Patrick Hastings - Knowledge

1422:, and after Horne had presented the motion Hastings rose to speak, and explained the facts of the case. His speech took over an hour, and was frequently interrupted by Conservative MPs. In his speech, Hastings took full responsibility for both the decision to prosecute and the subsequent decision to withdraw the prosecution, asking whether a censure was merited for correcting a mistake. His speech quieted the Conservatives and made it clear that a censure for the entire Parliament was going to be difficult for the Whips to enforce. The Liberal spokesman John Simon stood to speak, however, and called for the appointment of a Select Committee to investigate the case. This was rejected by MacDonald, and MPs continued to speak for several more hours. 1588:

inappropriately, and that "we are unable therefore to accept Miss Savidge's statement. We are satisfied that the interrogation followed the lines indicated to by the Director of Public Prosecutions and was not unduly extended". The minority report blamed the police, particularly Collins, for the method in which Savidge was interviewed. The inquiry resulted in three changes to police procedure, however: firstly, that anyone interrogated should be told beforehand about the possible consequences and purpose of the statement; secondly, that the statement should normally be taken at home; and thirdly, that in cases "involving matters intimately affecting morals" another woman should always be present for any interviews.

1619:. The company used Oppenheimer as a technical adviser, and immediately arranged to have its diamonds sold to the syndicate. The price was to be fixed for six months, with an auditor's certificate at the end of that time used to negotiate a new price. Oppenheimer was the only one with access to the accounting information, and the rest of the company had no way of checking that his figures were correct. In the same time frame, a new deposit of diamonds was discovered in South Africa, forcing the syndicate to acquire several million pounds worth of these new diamonds to prevent their control over the market being destroyed. This strained their finances and the new diamonds forced the price down. 1584:

Collins told Wyles that he was going to send Savidge home, and Wyles could leave. After Wyles had left, Collins began interviewing Savidge, threatening that she and Money would "suffer severely" if she did not tell the truth. Savidge said that Collins' manner had become more and more familiar during the interview, and that at several points he and Sergeant Clarke had implied that they wanted her to have sexual intercourse with them. Savidge spent almost six hours in the witness box, and her testimony left Collins looking guilty in the eyes of the tribunal. Collins, Clarke and Wyles were all interviewed, along with the Metropolitan Police Commissioner and Archibald Bodkin himself.

1374:, and Jimmy Maxton, to ask their opinion on the prosecution. Maxton knew Campbell, and revealed that he was only the temporary editor and had not written the article – the article had actually been copied from another newspaper. Along with Guy Stevenson, the assistant director of Public Prosecutions, Hastings then visited Ramsay MacDonald to explain the facts of the case. MacDonald blamed the Director of Public Prosecutions for starting the case, although Hastings intervened and admitted to Macdonald that it was entirely his fault. The Prime Minister said that he felt they should go through with the case now they had started, but Hastings suggested that a member of the 1703:. Plender was one of the most important and reliable accountants in Britain, and under cross-examination stated that it was routine for firms "of the very highest repute" to use secret reserves in calculating profit without declaring it. Hastings said that "if my client ... was guilty of a criminal offence, there is not a single accountant in the City of London or in the world who is not in the same position." Both Kylsant and Morland were acquitted of falsifying records, but Kylsant was found guilty of "making, circulating or publishing a written statement which he knew to be false", namely the 1928 prospectus, and was sentenced to 12 months in prison. 982: 853:. John Gruban was a German-born businessman, originally named Johann Wilhelm Gruban, who had come to England in 1893 to work for an engineering company, Haigh and Company. By 1913 he had turned the business from an almost-bankrupt company to a successful manufacturer of machine tools, and at the outbreak of the First World War it was one of the first companies to produce machine tools used to make munitions. This made Gruban a major figure in a now-large market, and he attempted to raise £5,000 to expand his business (equivalent to approximately £606,100 in 2015). On independent advice, he contacted 1778:, with Hastings for the defence and John Flowers KC prosecuting. According to Mosley, Hastings told him that Flowers, a former cricketer, had a poor reputation at the bar, and that Mosley should not show him up too much. The prosecution claimed that after a BUF meeting, Mosley and the other defendants had marched around Worthing, threatening and assaulting civilians. Hastings argued that the defendants had been deliberately provoked by a crowd of civilians, and several witnesses testified that the crowd had been throwing tomatoes and threatening Mosley. The judge eventually 781:, telling Seymour that the police knew what had happened and that the only way to save Williams was to dig up the gun and move it to somewhere safer. When Seymour and Power went to do this, several policemen (who had been lying in wait) immediately arrested her and Power (who was released a few hours later). Seymour was in a poor condition both physically and mentally, and after a few hours she wrote and signed a statement which incriminated Williams. Power again helped the police, convincing Williams to meet him at 1724:

One crown witness had said that on another occasion she saw Elvira Barney firing the gun while holding it in her left hand; when he called his client Hastings had the gun placed in front of her. After a pause he shouted at her to pick up the gun and she spontaneously picked it up in her right hand. The judge (Mr Justice Humphreys) described Hastings' final address as "certainly one of the finest speeches I have ever heard at the Bar" and Elvira Barney was found not guilty both of murder and manslaughter.

681:"did everything to the brief except set it to music", before returning it to a pleased Gill, who let him take away another brief. Over the next two years Gill allowed him to work on nearly every case he appeared in. Eventually he was noticed by solicitors, who left briefs for him rather than for Gill. By the end of his first year as a barrister, he had earned 60 guineas, and by the end of his second year he had earned £200 (equivalent to approximately £8,500 and £27,200 respectively in 2015). 4488: 700:, and when he left the position Simon gave him a cheque for £50. Hastings and his fiancée had "never had so much money before", and on the strength of this they decided to get married. His marriage changed his outlook on life: he now realised that to provide for his wife he would need to work a lot harder at getting cases. To do that he would need to join a well-respected set of chambers; although Gill was giving him briefs he was still in Corbet's chambers, which saw little business. 747: 572: 732:. Although this was a good start, Hastings was not a particularly well-known barrister, and cases were few and far between. To get around the lack of funds Hastings accepted a pupil and for the next year Hastings lived almost exclusively off the fees that the pupil paid him. To maintain the appearance of an active and busy chamber Hastings had his clerk borrow papers from other barristers and give them to the pupil to work on, claiming that they were cases of Hastings. 1277:

Secretary did not actually possess O'Brien. Three days later, Hastings took the case to the Court of Appeal, who declared that the internment orders were invalid since the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 was no longer applicable. The government was forced to introduce a bill to Parliament giving itself retrospective immunity for having exceeded its authority, and the whole incident was a political and legal triumph for the party and for Hastings personally.

728:

trouble of finding a new tenancy. Maintaining a set of chambers was very expensive, however; as well as paying the rent, the head of chambers would be expected to pay the clerks. Hastings suggested to Avory that Avory could pay the rent, and Hastings would then pay him back when he had the money. Despite Avory's reputation as "cold and hard" he agreed to this idea, and even let Hastings keep the furniture, including Avory's valuable chair which had once belonged to

4464: 4476: 973:

conspiracy, saying that she could not find any specific instance of "immorality" at the camps she visited and that it was "always rumour". After three weeks the committee dismissed all witnesses. The final report was produced in December 1919, and found that Douglas-Pennant had been completely unable to substantiate her claims and was deserving "of the gravest censure". As a result, Douglas-Pennant was never again employed by the government.

719:(one of the barristers who occupied Avory's chambers) had been appointed a Metropolitan Magistrate, which freed up a space in the chambers. He immediately went to Avory's clerk and got him to introduce him to Avory. Avory initially refused to give Hastings a place in the chambers, but after Hastings lost his temper and exclaimed that "if he didn't want me to help him it would leave me more time to myself", Avory laughed and changed his mind. 774:

Power told the police that the letter had been written by a friend of his called John Williams, who he claimed had visited Sztaray's house to burgle it before killing the policeman and fleeing. Williams then met with his girlfriend Florence Seymour and explained what had happened. The two decided to bury the gun on the beach and send a letter to Williams' brother asking for money to return to London, which was then given to Power.

