Margaret Bondfield

985:, and the subsequent failure of several other European banks, the sense of crisis deepened. On 30 July, the May committee recommended cuts in expenditure of £97 million, the majority (£67 million) to be found from reductions in unemployment costs. In the ensuing weeks, ministers struggled vainly to meet these demands. Bondfield was prepared to cut general unemployment benefit, provided the most needy recipients—those on so-called "transitional benefit"—were protected. No formula could be found; by 23 August the cabinet was hopelessly split, and resigned the next day. To the outrage of the TUC and most of the Labour Party, MacDonald formed an emergency National Government with the Conservative and Liberal parties, while the bulk of the Labour Party went into opposition. 868: 1057: 439: 363: 958: 1135:

1929, the hardest job in the cabinet, and in common with other ministers, her lack of experience in government left her heavily dependent on her official advisers. By temperament a realist, she based her actions in government on economic facts rather on party or sectional interests; thus she became "caught between the opposition claims that she was soft on the unemployed, and her own backbenchers' jibe that she had abandoned the workers". Her stance, and her seemingly equivocal attitude towards MacDonald's apostasy, reduced her standing in her own party for decades, so that when

4694: 431: 684:(WCG) on maternity and child welfare, and was co-opted to the Parliamentary Standing Committee that piloted the introduction of state maternity benefits and other assistance to mothers. Her investigation on behalf of the WIC into the working conditions in the textile industries led her to join most of the Labour leadership in a "War against Poverty" campaign. In 1910, Bondfield accepted the chairmanship of the British section of the Women's International Council of Socialist and Labour Organisations. 447:

worked as a living-in assistant in a succession of Brighton drapery stores, where she quickly encountered the realities of shop staff life: unsympathetic employers, very long hours, appalling living conditions and no privacy. Bondfield reported on her experiences of living-in: "Overcrowded, insanitary conditions, poor and insufficient food were the main characteristics of this system, with an undertone of danger ... In some houses both natural and unnatural vices found a breeding ground".

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that they are working for my class". The strains of her duties and constant campaigning began to undermine her health, and in 1908 she resigned her union post after ten years' service, during which NAUSAWC membership had risen to over 20,000. Her departure, she said, was "alike a grief and a deliverance". After the passing of the Representation of the People's Act 1918, giving some women the vote, Bondfield's answer to "Are Women MPs necessary?" was

973:: "Ministers worried about the finances of the fund; backbenchers worried about the finances of the unemployed". Under increasing pressure from the TUC, Bondfield introduced a bill that reversed the "Blanesburgh" restrictions on unemployment benefit introduced by the previous government, but with visible reluctance. Her handling of this issue is described by Marquand as "maladroit", and by Skidelsky as showing "monumental tactlessness". 755:, she established the Central Committee for Women's Employment, which organised relief work for the female unemployed. Bondfield's investigations into workers' pay revealed considerable differences between the rates paid to men and to women, even for identical work. Through the NFWW she campaigned for a £1 a week starting minimum wage for women, whatever the nature of the work, and for equal pay with men for equal work. 4709: 1122:, Philip Williamson depicts Bondfield as "physically short and stout ... with sparkling eyes, a firm, brisk manner, and effective, sometimes inspired, public speaking". She had the self-confidence to exist and thrive in a male-dominated world, deriving inspiration from a childhood that, though materially impoverished, her obituarist has described as "of great spiritual and mental wealth". She inherited a strong 969:. She considered the appointment "part of the great revolution in the position of women". Her period in office was dominated by the issue of rising unemployment and the consequent increasing costs of benefit, which created a division between the government, anxious to demonstrate its financial responsibility, and the wider Labour movement whose priority was to protect the unemployed. According to the historian 1192:

Cox and Hobley assert, she would have had little sympathy for Bondfield's campaigns to better shopworkers' conditions. Despite the changes that have taken place in the retail industry since Bondfield's day, Cox and Hobley believe that, were she alive, "she'd still be champing at the bit, trying to coax shop assistants to join a union, and fiercely championing shopworkers' rights to better pay and conditions".

676:, unsuccessfully (she contested the same seat in 1913, with a similar result). The League was active in all types of elections, supporting and canvassing for candidates of either sex who spoke out for women's rights. Through these activities Bondfield experienced the lives of the poorest of families, writing: "Oh! the lonely lives of these women, hidden away at the back of a network of small, mean streets!" 598:(WSPU) to the International Congress of Women in Berlin, but she was not in sympathy with the main WSPU policy, which was to secure the vote for women on the same highly restricted basis that it was then given to men. This involved a property qualification, and thus largely excluded the working class. Bondfield saw no benefit in this policy to the women that she represented, and aligned herself with the 454:, and her daughter Hilda. The Martindales, socially conscious liberals and advocates for women's rights, found Bondfield a willing learner, and lent her books that began her lifelong interest in labour and social questions. Bondfield described Mrs Martindale as "a most vivid influence on my life ... she put me in the way of knowledge that has been of help to many score of my shop mates". 827:, but she died of cancer on 1 January 1921, the date that the merger came into effect. Bondfield was appointed in her place, and remained in the post (with leave of absence while holding ministerial office) until 1938. To honour her friend, Bondfield helped to organise the Mary Macarthur Memorial Fund. She added other responsibilities to her heavy schedule: chairing the 1070:, in which 25 public figures pondered on the lessons of life. Bondfield wrote that her religious convictions gave her "strength to meet defeat with a smile, to face success with a sense of responsibility; to be willing to do one's best without hope of reward to bear misrepresentation without giving way to futile bitterness". 762:, in October 1916 a Speaker's Conference was convened to consider the issue of women's franchise and make proposals for postwar legislation. While Bondfield, Lansbury and other prewar campaigners pressed for universal adult suffrage, the conference recommended only a limited extension of the franchise. The subsequent 744:, Switzerland, organised by the Women's International of Socialist and Labour Organizations, which called for a negotiated peace. Later in the war the government, concerned by Bondfield's association with peace organisations, prevented her from travelling to similar gatherings in Sweden and the United States. 908:, which called on Britain's socialists to prepare for violent revolution. The letter, published four days before polling day, generated a "Red Scare" that led to a significant swing of voters to the right, and ensured a massive Conservative victory. Bondfield lost her seat in Northampton by 971 votes. 1191:

become Britain's first woman prime minister. Cox and Hobley draw attention to Thatcher's early life as a shopkeeper's daughter, and contrast her account of those days with Bondfield's experiences half a century earlier. Thatcher believed that the concept of service to the customer was absolute; thus,

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Bondfield did not join the small number of Labour MPs who chose to follow MacDonald, although she expressed her "deep sympathy and admiration" for his actions. In the general election that followed on 27 October 1931, the Labour Party lost more than three-quarters of its Commons seats and was reduced

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investigating minimum wage rates, infant mortality and child welfare. She also assisted the Guild's education and training programme, lecturing on "Local Government in Relation to Maternity". Freedom from her WLL responsibilities gave her more time for political work, and in 1913 she joined the ILP's

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In 1898, Bondfield accepted the job of assistant secretary of NUSAWC, which that year became "NAUSAWC" after amalgamating with the United Shop Assistants' Union. From this time onward she subordinated her life to her union work and to the wider cause of socialism. She "had no vocation for wifehood or

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reviewed the progress of women in parliament since the 1930s. By 1973, Christmas reported, only 93 women had sat in parliament; their contributions had overall "not been stunning". Their best numerical representation at that point had been in the 1966 general election, when 29 women (out of 630 MPs)

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in 1968, she insisted that the ministry's name be changed to "Department of Employment", for fear of association with Bondfield's term in office. Castle refused to contribute a preface to a Fabian Society booklet celebrating Bondfield's life, because she considered her predecessor's actions close to

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Bondfield spent much of her time abroad; in the autumn she travelled to Canada as the head of a delegation examining the problems of British immigrants, especially as related to the welfare of young children. When she returned to Britain in early October she found the government in its final throes.

