean d'Angély
4430:Henry IV of France
4314:(at Massacres.org)
4150:, Complexe, 2000 (
3889:Frieda, L. (2003)
3422:Anglo, pp. 237â240
3302:Bordonove, Georges
3220:Daniel-Rops, Henri
2966:hardback, pp. 113;
2851:. Rookwood Press.
2550:Dyer, Thomas Henry
2389:www.britannica.com
2373:– via jstor.
2297:Holt (2005), p. 81
2210:Holt (2005), p. 86
1860:Constance Talmadge
1783:
1692:Elizabeth Inchbald
1635:
1468:
1383:Chancellor Birague
1375:
1323:Esprit de la Ligue
1273:Innocent Gentillet
1260:The author of the
1258:
1231:Margaret of Valois
1175:Philip II of Spain
1160:divine retribution
1144:
1136:Gaspard de Coligny
1101:
1046:
987:
861:
805:
736:
697:William the Silent
659:monarchy itself".
585:
562:Philip II of Spain
515:Gaspard de Coligny
493:on 18 August 1572.
491:Margaret of Valois
468:
461:Gaspard de Coligny
438:Gaspard de Coligny
325:Fontaine-Française
153:La Roche-l'Abeille
54:
4460:Massacres in 1572
4370:Conflicts in 1572
4282:N. M Sutherland.
4223:978-0-19-507909-8
4096:978-0-19-926776-7
4014:978-0-8018-8125-1
3931:paperback, p. 115
3816:paperback, p. 151
3774:paperback, p. 157
3675:978-0-521-89278-0
3574:Project Gutenberg
3537:Anglo, pp. 254â65
3431:Anglo, pp. 272â80
3353:Stephen Budiansky
3047:978-0-415-13179-7
2909:978-0-520-24709-3
2898:978-0-520-24709-3
2858:978-1-886365-59-9
2701:978-0-88920-296-2
2629:978-0-521-54797-0
2422:978-0-521-35873-6
2343:L'Esprit Créateur
2319:978-0-631-22729-8
2276:paperback, p. 237
2233:978-2-600-00667-5
2172:978-0-7509-1830-5
2124:978-0-333-44157-2
2012:Knecht, Robert J.
1986:Sack of Magdeburg
1958:The Serpent Queen
1893:(1971), starring
1848:Josephine Crowell
1786:Giacomo Meyerbeer
1779:History of France
1684:French Revolution
1619:
1618:
1611:
1593:
1509:Pope John Paul II
1441:Boston University
1250:Pope Gregory XIII
1207:Ivan the Terrible
1181:, founder of the
1156:Battle of Lepanto
1113:Pope Gregory XIII
830:Swiss mercenaries
482:on 8 August 1570.
364:
363:
179:Fourth; 1572â1573
131:Second; 1567â1568
16:(Redirected from
4482:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4261:Robert Kingdon.
4232:French Knowledge
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4031:. Humanities Web
4025:
4019:
3994:
3988:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3932:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3887:
3881:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3781:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3719:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3686:
3680:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3600:, 9781878822390
3586:
3580:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3381:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3355:in chapter 1 of
3349:
3343:
3342:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3247:
3241:
3227:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3144:Fisher, H. A. L.
3140:
3134:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3055:
3049:
3040:
3016:
3010:
2994:
2973:
2967:
2953:
2947:
2921:
2915:
2902:
2873:Chaliand, GĂ©rard
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2805:Benedict, Philip
2801:
2795:
2785:France 1500â1715
2781:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2334:
2325:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2044:(16 May 2016) .
2042:Jouanna, Arlette
2038:
2032:
2031:
2008:
1948:A Column of Fire
1669:The Jew of Malta
1614:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1551:
1527:
1519:
1462:, leader of the
1269:Machiavellianism
1188:
1061:and D. Wilson.
1023:fourth civil war
758:The Guises: the
753:
750:
568:Tension in Paris
201:Fifth; 1574â1576
145:Third; 1568â1570
103:First; 1562â1563
92:
90:
80:
73:
66:
57:
56:
21:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4355:
4354:
4338:
4293:
4272:(1991): 27â46.