673:, a well-respected barrister. Hastings would be able to improve his career through an association with Gill, but Gill did not actually know Hastings and had no reason to offer him a place in his chambers. Hastings decided he would spend the court vacation writing a law book, and introduce himself to Gill by asking if he would mind having the book dedicated to him. Hastings wrote the book on the subject of the law relating to 2004:. In early 1948, he suffered a small stroke which forced him to retire permanently. On 11 November 1949, he and his wife travelled to Kenya, where their son Nicky had moved to start a new life after the end of the Second World War. While there, he suffered a second stroke due to the air pressure, and he never fully recovered. Hastings spent the next two years living in a flat in London, before dying on 26 February 1952 of 912:. The trial attracted such public interest that on the final day the barristers found it physically difficult to get through the crowds surrounding the Law Courts. While both Rigby Smith and Douglas Hogg were highly respected barristers, Booth's cross-examination by Hastings was so skilfully done that the jury took only ten minutes to find that he had been fraudulent; they awarded Gruban £4,750 (about £336,200 in 2015). 1214:(ISDL), and the Free State government shared the names of these supporters with the British authorities, who kept a close eye on them. Between February and March the Free State government provided information on individuals that they said were part of widespread plots against the Irish Free State being prepared on British soil. On 11 March 1923 the police in Britain arrested IRA sympathisers living in Britain including 40: 563:. After two years of working eighteen-hour days he had saved £60 of the £100 needed to be called to the bar, but had still not studied for the examinations as he could not afford to buy any law books. Over the next year his income decreased, as he was forced to study for the examinations rather than work for newspapers. By the end of May 1904 he had the £100 needed, and he was called to the bar on 15 June. 1077:, where he again lost. The case was then sent to the House of Lords, who by a majority of three to two (with Lord Birkenhead giving the leading judgement) overturned the previous judgements and said that John Russell's evidence as to the legitimacy of his son was inadmissible. Hastings did not represent Christabel Russell in the House of Lords case, however, because by this point he was already 1320:

the legal problems of government departments, and said that the day was "one long rush between the law courts, government departments and the House of Commons". His working hours were regularly between 7am and 5am the following morning, and the policemen on duty at the House of Commons complained to him that he was working too long, since they were required to stay on duty as long as he was.

1367:, rose and asked the Prime Minister "if he has read the article, and if he is aware that the article contains mainly a call to the troops not to allow themselves to be used in industrial disputes, and that that point of view is shared by a large number of Members sitting on these benches?" This statement lead to uproar, and the Speaker was forced to intervene and halt further discussions. 388: 519:), but the most likely explanation was that the Middle Temple was popular with Irish barristers, and Hastings was of Irish ancestry. The examinations required to become a barrister were not particularly difficult or expensive, but once a student passed all the exams he would be expected to pay the then-enormous sum of £100 (equivalent to approximately £13,700 in 2015) when he was 651: 4452: 1665:, had falsified a trading prospectus with the aid of the company accountant, John Morland, to make it look as if the company was profitable and to entice potential investors. At the same time, he had been falsifying accounting records by drawing money from the reserves and having it appear on the records as profit. Following an independent audit instigated by 1568:) called at Savidge's workplace and took her to Scotland Yard, where she was questioned. The events of that day were brought up two days later in the House of Commons, where it was alleged that Savidge had been given a "third degree" interview by Collins lasting for five hours. After public outcry, the Home Secretary appointed a tribunal to investigate. 1945:, but found his work "very depressing" – most of the other officers were over thirty years younger than he, and he suffered from continuous bad health. His one major contribution was to create a scheme allowing the purchase of small models of German aircraft, allowing the British forces on the ground an easy way to identify incoming planes and avoiding 792:, with Hastings for the defence. Despite a strong argument and little direct evidence against Williams, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. The case generated large amounts of publicity, as well as an appeal hearing at which Hastings demonstrated his legal skills. The case established him as an excellent barrister, particularly when it came to 3887:

In his autobiography, Mosley wrote "A happy feature of these lawsuits was renewing acquaintance with the gay and brilliant Pat Hastings. In our days together in the Labour Party he equally enlivened some dull evenings with his adroit teasing of Beatrice Webb." See Sir Oswald Mosley, "My Life" (Thomas

1611:

began producing enough diamonds to attract the attention of the syndicate, and in November 1925 a Mr Oppenheimer, representing the syndicate, entered into a contract with Mr Perez, the operator of the Guiana mines, to have 12,000 carats (2.4 kg) worth of diamonds provided to the syndicate over a

1587:

The final report of the tribunal was released on 13 June 1928 and consisted of both a majority report and a minority one, since not all of the tribunal members agreed on the validity of Savidge's evidence. The majority report said that Savidge was not intimidated into answering questions, nor treated

1276:

prevented them from issuing a writ to any colony possessing a court which could also issue a writ. Since Ireland possessed such a court, an English divisional court could not act. Hastings attempted to argue that the writ could be issued against the Home Secretary but this also failed, since the Home

440:

While they were in the Ardennes, Hastings and his brother were arrested and briefly held for murder. While attending a fête in a nearby village Archie got into a disagreement with the local priest, who accused him of insulting the French church after misunderstanding one of his comments. The brothers

1790:

to arm themselves. The defence, led by D. N. Pritt KC, called several witnesses to a fight in Manchester between blackshirts and their opponents. Hastings, taking the view that the incident was too long in the past to be relevant, did not call any rebutting evidence. Although Mosley won the case, he

1723:

At the Old Bailey one of the principal crown witnesses was firearms expert Robert Churchill, who testified that the trigger of Mrs Barney's gun had a strong pull. When Hastings rose to cross-examine, he took up the gun, pointed it to the ceiling and repeatedly pulled the trigger over and over again.

1715:

on a charge of murder. Mrs Barney, who led a dissolute life of partying and drug-taking, was accused of shooting her lover in the Knightsbridge mews house they shared; she insisted that her gun had gone off by accident in a struggle. Hastings was persuaded to take the case by his wife who remembered

1537:

with committing an indecent offence. The next morning, they were remanded for a week at Great Marlborough Street Police Court. At the next hearing a week later, the case was dismissed by the magistrate, who criticised the police for failing to contact a man seen running through the park to establish

1319:

Hastings described his time as Attorney General as "my idea of hell" – he was the only Law Officer available, since the Solicitor General was not a Member of Parliament, and as a result had to answer all queries about points of law in Parliament. In addition, he had his normal duties of dealing with

1241:, and that he had consulted the Attorney General who considered it perfectly legal. Hastings immediately stood and protested, saying that the act was "one of the most dreadful things that has been done in the history of our country" and that the internments and deportations were effectively illegal. 727:

In 1910, Horace Avory became a judge. Hastings first found out when he read the report in the morning newspapers, and was dismayed that he would again have to search for a tenancy at another chambers. He instead had the idea that he could take over Avory's chambers himself, allowing him to avoid the

1622:

To correct this, the syndicate were forced to reduce the flow of diamonds from British Guiana, which they did by getting Oppenheimer to reduce the price of Guianan diamonds to the point where the company output dropped from 2,000 carats (0.40 kg) a month to less than 300 carats (0.060 kg)

1583:

and Walter Frampton represented Savidge, and Norman Birkett represented the police. When called as a witness, Savidge testified that she had not wanted to go to Scotland Yard and had been persuaded to do so by the presence of a female police officer, Miss Wyles. After they arrived at Scotland Yard,

1401:

the Labour government on this was set for 8 October, but before this MacDonald called Hastings into his office and suggested a way to solve the problem. Hastings would accept all the blame and resign as Attorney General, and in exchange MacDonald and the rest of the cabinet would speak for Hastings

832:

Shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, Hastings and his family were preparing to travel to Germany for a holiday. On the day of departure he received a note from a client, which read "You tell me you are going to Germany. Don't go, we shall be at war within forty-eight hours". Hastings

815:

The case made his name well-known and helped bring him work, but he still mainly worked on cases in the county courts. These did not pay particularly well, and to get around this lack of money his clerk had him take on six new pupils at once. The short length of county court cases and the number of

680:

Hastings finished the book just before the court vacation ended, and presented the draft to Gill immediately. Gill did not offer Hastings a place in his chambers but instead gave him a copy of a brief "to see if he could make a note on it that would be any use to ". He spent hours writing notes and

420:

in 1894. Hastings disliked school, saying "I hated the bell which drove us up in the morning, I hated the masters; above all I hated the work, which never interested me in the slightest degree". He was bullied at both the preparatory school and at Charterhouse, and did not excel at either sports or

1638:

and Norman Birkett for the syndicate. The first witness called was Coen himself, who Hastings later described as "the best witness without exception that I have ever seen in the witness-box". He was interviewed over seven days by Hastings, then Bevan and then Birkett. Eight days into the trial the

1508: 1430:

and Hastings (whose reply was simply "Go to hell") and decided to reject the offer. Although the motion of censure failed, the motion to appoint a Select Committee passed the House over the opposition of the government, and the Labour government was forced out of office. Hastings was embittered by

1008:

was a well-known horse racing journalist and owner with a reputation for brushes with the law and underhanded dealings, having previously been tried for blackmail and acquitted on a technicality. In 1913 he accused Richard Wootton, a noted trainer of racehorses, of ordering his jockeys to withdraw

483:

after three weeks, and the regiment disembarked. Their horses were considered too weak to be ridden, and so they were discharged and either put down or given to other soldiers. Hastings did not enjoy his time in the army; the weather was poor, the orders given were confusing and they were provided

1389:

The reaction of the public and the press was that the case had been thrown out because of direct pressure from the government, and that this had happened behind closed doors. MacDonald was "furious", and the opinion of the Liberal and Conservative parties was that the government was attempting to

1626:

A company board member, Victor Coen, was convinced that the company had been treated wrongly and insisted in bringing it before the courts. In May 1929, he convinced the rest of the board to issue a writ against the syndicate and Oppenheimer, alleging fraudulent conspiracy, and began instructing

773:

A few days after the murder, a former medical student named Edgar Power contacted the police, showing them a letter that he claimed had been written by the murderer. It read "If you would save my life come here at once to 4 Tideswell Road. Ask for Seymour. Bring some cash with you. Very Urgent."

457:

after a message from their father that the financial problems had ended. When they reached Brussels they found that the situation had actually worsened, and the family moved between cheap hotels, each one worse than the one before. Desperate for a job, Hastings accepted an apprenticeship with an

1627:

Hastings. Hastings worried that the case would become unmanageable, with the syndicate relying on over 4,000 documents for their defence, but luckily found a certificate showing that the company profits, rather than the five per cent Oppenheimer had reported, were in fact seventeen per cent.

1036:

and distributed widely through the crowds, and in response Sievier sued Wootton for libel. Sievier appeared without a lawyer, while Wootton was represented by Sir Edward Carson, Hastings, and E. H. Spence. After the second day of the trial, Carson was called away to Ireland on political

972:

Hastings took the lead in cross-examining Douglas-Pennant. She accused Bersey and others of promoting this "rife immorality" and not having the best interests of the WRAF at heart. When cross examined, however, she was unable to provide any evidence of this "rife immorality" or any kind of a

1268:

to be considered, but by the time the hearing was resumed on 10 April he had managed to obtain one. Hastings argued that because the Irish Free State was an independent nation the British laws governing it, such as the Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920, were effectively repealed.

692:. They had met through his uncle J. Comyns Carr's family, who had brought Hastings to dinner at the Grundys' house. After several meetings Hastings proposed, but the wedding was put off for a long time due to his lack of money. In January 1906, Hastings became the temporary secretary of 1316:) was "unsuitable for personal reasons". Hastings hesitated before accepting the appointment, despite the knighthood and appointment as head of the bar that came with the post, and later said that "if I had known what the next year was to bring forward I should almost certainly have ". 445:

who arrested them for murder, informing them that the priest had been found dead ten minutes after they left. As the gendarmes prepared to take the Hastings to the police station, two more officers turned up with a villager in handcuffs. It transpired that the priest had been having an

1144:, who jumped into the Labour Party just before the 1922 election, when it had become clear that the Labour Party was the alternative government and it had not a single lawyer of position attached to it". However Hastings was returned for Wallsend with a majority of 2,823 in the 997:

During his time at the bar, Hastings was involved in a variety of libel cases and in a divorce case which significantly changed the law relating to the admission of evidence from spouses regarding the legitimacy or illegitimacy of a child. His first significant libel case was

552:

for one pound a week. This job lasted about three months; both he and Carr were fired after Hastings wrote a piece for the paper that should have been done by Carr. Despite this, his new contacts within journalism allowed him to get temporary jobs writing play reviews for the

1394:, a Conservative MP, asked the Prime Minister in Parliament whether he had instructed the Director of Public Prosecutions to withdraw the case. MacDonald replied that "I was not consulted regarding either the institution or the subsequent withdrawal of these proceedings". 458:

English engineer who claimed to have made a machine to extract gold in North Wales. After about a year and a half of work they discovered that there was no gold to be found in that part of Wales, and Hastings was informed that his services would no longer be needed.

491:

arrived (as looting was a criminal offence). Hastings was not a model soldier; as well as looting, he estimated that by the time he left the army he had "been charged and tried upon almost every offence known to military law". After two years of fighting, the

1363:, asked the Home Secretary why Campbell had been detained and on whose orders. Hastings himself read out a reply, which said that the Director of Public Prosecutions had complained that the article was inciting troops to mutiny. Another Labour backbencher, 424:

By 1896 the family hit another period of financial trouble, and Hastings left Charterhouse to move to continental Europe with his mother and older brother Archie until there was enough money for the family to return to London. The family initially moved to

1984:

Laski's counsel later said that he hoped that Hastings would at least have said "Touché". Laski lost the case, unable to counter the questioning from Hastings which referred to his previous written works. However the stress of the case told on Hastings.

1606:

had established a diamond syndicate to restrict the amount of diamonds on the market. For this to work, they had to control the entire output of diamonds in the world, which they planned to do by acquiring interests in all of the diamond mines. In 1925,

614:, the only practising barrister he knew. After Hastings explained his situation, Corbet offered him a place in his set of chambers, which Hastings immediately accepted. Although he now had a place in chambers, Hastings had no way of getting a 1498:

and J.B. Melville representing London Express Newspapers. Despite the skills of both Hastings and Birkett, who later became a much-lauded barrister in his own right, Mitchell-Hedges lost his case and had his reputation destroyed as a result.

1178:. He attacked it as "a monstrous piece of legislation", and was repeatedly shouted down by Conservative MPs as a "traitor to his class". As a result of this and the slow workings of Parliament, Hastings quickly became frustrated by politics. 1821:

and initially went well, but foundered in the second act due to the plot requiring the most popular actors to be taken off stage – the character played by Nares, for example, broke his leg. Reviews compared the plot to something out of the

1758:

was effectively accusing Mosley of high treason, and said that "there is really no defence to this action...I do ask for such damages as will mark sense of the injustice which has been done to Sir Oswald". The jury eventually decided that

884:

due to his German origin. As soon as this happened, he cut Gruban out of the company, leaving him destitute, and eventually arranged for him to be interned. Gruban successfully appealed against the internment, and brought Booth to court.

1089:

Hastings first became involved in politics after the First World War, when he joined the Liberal Party to help improve social conditions for the poorer people of the United Kingdom. He was being prepared to be the Liberal candidate for

411:

Hastings was named after the saint. His father was a solicitor with "somewhat seedy clients", and the family were repeatedly bankrupted. Despite financial difficulties, there was enough money in the family to send Hastings to a private

1885:

because when his family, who were familiar with the play, attended the shows, they read out the lines of the characters in bored and dreary voices just before the actors themselves spoke. As a result, the play was reduced to chaos.

