1702:
1571:
1542:
1507:
1639:
1605:
1028:
93:
1982:
190:
35:
639:"One of the characteristics of Frisian historiography and literature from the Middle Ages up to the nineteenth and twentieth century is the existence of a comprehensive corpus of fantastic, apocryphal and mystified historic works, which deal with the origins and identity of the Frisians. Well known examples are medieval myths of origin like the
687:
historiography, because his name was linked to dynastic claims regarding the
Kingdom of Friesland. Aldgisl II and Radboud II are doubles of Aldgisl I and Redbad I, and were also depicted as Christian Kings and ancestors of several noble families in Holland. Radboud II was supposed to have been the
248:
After coming under
Frankish rule, the Frisian districts were governed by counts, later on also by dukes and bishops exerting the count's privileges. The power of these counts was restricted, however, due to the decentralized nature of the maritime landscape, which prevented large-scale military
902:(1872), embellished these stories further by describing an ancient and glorious history for the Frisians extending back thousands of years. Originally, they were supposedly ruled over by a line of matriarchs known as folk-mothers, founded by the eponymous goddess
269:. The foreign - largely Saxon - magnates that held office were dependent on local nobles helping them to exploit privileges, administer justice and raise troops. Only in the coastal districts of Holland a local dynasty developed, due to extensive royal domains.
862:
contain the names of other fictitious
Frisian kings. French romances refer to Enguerran, Galesis, Gondelbuef, Hugon (de Vauvenice), Louhout, Polions, Rabel and Raimbault de Frise, the last two as corrupted forms of Radbod. The 13th-century Old Norse
2605:
Verthoninghe der
Coninghen, Bisschoppen, Princen, Potestaten, Heeren ende Graven van Vrieslant, met de gedenckweerdichtsche saecken van haer, zoo buiten als binnen ’s lants gedaen van aanbegin tot den jare
2583:
665:
Several names of
Frisian kings appear in 14th- and 15th-century chronicles from Holland and Hainaut. Among these names three stand out. The name Gondebald or Gondebuef is derived from the 12th-century
1205:
Godfrid was ambushed and killed, count Gerolf is believed to have been one of the nobles involved in the attack as he is rewarded shortly after with most of
Godfrid's domain: the coastline from
335:
may have emerged in the districts northwest of the
Frankish Kingdom, each districts characterized by a distincive style of ornaments. One of these kingdoms may have been ruled by the legendary
1830:
Otto III failed to establish his rule in Frisia, and the land reverted to the bishop of
Utrecht. Utrecht and Holland fought over the rights to Middle Frisia, and from 1165 administered it in
372:
The early medieval
Frisians were in fact, like Hengist and Horsa, immigrants from Anglo-Saxon descent, absorbing the older name of the Frisii that inhabitated the area in Roman times. Under
324:
Note that a supposed "House of Frisia" as well as the names of most members of the house are mythological or fictitious. Early modern historians created the story of a continuous dynasty.
743:(1609, 2nd. ed. 1623). According to the latter, there had been seven princes of Frisia, followed by seven dukes and nine kings. The dynasty of kings was succeeded by seventeen
2417:
Dux should not be confused with Duke, the
Frisian Dux was a military commander responsible for the defence of the Frisian territory, particularly against the Norse raiders.
1401:
2485:
2018:
869:, translated from a lost Lower German original, contains the names of the Frisian kings Osid and his son Otnid, supposedly the father and brother of the famous
1430:. The wars ended with the last uprising of the Frisians in 793 and the pacification of them. Counts were appointed by the Frankish monarchs. However, Danish
1095:
took control of what remained of the Frisian territory (East Frisia) and incorporated it into their kingdom. Counts appointed by the Frankish rulers were:
850:
Radbodus II, 749-775. He was, according Hamconius, a heathen and grew up in the court of the King of Denmark. He was supposed to have participated in the
2264:
2130:
2024:
2539:
1408:
the traditional seat of government for Westergo and likely family of the Reginingen that held considerable property across Middle Frisia and the west
2191:
2084:
2058:
1834:. With the Hollandic counts and Utrecht bishops failing to agree under whose authority the Frisians would fall, they were left to rule themselves.