4241:
4239:Further reading
4177:
4158:). (in French)
4108:Man on his Past
4083:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4022:
3995:
3991:
3975:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3888:
3884:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3803:
3799:
3782:
3778:
3761:
3757:
3753:hardback, p. 9;
3740:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3703:
3687:
3683:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3587:
3583:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:Anglo, p. 253ff
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3456:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3382:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3321:
3317:
3299:
3295:
3272:
3268:
3248:
3244:
3217:
3213:
3182:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3141:
3137:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3056:
3052:
3037:
3017:
3013:
3009:", pp. 162â163.
2991:
2974:
2970:
2949:
2944:
2936:. p. 585.
2922:
2918:
2899:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2802:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2767:François Guizot
2764:
2760:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2619:
2611:. p. 126.
2599:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2335:
2328:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2111:Chadwick, Henry
2108:
2104:
2097:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1967:
1868:Joseph Henabery
1864:Admiral Coligny
1768:Isabelle Adjani
1759:La Reine Margot
1749:La reine Margot
1739:La Reine Margot
1732:(1829), and by
1726:Prosper Mérimée
1615:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1528:
1517:
1464:Catholic League
1425:
1371:François Clouet
1360:
1355:
1353:Interpretations
1090:
1074:Claude Goudimel
1054:Philip Benedict
1031:
918:
912:
900:Paris Parlement
893:Prince of Condé
822:Albert de Gondi
810:
793:
751:
728:Frans Hogenberg
716:
710:
669:Louis of Nassau
665:
627:
581:François Clouet
570:
554:Jeanne d'Albret
521:, and her son,
503:
453:
365:
360:
319:
314:
283:ChĂąteau-Laudran
269:
261:
244:
236:
231:
226:
213:
208:
203:
198:
181:
176:
147:
142:
133:
128:
106:
93:
88:
86:
84:
42:Admiral Coligny
38:François Dubois
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4488:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4365:1572 in France
4353:
4352:
4336:
4320:Goyau, Georges
4316:
4308:
4292:
4291:External links
4289:
4288:
4287:
4280:
4266:
4259:
4249:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4211:Lincoln, Bruce
4208:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4175:
4162:
4144:
4117:
4101:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4051:
4042:
4020:
3989:
3969:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3912:
3903:
3882:
3857:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3797:
3776:
3755:
3734:
3714:
3712:, GenĂšve: Droz
3701:
3681:
3650:
3648:, p. 187.
3638:
3636:, p. 201.
3626:
3614:
3605:
3581:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3512:
3499:
3481:
3468:
3454:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3376:
3361:
3359:(Viking, 2005)
3344:
3337:
3331:. p. 59.
3315:
3293:
3266:
3253:, ed. (1904).
3242:
3211:
3198:10.2307/751147
3176:
3173:. p. 295.
3157:
3154:. p. 581.
3135:
3102:
3082:
3075:
3050:
3035:
3011:
2989:
2968:
2942:
2928:, ed. (1998).
2916:
2897:
2864:
2857:
2817:(2): 205â225.
2796:
2776:
2758:
2731:
2716:
2707:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2632:
2617:
2593:
2581:
2579:Lincoln, p. 98
2569:
2541:
2535:978-2348057885
2534:
2512:
2503:
2488:
2472:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2401:
2376:
2326:
2299:
2287:
2278:
2252:
2239:
2232:
2212:
2203:
2187:
2178:
2171:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2102:
2096:978-0582418639
2095:
2073:
2057:978-1526112187
2056:
2033:
2027:978-1841763958
2026:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1895:Glenda Jackson
1806:Pre-Raphaelite
1706:Joseph Chénier
1617:
1616:
1531:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1424:
1421:
1387:duke of Nevers
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1237:reproach me!"