677:, something he knew very little about. He got around this by including large extracts from the judgements in cases related to money-lending, which increased the size of the book and reduced how much he would actually have to write. 1417:

Immediately after the debate began the Prime Minister rose to speak, and said that he "sought to correct the impression gave" that he knew nothing about the prosecution. This was followed by a motion of censure pushed forward by

1218:, the head of the ISDL. Sources disagree on numbers, giving either approximately eighty or approximately 100. The arrested men were placed on special trains and sent to Liverpool, where they were transferred to Dublin via a 932:(KC). Becoming a KC was a risk; he would go from competing with other junior barristers to coming up against the finest minds in the profession. Despite this he decided to take the risk, and he was accepted later that year. 1210:(IRA) who wanted any independent nation to cover the entire island, the status of the Irish Free State was confirmed, and the IRA was forced underground. The IRA had supporters in the United Kingdom, working openly as the 1639:

matter of the certificate came up, and Oppenheimer was unable to provide an explanation. As a result, the jury found against the syndicate; they were ordered to pay back all of the company's costs, and all of its losses.

1425:

The Conservative leader Stanley Baldwin privately wrote to MacDonald offering to withdraw the motion of censure in exchange for the government's support for the appointment of a Select Committee. MacDonald consulted with

1863:. After a reviewer named St.John Ervine wrote a review starting "this is the worst play I have ever seen", the performances bizarrely sold out for weeks later. The play was later called "scandalous and immoral" by the 1742:, who had written a comment on one of Mosley's speeches implying that he advocated an armed revolution to overthrow the British government. The case opened at the Royal Courts of Justice on 5 November 1934 in front of 1952:

In Spring 1940 he was elected Treasurer of the Middle Temple. He participated in only a few cases following his war service. One was a high-profile case in November and December 1946 in which he was engaged by the

833:

heeded this warning, and remained in England – war was declared between Britain and Germany less than two days later. Hastings himself volunteered to serve in the armed forces, but was rejected as medically unfit.

470:

broke out, and the British government called for volunteers to join an expeditionary force. The only qualifications required were that the recruit could ride and shoot, and Hastings immediately applied to join the

1623:

per month. Oppenheimer then claimed that the profits were only five per cent, forcing the company to reduce the price yet again. As a result of this the company was forced into liquidation in September 1927.

766:. Sztaray was known to possess large amounts of valuable jewellery and to be married to a rich Hungarian nobleman, and assuming that the crouching man was a burglar the driver immediately called the police. 1471:

After leaving politics, Hastings returned to his work as a barrister, and eventually surpassed even his previous reputation and success as an advocate. His first major case after returning was representing

507:. There were various problems with this aim: in particular, he had no money, and the training for barristers was extremely expensive. Despite this, he refused to consider a change of career, and joined the 1125:(ILP) platform as Hastings, came to the conclusion that Hastings gave political speeches using his skill as a lawyer to master a brief; on the train home, Hastings appeared not to have heard of the ILP. 371:, and before his full retirement in 1948 he was one of the highest paid barristers at the English bar. As well as his legal work, Hastings also tried writing plays. Although these had a mixed reception, 661:

At the start of the court vacation in August 1904, Hastings decided that it would be best to find a tenancy in a more prestigious set of chambers; Corbet dealt with only two or three cases a year, and

1711:

Well known to dislike appearing in capital cases and having a heavy workload, Hastings hesitated in 1932 when approached by Sir John Mullens, a trustee of the Stock Exchange, to defend his daughter

1264:

for O'Brien as a test case to allow the release of the others. The initial hearing was ineffective because Hastings was unable to provide an affidavit from O'Brien, which was required for a writ of

711:; the two did not get on, and Hastings left without securing a place. Hastings later described this as "the most fortunate moment of my whole career". Directly below Smith's chambers were those of 947: 941: 1344:. The newspaper contained an article which urged members of the military to refuse to shoot their "fellow workers" in a time of war. Hastings approved the prosecution of the newspaper's editor, 1297:, his predecessor, had promised that there would be no tariff reforms introduced during the current Parliament. Baldwin felt that the only solution was to call a new general election. In the 1754:

article was nothing more than a summary of Mosley's speech, and that any comments implying the overthrow of the British government were found in the speech itself. Hastings countered that

1451:

he rarely spoke in the House of Commons, and attended less and less frequently. After suffering from kidney problems during 1925, he left Parliament by accepting the nominal position of

3237:

John Paton, "Left Turn" (1936), p. 164, cited in David Howell, "Hastings, Sir Patrick Gardiner (1880–1952)" in Dictionary of Labour Biography, vol. XI, Palgrave Macmillan 2003, p. 110.

1140:

in December 1920. Beatrice Webb was later to write in her diaries that Hastings was "without any sincerely held public purpose" and "an unpleasant type of clever pleader and political

1545:

After his release, Money immediately spoke to his official contacts, and the next morning the matter was raised in the House of Commons. It was suggested that the police evidence was

1406: 1486:

had published two articles saying that he was a liar, and had planned out a bogus robbery to advertise a device known as the Monomark. The case opened on 9 February 1928 in front of

1964:, who was seeking to clear his name from the newspaper's claim that he had called for socialism "even if it means violence". Cross-examining Laski, the following exchange occurred: 1037:

business, and Hastings was forced to act as the primary counsel for Wootton. Hastings destroyed Sievier's reputation in cross-examination, and the jury decided in Wootton's favour.

1110: 1716:

that their children had shared a governess who had also cared for "dear little Elvira". He appeared at the Magistrates' Court, where he cross-examined the forensic scientist Sir

363:

to take a seat in Parliament, Hastings returned to his work as a barrister, and was even more successful than before his entry into the House of Commons. His cases included the

1167:, and Hastings, who supported MacDonald, persuaded six new MPs to support him. MacDonald was elected by a margin of only five votes, and Hastings later regretted his support. 1151:

After returning to London from Wallsend, he attended a full meeting of Labour MPs to decide who would become the Party Chairman. This effectively meant choosing the leader of

1222:

destroyer. It later transpired that not only were many British citizens (Art O'Brien himself had been born in England), at least six had never even been to Ireland before.

1246: 1305:, and Labour and the Liberals formed a coalition government with Labour as the main party. Hastings himself was re-elected without difficulty, increasing his majority. 670: 4548: 487:

Hastings was made a scout, a duty he thoroughly enjoyed; it meant that he got to the targeted farms first, and had time to steal chickens and other food before the

873:) and many other important government officials were close friends. With £3,500 borrowed from his brother-in-law, Booth immediately invested in Gruban's company. 4205:

Chandler, Porter R. (March 1924). "Praemunire and the Habeas Corpus Act. Considered in Connection with the Irish Deportations and the Case of Ex Parte O'Brien".

1009:

from races if he had bet on another horse so as to allow him to make large amounts of money. Wootton sued him for libel and won, but was granted only a symbolic

1828:. The play lasted only a month before being cancelled, but Hastings was able to sell the film rights for £2,000, and it was turned into a Hollywood film called 4528: 785:, where Williams was arrested by the police and charged with the murder of Arthur Walls. Williams maintained that he was innocent of the murder and burglary. 1669:, Kylsant and John Morland, the company auditor, were arrested and charged with falsifying both the trading prospectus and the company records and accounts. 1553:

instructed Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, to investigate the possibility of perjury. Bodkin had Metropolitan Police Commissioner

1066:, and John Russell immediately filed for divorce and to have the child declared a bastard. He claimed that the child could not be his because he had not had 433:, where they bought several old guns and taught Hastings and his brother how to shoot. After six months in Ajaccio the family moved again, this time to the 4145: 2016:

Hastings married Mary Grundy on 1 June 1906. The couple had two sons, David and Nicholas, and three daughters. David died in the Second World War in the

1337: 1000: 990: 901: 315: 4573: 1375: 611: 1174:

and the party's main spokesman on legal matters. He made his debut speech on 22 February 1923 against the Rent Restrictions Bill, an amendment to the

1518: 450:

with the villager's sister, and after waiting for the Hastingses to leave he had killed the priest with a brick. The brothers were quickly released.

364: 4523: 1602:, which he considered both his most difficult and most interesting case. Following the discovery of the diamond mines in South Africa, men such as 1402:

at the resulting by-election. Hastings refused the general suggestion, but planned to make a speech at the upcoming debate explaining his actions.