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The Liberal Party's decision not to enter a coalition with the Conservatives, and Baldwin's unwillingness to govern without a majority, led to Ramsay MacDonald's first minority Labour government which took office in January 1924. According to Lansbury's biographer, Bondfield turned down the offer of

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a constant fear. Nevertheless, William and Ann did their best to ensure that their children were educated and prepared for life. Margaret was a clever child, whose skills at reciting poetry or playing piano pieces were often displayed at town events and Sunday School outings. Until the age of 13 she

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Bondfield's career was punctuated by "firsts", in union, parliament and government spheres. Her own view of these achievements was modest: "Some woman was bound to be first. That I should be was the accident of dates and events". Her appointment as Minister of Labour propelled her into what was, in

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After her defeat, Bondfield returned to her NUGMW post. The TUC, suspicious of her perceived closeness to MacDonald, was cool towards her and she was not re-elected to the General Council. She remained Labour's candidate at Wallsend; in the general election of 1935 she was again defeated. She never

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of the Women's Freedom League (a breakaway group from the WSPU), Bondfield argued that the only way forward was a bill that enfranchised all men and all women, without qualification. She wished good luck to those fighting for a "same terms as men" suffrage bill, but "don't let them come and tell me

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As a shopworker, Bondfield was expected to work between 80 and 100 hours a week for 51 weeks in the year, and might be sent out late at night to check that rival shops had closed before her employer would do so. She began to record her experiences, in a series of articles and stories that she wrote

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Bondfield's brother Frank had established himself in London some years earlier as a printer and trades unionist, and in 1894, having saved £5, she decided to join him. She found London shopworking conditions no better than in Brighton, but through Frank her social and political circles widened. She

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Following two years of negotiation, in 1920 the NFWW voted to merge with the National Union of General Workers and become that union's Women's Section. Bondfield, who supported the merger, believed that provided women could maintain their separate group identity, it was better for men and women to

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The end of the war in November 1918 saw Bondfield's election to the General Council of the TUC, the first woman to be thus elevated. In the following months she travelled as a TUC delegate to international conferences, in Bern and later in Washington DC, where she expressed the view that the peace

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Suggested solutions included nursery education, a minimum wage, child allowances and a national health service. The report was reprinted several times, and was instrumental in developing support for the social reforms introduced by the Labour government that took office in 1945. Among Bondfield's

949:, held on 30 May, Bondfield easily held her Wallsend seat despite the intervention of a candidate representing unemployed workers. The overall election result left Labour as the largest party with 287 seats, but without an overall majority, and MacDonald formed his second minority administration. 578:

1904 saw the passage of the Shop Hours Act, which made some provision for limiting shop opening hours. In 1907, the first steps were taken to end the Victorian "living-in" practice, which at the time still affected two-thirds of Britain's 750,000 shopworkers. Initially, living-out privileges were

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to 52 members. Bondfield was defeated in Wallsend by 7,606 votes; Abrams observes that given the attacks on her from both right and left, "it would have been a miracle had she been re-elected". Of the former Labour cabinet members who opposed the National Government, only Lansbury kept his seat.

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As the cost of unemployment benefits mounted, Bondfield's attempts to control the fund's deficit provoked further hostility from the TUC and political attacks from the opposition parties. In February 1931 she proposed a scheme to cut benefit and restrict entitlement, but this was rejected by the

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The sudden death of Mary MacDonald in September 1911 added considerably to Bondfield's workload; the strain, together with internal animosities within the WLL, led her to resign her position in January 1912. The League made strenuous efforts to retain her, and only in September did its committee

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In view of the Reform Bill promised by the Government, this Conference demands that the inclusion of women shall ... become a vital part of the Government measure, and further declares that any attempt to exclude women will be met by the uncompromising opposition of organized Labour to the

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On 29 March 1928, when a bill came before parliament giving the vote in parliamentary elections to all men and women over 21, she termed the measure "a tremendous social advance", and added: "At last are established on that equitable footing because we are human beings and part of society as a

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with a majority of over 9,000. Meanwhile, she had accepted appointment to the Blanesburgh Committee, which the Conservative government had set up to consider reforms to the system of unemployment benefit. Her private view, that entitlement to benefits should be related to contributions, was not

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she was again adopted by Labour at Northampton and, as she had at Woolwich in 1913, turned to Shaw for help in the campaign. He was contemptuous of the Labour leadership for not arranging a more promising seat; nevertheless, he came and spoke for her, but her margin of defeat widened to 5,476.

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disagreements over how it should be handled. As a result of these and other clashes, Bondfield, MacDonald and the other League women resigned from the Council. In 1911 Bondfield assumed the role of the WLL's Organising Secretary, and spent much of the year travelling: she formed a WLL branch in

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Bondfield joined a drapery and embroidery business in Church Road, Hove, where the young apprentices were treated as family members. Relations between customers and assistants were cordial, and Bondfield's later recollections of this period were uniformly happy. Her apprenticeship complete, she

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In 1938, after retiring from her NUGMW post, Bondfield founded the Women's Group on Public Welfare. She studied labour conditions in the United States and Mexico during 1938, and toured the US and Canada after the outbreak of war in 1939, as a lecturer for the British Information Services. Her

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With a government suffrage reform bill pending in parliament, the WLL introduced a motion to the 1909 Labour Party conference committing the party to oppose any suffrage extension bill that did not specifically include women. However, while the party was largely sympathetic to the principle of

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After leaving her union post in 1908 Bondfield worked as organising secretary for the WLL and later as women's officer for the National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW). She was elected to the TUC Council in 1918, and became its chairman in 1923, the year she was first elected to

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Between 1908 and 1910 the WLL and the WIC co-operated in a nationwide investigation of married women's working conditions. Bondfield carried out the fieldwork in Yorkshire. The relationship between the two bodies was sometimes fractious, and when the report was due to be published, there were

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praised her "unusually wide human sympathies ... her generous nature and real sense of humour". Skidelsky, however, describes her unsympathetically as "a humourless and somewhat priggish person, with long black skirts and a voice that emitted a harsh cascade of sound". A more recent and

787:, whom he judged to be "symbolic of a new spirit", "the father of his people" and "their champion in the cause of social and economic freedom". Bondfield, who also met Lenin, was more cautious. She told an NFWW conference on her return that if she were a Russian citizen she would support the 664:

to water it down. Many suffragists reacted angrily; the WSPU accused the WLL, and Bondfield in particular, of treachery. Fran Abrams, in a biographical essay, writes that although Bondfield "was prepared to argue loud and long for adult suffrage, ... she was not prepared to damage her

648:(WLL), which she had helped to found in 1906. The League's principal aims were "to work for independent labour representation in connection with the Labour Party, and to obtain direct labour representation of women in Parliament and on all local bodies." The president of the League was 384:

minister. William Bondfield worked as a lacemaker, and had a history of political activism. As a young man he had been secretary of the Chard Political Union, a centre of local radicalism that the authorities had on occasion suppressed by military force. He had also been active in the

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only given to male employees; Bondfield campaigned for equivalent rights for women shop workers, arguing that if they were to become "useful, healthy ... wives and mothers", they needed to live "rational lives". As part of her campaign, Bondfield advised the playwright

1006:. Her main wartime activity was leading an investigation by the Hygiene Committee of the Women's Group on Public Welfare, into the problems that arose from the large-scale evacuation into the countryside of city children. The group's findings were published in 1943, as 679:

Alongside her WLL duties, Bondfield maintained a range of other involvements. She spent part of 1910 in the United States, lecturing on suffrage issues with Maud Ward of the People's Suffrage Federation (PSF), and studying labour problems. At home, she worked with the

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described it as "ill composed and badly proportioned", with too much space devoted to inconsequential meetings while truly important events were hurried over. Nevertheless, he thought the book provided "a fine example of resolute and in the end triumphant energy".