723:
and his successor in Friesland Bernardus Furmerius (1545-1616) constructed a series of fictitious princes, dukes and kings, beginning with Prince
284:, that were in most cases appointed by counts. As the power of counts waned during the 12th century, these functionaries were replaced by elected
2481:
2604:
1738:
752:
2432:
1857:
is Count of Holland so Holland and Utrecht agree to make William ruler of Middle Frisia, his power in Frisia fades after his victory in the
751:
or governors), of which only the last one was historical. All four lists focused on the province of Friesland and not on the other parts of
2161:
1728:
635:
invented a series of Frisian monarchs. The historian Goffe Jensma states in his introduction to a course at the University of Amsterdam:
157:
1236:
292:
129:
110:
280:
400:). Radbod may also have extended his power to the province of Fryslân, but his rule did not extend farther East. The province of
274:
1200:
136:
1035:
Poppo's defeat generally marks the conquest of Frisia by the Franks, following the defeat Frisia is divided in three parts:
2716:
2263:
The house of Calvelage likely never stepped foot in east Frisia and lost their belongings when the region entered into the
143:
2649:
1434:
raided Frisia in the end of the 9th century and established Viking rule. After the division of the Frankish Kingdom in
17:
52:
2721:
176:
125:
74:
906:
as an ancestress of all Frisians. The authorship is uncertain, but the book is generally considered to be a hoax or
2335:
1831:
2516:
2119:
1782:
114:
922:, ?–2194 BCE, eponymous ancestress of the Frisians, who supposedly inhabited all of Northern and Western
2510:
2113:
1786:
1775:
2571:, vol. 60/61, Amsterdam: Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Munt- en Penningkunde, pp. 153–156
719:
The classicist Suffridus Petrus (1527-1597), professor in Cologne and official chronicler of the Estates of
1496:
910:. Several legendary princes from 16th-century mythical historiography were also incorporated in the story.
984:
Gosa, 306–before 264 BCE, elected after a long vacancy, Frisian rule confined to approximately the modern
2711:
2563:
2498:
1850:
1792:
1758:
1312:
2364:
1854:
1796:
1298:
932:, 2194–after 2145 BCE (appointed by Frya when the latter ascended to the stars during a terrible flood)
56:
45:
150:
2522:
2357:
2329:
1809:
1243:
2393:
Following the end of house Billung in 1106 the east of Riustringen is slowly being conquered by the
1887:
at the Upstalsboom. What starts out as a loose gathering becomes an increasingly formal alliance or
680:
2323:
2149:. Groningen joined the other six provinces in Februari 1595 and formed the seventh province of the
1305:
1264:
1232:
2584:
Historical Frisian Literature: Fakes and Forgeries, myths and mystifications in Frisian Literature
2475:
1946:
is defined remains unclear. The western part of East Frisia was centered around the mouth of the
1268:
1187:
795:
Asconius, AD 130-173, his title downgraded to duke as he was supposed to have been a Roman client
103:
376:
the Frisian kingship reached its maximum geographical extent, covering the coastal districts of
2534:
2402:
2376:
2370:
1896:
1631:
1597:
1315:, the title "Count of Frisia west of the Vlie" was changed to "Count of Holland". Continues in
744:
684:
2632:
2618:
2504:
2426:
2103:
1918:
1819:
1732:
1341:
667:
1892:
1823:
647:, sixteenth-century humanistic scholarly books by e.g. Suffridus Petrus, Ocko van Scarl en
231:) kings, with whom they were contemporaries. In these chronicles, these rulers were styled
854:
and thought to have fled back to Denmark, after which the Kingdom of Frisia was dissolved.
8:
2445:
1866:
1724:
1282:
1166:
732:
701:
412:
353:
1938:
The Frankish kings divided the region in at least two parts. How the region between the
2438:
2394:
2388:
2196:
2063:
2044:
1932:
1648:
1580:
1355:
1292:
1134:
736:
648:
436:
266:
1853:, in 1178 William's brother Baldwin becomes bishop of Utrecht while his other brother
306:
evolved towards a government office and was ultimately transformed into the office of
2677:
Fries Genootschap van Geschied-, Oudheid- en Taalkunde en de Fryske Akademy, (1970),
2468:
2461:
2451:
1765:
1614:
1419:
1392:
1316:
1225:
1162:
1156:
1144:
874:
865:
859:
358:
258:
776:
Asinga Ascon, 71 BCE-AD 11, reviled for employing foreign troops and bringing plague
1884:
1843:
1427:
551:
373:
328:
250:
2231:
c.1031-1038-1070, Bernard & Adalbert, ruled Emsgau & Federgau respectively
2610:
2559:
2457:
2398:
2304:
2142:
2051:
1880:
1409:
1276:
1272:
1082:
929:
898:
709:
696:(i.e. of the Huns) and according to the legend buried on Lord Radbod's cemetery (
689:
657:
587:
366:
332:
319:
1861:
and his descendants would not inherit it. Many Frisians followed William in the
1397:-885-, Gardulf, mentioned together with Gerulf the younger and plausibly related
1368:
c.820, Deodred (Diederik), plausible son of Gerulf the elder, held lands in the
676:
2316:
2150:
2005:
1999:
1382:
1369:
469:
336:
254:
223:. The earliest names of Frisian rulers are documented by the chronicles of the
2464:’s presence in Frisia which has led people to believe they are the same person
2460:, sources mention him as Dux Frisonum, the timeframe corresponds roughly with
510:; attested only in a small number of Merovingian-style golden coins and ;
2705:
2166:
1888:
1862:
958:
Rosamond, 1631-? BCE, the Frisians in Western Europe revolted and became the
884:(corrupted to Kinkailin) as one of the regional kings who was subordinate to
705:
381:
377:
362:
245:
and its cognates in other languages. English sources refer to them as kings.