1215: 1533:

in London when they were arrested by two plain-clothes police officers and taken to the nearest police station, where they were charged under the

1463:, who had lost her seat in the previous election, to return to Parliament in his place at the ensuing by-election. He never returned to politics. 703:

Hastings approached Gill and asked him for a place in his chambers. Gill's chambers were full but he did suggest a well-respected barrister named

4563: 1175: 1312:, Hastings was appointed Attorney-General for England and Wales. This was not surprising: Labour had only two KCs in Parliament, and the other ( 3020:', rev. Mark Pottle, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006, accessed 12 September 2009. 1782:

the jury to return a verdict of "not guilty". Hastings and Mosley were less successful in another libel action, against the Secretary of the

1550: 1419: 804:, for his skill in his defence of Williams. The advertisement this case gave of his skills allowed him to move some of his practice from the 770:

Arthur Walls was sent to investigate, and ordered the man to come down. The man fired two shots, the first of which struck and killed Walls.

1058:, later Lord Ampthill, married Christabel Hart in 1918, with both spouses agreeing that they did not want to have children. In October 1921 1720:

and at a three-day trial in the Old Bailey where Hastings was described by Peter Cotes in his book about the case as "the star performer".

3228:

David Howell, "Hastings, Sir Patrick Gardiner (1880–1952)" in Dictionary of Labour Biography, vol. XI, Palgrave Macmillan 2003, p. 109-10.

1807:

which he had rewritten; it ran for over a week in Brighton. He desired to have an original work performed, however, and to this end wrote

1431:

the disaster, and considered immediately quitting politics altogether, although he did not do so. His plight was depicted on the cover of

3621: 3210:

David Howell, "Hastings, Sir Patrick Gardiner (1880–1952)" in Dictionary of Labour Biography, vol. XI, Palgrave Macmillan 2003, p. 109.

951: 1054:

rule that evidence about the legitimacy or illegitimacy of children born in marriage is inadmissible if it is given by either spouse.

3385: 1230: 1238: 1047: 801: 715:, one of the most noted barristers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. As he prepared to return home, Hastings was informed that 4558: 4416: 4097: 1791:

was awarded only a farthing in damages, traditionally a way for the jury to indicate that the case should not have been brought.

619: 472: 273: 1917:

Hastings retired from most of his work as a barrister in 1938, but soon found a way to occupy himself after the outbreak of the

4384: 1156: 1078: 897: 816:

cases Hastings got meant that he dealt with up to six cases in a single day, running from court to court with his pupils in a "

261: 60: 284:

he worked briefly as an apprentice to an engineer in Wales before moving to London to become a barrister. Hastings joined the

4553: 4518: 4346: 4342: 4195: 1554: 1207: 1137: 697: 627: 441:

returned to see the priest the next day to demand an apology. On their way home after receiving it, they were stopped by two

333: 329: 115: 3254:) pp. 19–20. Note that this diary entry on 24 March 1924, relating to events on Sunday 23 March, preceded the Campbell case. 876:

Booth worked his way into the company with a string of false claims about his influence, and finally became chairman of the

4351: 1456: 1298: 1251: 1152: 1145: 1095: 1074: 1063: 128: 1736:

in several cases during the 1930s, having become friends with him while in Parliament. The first was a libel case against

1301:

Baldwin's Conservatives lost 88 seats, with the Labour Party gaining 47 and the Liberal Party gaining 41. This produced a

1073:

Hastings represented Christabel Russell in the initial trial at the High Court and lost; the decision was appealed to the

865:. When Gruban contacted Booth, Booth told him that he could do "more for company than any man in England", claiming that 707:, and Hastings went to see him with a letter of recommendation from Gill. Smith was out and Hastings instead spoke to his 4394: 4377: 1091: 909: 861:

Member of Parliament who was chairman of the Yorkshire Iron and Coal Company and had led the government inquiry into the

704: 598:(equivalent to between £7,100 and £14,300 in 2015). This was out of the question for Hastings; thanks to the cost of his 379:. Following strokes in 1948 and 1949, his activities became heavily restricted, and he died at home on 26 February 1952. 95: 3878:

Peter Cotes, "The Trial of Elvira Barney" (Celebrated Trials Series), David & Charles, 1976, Introduction pp. 20-35.

4533: 1743: 1700: 1452: 1170:

Hastings was indeed Labour's only experienced barrister in the House of Commons at that time, and immediately became a

4568: 3251: 1558: 966: 959: 3246:"The Diary of Beatrice Webb Volume 4 1924-1943: The Wheel of Life" ed. by Norman and Jeanne Mackenzie (Virago, 1985 1113:

reports speculation that Hastings foresaw that Labour may come to Government and had few senior lawyers to fill the

4326: 1662: 1379: 1129: 1055: 1921:

in 1939. Although, at fifty-nine, far past the age at which he could join the armed forces, Hastings wrote to the

526:

As soon as he joined the Middle Temple, Hastings began saving money for his call to the bar, starting with half a

1681: 1658: 1211: 638:, three of the most distinguished English barristers of the early 20th century. For the next six weeks until the 631: 693: 1332:, a prosecution which eventually led to the downfall of the Labour government. On 30 June 1924, he was met by 4588: 4583: 4578: 1974: 1902: 1774:" on 9 October 1934 at a BUF meeting. The trial opened at the Sussex Assizes on 18 December 1934 in front of 1349: 1109:. His conversion, especially in the light of later events, was regarded by some as suspect: his entry in the 954:(WRAF), and along with several other officers he had been accused of conspiring to have the WRAF Commandant, 531: 542:" but there was no rule against working as a journalist, and his cousin Philip Carr, a drama critic for the 1783: 1309: 1244:

A few days later, the solicitors for O'Brien got in contact with Hastings. On 23 March 1923 he appeared in

341: 924:

allowed Hastings to switch his practice from the county courts to the High Court, and at the beginning of

4538: 4317: 1877:, which despite moderately good reviews was not popular, and was withdrawn as a result. In 1930 he wrote 1677: 1476:, a noted professional explorer, in his libel action against London Express Newspapers, the owner of the 789: 3581: 496:

was signed in 1902, bringing an end to the Second Boer War, and his regiment was returned to London and

4442: 1926: 1922: 1693: 1226: 1118: 751: 475:. He was accepted, and after two weeks of training the regiment were given horses and boarded the S.S. 466:

Hastings left the failed mining operation in 1899, and travelled to London. Just after he arrived, the

1799:

As well as his work as a barrister, Hastings also tried his hand at writing plays. His first play was

4543: 4355: 1839: 1767: 1534: 1187: 1114: 1013:

in damages because the jury thought that Sievier had not intended to cause harm. As a result of this

260:

and politician noted for his long and highly successful career as a barrister and his short stint as

132: 538:. The rules and regulations of the Inns of Court meant that a student was not allowed to work as a " 1897: 1873: 1868: 1443:

Hastings was again returned for Wallsend at the ensuing election, despite the crisis caused by the

1122: 893: 3615: 1225:

The next day the arrests were publicly queried in the House of Commons, and a Labour backbencher

1099: 1010: 623: 591: 576: 413: 4100:, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008, accessed 12 September 2009. 3869:

Andrew Rose, 'Lethal Witness' Sutton Publishing 2007, Kent State University Press 2009 pp221-228

4216: 1852: 1576: 1564:

The next day, two police officers (Inspector Collins and Sergeant Clarke) and one policewoman (

1273: 955: 854: 741: 408: 296: 981: 4492: 1906: 1814: 1712: 1689: 1473: 1255: 870: 809: 595: 594:, and in addition the barrister would be expected to pay the pupil master between 50 and 100 493: 488: 144: 4051: 4019: 1355:

On 6 August Campbell's house was raided, and he was arrested by the police. On the same day

4513: 4508: 1580: 1025: 759: 708: 669:

to a barrister of whom they had never heard. The set of chambers below Corbet's was run by

603: 527: 758:

His first major case was "The Case of the Hooded Man". On 9 October 1912, the driver of a

8: 4207: 2005: 1938: 1763:

had libelled Mosley, and awarded him £5,000 in damages (approximately £448,000 in 2015).