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Bondfield later described her first months in government as "a strange adventure". The difficulties of the economic situation would have created problems for the most experienced of governments, and the fledgling Labour administration was quickly in difficulties.

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and London. She was shocked by the working conditions of shop staff, particularly within the "living-in" system, and became an active member of the shopworkers' union. She began to move in socialist circles, and in 1898 was appointed assistant secretary of the

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offices were paid between 18 and 21 shillings a week as against their male counterparts' 35 shillings; women post office workers received 25s, men 35s for the same work; women in factories worked alongside men and received less than half the male hourly rate.

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whole ... once and for all, we shall destroy the artificial barrier in the way of any women who want to get education in politics and who want to come forward and take their full share in the political life of their day". The bill passed into law as the

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The Act gave local councils the power to fix trading hours, provided they could get the agreement of at least two-thirds of shopowners. Not until the Shops Act of 1911 did it become a statutory requirement that shopworkers had a half-day's holiday each

326:. Her standpoint on women's suffrage—she favoured extending the vote to all adults regardless of gender or property, rather than the limited "on the same terms as men" agenda pursued by the militant suffragists—divided her from the militant leadership. 342:. Her term of cabinet office in 1929–31 was marked by the economic crises that beset the second Labour government. Her willingness to contemplate cuts in unemployment benefits alienated her from much of the Labour movement, although she did not follow 524:

motherhood, but an urge to serve the Union ... I had 'the dear love of comrades' ". At the time the union's membership, at under 3,000, represented only a small fraction of shopworkers, and Bondfield gave priority to increasing this proportion.

571:. The two became close comrades-in-arms during the next two decades, in a range of causes affecting women. The historian Lise Sanders suggests that Bondfield's more intimate friendships tended to be with women rather than men; Bondfield's biographer 1377:

had introduced a parliamentary bill to limit shopworkers' hours to ten and a half per day. The House of Commons rejected the bill, on the grounds that unlike factory work, shopwork "could hardly be considered fatiguing, much less unwholesome".

602:(ASS), which campaigned for universal adult suffrage, men and women alike, regardless of property. In 1906, she became chairman of the society and supported the Franchise and Removal of Women's Disabilities bill, introduced to parliament by 1085:, which provided subsidised holidays for low-paid women workers. In 1949, she made a six-month speaking tour of the United States, her final visit to the country; she left convinced that America would soon adopt a national health service. 791:

government as currently "the only possible form of administration". Later, she came to see communism as anti-democratic and dictatorial, and voted against the application of the British Communist Party for affiliation to the Labour Party.

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on the benefits of nationalisation. She was active in her local Labour Party, and continued to chair the Women's Group of Public Welfare until 1948. Her main task in these years was her autobiography, published in 1948 under the title

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branch of NAUSAWC. Macarthur, the daughter of a wealthy Scottish draper, had held staunchly Conservative views until a works meeting in 1901 to discuss the formation of a NAUSAWC branch transformed her into an ardent trades unionist.

831:(SJCIWO), membership of the Labour Party's Emergency Committee on Unemployment, and chairman of the 1922 Conference of Unemployed Women. In September 1923, she became the first woman to assume the chair of the TUC's General Council. 5094: 1131:

sympathetic account of her life by Tony Judge sets her career more in the context of her championing of women's political and workplace rights, and her role in the 1931 crisis more as a hapless victim of MacDonald's machinations.

1175:; and Islington, small block of flats built to replace the house lived in by Dr H.H Crippen, destroyed by German bomb in 1940. She was further commemorated in her old constituency of Northampton when a hall of residence in the 1363:

of 23 November 1839. It attacked the mismanagement and corruption of government that had swelled the National Debt to £850 million that, if measured in gold sovereigns, "would load as many waggons as would extend for eighty

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On 8 October, MacDonald resigned after losing a confidence vote in the House of Commons. Labour's chances of victory in the ensuing general election were fatally compromised by the controversy surrounding the so-called

888:. This appointment meant that she had to give up the TUC Council chair; her decision to do so, immediately after becoming the first woman to achieve this honour, generated some criticism from other trade unionists. 1035:. The purpose of the book, she wrote, was not to celebrate her own achievements, instead she hoped that her experiences "may be of some service to the younger generation". The book had an indifferent reception; in 998:

returned to parliament; she was adopted as the prospective Labour candidate for Reading, but when it became obvious that the election due for 1940 would be delayed indefinitely by war, she resigned her candidacy.

3986: 751:(NFWW) in 1906. This organisation was dedicated to the unionisation of women, and by 1914 had more than 20,000 members. In 1915 Bondfield became NFWW's organising secretary. Together with Macarthur, Phillips and 497:(WIC) as an undercover agent, working in various shops while secretly recording every aspect of shop life. Her accounts of squalor and exploitation were published in articles under the "Grace Dare" name, in both 854:. The Labour Party had won 191 seats to the Conservatives' 258 and the Liberals' 158; with no party in possession of a parliamentary majority, the make-up of the next government was in doubt for several weeks. 409:(she was paid three shillings a week) in the school's boys' department. Local employment opportunities being scarce, she left Chard in 1887, at the age of 14, to begin an apprenticeship at a draper's shop in 660:

women's suffrage, it was unwilling to risk losing the limited reforms to male suffrage promised by the government's bill. When Bondfield tabled the WLL motion at the Labour conference, she was persuaded by

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For months she travelled the country, distributing literature and arranging meetings when she could, with mixed outcomes in the face of apathy from shop staff, and outright opposition from shopowners. In

5134: 5109: 766:, gave the vote to women over 30 who were property owners or the wives of property owners, or were university graduates. Bondfield described the Act, which excluded almost all working-class women, as 459: 389:

of the 1840s. Entirely self-educated, he was fascinated by science and engineering, and was the co-designer of a flying machine, a prototype of the modern aircraft, that was exhibited at the

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Of the 1929–31 Labour cabinet ministers who opposed the formation of a National Government in August 1931, only George Lansbury retained his seat in the ensuing general election.

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Since the passing of the Qualification of Women Act in 1907, women had been eligible to vote in and stand as candidates in municipal elections. Several WLL members contested the

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were the others—to be elected as Labour MPs. In an outburst of local celebration her supporters, whom she described as "nearly crazy with joy", paraded her around the town in a

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that, while not pacifist, opposed the use of war as an instrument of national policy. She was a member of the Women's Peace Council. In March 1915 she attended a conference in

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The Speaker's Conference is an inter-party parliamentary mechanism that deals with electoral law and electoral reform. The 1916 conference was the first use of the mechanism.

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was named the Margaret Bondfield Hall. In 2014 a campaign began for a plaque on the shop in Church Street, Hove, where in 1886–87 Bondfield had served her apprenticeship.

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The Conservative victory resulted from the collapse of the Liberal vote; Labour obtained a million more votes than in 1923, and its share of the poll likewise increased.

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Andrew, Christopher (September 1977). "The British Secret Service and Anglo-Soviet Relations in the 1920s Part I: From the Trade Negotiations to the Zinoviev Letter".

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Bondfield was born in humble circumstances and received limited formal education. After serving an apprenticeship to an embroideress she worked as a shop assistant in

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cabinet as too harsh. Instead, seeking a cross-party solution, the government accepted a Liberal proposal for an independent committee, eventually set up under

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s reviewer also criticised the work's confused structure and unselective detail, but found it "a useful, direct and honest" account of Labour's early years.