1975:
1812:, through marriage with Gertrude, daughter of Egbert II, Murdered on arrival
844:
Adgillus II, 723-737, loyal Christian vassal of the Franks, brother of Poppo
2186:
822–855, Cobbo the Elder, possible son of Ekbert duke of Saxony at the time
1967:
1701:
1570:
1541:
1506:
1439:
1435:
1254:
1152:
262:
2300:
2293:
1951:
1286:
1218:
1127:
1092:
1027:
985:
953:
885:
748:
713:
672:
428:
224:
2146:
2107:
1971:
1963:
1769:
1334:
851:
1063:
978:), 590–559 BCE, supposedly ordered the compilation of what became the
2422:
2247:
2141:
becomes very powerful. It quickly becomes an important member of the
2134:
1914:
1174:
1138:
1115:
1109:
720:
632:
432:
424:
420:
298:
208:
1201:
Count of Holland § Counts of Holland and West-Frisia (885–1433)
202:
list of historically verifiable, legendary and fictitious rulers of
92:
2126:
2096:
1981:
1858:
1751:
1683:
1675:
1516:
1405:
1250:
1170:
1105:
798:
411:
came under Frankish rule and were christianized. In 734, after the
393:
286:
1638:
1604:
2659:
2347:
2138:
2037:
1955:
1939:
1761:, either through marriage with the daughter of Ekbert or conquest
1727:, inherits frisian lands likely through his maternal grandmother
1717:
1431:
1375:
1148:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1040:
693:
575:
520:
507:
431:) were subjugated in 785. The Frisians immigrants of the isle of
416:
401:
389:
347:
341:
423:) was occupied by the Franks. The Frisians east of the Lauwers (
272:
In fact, the Frisians were ruled by local officials such as the
2667:
Die Grafen von Mittelfriesland aus dem Geschlecht König Ratbods
2281:
2145:
and towards the end of the 14th century comes to rule over the
1531:
1472:
1423:
1388:
1330:
1088:
971:
Frana, ?–590 BCE, murdered by the Finns during an invasion
923:
919:
907:
903:
870:
716:
introduced a King Ritzart, who was supposed to have lived 625.
631:
During the 15th and 16th centuries historians from Holland and
492:
404:
may already have been under Frankish rule during his lifetime.
228:
203:
189:
2562:(1973–1974), "Korte Bijdragen: A New Audulfus Frisia Triens",
847:
Gondobaldus, 737-749 (also Aldegisel III), son of Aldgillus II
1959:
1926:
1691:
1363:
1349:
1258:
1210:
1074:
959:
949:
767:, 313-245 BCE, established a militaristic hereditary monarchy
764:
728:
724:
506:
disputed, probably in Westergo, but may have been a Frankish
307:
236:
212:
2696:
2540:
List of stadtholders in the Low Countries#Lordship of Frisia
1921:, his domain is unknown but likely somewhere in between the
1344:, his domain is unknown but likely somewhere in between the
357:. According the legend, Finn was killed by the Saxon leader
2277:
1986:
1947:
1943:
1922:
1687:
1679:
1359:
1345:
1247:
1235:, Dirk inherited most of the coastline of Gerulf's domain.
1214:
1206:
1055:
1044:
614:
408:
241:
220:
216:
194:
1791:
1089–1099, Egbert's properties in Frisia are given to the
1239:, Dirk's brother inherited the eastern inland territories.
1985:
Rough outline of the four counties of Frisia east of the
1785:, son of Egbert I, punished for his participation in the
995:
60 BCE, puppet folk-mother appointed by King Asinga Ascon
671:. Here he is introduced as a Christian king, who fell at
1958:. The eastern part was centered around the mouth of the
1217:
Nifterlake, Lek & IJssel and several properties in
1978:, assumed to be the county that Harald Klak received.