1148:Giorgio Vasari
1140:Giorgio Vasari
1089:
1086:
1030:
1027:
914:Main article:
911:
908:
904:lit de justice
809:
806:
792:
789:
788:
787:
783:
771:
712:Main article:
709:
706:
664:
661:
626:
623:
569:
566:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
483:
452:
449:
383:and a wave of
381:assassinations
362:
361:
321:2nd Luxembourg
299:1st Luxembourg
127:
126:
98:
95:
94:
83:
82:
75:
68:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4487:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
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4458:
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4413:
4411:
4408:
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4401:
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4373:
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4349:
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4317:
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4309:
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4285:
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4196:
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4187:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:2-87027-721-0
4153:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:2-213-59216-0
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:2-87673-094-4
4126:
4122:
4118:
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4114:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
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4084:
4065:
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4055:
4046:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:0-8018-8125-0
4003:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3965:
3964:w2.vatican.va
3961:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3930:
3929:0-582-49401-X
3926:
3922:
3916:
3907:
3900:
3899:0-7538-2039-0
3896:
3892:
3886:
3879:
3878:0-415-16357-9
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3852:
3850:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3815:
3814:0-521-46701-2
3811:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3793:0-521-35359-9
3790:
3786:
3780:
3773:
3772:0-1950-7013-5
3769:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3751:0-19-521987-2
3748:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3698:2-213-59216-0
3695:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:0-521-89278-3
3664:
3660:
3654:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3624:, p. 86.
3623:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:1-878822-39-X
3595:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3561:
3555:Anglo, p. 286
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3519:Anglo, p. 251
3516:
3509:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3458:
3451:
3447:
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3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3351:According to
3348:
3340:
3338:0-521-46701-2
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3263:. p. 20.
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3152:Fontana Press
3149:
3145:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3109:
3107:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3076:0-593-02749-3
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3036:0-415-13179-0
3032:
3029:. p. 5.
3028:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:0-7126-0720-X
2986:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2964:0-333-44157-5
2961:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2943:0-19-860223-5
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2793:0-435-32751-8
2790:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2618:0-521-54797-0
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2481:Rue de Rivoli
2476:
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2441:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2390:
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2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2282:
2275:
2274:0-593-02749-3
2271:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:J. H. Shennan
2152:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:Mosse, George
2077:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:Leonard Sachs
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1876:Queen Jezebel
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:D.W. Griffith
1830:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:Les Huguenots
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:Les Huguenots
1791:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:Jeanne Moreau
1751:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:André Chénier
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:2 Tamburlaine
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1628:'s painting,
1627:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1599:November 2017
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560: â
1559:
1555:
1554:Find sources:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:This section
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1502:Bruce Lincoln
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1443:, wrote that
1442:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1406:According to
1404:
1402:
1399:According to
1397:
1395:
1394:Denis Crouzet
1392:According to
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Enlightenment
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:raison d'Ă©tat
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1191:Maximilian II
1187:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
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1098:
1094:
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1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
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1062:
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1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1000:
996:
995:Duke of Anjou
991:
984:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
907:
905:
902:. "Holding a
901:
896:
894:
889:
886:
885:prosopography
882:
876:
874:
870:
869:hawthorn bush
866:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
840:
836:
831:
825:
823:
819:
814:
802:
797:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
755:
746:
742:
733:
729:
725:
724:popular print
720:
715:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Netherlandish
670:
660:
658:
654:
653:Monarchomachs
649:
647:
643:
642:
636:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
602:
599:
593:
591:
582:
578:
574:
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563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
495:
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
472:
471:
466:
462:
457:
448:
446:
441:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:) during the
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
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370:
359:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
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322:
318:
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308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
260:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
235:
234:
230:
229:Seventh; 1580
225:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
206:
202:
197:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
174:
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158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
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136:
132:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
91:
81:
76:
74:
69:
67:
62:
61:
58:
51:
50:Louvre Palace
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4345:
4329:
4311:
4304:
4301:Melvyn Bragg
4283:
4269:
4262:
4252:
4245:
4226:Google Books
4214:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:0521-35873-6
4166:
4160:Google books
4147:
4132:
4120:
4111:
4107:
4099:Google Books
4087:
4067:. Retrieved
4063:
4054:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4023:
3997:
3992:
3981:
3978:The Massacre
3977:
3972:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3920:
3915:
3906:
3901:, pp. 314â16
3890:
3885:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3805:
3800:
3784:
3779:
3763:
3758:
3742:
3737:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3689:
3684:
3658:
3653:
3641:
3634:Jouanna 1998
3629:
3617:
3608:
3589:
3584:
3577:Jew of Malta
3576:
3569:
3560:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3395:(1): 27â47.