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widely shared in the Labour Party or the TUC. When the committee made recommendations along these lines she signed the report, which became the basis of the

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When Bondfield accepted the post of Minister of Labour in the new government, she became Britain's first woman cabinet minister, and Britain's first woman

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faith, which became a key element throughout her later career, and retained her links with the Congregational Church throughout her life. After her death

462:(NUSAWC), sometimes missing church on Sundays to attend union meetings. Her political and literary education was centred on the Ideal Club, where she met 490:. She wrote surreptitiously, at night: "I would light my half-penny dip , hiding its glare by means of a towel and set to work on my monthly article". 1148:

celebrating the Labour Party's 100 years in parliament paid tributes to many heroes of the movement's early years; Bondfield's name was not mentioned.

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attitude towards the war was different from her semi-pacifist stance of 1914; she actively supported the government and, in 1941, published a booklet,

1290:(co-author with J. Ramsay MacDonald and Arthur Pugh). Bondfield's chapter: "Great Britain's Responsibility". London: League of Nations Union, 1926. 587:

appeared that year. Bondfield described the opening scene, set in a dreary, comfortless women's dormitory over a shop, as very like the real thing.

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While Margaret was still an infant, William lost his job and was unable to find regular work. The family suffered hardship, with the threat of the

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After her defeat, Bondfield resumed her work for NUGMW and was re-elected to the TUC Council. In 1926 she supported the TUC's decision to hold a

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The Adult Suffrage Society was relaunched in 1909 as the People's Suffrage Federation (PSF), under the leadership of Margaret Llewellyn Davies.

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Bondfield, who never married, maintained her good health and interest in life until her final illness in 1953. She moved to a nursing home in

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that assumed office when the Labour government fell in August 1931. Bondfield remained active in NUGMW affairs until 1938, and during the

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Cox and Hobley, in their history of "life behind the counter", give the union's membership at the time as 2,000; Frank Magill, in his

5099: 1505: 842:. Bondfield was elected in Northampton with a majority of 4,306 over her Conservative opponent. She was one of the first three women— 2807: 2076: 5104: 4735: 295: 167: 2619: 639:(WLL resolution to the Labour Party Conference, 1909. At the conference, Bondfield agreed to the deletion of the last four words.) 290:

politician, trade unionist and women's rights activist. She became the first female cabinet minister, and the first woman to be a

1118: 799:, the Oxford-based institution founded in 1899 to provide higher education opportunities to working-class men. She also became a 536:, she thought, "it should not be difficult to organise every shop worker". In 1899 Bondfield was the first woman delegate to the 5084: 5064: 3868: 1172: 1163:

from her home town of Chard, where in 2011 a plaque in her honour was fixed to the Guildhall wall. In 1948 she was appointed a

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After the war the Group changed its name to "Women's Forum", and continued until 1980 when it closed through lack of funding.

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other wartime activities, in 1944 she helped to launch a national drive for the appointment of more women police officers.

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From 1904 onwards, Bondfield was increasingly occupied with the issue of women's suffrage. In that year she travelled with

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correspondent conjectured that she was the inspiration behind Shaw's portrayal of the "Powermistress General" in his play

5174: 5059: 1992: 1692: 981:, to report on how public expenditure might be reduced. With the collapse in May 1931 of Austria's leading private bank, 966: 63: 5154: 4442: 917: 779:

terms being imposed on Germany were unjust. In April 1920, she was a member of a joint TUC-Labour Party mission to the

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After 1979 the numbers of elected women rose at successive general elections, reaching 120 in 1997 and 208 in 2017.

5079: 4718: 867: 673: 503: 467: 783:. A few months earlier, Lansbury had visited the incipient Soviet state and had been most impressed after meeting 2772: 2284: 2206: 1374: 1168: 1167:(CH). Many years after her death, streets and apartment buildings were named after her in the London boroughs of 934: 937:. Bondfield's association with this legislation permanently shadowed her relationship with the Labour movement. 2830: 696:, reformed the Manchester branch, and found time to advise laundrywomen engaged in a dispute in South Wales. 5169: 5164: 5159: 4857: 4848: 1581: 1123: 681: 494: 4675: 4008: 1331:(with the Hygiene Committee of the Women's Group on Public Welfare). London: Oxford University Press, 1943. 1200:

Bondfield was a prolific writer of magazine and newspaper articles. Her main publications are listed below:

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We shall never reach a satisfactory State until we have the recognition of the citizen irrespective of sex.

552:. NAUSAWC, its membership by then around 7,000, was one of the first unions to affiliate to the committee. 451: 282: 38: 3943: 737: 374:, the tenth of eleven children, and third of four daughters born to William Bondfield and his wife Ann ( 4871: 4837: 1056: 567:

In 1903, Macarthur moved to London where, with Bondfield's recommendation, she became secretary of the

4685: 4774: 1176: 1097: 1060: 978: 929: 299: 5114: 4808: 713: 645: 479: 331: 319: 318:(NAUSAWC). She was later prominent in several women's socialist movements: she helped to found the 1477: 905: 614: 507:

newspaper, and provided the basis for a WIC report on shopworkers' conditions published in 1898.

362: 335: 376: 599: 438: 323: 1010:; the report gave many people their first understanding of the extent of inner-city poverty. 712:

From 1912 Bondfield was a member of the WCG's Citizenship Subcommittee, where she worked with

5004: 4844: 4318:

Empire's Children: Child Emigration, Welfare, and the Decline of the British World, 1869–1967

3904: 3844: 3766: 3728: 3702: 3671: 3645: 3607: 3581: 3552: 3526: 3277: 3221: 3082: 3029: 3003: 2968: 2935: 2883: 1485: 1156: 885: 669: 537: 442:

Beatrice and Sidney Webb, c. 1895; they were among Bondfield's early socialist acquaintances.

381: 303: 98: 2834: 1444:

The WLL continued until 1918, when it evolved into the Women's Section of the Labour Party.

957: 700:

reluctantly accept her departure. An attempt to re-engage her in 1913 was unsuccessful, and

656:; Bondfield had known the MacDonalds since the 1890s, through their joint work for the WIC. 5044: 5039: 1509: 921: 800: 450:

She found some relief from this environment when she was befriended by a wealthy customer,

386: 25: 2027: 8: 4374: 3547:"'Stunt With No Real Basis' – Mr Morrison on Tory attempts to Distract the Public". 1454: 1160: 606:. This proposed full adult suffrage, and the right of women to become MPs. The bill was " 463: 278: 34: 4693: 1743: 4474: 4449: 4033: 3183: 2626: 2410: 1948: 1066:

Apart from her autobiography, Bondfield contributed to a collection of essays entitled

834:

Hoping to win a mandate for tariffs on imported goods, the Conservative Prime Minister

529: 366:

A modern (2009) photograph of the main street in Chard, Somerset, Bondfield's home town

4497: 4648: 4625: 4603: 4581: 4562: 4543: 4523: 4504: 4478: 4455: 4438: 4420: 4399: 4382: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4303: 4282: 4260: 4239: 4212: 4190: 4168: 4146: 4124: 4102: 4080: 3480: 3187: 2840: 1787: 1620: 1589: 1359:

A Chard Political Union tract, "Results of the Funding System", was published in the

1332: 1318: 1304: 1291: 1277: 1264: 1250: 1227: 1213: 1188: 920:, and also the decision to call it off after nine days. Following the resignation of 603: 549: 370:

Margaret Bondfield, known in private life as "Maggie", was born on 17 March 1873 in

287: 262: 4761: 4595: 3175: 2713: 2421: 2142: 1959: 1513: 1074: 970: 901: 808: 721: 661: 653: 644:

After leaving NAUSAWC, Bondfield transferred the main focus of her energies to the

390: 351: 343: 291: 145: 86: 4396:

Feminism and Democracy: Women's Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918

2440: 2161: 1978: 1108:, then-Leader of the Labour Party and former UK Prime Minister, gave the address. 875:

cartoon. The luggage label, marked "Petrograd", links him to Russia and communism.