626:
1358:, plausible son of theoderic, Reeve of Frisians from
1267:, killed by rebelling Frisians, for the Frisians of
613:(count) in Frankish sources, ruled East of the River
55:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
2441:, was punished for failing to hold back the Norsemen
1022:
541:
first Frisian monarch attested in historical sources
2633:
Beknopte Geschiedenis van Friesland in hoofdtrekken
2613:by Montanus de Haan Hettema, Workum 1844, also in:
2352:Directly ruled under the following dukes of Saxony
952:from the east, who settled in the Frisian lands in
117:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2125:Not much is known about the region following the
1768:, son of Liudolf, expands middle frisia with the
1378:, plausibly related to Deodred, ruled in Westergo
239:term for leader which is the origin of the title
2703:
302:) in Groningen and East-Frisia. The position of
2693:Danske vikingekonger - én slægt med mange grene
727:, son of Adel, who had allegedly migrated from
1147:, succeeded Harald the Younger, his region of
1012:Adel II Atharik ("Rich of friends"), 264-? BCE
2558:
1731:, possible sister of Reginbert and mother of
1340:768–793, Theoderic (Diederik), killed in the
1062:roughly the modern territory of the province
2650:Ancient Holland: The History of the Lowlands
1308:, fought a long war to claim his inheritance
651:and nineteenth-century forgeries like the
407:In 722 the Frisian land west of the River
2686:Friese graafschappen tussen Zwin en Wezer
1815:1101–1117, Otto III, son of Henry the Fat
1741:& Ekbert, sons of Egbert the one eyed
1323:
177:Learn how and when to remove this message
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
1980:
1026:
741:Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus
675:and was buried in a collective mound in
188:
51:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2688:, Assen: van Gorcum, ISBN 9789023249788
2090:
1902:
1194:
1098:
1031:Division of Frisia by the Lex Frisionum
14:
2704:
2407:
439:remained under Danish or Jutish rule.
2588:Studiegids Universiteit van Amsterdam
2382:
2341:
2287:
2241:
2031:
2011:
2004:855–870, Wiccing, also held lands in
1893:aggression from the counts of Holland
1873:
1745:
1381:855–870, Wiccing, also held lands in
1228:, plausible son of Deodred (Diederik)
914:Fictitious goddesses and folk-mothers
896:A 19th century pseudo-chronicle, the
1802:
1246:, Ruled West Frisia now roughly the
313:
115:adding citations to reliable sources
86:
28:
2565:Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde
2190:
2160:
1837:
1711:
1180:
1121:
1054:Middle Frisia, the region from the
627:Fictitious kings, princes and dukes
339:, son of Folcwald, well known from
24:
1907:
1414:945–966, Gerbert, son of Reginbert
1018:Adel IV Asega Askar ("Black Adel")
891:
692:, married to a Princess Amarra of
25:
2733:
2310:
2106:, expands middle frisia with the
2057:
1337:Abba), governed at least Oostergo
1114:-837, Ekkehard (Eggihard), ruled
1069:East Frisia, the region from the
1039:West Frisia, the region from the
1023:Frankish Frisia: counts and dukes
2397:, the remainder joined into the
1700:
1637:
1603:
1569:
1540:
1505:
1271:this marks the beginning of the
91:
33:
2673:Geschiedenis van Oud-Friesland.
2643:
2253:c.1100-1134 Herman or Herman II
2129:, it eventually joins into the
1998:c.820, Diederik, held lands in
1826:, the daughter of Henry the Fat
1275:and approximately 300 years of
1165:, acquired all of West Frisia,
948:2013 BCE, faced an invasion of
102:needs additional citations for
2636:, Leeuwarden 1851, p. 487-491.
2624:
2596:
2576:
2552:
2270:
2238:Given to the Bishop of Bremen
2027:, also known as Egbert Billung
290:(prosecutors) in Friesland or
253:(843) Frisia was allocated to
13:
1:
2545:
1992:
1891:, in a response to increased
1442:, they gained more autonomy.