3392:
3386:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3356:
3347:
3324:
3318:
3309:
3305:
3296:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3255:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3214:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3166:
3160:
3147:
3138:
3127:
3096:
3085:
3067:Bantam Press
3062:
3053:
3021:
3014:
3000:
2980:
2977:Moynahan, B.
2971:
2955:
2951:Chadwick, H.
2929:
2919:
2912:
2883:
2877:Blin, Arnaud
2867:
2847:
2814:
2808:
2799:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2761:
2752:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2704:Google Books
2692:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2635:
2603:
2596:
2560:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2411:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2388:
2379:
2349:(2): 33â44.
2346:
2342:
2323:Google Books
2310:
2302:
2281:
2265:
2255:
2242:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2200:google Books
2195:
2190:
2181:
2161:
2151:
2142:
2137:Holt, p. 78.
2133:
2114:
2105:
2086:
2076:
2068:
2061:. Retrieved
2046:
2036:
2016:
2006:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1933:Tim Willocks
1930:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1888:
1874:
1872:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1764:Queen Margot
1763:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1709:
1704:
1696:The Massacre
1695:
1688:The Massacre
1687:
1679:
1678:in his play
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1636:
1629:
1605:
1596:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1553:
1541:Please help
1536:verification
1533:
1506:
1495:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1379:
1376:
1336:) and other
1331:
1322:
1316:
1296:
1292:Jew of Malta
1290:
1285:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1211:
1195:
1172:
1168:
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1124:
1102:
1097:Gregory XIII
1070:Petrus Ramus
1067:
1063:
1047:
1037:
1020:
1008:
992:
988:
970:
919:
897:
890:
877:
862:
848:
826:
815:
811:
786:Netherlands.
779:Dutch Revolt
775:Duke of Alba
737:
701:Dutch Revolt
685:Valenciennes
675:province of
666:
650:
638:
628:
603:
594:
586:
543:
504:
469:
442:
431:
388:mob violence
368:
366:
316:
315:
263:
262:
238:
237:
228:
227:
210:
209:
200:
199:
178:
177:
173:Arney-le-Duc
144:
143:
130:
129:
101:
36:Painting by
29:
4305:In Our Time
4197:. Bouquins.
4069:25 February
3646:Salmon 1979
3494:see note 18
3448:article on
3251:Ward, A. W.
3192:: 258â261.
2745:, Catholic
2465:22 December
2459:Le Monde.fr
1943:Ken Follett
1890:Elizabeth R
1887:miniseries
1881:Jean Plaidy
1839:Intolerance
1799:grand opera
1744:French film
1639:Elizabethan
1445:Simon Vigor
1433:broadsheets
1416:coup d'Ă©tat
1340:writers in
1281:Machiavelli
1214:pullulating
1164:Christendom
1117:Golden Rose
1109:coup d'etat
1038:Bas de page
971:significant
801:KÄrlis HĆ«ns
752: 1505
635:John Calvin
527:La Rochelle
399:Protestants
311:Fort Crozon
267:(1589â1594)
242:(1585â1589)
211:Sixth; 1577
195:La Rochelle
135:Saint-Denis
4359:Categories
4113:Lord Acton
4081:References
3731:2228900184
3497:witnesses.
3065:. London:
2997:Lord Acton
2932:. Oxford:
2926:Parker, G.
1910:Doctor Who
1852:Charles IX
1826:Mark Twain
1762:(later as
1710:Charles IX
1647:Canterbury
1641:dramatist
1569:newspapers
1346:Lord Acton
1170:murderer.