417: 265: 642:, Hastings followed these three barristers from court to court "like a faithful hound". 4362: 4228: 4056: 4024: 2663: 1847: 1830: 1824: 1804: 1685: 1460: 1427: 1345: 1067: 1059: 877: 866: 858: 685: 360: 349: 269: 252: 156: 29: 3386:

A Parliamentary Victory: The British Labour Party and Irish Republican Deportees, 1923

1871:, and as a result sold out for many months. Emboldened by this success Hastings wrote 762:

noticed a crouching man near the front door of the house of Countess Flora Sztaray in

4293: 4269: 4245: 4191: 3247: 1942: 1856: 1717: 1572: 1530: 1522: 1511: 1398: 1383: 1195: 1106: 1042: 929: 817: 793: 555: 520: 326: 321: 310: 300: 213: 4139: 1996:, a book giving his views on 21 of his most noted cases. The same year he published 1237:, said that he had directly ordered the police to arrest the ISDL members under the 4456: 4409: 4220: 4150: 2001: 1918: 1882: 1864: 1809: 1775: 1333: 1191: 1160: 782: 607: 83: 4169: 1779: 1615:

A few months later, United Diamond Fields of British Guiana was incorporated as a

1525:

was a noted journalist, economist and former Liberal MP. On 23 April 1928, he and

946:

His first major case as a King's Counsel was representing a Colonel Bersey at the

4480: 2669: 2021: 1955: 1949:

situations. Due to his health he relinquished his commission on 7 December 1939.

1934: 1930: 1738: 1654: 1648: 1616: 1444: 1410: 1313: 1302: 1286: 1203: 1102:, and also by the divisions in the party; as a result, he gave up the candidacy. 1014: 862: 821: 797: 778: 599: 544: 515:(his uncle J. Comyns Carr, his only connection with the bar, was a member of the 467: 396: 368: 345: 289: 277: 46: 1766:

Several weeks later, Hastings represented Mosley and three other members of the

1455:— a legal fiction office with the same effect as, but less well known than, the 1032:

and blackmailed another for £5,000. The pamphlet was released on the day of the

340:. Hastings was appointed Attorney General for England and Wales in 1924, by the 4154: 2674: 2670:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 2356: 1860: 1699:

The main defence on the use of secret reserve accounting came with the help of

1631: 1608: 1495: 1491: 1234: 1033: 1005: 963: 844: 716: 404: 400: 337: 305: 281: 4093: 3017: 511:

as a student on 4 November 1901. It is uncertain why he chose this particular

356:, however, led to the fall of the government after less than a year in power. 4502: 4430: 3610: 1946: 1891: 1733: 1539: 1526: 1478: 1447:, although with a reduced majority. Although Hastings remained on the Labour 1432: 1391: 1386:

appeared for the Crown at the Magistrates Court and had Campbell discharged.

1371: 1329: 1290: 1260: 1133: 985: 674: 635: 512: 508: 447: 353: 288:

as a student on 4 November 1901, and after two years of saving money for the

285: 3625:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 163–164. 1272:

The court eventually declared that they could not issue a writ, because the

958:, removed from office to cover up "rife immorality" going on at WRAF camps. 4273: 1961: 1635: 1565: 1364: 1171: 1164: 805: 729: 712: 654: 587: 539: 516: 4297: 4249: 1925:

offering his services, and was eventually contacted by Kingsley Wood, the

746: 571: 2017: 1835: 1787: 1666: 1487: 1405: 1360: 1293:

was the best way to solve Britain's economic difficulties. Unfortunately

925: 905: 666: 497: 442: 4475: 3614: 2020:, and Nicholas became a farmer in Kenya. One daughter, Barbara, married 622:

cases) and he instead decided to teach himself by watching cases at the

4468: 4232: 1818: 1696:

and C. J. Conway for John Morland. Both defendants pleaded not guilty.

1673: 1603: 1448: 1356: 1219: 1051: 881: 820:

procession" which he later described as "the forerunners of the modern

763: 689: 639: 535: 1941:. His commission was dated 25 September 1939. He then started work at 1538:

some kind of corroborative evidence, and failing to report at once to

1435:, along with a quotation ("What have I done wrong?") from his speech. 969:

to investigate these claims, and it began sitting on 14 October 1918.

684:

On 1 June 1906, Hastings married Mary Grundy, the daughter of retired

586:

At the time, there was no organised way for a new barrister to find a

391:

Charterhouse School, where Hastings was educated between 1894 and 1896

39: 4335: 4140:"Oxford DNB article: Bentley, Nicolas Clerihew (subscription needed)" 1817:, where it was accepted and performed in June 1925. The play starred 1382:

and withdraw the prosecution. MacDonald agreed, and the next morning

1294: 1029: 948:

Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Women's Royal Air Force

942:

Select Committee of the House of Lords on the Women's Royal Air Force

767: 662: 615: 580: 504: 480: 272:. There he learnt to shoot and ride horses, allowing him to join the 257: 4463: 4224: 3952:

Sir Oswald Mosley, "My Life" (Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1968), p. 356.

3943:

Sir Oswald Mosley, "My Life" (Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1968), p. 355.

1507: 1771: 1028:, twice been declared bankrupt, cheated a man of £600 in a game of 454: 434: 325:, his practice was put on hold in 1922 when he was returned as the 610:. Instead he wandered around Middle Temple and by chance ran into 4312: 1770:(BUF) in a criminal case after they were indicted for "causing a 1546: 1199: 650: 430: 426: 1692:

and Wilfred Lewis for Lord Kylsant, and Hastings, Stuart Bevan,

453:

Soon after this incident, the family moved from the Ardennes to

188: 1413:, with the quotation "What have I done wrong?" from his speech 1600:

United Diamond Fields of British Guiana Ltd v Joel and Others

1557:

appoint Chief Inspector Collins, one of his most experienced

1370:

The next day Hastings called for both the Solicitor General,

309:

in 1917, his practice steadily grew, and in 1919 he became a

1024:

in which he claimed that Sievier had been expelled from the

2000:, a book on noted trials through history, such as those at 1968:

HASTINGS: Are there any privileged in the Socialist Party?

1561:

officers, to investigate the claims and interview Savidge.

1285:

When the new Parliament opened in 1923, the Prime Minister

880:

by claiming that it was the only way to avoid Gruban being

387: 313:(KC). Following various successes as a KC in cases such as 1937:

in Administrative and Special Duties Branch, serving with

788:

Williams' case came to trial on 12 December 1912 at Lewes

503:

By the time Hastings returned, he had decided to become a

1971:

LASKI: Why, indeed, Sir Patrick, when you were a member—

1340:, who brought with him a copy of the communist newspaper 1155:, because Labour was the largest opposition party in the 935: 1746:, with Hastings representing Mosley, and Norman Birkett 1688:

and Eustace Fulton for the prosecution, Sir John Simon,

1247:

R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs ex parte O'Brien

1017:, Wootton held a grudge against Sievier for many years. 3000: 2998: 1308:

With Ramsay MacDonald as the new Prime Minister in the

1098:

but grew disheartened by the Liberal alliance with the

1022:

Incidents in the Public Life of Robert Standish Sievier

461: 3937: 1542:

to avoid having to charge the defendants immediately.

437:, where they also learnt how to fish and ride horses. 4440: 1206:

between the pro-Free State forces and members of the

812:, where his work slowly increased in value and size. 626:. Hastings was lucky: the first case he saw involved 295:

Hastings first rose to prominence as a result of the

2995: 1634:

on 4 March 1930, with Hastings for the company, and

904:represented Gruban, while Booth was represented by 579:where Hastings taught himself how to practise as a 4138: 4073: 1653:In 1931, Hastings represented John Morland in the 1229:started a debate on the subject in the afternoon. 1105:Hastings eventually switched sides and joined the 256:(17 March 1880 – 26 February 1952) was an English 4549:Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies 4500: 3881: 3204: 548:, got him a job writing a gossip column for the 395:Hastings was born on 17 March 1880 in London to 4318:contributions in Parliament by Patrick Hastings 3012: 3010: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 1591: 1390:pervert the course of justice. On 30 September 1813:over a period of 20 years before taking it to 800:, and the presiding judge hearing the appeal, 796:. He was commended by both the initial judge, 4529:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War 1438: 735: 292:he qualified as a barrister on 15 June 1904. 4149:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3240: 3007: 2645: 1020:As revenge, Wootton wrote a pamphlet titled 16:English barrister and politician (1880–1952) 4079:"The Laski Libel Action" (Published by the 3946: 3222: 657:, who eventually offered Hastings a tenancy 359:Following his resignation in 1926 to allow 299:in 1912, and became noted for his skill at 3018:Hastings, Sir Patrick Gardiner (1880–1952) 1579:) began sitting on 15 May 1928; Hastings, 688:F. L. Grundy, at All Saints' Church, 375:was made into a silent film in 1927 named 348:. His authorisation of the prosecution of 73:25 January 1924 – 3 November 1924 38: 4574:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II 2666:inflation figures are based on data from 1990:The Autobiography of Sir Patrick Hastings 1517:In 1928, Hastings became involved in the 896:of the High Court of Justice in front of 4287: 4263: 4242:Sir Patrick Hastings, his life and cases 4204: 4050: 4018: 3609: 2219:11. Elizabeth Holloway Walrond (d. 1833) 2059:8. Lt. Col. Sir Charles Holland Hastings 1960:in defence of a libel action brought by 1506: 1404: 1328:In 1924 Hastings became involved in the 1239:Restoration of Order in Ireland Act 1920 980: 745: 649: 570: 566: 386: 4524:Attorneys general for England and Wales 4146:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4098:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4037: 4035: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3802: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3731: 3729: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3378: 2134:2. Alfred Gardiner Hastings (1847–1916) 1912: 1794: 1786:who had accused him of instructing his 4564:People educated at Charterhouse School 4501: 4185: 4136: 4086: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3549: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3487: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3454: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3371: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3292: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3188: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3112: 3110: 3091: 3089: 3061: 3059: 3040: 3038: 3028: 3026: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2883: 2881: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2148: 2050: 2046: 1929:, who offered him a commission in the 936:Select Committee of the House of Lords 849:His next noted civil case was that of 523:and Hastings was literally penniless. 61:Attorney General for England and Wales 44:Cover of the 20 October 1924 issue of 4003: 3985: 3231: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2667: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2415: 2412: 2402: 2390: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2352: 2342: 2330: 2320: 2316: 2304: 2301: 2291: 2279: 2269: 2265: 2241: 2231: 2218: 2208: 2204: 2192: 2189: 2179: 2166: 2156: 2152: 2136: 2133: 2123: 2110: 2100: 2096: 2084: 2082:4. Henry Cadogan Hastings (1813–1906) 2081: 2071: 2058: 2054: 1549:, and as a result the Home Secretary 1194:was set up as an independent British 950:. Bersey was a senior officer of the 268:until 1896, when his family moved to 4239: 4032: 3967: 3955: 3921: 3909: 3797: 3785: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3726: 3681: 3574: 3299: 3142: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2498: 2496: 2494: 1466: 1457:Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds 1181: 976: 645: 462:Military service and call to the bar 4268:(4th ed.). London: Heinemann. 3672: 3663: 3647: 3589:House of Commons Information Office 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3449: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3395: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3317: 3287: 3273: 3257: 3213: 3183: 3169: 3151: 3128: 3119: 3107: 3086: 3077: 3056: 3047: 3035: 3023: 2972: 2940: 2931: 2899: 2890: 2878: 2869: 2853: 2839: 2816: 2789: 2777: 2754: 2413:7. Catherine Grace Comyns (d. 1876) 1992:, and the following year published 1280: 1254:consisting of Mr Justice Avory and 1136:he became the Labour candidate for 722: 13: 4281: 3888:Nelson and Sons, 1968), pp. 351–7. 2731: 2719: 2705: 2689: 2627: 1901:(1947), the latter adapted into a 1642: 1502: 1453:Steward of the Manor of Northstead 827: 777:Power helped the police perform a 479:to South Africa. The ship reached 14: 4600: 4305: 4060:. 26 December 1939. p. 8553. 2548: 2534: 2514: 2491: 1494:representing Mitchell-Hedges and 1070:with his wife since August 1920. 915: 836: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4327:Parliament of the United Kingdom 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094:Laski, Harold Joseph (1893–1950) 4064: 4044: 4012: 3994: 3900: 3891: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3738: 3717: 3708: 3699: 2011: 1727: 1706: 1459:) on 29 June 1926; this enabled 1323: 4179: 4028:. 3 October 1939. p. 6661. 3638: 3629: 3603: 3565: 3556: 3461: 3308: 3195: 3160: 3098: 3068: 2986: 2963: 2954: 2922: 2913: 2830: 2807: 2768: 2745: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 1889:Subsequent West End plays were 1659:Royal Mail Steam Packet Company 1338:Director of Public Prosecutions 1212:Irish Self-Determination League 1121:, after speaking from the same 1046:, which eventually went to the 1040:In 1922, he became involved in 232: 4559:Military personnel from London 2573: 2564: 2505: 2482: 2473: 1598:Hastings was next involved in 1153:Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition 1111:Dictionary of Labour Biography 1: 2462: 2036:Ancestors of Patrick Hastings 1881:, which never made it to the 1380:Bow Street Magistrates' Court 1350:Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797 382: 249:Sir Patrick Gardiner Hastings 4554:Members of the Middle Temple 4519:20th-century English lawyers 4290:The Life of Patrick Hastings 4240:Hyde, H. Montgomery (1960). 4170:UK public library membership 2467: 2302:6. Jonathan Carr (1808–1881) 2111:9. Frances Gardiner (1783–?) 1988:In 1948, Hastings published 1855:on 26 January 1926 starring 1784:National Union of Railwaymen 1593:United Diamond Fields v Joel 928:1919 he applied to become a 892:opened on 7 May 1917 in the 352:in what became known as the 7: 4288:Hastings, Patricia (1959). 2027: 1397:A Parliamentary debate and 1084: 10: 4605: 4264:Hastings, Patrick (1950). 4260:, London: Heinemann, 1949. 