1047:roughly the modern region of
2491:
2303:, was gifted Riustringen by
1391:, defended Oostergo against
1190:, reconquered Rorik's domain
735:. The list was completed by
7:
2717:Lists of monarchs in Europe
2528:
1285:, moved his court south to
207:, whether they were called
193:Flag of Frisia, with seven
10:
2738:
2386:
2345:
2314:
2291:
2245:
2094:
2035:
1917:(Diederik), killed in the
1841:
1749:
1715:
1628:cousin of Godfrey; invader
1269:roughly the Gau Westflinge
1198:
1125:
317:
126:"List of rulers of Frisia"
2697:https://vikingekonger.dk/
2155:
1950:roughly corresponding to
1081:It is further divided in
2722:Lists of French nobility
1822:, through marriage with
882:King Calin of Frisselond
826:Richardus, Uffo, 392-435
804:Titus Boiocalus, 187-240
779:Diocarus Segon, AD 11-46
261:(870) it became part of
2476:Godfrid, Duke of Frisia
2259:1175-c.1220, Herman III
1931:810-834 & 839-???,
1426:officially part of the
1354:810-834 & 839-???,
816:Udolphus Haron, 360-392
698:Heer Raetbouts kerckhof
415:, the area west of the
365:in 449 and founded the
2684:Henstra, D.J. (2012),
2681:(50th ed.), Leeuwarden
2671:van Blom, Ph. (1900),
2535:Potestaat of Friesland
2486:Waldger of Teisterbant
2412:
2403:Potestaat of Friesland
1989:
1897:Potestaat of Friesland
1324:Middle Frisia 734-1222
1032:
782:Dibbaldus Segon, 46-85
249:operations. After the
197:
2234:c.1092-1096, Koenraad
1984:
1820:Otto I, Count of Salm
1733:Matilda of Ringelheim
1199:Further information:
1030:
871:Atli (Atilla) the Hun
679:. He plays a role in
668:Historia Caroli Magni
318:Further information:
192:
2602:Martinus Hamconius,
1903:East Frisia 775-1220
1824:Gertrude of Northeim
1793:Bishopric of Utrecht
1301:, brother of Dirk IV
1195:House of West Frisia
1099:West Frisia 719-1101
111:improve this article
44:factual accuracy is
2691:Lawætz, P. (2019),
2665:Jaekel, H. (1895),
2446:Hemming Halfdansson
2408:Dux & Margraves
2395:county of Oldenburg
2228:997–1024, Herman II
2225:c.955-986, Herman I
1962:, encompassing the
1867:De itinere Frisonum
1725:Ekbert the one eyed
841:Radbodus I, 672-723
838:Adgillus I, 590-672
829:Odilbaldus, 435-470
813:Odilbaldus, 335-360
810:Haron Ubbo, 299-335
733:Alexander the Great
731:during the time of
413:Battle of the Boarn
354:Finnesburg Fragment
2712:Monarchs of Frisia
2431:794-???, possibly
2389:Count of Oldenburg
2383:House of Oldenburg
2242:House of Calvelage
2222:c.947-955, Hendrik
2143:free Frisian lands
2091:House of Brunswick
2012:House of Meginhard
1990:
1879:1156, The Frisian
1874:Upstalsboom Treaty
1746:House of Brunswick
1226:Gerulf the younger
1135:Harald the Younger
1033:
860:chivalric romances
835:Beroaldus, 533-590
832:Richoldus, 470-533
737:Martinus Hamconius
704:near the Abbey of
649:Martinus Hamconius
437:Schleswig-Holstein
361:, who migrated to
198:
18:Margrave of Frisia
2654:Petz, G.H. (ed).
2609:, Franeker 1617 (
2590:, 2011 (archive)
2469:Rorik of Dorestad
2462:Rodulf Haraldsson
2452:Rorik of Dorestad
2265:Upstalboom treaty
2256:1134–1175, Otto I
2137:, at the time in
2131:Upstalboom treaty
1865:as documented in
1851:William of Frisia
1803:House of Nordheim
1781:1068-1086?-1089,
1709:
1708:
1420:Charles the Great
1393:Rodulf Haraldsson
1317:Counts of Holland
1313:Floris II the Fat
1163:Rorik of Dorestad
1157:Treaty of Meersen
1145:Rodulf Haraldsson
770:Adel, 245-151 BCE
739:in his chronicle
655:and the infamous
624:
623:
314:Kingdom of Frisia
259:Treaty of Meersen
187:
186:
179:
161:
85:
84:
77:
16:(Redirected from
2729:
2637:
2628:
2622:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2560:Grierson, Philip
2556:
2439:Gerulf the Elder
2425:, killed in the
2399:Frisian alliance
2342:House of Billung
2288:House of Jutland
2212:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2032:House of Billung
1974:, Östringen and
1933:Gerulf the elder
1844:Count of Holland
1838:House of Holland
1737:994-1024-1030?,
1712:House of Billung
1705:
1704:
1656:Gerulf the Elder
1642:
1641:
1608:
1607:
1574:
1573:
1545:
1544:
1510:
1509:
1495:possibly son of
1445:
1444:
1428:Frankish Kingdom
1356:Gerulf the elder
1213:and upriver the
1181:House of Godfrid
1122:House of Jutland
1077:conquered in 775
1066:conquered in 734
1051:conquered in 719
1000:Fictitious kings
773:Ubbo, 151-71 BCE
708:. The historian
645:Tractatus Alvini
552:Radbod of Frisia
470:Finn Folcwalding
442:
441:
392:and the town of
388:) with parts of
374:Radbod of Frisia
333:Frisian Kingdoms
329:Migration Period
251:Treaty of Verdun
182:
175:
171:
168:
162:
160:
119:
95:
87:
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
57:reliably sourced
37:
36:
29:
21:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2702:
2701:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2630:Wopke Eekhoff,
2629:
2625:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2582:Goffe Jensma, '
2581:
2577:
2568:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2531:
2523:Henry I the Fat
2494:
2458:Ubbe Ragnarsson
2427:Uprising of 793
2415:
2410:
2401:, continues in
2391:
2385:
2350:
2344:
2319:
2313:
2305:Louis the Pious
2296:
2290:
2273:
2250:
2244:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2162:House of Ekbert
2158:
2151:Seven Provinces
2099:
2093:
2085:Rudolf von Werl
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2040:
2034:
2014:
1995:
1919:Uprising of 793
1910:
1908:House of Frisia
1905:
1895:, continues in
1876:
1846:
1840:
1810:Henry I the Fat
1805:
1787:Saxon Rebellion
1754:
1748:
1720:
1714:
1699:
1674:son of Dirk or
1663:
1636:
1602:
1568:
1539:
1504:
1484:
1410:Frisian Islands
1342:Uprising of 793
1326:
1277:self-governance
1273:Frisian Freedom
1203:
1197:
1183:
1151:became part of
1130:
1124:
1101:
1025:
980:Oera Linda Book
899:Oera Linda Book
894:
892:Oera Linda Book
852:Saxon rebellion
710:Eggerik Beninga
658:Oera Linda Book
641:Gesta Frisiorum
629:
599:
563:
559:Redbad, Radboud
530:
398:Frisia citerior
386:Frisia ulterior
367:Kingdom of Kent
322:
320:Frisian Kingdom
316:
183:
172:
166:
163:
120:
118:
108:
96:
81:
70:
64:
61:
50:
42:This article's
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2682:
2679:De Vrije Fries
2675:
2669:
2663:
2656:MGH Scriptures
2652:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2623:
2615:De Vrije Fries
2595:
2575:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:Henry the Bald
2332:
2326:
2317:Count of Stade
2312:
2311:House of Stade
2309:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:-899- Adalbert
2201:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2171:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2133:. The city of
2123:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2006:Westerkwartier
2002:
2000:Westerkwartier
1994:
1991:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1813:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1778:, son of Bruno
1772:
1762:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1690:and the river
1672:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:Gerolf de Oude
1658:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1398:
1395:
1385:
1383:Westerkwartier
1379:
1374:824?-834-855,
1372:
1370:Westerkwartier
1366:
1352:
1338:
1329:734?-754-768,
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1279:
1261:
1240:
1229:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1159:
1141:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1100:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1052:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
997:
996:
989:
982:
972:
969:
962:
956:
942:
939:
936:
933:
927:
893:
890:
856:
855:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
818:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
796:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
690:Lord of Egmond
663:
662:
628:
625:
622:
621:
619:
617:
607:
604:
602:
600:
598:
597:
591:
583:
582:
580:
578:
572:
569:
566:
564:
562:
561:
555:
547:
546:
544:
542:
539:
536:
533:
531:
529:
528:
524:
516:
515:
513:
511:
504:
501:
498:
496:
488:
487:
485:
483:
480:
477:
475:
473:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
315:
312:
267:German Kingdom
255:Middle Francia
185:
184:
99:
97:
90:
83:
82:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2734:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2482:Everhard Saxo
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2192:House of Werl
2185:
2184:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2059:House of Werl
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1863:Fifth crusade
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1797:Bishop Conrad
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1173:, ruled from
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1017:
1015:Adel III Ubbo
1014:
1011:
1009:, 304-264 BCE
1008:
1005:Adel I Friso
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
994:
990:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
967:
963:
961:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:
889:
887:
883:
879:
878:
872:
868:
867:
861:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
815:
812:
809:
807:Ubbo, 240-299
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
792:
791:
785:Tabbo, 85-130
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:Seven Princes
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
660:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
636:
634:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
605:
603:
601:
596:
593:
592:
590:
589:
585:
584:
581:
579:
577:
573:
570:
567:
565:
560:
557:
556:
554:
553:
549:
548:
545:
543:
540:
537:
534:
532:
526:
525:
523:
522:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
502:
499:
497:
495:
494:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
478:
476:
474:
472:
471:
467:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:South Holland
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
246:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:
196:
191:
181:
178:
170:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128: –
127:
123:
122:Find sources:
116:
112:
106:
105:
100:This article
98:
94:
89:
88:
79:
76:
68:
58:
54:
48:
47:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2655:
2644:Bibliography
2631:
2626:
2614:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2578:
2564:
2554:
2484:, killed by
2416:
2392:
2351:
2262:
2237:
2124:
1937:
1849:1203?-1222,
1829:
1757:1024?-1038,
1739:Wichmann III
1655:
1647:
1613:
1579:
1550:
1515:
1479:
1471:
1440:East Francia
1436:West Francia
1417:
1255:Kennemerland
1204:
1153:West Francia
1086:
1080:
1034:
1006:
999:
998:
992:
979:
975:
965:
945:
913:
912:
897:
895:
881:
876:
866:Þiðreks saga
864:
857:
820:
819:
789:
788:
758:
757:
749:stadtholders
740:
718:
697:
677:Belin-Béliet
666:
664:
656:
652:
644:
640:
630:
610:
594:
586:
558:
550:
519:
491:
468:
406:
397:
385:
371:
369:thereafter.