5095:

Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies

4818: 4727: 4644: 4414: 4316: 4254: 3637: 2386: 1614: 1399: 1389: 1244: 1152: 1101: 1042: 1027: 897: 835: 759: 725: 701: 591: 580: 406: 371: 234: 190: 4296: 3908: 3848: 3770: 3732: 3706: 3675: 3649: 3611: 3585: 3556: 3530: 3281: 3225: 3086: 3033: 3007: 2972: 2939: 2887: 803:. She first sought election to parliament in 1920, as the Labour candidate in a 4800: 4492: 2425: 2146: 1963: 1531: 1501: 1136: 1105: 847: 843: 824: 807:. She increased the Labour vote significantly, but lost by 3,371 votes, to the 796: 752: 556: 475: 430: 4098: 3179: 2131: 1996: 544:, where she participated in the vote that led to the formation in 1900 of the 5033: 4985: 4862: 4833: 4535: 4386: 4286: 4274: 4208: 4186: 4164: 4120: 4106: 4076: 1593: 1493: 1481: 1263:(co-author with Kathryn Oliver). London: People's Suffrage Federation, 1911. 1187:

had been elected. The 1979 election saw this number fall to 19, but also saw

1140: 982: 519:

Cartoon showing Bondfield addressing a NAUSAWC recruitment meeting, July 1898

515: 471: 302:. She had earlier become the first woman to chair the General Council of the 4216: 4194: 4172: 4150: 4128: 4084: 3484: 4989: 4976: 4954: 4914: 4902: 4527: 4307: 1394: 1037: 780: 2570: 1336: 1295: 1231: 1217: 48: 4971: 4950: 4910: 4875: 4617: 1791: 1322: 1308: 1281: 1268: 1254: 1089: 1022:

Although not a candidate herself, Bondfield campaigned for Labour in the

733: 729: 689: 251: 1993:"National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks" 795:

Among various public activities, Bondfield joined the governing body of

486:

under the pseudonym "Grace Dare", for the shopworkers' monthly magazine

4785: 1145: 1082: 945:, adding 4 million voters, most of them women, to the register. In the 788: 607: 533: 460:

National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen, and Clerks

157: 4256:

Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party

2213: 316:

National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, Warehousemen and Clerks

1078: 851: 758:

Suffragist militancy having largely lapsed after the outbreak of the

693: 397: 474:. Under the influence of these socialist luminaries, she joined the 354:

carried out investigations for the Women's Group on Public Welfare.

5135:

Members of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress

4703: 4699: 880:

a cabinet post; instead, she became parliamentary secretary to the

541: 414: 310: 5110:

Independent Labour Party National Administrative Committee members

4670: 3319: 2768:"Representation of the People Bill: Clause 4, Franchises (Women)" 823:

work together. The secretary of the new section was to have been

3899:

Colemen, Terry (5 June 1993). "The tigress still burns bright".

1096:, where she died, aged 80, on 16 June 1953. At her cremation in 736:. On the outbreak of war a few days later, Bondfield joined the 4471:

Dictionary of World Biography, Vol. VII: The 20th Century (A–G)

1093: 924:

in June 1926, Bondfield was adopted as the Labour candidate at

1249:(in "Pass On Pamphlets" series). London, Clarion Press, 1909. 784: 2963:

Vallance, Elizabeth (25 November 1983). "First of the few".

829:

Standing Joint Committee of Industrial Women's Organisations

5125:

Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress

4600:

Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–31

4559:

Consuming Fantasies: Labor, Leisure and the London Shopgirl

4338:

For Labour and for Women: The Women's Labour League 1906–18

1073:

In March 1948, Bondfield opened the Mary Macarthur Home at

741: 410: 2930:"Mr McCurdy's Majority at Northampton: A 4000 Reduction". 1226:(contributor with 27 others). London: Odhams Press, 1948. 1182:

To mark Bondfield's centenary in 1973, Linda Christmas in

871:

The Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald, depicted in a hostile

560: 1476:

The members of the mission were: from the Labour Party,

575:

described Macarthur as the romance of Bondfield's life.

4009:"New Margaret Bondfield Halls, Park Campus Northampton" 3272:"Sir Patrick Hastings's Seat: Miss Bondfield Invited". 3216:"Death of Sir A. Holland: Remarkable Victory of 1924". 1744:"Hove blue plaque call for 1920s MP Margaret Bondfield" 943:

Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928

768:"mean and inadequate ... creating fresh anomalies" 2132:"Macarthur [married name Anderson], Mary Reid" 4253:

Biagini, Eugenio F.; Reid, Alastair J., eds. (1991).

3839:

Christmas, Linda (19 March 1973). "Country Matters".

3315:"Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Bill" 2288:. Hansard Online. 2 March 1906. pp. col. 1448–53 4357:

Shopgirls: The True Story of Life Behind the Counter

3869:"Chard blue plaque celebrates MP Margaret Bondfield" 3500:"Social deprivation? It's not parents, it's poverty" 2620:"Records of the Union of Democratic Control 1914–18" 2280:"Franchise and Removal of Women's Disabilities Bill" 1619:. The Times (unpaginated ebook). 16 September 2014. 720:

Bondfield spoke at the ILP's mass anti-war rally in

5090:

Female members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom

4561:. Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University Press. 4416:

The National Federation of Women Workers, 1906–1921

1017: 5140:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 4496: 4295: 2776:. Hansard Online. 19 June 1917. pp. col. 1633 2409: 2130: 2061:, July 1898, quoted in Cox and Hobley, pp. 100–01. 1947: 286:(17 March 1873 – 16 June 1953) was a British 4676:contributions in Parliament by Margaret Bondfield 3576:"Our London Correspondence: Margaret Bondfield". 2212:. The Institute of Fiscal Studies. Archived from 747:Bondfield had helped Mary Macarthur to found the 532:and Bristol she reported no success, although in 5145:People associated with the University of Bristol 5130:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour 5120:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies 5031: 3697:Lynd, Robert (4 April 1948). "Looking At Life". 1616:Great Women's Lives: A Celebration in Obituaries 4933:National Union of General and Municipal Workers 4435:Margaret Bondfield: First Woman in the Cabinet 3987:"Margaret Bondfield House, Driffield Road, Bow" 3780: 2385:. National Co-operative Archive. Archived from 1165:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 1026:—a reporter found her instructing a meeting in 613:In 1907, in the course of a public debate with 559:, some eight years her junior, who chaired the 16:British feminist and trade unionist (1873–1953) 3944:"Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood" 3824:Margaret Bondfield: First Woman in the Cabinet 3602:Stott, Mary (27 August 1980). "Closed Forum". 1525:After Bondfield's death in 1953, an anonymous 1516:accompanied the party in a private capacity. 4963:General Council of the Trades Union Congress 4894:General Council of the Trades Union Congress 3077:"Complete Results of the General Election". 2998:"Complete Results of the General Election". 2690: 2688: 2420:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2141:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1958:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1582:"Who was the first female Cabinet minister?" 1504:. The joint secretaries to the mission were 1276:. London: Women's Co-operative Guild, 1914. 1212:(autobiography). London: Hutchinsons, 1948. 665:relationship with the Labour Party for it". 4641:The Foundations of the British Labour Party 4340:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 4252: 3202: 3200: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2808:"British Labour delegation to Russia, 1920" 1104:". The Labour Party was fully represented; 4692: 4578:Feminism and the Politics of Working Women 4517: 4236:Freedom's Cause: Lives of the Suffragettes 2802: 2800: 2653:"The National Federation of Women Workers" 2625:. Hull University archives. Archived from 2028:"Books by Whitman: Leaves of Grass (1860)" 1945: 862: 47: 4594: 4520:From One Generation to Another, 1839–1944 4398:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4354: 4321:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4293: 4259:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4028: 4026: 3838: 3834: 3832: 3474: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3258: 3256: 3254: 2685: 2571:"Labour History Archive and Study Centre" 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1803:Martindale, pp. 34–35, quoting Bondfield. 1738: 1736: 1238: 1144:political betrayal. In 2001, a speech by 652:, wife of the future Labour Party leader 180:6 December 1923 – 9 October 1924 4491: 4373: 4335: 4039:. House of Commons Library. 17 July 2014 3756: 3754: 3636: 3571: 3569: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3197: 2962: 2949: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2207:"The Regulation of Retail Trading Hours" 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1820: 1818: 1100:the congregation sang the popular hymn " 1055: 956: 866: 857: 626: 514: 437: 429: 361: 330:parliament. In the short-lived minority 4556: 4534: 4314: 3898: 3863: 3861: 2797: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2461: 2459: 2417:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2365:"Electoral Reform and Women's Suffrage" 2265: 2263: 2261: 2173: 2171: 2138:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1955:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1342: 1139:was appointed as Minister of Labour by 1119:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1111: 357: 5050:20th-century British women politicians 5032: 4638: 4616: 4468: 4393: 4273: 4233: 4023: 3829: 3595: 3497: 3291: 3251: 3165: 2828: 2407: 2383:"Women, the Vote and Labour 1906–1918" 1733: 1708: 1706: 773: 764:Representation of the People Act, 1918 672:elections in 1910; Bondfield stood in 135:21 July 1926 – 7 October 1931 4575: 4355:Cox, Pamela; Hobley, Annabel (2014). 4011:. University of Northampton. May 1992 3751: 3742: 3640:(25 December 1949). "Labour Leader". 3601: 3566: 3443: 3235: 3061: 2477: 2411:"MacDonald, Margaret Ethel Gladstone" 2359: 2357: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2057:Bondfield, "Miss Bondfield on Tour", 1912: 1903: 1836: 1815: 1678: 1676: 952: 732:, Henderson, and the dockers' leader 375: 76:8 June 1929 – 24 August 1931 4522:. London: George Allen & Unwin. 4451:Women: A Modern Political Dictionary 4412: 4034:"Women in Parliament and Government" 3965:"Margaret Bondfield Avenue, Barking" 3858: 3696: 2836:Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War 2740: 2456: 2258: 2168: 2128: 1649: 1492:; from the TUC, Margaret Bondfield, 1387:The quotation is from No. 24 of the 749:National Federation of Women Workers 707: 322:(WLL) in 1906, and was chair of the 4542:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4447: 2839:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2309: 2204: 1782:Quoted in Sanders, pp. 45–46, from 1703: 1116:In his biographical sketch for the 13: 3323:. 29 March 1928. pp. col.1415 2354: 2326:"The People's Suffrage Federation" 2081:The British Newspaper Archive Blog 2064: 1673: 1151:Bondfield was awarded an honorary 717:National Administration Council. 596:Women's Social and Political Union 493:In 1896, she was recruited by the 405:; she then worked for a year as a 294:in the UK, when she was appointed 14: 5186: 4690:National Portrait Gallery, London 4663: 3953:(Supplement): 31. 1 January 1948. 2650: 2077:"Five Women who Shaped the 1920s" 840:general election in December 1923 510: 5100:First women government ministers 4719:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4707: 4602:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 4281:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 4201: 4179: 4157: 4143:Labour and the League of Nations 4135: 4121:"The National Care of Maternity" 4113: 4091: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4001: 3979: 3957: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3892: 3883: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3716: 3685: 3659: 3630: 3621: 3540: 3514: 3498:Holman, Bob (22 December 2013). 3491: 3468: 3459: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3307: 3265: 3209: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3070: 3052: 3043: 3017: 3002:. 17 November 1922. p. 10. 1556: 1547: 1538: 1519: 1288:Labour and the League of Nations 1018:Last years, retirement and death 900:, a missive purportedly sent by 5105:GMB (trade union)-sponsored MPs 4686:Portraits of Margaret Bondfield 4394:Holton, Sandra Stanley (1986). 4077:"Socialism for Shop Assistants" 3670:. 24 February 1948. p. 5. 3525:. 20 February 1944. p. 7. 3521:"Drive for More Women Police". 3320:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3220:. 8 December 1927. p. 11. 2991: 2982: 2923: 2897: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2822: 2788: 2773:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2760: 2731: 2706: 2697: 2676: 2667: 2644: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2468: 2447: 2401: 2375: 2345: 2336: 2318: 2300: 2285:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2272: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2205:Kay, J.A.; et al. (1984). 2198: 2189: 2180: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2051: 2042: 2020: 2011: 1985: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1827: 1806: 1797: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1724: 1693:"Results of the Funding System" 1470: 1461: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1419: 1406: 1381: 1367: 992: 935:Unemployment Insurance Act 1927 724:on 2 August 1914, organised by 546:Labour Representation Committee 458:became an active member of the 420: 4469:Magill, Frank N., ed. (1999). 4419:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3871:. BBC Somerset. 6 January 2011 3580:. 8 December 1949. p. 4. 3081:. 8 December 1923. p. 1. 1746:. BBC News Sussex. 