1152:Sala Regia
1105:Politiques
1042:Jost Amman
1029:Death toll
955:La Charité
743:, Lord of
523:Charles IX
451:Background
411:Charles IX
333:Le Catelet
165:Moncontour
3982:Dandelion
3622:Holt 2005
3475:Craveri,
3122:(1912). "
3027:Routledge
2839:159715479
2371:162224757
1976:Michelade
1913:entitled
1781:, c. 1912
1746:in 1954,
1715:Louis XVI
1321:, in his
1088:Reactions
1012:Louis XIV
910:Provinces
818:Tuileries
791:Massacres
745:Maurevert
619:Chantilly
590:Parlement
539:Montauban
465:Huguenots
396:Calvinist
392:Huguenots
187:SommiĂšres
4322:(1913).
4143:) ;
4035:19 April
3980:, p. 3,
3880:, p. 332
3725:, Payot
3488:See the
3466:(online)
3306:Henri IV
3304:(1981).
3288:20678289
3222:(1964).
3146:(1969).
2979:(2003).
2562:28 March
2552:(1861).
2363:26378894
2309:(2001),
2159:(1998).
2063:1 August
2014:(2002).
1965:See also
1836:'s film
1808:painter
1708:'s play
1342:polemics
1333:Henriade
1330:(in his
1328:Voltaire
1099:'s medal
927:Bordeaux
923:Toulouse
657:Gallican
631:monarchy
550:Henry IV
546:Margaret
459:Admiral
419:Margaret
415:massacre
394:(French
385:Catholic
337:Doullens
291:Caudebec
191:Sancerre
157:Poitiers
139:Chartres
4278:2542014
4255:(2015)
3409:3021106
2831:2638258
2769:in his
2394:2 April
1988:in 1631
1982:in 1567
1907:series
1902:British
1728:in his
1583:scholar
1227:Memoirs
1121:Te Deum
963:Gaillac
943:Orléans
935:Bourges
863:In the
782:latter.
732:Coligny
693:Avignon
691:around
677:Hainaut
637:in his
349:La FĂšre
341:Cambrai
307:Morlaix
246:Coutras
233:La FĂšre
223:Brouage
219:Issoire
205:Dormans
124:Orléans
4286:(1973)
4276:
4265:(1988)
4257:online
4248:(2008)
4221:
4173:
4154:
4139:
4127:
4094:
4012:
4004:
3927:
3897:
3876:
3812:
3791:
3770:
3749:
3729:
3696:
3673:
3665:
3602:p. 162
3596:
3442:passim
3407:
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3206:751147
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2645:online
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1385:; the
1246:Vasari
1004:Jesuit
999:Nantes
967:Troyes
959:Saumur
951:Angers
835:matins
803:(1868)
764:Aumale
641:Daniel
537:, and
535:Cognac
413:, the
373:French
357:Amiens
353:Ardres
345:Calais
271:Arques
254:Auneau
250:Vimory
161:Orthez
149:Jarnac
4274:JSTOR
4017:p. 40
3678:p. 20
3579:text.
3405:JSTOR
3284:JSTOR
3202:JSTOR
2835:S2CID
2827:JSTOR
2524:[
2367:S2CID
2359:JSTOR
1999:Notes
1980:NĂźmes
1879:, by
1790:opera
1590:JSTOR
1576:books
1082:Arles
1078:RhĂŽne
947:Meaux
939:Rouen
881:Seine
808:Paris
722:This
598:cross
511:Guise
427:Paris
303:Blaye
295:Craon
287:Rouen
279:Paris
120:Dreux
116:Vergt
112:Rouen
4219:ISBN
4171:ISBN
4152:ISBN
4137:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4071:2020
4037:2007
4010:ISBN
4002:ISBN
3925:ISBN
3895:ISBN
3874:ISBN
3810:ISBN
3789:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3727:ISBN
3694:ISBN
3671:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3594:ISBN
3492:and
3333:ISBN
3071:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3031:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2960:ISBN
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2893:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2641:Albi
2625:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2564:2011
2530:ISBN
2467:2022
2417:ISBN
2396:2022
2315:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2248:Laon
2228:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2065:2022
2052:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1804:The
1667:and
1663:and
1637:The
1562:news
1248:for
1103:The
981:The
965:and
931:Lyon
773:The
683:and
681:Mons
558:Pope
505:The
489:and
474:The
367:The
275:Ivry
183:Mons
4131:),
3986:PDF
3868:in
3397:doi
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2819:doi
2351:doi
1885:BBC
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