352:
346:
340:
326:
323:
303:
297:
291:
285:
279:
273:
271:
263:East Francia
257:, after the
247:
240:
232:
201:
199:
173:
164:
154:
147:
140:
133:
121:
109:Please help
104:verification
101:
71:
62:
43:
26:
2521:1099-1101,
2515:1068-1089,
2509:1057-1068,
2503:1038-1057,
2497:1024-1038,
2450:839-c.860,
2433:Meginhard I
2375:1072–1106,
2369:1059–1072,
2363:1011–1059,
2301:Harald Klak
2294:Harald Klak
2271:Riustringen
2195: [
2165: [
2118:1068–1089,
2112:1057–1061,
2102:1047–1057,
2062: [
1889:Confederacy
1832:condominium
1808:1099–1101,
1774:1057–1068,
1764:1038–1057,
1480:Abba, Boppa
1454:Reign start
1404:, Ruled in
1311:1091–1101,
1304:1061–1091,
1297:1049–1061,
1291:1039–1049,
1287:Vlaardingen
1219:Teisterbant
1128:Harald Klak
1093:Charlemagne
1087:In 785 the
986:Netherlands
954:Scandinavia
886:King Arthur
790:Seven dukes
714:East Frisia
673:Roncevalles
595:Bubo, Bobba
451:Reign start
429:East Frisia
304:grietmannen
296:(judges or
287:grietmannen
265:, i.e. the
225:Merovingian
2706:Categories
2619:p. 332-410
2617:3 (1844),
2592:(in Dutch)
2546:References
2387:See also:
2365:Bernard II
2356:976–1011,
2346:See also:
2322:847?-880,
2315:See also:
2299:827-852?,
2292:See also:
2246:See also:
2147:Ommelanden
2108:ommelanden
2095:See also:
2050:936?-973,
2036:See also:
2019:Wichman II
1993:Ommelanden
1976:Rüstringen
1972:Wangerland
1842:See also:
1770:ommelanden
1750:See also:
1729:Reginhilde
1716:See also:
1668:before 839
1387:870-873?,
1335:Praefectus
1281:993–1039,
1155:after the
1126:See also:
991:Prontlik,
964:Hellicht,
875:Layamon's
821:Nine kings
799:Adelboldus
479:before 449
419:(nowadays
331:, several
327:After the
209:chieftains
200:This is a
167:April 2023
137:newspapers
65:April 2024
2517:Egbert II
2492:Margraves
2480:885-898,
2474:882-885,
2471:, returns
2467:870-875,
2456:867–870,
2444:834–837,
2437:812–834,
2423:Theodoric
2421:783–793,
2330:Lothar II
2328:880–929,
2276:772–793,
2248:Calvelage
2135:Groningen
2120:Egbert II
2045:Wichman I
2043:932–938,
2023:892–932,
2017:843–880,
1915:Theoderic
1913:768–793,
1783:Egbert II
1723:955–994,
1671:after 855
1457:Reign end
1402:Reginbert
1400:921–945,
1263:988–993,
1242:939–988,
1231:916–939,
1224:883–916,
1186:882–885,
1175:Wieringen
1161:839–875,
1143:855–873,
1139:Walcheren
1133:841–844,
1116:Walcheren
1110:Wieringen
1104:793–810,
880:mentions
858:Medieval
801:, 173-187
721:Friesland
653:Tescklaow
633:Friesland
609:called a
527:Aldegisel
482:legendary
454:Reign end
433:Helgoland
425:Groningen
421:Friesland
310:in 1851.