1 June 2014 1715: 1685: 1640: 1607: 1574: 1353: 1274:The National Care of Maternity 704:was appointed to succeed her. 425: 1: 5085:English women trade unionists 5065:English justices of the peace 4849:American Federation of Labour 4639:Worley, Matthew, ed. (2009). 3024:"Our London Correspondence". 2934:. 16 April 1920. p. 10. 1414:Dictionary of World Biography 1303:. London: E. Benn Ltd, 1928. 1246:Socialism for Shop Assistants 1024:general election of July 1945 911: 5055:British Secretaries of State 4961:Women Workers member of the 4892:Women Workers member of the 4336:Collette, Christine (1989). 4294:Bondfield, Margaret (1948). 3727:. 24 March 1948. p. 8. 3475:Bondfield, Margaret (1941). 3276:. 28 June 1926. p. 10. 2882:. 25 July 1920. p. 10. 2878:"Miss Bondfield on Russia". 2441:UK public library membership 2162:UK public library membership 1995:. Archivehub. Archived from 1979:UK public library membership 1786:(1928). London, E. G. Benn. 1496:and H Skinner; from the ILP 1416:, states a figure of 2,897. 538:Trades Union Annual Congress 300:Labour government of 1929–31 7: 5150:People from Chard, Somerset 5070:English socialist feminists 4931:Chief Woman Officer of the 4706:(public domain audiobooks) 4700:Works by Margaret Bondfield 4540:Origins of the Labour Party 4099:"Shop Workers and the Vote" 4057:Cox and Hobley, pp. 230–32. 3765:. 18 June 1953. p. 3. 3761:"Miss Margaret Bondfield". 3723:"The Mary Macarthur Home". 3028:. 18 June 1953. p. 6. 1949:"Bondfield, Margaret Grace" 1946:Williamson, Philip (2004). 1195: 1159:, and in 1930 received the 738:Union of Democratic Control 610:" in the House of Commons. 380:Taylor), the daughter of a 10: 5191: 5175:Women of the Victorian era 5060:English Congregationalists 4518:Martindale, Hilda (1944). 3551:. 4 July 1945. p. 8. 2030:. The Walt Whitman Archive 1909:Cox and Hobley, pp. 95–97. 1882:Cox and Hornby, pp. 43–44. 1393:poems, which form part of 805:by-election in Northampton 728:; other speakers included 682:Women's Co-operative Guild 569:Women's Trade Union League 495:Women's Industrial Council 5155:Politicians from Somerset 5018: 5009: 5005:Sir Arthur Steel-Maitland 5001: 4996: 4982: 4959: 4947: 4939: 4929: 4921: 4907: 4890: 4882: 4868: 4842: 4830: 4825: 4815: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4782: 4768:Member of Parliament for 4766: 4758: 4748: 4734:Member of Parliament for 4732: 4724: 4717: 4503:. London: Jonathan Cape. 4238:. London: Profile Books. 3804:Quoted in Abrams, p. 235. 3180:10.1017/s0018246x00011298 1261:Shop Workers and the Vote 1177:University of Northampton 1098:Golders Green Crematorium 1061:Golders Green Crematorium 583:, whose shop-based drama 548:(LRC), forerunner of the 332:Labour government of 1924 268: 258: 241: 217: 212: 208: 196: 184: 173: 163: 151: 139: 128: 116: 104: 99:Sir Arthur Steel-Maitland 92: 80: 69: 62: 58: 46: 23: 4793:Party political offices 2905:"Ruskin College, Oxford" 2829:Wright, Patrick (2007). 1203: 816:general election of 1922 714:Margaret Llewelyn Davies 480:Independent Labour Party 275:Margaret Grace Bondfield 222:Margaret Grace Bondfield 5080:English trade unionists 4624:. London: Arrow Books. 4576:Scott, Gillian (1998). 4315:Boucher, Ellen (2014). 4209:"Our Towns: A Close-up" 4066:Cox and Hobley, p. 235. 3914:(subscription required) 3854:(subscription required) 3776:(subscription required) 3763:The Manchester Guardian 3738:(subscription required) 3725:The Manchester Guardian 3712:(subscription required) 3699:The Manchester Guardian 3693:What Life Has Taught Me 3681:(subscription required) 3668:The Manchester Guardian 3655:(subscription required) 3617:(subscription required) 3591:(subscription required) 3578:The Manchester Guardian 3562:(subscription required) 3549:The Manchester Guardian 3536:(subscription required) 3287:(subscription required) 3274:The Manchester Guardian 3231:(subscription required) 3218:The Manchester Guardian 3193:(subscription required) 3092:(subscription required) 3079:The Manchester Guardian 3039:(subscription required) 3026:The Manchester Guardian 3013:(subscription required) 3000:The Manchester Guardian 2978:(subscription required) 2945:(subscription required) 2932:The Manchester Guardian 2893:(subscription required) 2246:Cox and Hobley, p. 109. 2237:Cox and Hobley, p. 108. 2101:Cox and Hobley, p. 102. 1373:In 1873 the Liberal MP 1224:What Life Has Taught Me 1068:What Life Has Taught Me 1048:The Manchester Guardian 906:Communist International 863:First Labour Government 615:Teresa Billington-Greig 336:parliamentary secretary 4847:representative to the 4647:: Ashgate Publishing. 4557:Sanders, Lise (2006). 4454:. London: IB. Tauris. 4381:. London: L. Parsons. 4359:. London: Hutchinson. 4302:. London: Hutchinson. 4165:"The Meaning of Trade" 3368:Skidelsky, pp. 100–01. 3168:The Historical Journal 2714:"Speaker's conference" 2426:10.1093/ref:odnb/45462 2371:: 6. 17 February 1910. 2147:10.1093/ref:odnb/30411 2048:Cox and Hobley, p. 99. 1964:10.1093/ref:odnb/31955 1864:Cox and Hobley, p. 42. 1833:Cox and Hobley, p. 93. 1239:Booklets and pamphlets 1161:freedom of the borough 1063: 962: 930:subsequent by-election 876: 636: 624: 600:Adult Suffrage Society 555:In 1902 Bondfield met 520: 443: 435: 367: 324:Adult Suffrage Society 4845:Trades Union Congress 4809:Women's Labour League 4580:. London: UCL Press. 4234:Abrams, Fran (2003). 3502:. The Guardian Online 3395:Marquand, pp. 588–90. 3206:Marquand, pp. 381–86. 2831:"8. First Delegation" 2591:Scott, pp. 84 and 96. 2560:Collette, pp. 132–34. 2474:Collette, pp. 99–102. 2408:Hannam, June (2004). 2332:: 8. 21 October 1909. 2129:John, Angela (2004). 1329:Our Towns: A Close-up 1157:University of Bristol 1059: 1008:Our Towns: a Close-up 960: 947:1929 general election 870: 858:Parliament and office 670:London County Council 646:Women's Labour League 631: 627:Women's Labour League 620: 518: 441: 434:Brighton in the 1890s 433: 365: 320:Women's Labour League 304:Trades Union Congress 4826:Trade union offices 4762:Sir Patrick Hastings 4622:After the Victorians 4448:Law, Cheryl (2000). 4437:London: Alpha House 4413:Hunt, Cathy (2014). 4375:Hamilton, Mary Agnes 2810:. TUC History Online 2757:Abrams, pp. 229–230. 2655:. TUC History online 2632:on 24 September 2015 2269:Abrams, pp. 225–226. 2110:Pelling, pp. 204–06. 1784:The Meaning of Trade 1773:Hamilton, pp. 43–44. 1712:Abrams, pp. 218–219. 1646:Hamilton, pp. 30–31. 1510:Charles Roden Buxton 1343:Notes and references 1301:The Meaning of Trade 1112:Appraisal and legacy 922:Sir Patrick Hastings 801:Justice of the Peace 540:, that year held in 387:Anti-Corn Law League 358:Childhood and family 164:Member of Parliament 146:Sir Patrick Hastings 118:Member of Parliament 26:The Right Honourable 5075:English suffragists 5022:Sir Henry Betterton 4433:Judge, Tony (2018) 4279:The Age of Illusion 4187:"Why Labour Fights" 3431:Blythe, pp. 282–83. 3248:Abrams, pp. 231–32. 3147:Boucher, pp. 85–87. 2177:Abrams, pp. 223–24. 1891:Sanders, pp. 46–53. 1699:. 23 November 1839. 1527:Manchester Guardian 1455:women in government 904:, president of the 774:National prominence 401:attended the local 348:National Government 111:Sir Henry Betterton 5012:Minister of Labour 4997:Political offices 4379:Margaret Bondfield 3951:The London Gazette 3889:Skidelsky, p. 430. 3666:"Miss Bondfield". 3404:Hefferman, p. 360. 3386:Skidelsky, p. 160. 3359:Bondfield, p. 276. 3138:Bondfield, p. 255. 3129:Hunt, pp. 114–115. 3102:Bondfield, p. 251. 3049:Hunt, pp. 106–107. 2988:Bondfield, p. 245. 2794:Bondfield, p. 126. 2306:Holton, pp. 57–58. 2059:The Shop Assistant 1506:Leslie Haden-Guest 1064: 963: 953:Minister of Labour 882:Minister of Labour 877: 650:Margaret MacDonald 521: 499:The Shop Assistant 488:The Shop Assistant 444: 436: 368: 340:Ministry of Labour 296:Minister of Labour 64:Minister of Labour 30:Margaret Bondfield 5028: 5027: 5019:Succeeded by 4983:Succeeded by 4967:1925–1929 4940:Succeeded by 4908:Succeeded by 4898:1921–1923 4869:Succeeded by 4853:1918–1919 4816:Succeeded by 4807:Secretary of the 4783:Succeeded by 4749:Succeeded by 4654:978-0-7546-6731-5 4631:978-0-09-945187-7 4609:978-0-14-021172-6 4596:Skidelsky, Robert 4426:978-1-137-03353-6 4366:978-0-09-195446-8 4328:978-1-107-04138-7 3813:Skidelsky, p. 89. 3627:Bondfield, p. 10. 3477:Why Labour Fights 3465:Marquand, p. 670. 3440:Marquand, p. 648. 3422:Marquand, p. 619. 3413:Marquand, p. 609. 3377:Marquand, p. 525. 3350:Marquand, p. 492. 3341:Marquand, p. 488. 3156:Marquand, p. 377. 3120:Shepherd, p. 208. 2868:Hamilton, p. 134. 2859:Shepherd, p. 184. 2846:978-0-19-923150-8 2737:Shepherd, p. 229. 2609:Shepherd, p. 160. 2515:Collette, p. 119. 2497:Scott, pp. 88–89. 2439:(Subscription or 2351:Bondfield, p. 60. 2315:Bondfield, p. 83. 2255:Bondfield, p. 72. 2219:on 6 October 2014 2160:(Subscription or 2017:Bondfield, p. 36. 1977:(Subscription or 1900:Bondfield, p. 28. 1873:Bondfield, p. 62. 1764:Bondfield, p. 24. 