53:talk page
2662:, 1892).
2611:reissued
2529:See also
2511:Egbert I
2324:Lothar I
2127:Brunonen
2114:Egbert I
2097:Brunonen
2083:?-1044,
2052:Herman I
1968:Astergau
1964:Nordendi
1956:Federgau
1942:and the
1859:Loon War
1855:Dirk VII
1818:1117-?,
1776:Egbert I
1752:Brunonen
1686:between
1684:Frisians
1676:Nordalah
1649:Gerulf I
1517:Nordalah
1451:Lifespan
1418:In 775,
1406:Franeker
1299:Floris I
1283:Dirk III
1265:Arnulf I
1251:Maasland
1171:Dorestad
1108:, ruled
1106:Nordalah
1007:de facto
976:de facto
968:1621 BCE
941:Hellenia
745:podestàs
702:Rinnegom
685:Bavarian
448:Lifespan
394:Dorestad
351:and the
299:advocati
229:Frankish
46:disputed
2660:Hanover
2606:MDCXVII
2586:', in:
2499:Liudolf
2358:Bernard
2348:Billung
2139:Drenthe
2038:Billung
1940:Lauwers
1759:Liudolf
1718:Billung
1682:of the
1625:ca. 873
1622:ca. 841
1594:invader
1581:Godfrey
1530:son of
1492:775/786
1432:Vikings
1376:Gerhart
1293:Dirk IV
1244:Dirk II
1237:Waldger
1188:Godfrid
1167:Utrecht
1149:Zeeland
1073:to the
1071:Lauwers
1064:Fryslân
1060:Lauwers
1058:to the
1049:Holland
1043:to the
1041:Scheldt
974:Adela (
944:Minna,
938:Thiania
694:Hungary
681:Hainaut
643:or the
576:Aldgisl
574:son of
521:Aldgisl
508:moneyer
435:and in
417:Lauwers
402:Zeeland
390:Utrecht
363:Britain
359:Hengist
348:Widsith
342:Beowulf
293:redjeva
151:scholar
2377:Magnus
2371:Ordulf
2334:-976,
2282:Eilrad
2280:&
2219:Herman
2204:": -->
2174:": -->
2156:Emsgau
2071:": -->
2025:Ekbert
1952:Emsgau
1696:Frisia
1632:Danish
1598:Danish
1588:807/08
1565:Frisia
1536:Frisia
1532:Alfbad
1501:Frisia
1497:Redbad
1473:Alfbad
1463:Family
1424:Frisia
1389:Albdag
1331:Alfbad
1306:Dirk V
1233:Dirk I
1091:under
1089:Franks
993:fl. c.
924:Europe
908:parody
753:Frisia
706:Egmond
688:first
535:650/77
503:c. 630
500:c. 600
493:Audulf
460:Family
281:skelta
213:counts
204:Frisia
195:lilies
153:
146:
139:
132:
124:
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2505:Bruno
2199:]
2169:]
2104:Bruno
2066:]
1960:Weser
1927:Weser
1766:Bruno
1692:Weser
1680:reeve
1615:Rorik
1466:Image
1460:Notes
1422:made
1364:Weser
1350:Weser
1259:Texel
1211:Meuse
1137:, in
1075:Weser
960:Celts
950:Finns
935:Medea
930:Fasta
765:Friso
729:India
725:Friso
712:from
700:) in
588:Poppo
463:Image
457:Notes
378:North
308:mayor
275:frana
237:Latin
221:kings
217:dukes
158:JSTOR
144:books
2278:Unno
2206:edit
2176:edit
2073:edit
1987:Vlie
1954:and
1948:Eems
1944:Eems
1925:and
1923:Vlie
1885:ding
1881:diet
1688:Vlie
1591:839?
1560:810?
1557:806?
1551:Dirk
1527:806?
1524:786?
1448:Name
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1348:and
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1257:and
1248:Gaue
1215:Gaue
1207:Vlie
1169:and
1083:Gaue
1056:Vlie
1045:Vlie
920:Frya
904:Frya
877:Brut
615:Vlie
445:Name
427:and
409:Vlie
380:and
337:Finn
278:and
242:duke
235:, a
130:news
2658:. (
2413:Dux
1883:or
1678:?;
1489:749
1362:to
1209:to
966:fl.
946:fl.
611:dux
606:734
571:719
568:679
538:679
233:dux
219:or
113:by
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1970:,
1966:,
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