1697:Chartist Circular 1361:Chartist Circular 1315:Why Labour Fights 1189:Margaret Thatcher 1004:Why Labour Fights 809:Coalition Liberal 708:Campaigns and war 604:Sir Charles Dilke 452:Louisa Martindale 403:elementary school 272: 271: 254:, Surrey, England 53:Bondfield in 1919 5182: 5170:UK MPs 1929–1931 5165:UK MPs 1924–1929 5160:UK MPs 1923–1924 5002:Preceded by 4948:Preceded by 4922:Preceded by 4883:Preceded by 4831:Preceded by 4798:Preceded by 4759:Preceded by 4725:Preceded by 4715: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4696: 4658: 4635: 4613: 4591: 4572: 4553: 4531: 4514: 4502: 4499:Ramsay MacDonald 4488: 4465: 4430: 4409: 4390: 4370: 4351: 4332: 4311: 4301: 4290: 4270: 4249: 4221: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3836: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3795:Biagini, p. 222. 3793: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3638:Nicolson, Harold 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3249: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3011: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2960: 2947: 2946: 2943: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2764: 2758: 2755: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2710: 2704: 2703:Braybon, p. 101. 2701: 2695: 2692: 2683: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2542:Collette, p. 89. 2540: 2534: 2533:Collette, p. 84. 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2506:Collette, p. 70. 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2369:The Common Cause 2361: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2342:Hamilton, p. 61. 2340: 2334: 2333: 2330:The Common Cause 2322: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2256: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2202: 2196: 2195:Hamilton, p. 96. 2193: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2134: 2126: 2120: 2119:Collette, p. 28. 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2083:. 7 January 2020 2073: 2062: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1951: 1943: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1740: 1731: 1730:Hamilton, p. 38. 1728: 1722: 1721:Hamilton, p. 37. 1719: 1713: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1689: 1683: 1682:Hamilton, p. 29. 1680: 1671: 1668: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1578: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1523: 1517: 1514:Bertrand Russell 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1410: 1404: 1385: 1379: 1375:Sir John Lubbock 1371: 1365: 1357: 1317:. London, 1941. 1075:Poulton-le-Fylde 1052: 971:Robert Skidelsky 967:privy counsellor 902:Grigory Zinoviev 722:Trafalgar Square 662:Arthur Henderson 654:Ramsay MacDonald 640: 585:Diana of Dobsons 391:Great Exhibition 379: 352:Second World War 344:Ramsay MacDonald 292:privy counsellor 285: 248: 231: 229: 213:Personal details 199: 187: 178: 154: 142: 133: 107: 95: 87:Ramsay MacDonald 83: 74: 51: 41: 21: 20: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5115:Labor ministers 5030: 5029: 5024: 5015: 5007: 4992: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4943: 4942:Dorothy Elliott 4936: 4927: 4917: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4878: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4840: 4821: 4819:Marion Phillips 4812: 4803: 4788: 4773: 4764: 4754: 4739: 4730: 4728:Charles McCurdy 4708: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4645:Farnham, Surrey 4632: 4610: 4588: 4569: 4550: 4511: 4493:Marquand, David 4485: 4462: 4427: 4406: 4367: 4348: 4329: 4267: 4246: 4224: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3933:Abrams, p. 218. 3932: 3928: 3924:Abrams, p. 217. 3923: 3919: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786:Worley, p. 180. 3785: 3781: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3748:Abrams, p. 235. 3747: 3743: 3737: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456:Abrams, p. 234. 3455: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3292: 3286: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3262:Magill, p. 356. 3261: 3252: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111:Blythe, p. 278. 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3012: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2961: 2950: 2944: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2911:. 6 August 2013 2909:The Independent 2903: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694:Braybon, p. 94. 2693: 2686: 2682:Braybon, p. 44. 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551:Collete, p. 66. 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524:Abrams, p. 228. 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488:Magill, p. 354. 2487: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465:Abrams, p. 227. 2464: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2389:on 2 April 2015 2381: 2380: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186:Sanders, p. 48. 2185: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2159: 2151: 2149: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2086: 2084: 2075: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1999:on 2 April 2015 1991: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1968: 1966: 1944: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855:Law, pp. 28–30. 1854: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824:Abrams, p. 220. 1823: 1816: 1812:Sanders, p. 217 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1674: 1670:Magill, p. 353. 1669: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1588:. 8 June 2016. 1580: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1524: 1520: 1490:Robert Williams 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1420: 1411: 1407: 1400:Leaves of Grass 1386: 1382: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1241: 1206: 1198: 1114: 1102:To Be a Pilgrim 1050: 1043:Harold Nicolson 1028:Bury St Edmunds 1020: 995: 955: 914: 898:Zinoviev letter 865: 860: 836:Stanley Baldwin 776: 760:First World War 726:George Lansbury 710: 702:Marion Phillips 642: 638: 629: 592:Dora Montefiore 581:Cicely Hamilton 513: 504:Daily Chronicle 428: 423: 372:Chard, Somerset 360: 277: 259:Political party 250: 246: 235:Chard, Somerset 233: 227: 225: 224: 223: 197: 191:Charles McCurdy 185: 179: 174: 165: 152: 140: 134: 129: 120: 105: 93: 81: 75: 70: 54: 42: 33: 31: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5188: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5017: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4984: 4981: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4909: 4906: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4858:Frederick Hall 4841: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4804: 4801:Mary Middleton 4799: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4752:Arthur Holland 4750: 4747: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4712: 4697: 4683: 4678: 4665: 4664:External links 4662: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4608: 4592: 4586: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4548: 4536:Pelling, Henry 4532: 4515: 4509: 4489: 4483: 4466: 4460: 4445: 4443:978-1983500985 4431: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4391: 4371: 4365: 4352: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4312: 4291: 4275:Blythe, Ronald 4271: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4230: 4223: 4222: 4200: 4178: 4156: 4134: 4112: 4090: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4022: 4000: 3978: 3956: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3903:. p. 29. 3891: 3882: 3857: 3828: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3750: 3741: 3715: 3684: 3658: 3629: 3620: 3594: 3565: 3539: 3513: 3490: 3467: 3458: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3306: 3304:Craig, p. 263. 3290: 3264: 3250: 3234: 3208: 3196: 3174:(3): 673–706. 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3016: 2990: 2981: 2967:. p. 12. 2948: 2922: 2896: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2845: 2821: 2796: 2787: 2759: 2739: 2730: 2705: 2696: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2643: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2573:. Archives hub 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2476: 2467: 2455: 2453:Wilson, p. 48. 2446: 2400: 2374: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2271: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2167: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2063: 2050: 2041: 2019: 2010: 1984: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1835: 1826: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1702: 1684: 1672: 1648: 1639: 1625: 1606: 1572: 1565: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1532:The Apple Cart 1518: 1502:R. C. 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