2259: 2142: 2048: 1927:Secretary of State for Air 1923:Secretary of State for War 1646: 1474:F. A. Mitchell-Hedges 1439:Remaining time in politics 1159:. The two candidates were 939: 842: 752:The Case of the Hooded Man 750:Part of Eastbourne, where 739: 736:The Case of the Hooded Man 602:, he was so poor that his 532:Queen's South Africa Medal 403:painter and the sister of 4534:British Yeomanry soldiers 4427: 4414: 4406: 4401: 4391: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4359: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4292:. London: Cresset Press. 3616:"Chiltern Hundreds" 2396: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2336: 2318: 2310: 2285: 2267: 2263: 2244:Patrick Gardiner Hastings 2225: 2206: 2198: 2173: 2154: 2150: 2117: 2098: 2090: 2065: 2052: 1998:Famous and Infamous Cases 1980:HASTINGS: Do not be rude. 1845:His next play was titled 1768:British Union of Fascists 1535:Parks Regulation Act 1872 1409:Hastings on the cover of 1188:Irish War of Independence 473:Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry 274:Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry 242: 219: 209: 195: 176:Patrick Gardiner Hastings 171: 166: 162: 150: 138: 121: 111: 101: 89: 77: 66: 59: 55: 37: 23: 4569:Royal Air Force officers 4402:Awards and achievements 4083:, 1948), pp. 94 and 362. 1869:Arthur Winnington-Ingram 1128:After an interview with 1123:Independent Labour Party 696:, who had just become a 618:(Corbet dealt only with 484:with minimal equipment. 399:and Kate Comyns Carr, a 397:Alfred Gardiner Hastings 3622:Encyclopædia Britannica 3582:"The Chiltern Hundreds" 3562:Hyde (1960) pp. 156–157 3392:vol 29 no 2, p 192-207. 2668:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1676:on 20 July 1931 before 1672:The trial began at the 1630:The trial began before 1310:first Labour government 1258:to apply for a writ of 952:Women's Royal Air Force 900:. Patrick Hastings and 624:Royal Courts of Justice 577:Royal Courts of Justice 342:first Labour government 303:. After his success in 4217:University of Columbia 4186:Brooks, Colin (2008). 4155:10.1093/ref:odnb/30809 4137:McLean, Ruari (2004). 3339:Chandler (1924) p. 274 3314:Chandler (1924) p. 273 3004:Hastings (1950) p. 196 2992:Hastings (1950) p. 127 2928:Hastings (1950) p. 186 2919:Hastings (1950) p. 185 2813:Hastings (1950) p. 108 2167:10. Henry Bennett Wood 1982: 1975:THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE 1903:film of the same title 1803:, based on a novel by 1750:. Birkett argued that 1732:Hastings appeared for 1657:. The director of the 1577:Lord Justice of Appeal 1514: 1414: 1274:Habeas Corpus Act 1862 994: 988:, who led Hastings in 956:Violet Douglas-Pennant 855:Frederick Handel Booth 755: 742:Case of the Hooded Man 665:were unlikely to give 658: 583: 407:. Having been born on 392: 297:Case of the Hooded Man 4244:. London: Heinemann. 3390:Parliamentary History 2836:Hastings (1950) p. 94 2774:Hastings (1950) p. 90 2751:Hastings (1950) p. 84 2624:Hastings (1950) p. 50 2615:Hastings (1950) p. 49 2606:Hastings (1950) p. 43 2597:Hastings (1950) p. 41 2588:Hastings (1950) p. 40 2579:Hastings (1950) p. 38 2570:Hastings (1950) p. 33 1966: 1907:Gainsborough Pictures 1713:Elvira Mullens Barney 1612:twelve-month period. 1573:Sir John Eldon Bankes 1571:The tribunal (led by 1551:William Joynson-Hicks 1523:Sir Leo Chiozza Money 1512:Sir Leo Chiozza Money 1510: 1408: 1208:Irish Republican Army 1198:covering most of the 1146:1922 general election 1096:1918 general election 1062:gave birth to a son, 984: 894:King's Bench Division 871:Minister of Munitions 810:High Court of Justice 749: 653: 574: 567:Career as a barrister 530:from the sale of his 494:Treaty of Vereeniging 489:Royal Military Police 390: 264:. He was educated at 145:Matthew Turnbull Simm 4343:Member of Parliament 2353:3. Kate Comyns Carr, 1913:Retirement and death 1909:the following year. 1851:, and was put on at 1795:Work as a playwright 1581:Henry Curtis-Bennett 1490:, with Hastings and 1348:, for violating the 1026:Victoria Racing Club 898:Mr Justice Coleridge 760:horse-drawn carriage 698:Member of Parliament 606:had to be bought on 592:barristers' chambers 330:Member of Parliament 112:Member of Parliament 25:Sir Patrick Hastings 4256:Hastings, Patrick, 4208:Columbia Law Review 4188:The Royal Mail Case 3851:Brooks (2008) p.xiv 2006:cerebral thrombosis 1853:St Martin's Theatre 1632:Mr Justice McCardie 418:Charterhouse School 409:Saint Patrick's Day 266:Charterhouse School 4539:English barristers 4363:Margaret Bondfield 4127:Hyde (1960) p. 393 4118:Hyde (1960) p. 402 4109:Hyde (1960) p. 400 4070:Hyde (1960) p. 395 4057:The London Gazette 4041:Hyde (1960) p. 359 4025:The London Gazette 4009:Hyde (1960) p. 356 4000:Hyde (1960) p. 166 3991:Hyde (1960) p. 165 3982:Hyde (1960) p. 163 3964:Hyde (1960) p. 162 3934:Hyde (1960) p. 289 3918:Hyde (1960) p. 288 3906:Hyde (1960) p. 287 3897:Hyde (1960) p. 285 3860:Brooks (2008) p.xv 3842:Hyde (1960) p. 226 3833:Hyde (1960) p. 224 3824:Brooks (2008) p. 2 3815:Brooks (2008) p. 1 3806:Hyde (1960) p. 201 3794:Hyde (1960) p. 200 3782:Hyde (1960) p. 199 3768:Hyde (1960) p. 198 3756:Hyde (1960) p. 197 3744:Hyde (1960) p. 191 3735:Hyde (1960) p. 190 3723:Hyde (1960) p. 188 3714:Hyde (1960) p. 181 3705:Hyde (1960) p. 180 3696:Hyde (1960) p. 178 3678:Hyde (1960) p. 177 3669:Hyde (1960) p. 176 3660:Hyde (1960) p. 167 3644:Hyde (1960) p. 161 3635:Hyde (1960) p. 609 3571:Hyde (1960) p. 159 3553:Hyde (1960) p. 152 3541:Hyde (1960) p. 150 3529:Hyde (1960) p. 149 3517:Hyde (1960) p. 147 3505:Hyde (1960) p. 145 3491:Hyde (1960) p. 144 3479:Hyde (1960) p. 143 3467:Hyde (1960) p. 142 3458:Hyde (1960) p. 141 3446:Hyde (1960) p. 154 3430:Hyde (1960) p. 133 3418:Hyde (1960) p. 131 3406:Hyde (1960) p. 130 3375:Hyde (1960) p. 128 3363:Hyde (1960) p. 127 3351:Hyde (1960) p. 126 3330:Hyde (1960) p. 124 3305:Hyde (1960) p. 123 3016:Anthony Lejeune, ' 2866:Amato (2002) p. 32 2664:Retail Price Index 1831:The Notorious Lady 1815:St James's Theatre 1776:Mr Justice Branson 1682:Sir William Jowitt 1515: 1461:Margaret Bondfield 1415: 1100:Conservative Party 1068:sexual intercourse 1060:Christabel Russell 995: 878:Board of Directors 867:David Lloyd George 756: 686:Lieutenant Colonel 659: 584: 414:preparatory school 393: 377:The Notorious Lady 361:Margaret Bondfield 270:continental Europe 157:Margaret Bondfield 4437: 4436: 4428:Succeeded by 4392:Succeeded by 4360:Succeeded by 4197:978-1-4437-4016-6 4168:(Subscription or 4092:Michael Newman, ' 3296:Hyde (196) p. 122 3284:Hyde (196) p. 121 3270:Hyde (196) p. 120 3219:Hyde (196) p. 119 3201:Hyde (196) p. 118 3192:Hyde (1960) p. 88 3180:Hyde (1960) p. 94 3166:Hyde (1960) p. 86 3157:Hyde (1960) p. 79 3148:Hyde (1960) p. 78 3139:Hyde (1960) p. 76 3125:Hyde (1960) p. 75 3116:Hyde (1960) p. 74 3104:Hyde (1960) p. 73 3095:Hyde (1960) p. 72 3083:Hyde (1960) p. 69 3074:Hyde (1960) p. 67 3065:Hyde (1960) p. 61 3053:Hyde (1960) p. 60 3044:Hyde (1960) p. 58 3032:Hyde (1960) p. 57 2983:Hyde (1960) p. 54 2969:Hyde (1960) p. 56 2960:Hyde (1960) p. 50 2951:Hyde (1960) p. 48 2937:Hyde (1960) p. 40 2910:Hyde (1960) p. 39 2896:Hyde (1960) p. 35 2887:Hyde (1960) p. 34 2875:Hyde (1960) p. 33 2850:Hyde (1960) p. 28 2827:Hyde (1960) p. 27 2804:Hyde (1960) p. 25 2786:Hyde (1960) p. 24 2765:Hyde (1960) p. 23 2742:Hyde (1960) p. 21 2728:Hyde (1960) p. 20 2716:Hyde (1960) p. 18 2702:Hyde (1960) p. 17 2642:Hyde (1960) p. 16 2561:Hyde (1960) p. 12 2545:Hyde (1960) p. 11 2531:Hyde (1960) p. 10 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 1977:: No, Mr. Laski. 1943:RAF Stanmore Park 1898:The Blind Goddess 1879:Slings and Arrows 1874:The Moving Finger 1857:Tallulah Bankhead 1801:The Moscow Doctor 1734:Sir Oswald Mosley 1718:Bernard Spilsbury 1678:Mr Justice Wright 1467:Return to the bar 1399:motion to censure 1392:Sir Kingsley Wood 1384:Travers Humphreys 1372:Sir Henry Slesser 1256:Mr Justice Salter 1200:island of Ireland 1182:Internment orders 1165:J. R. Clynes 1043:Russell v Russell 1001:Sievier v Wootton 991:Sievier v Wootton 986:Sir Edward Carson 977:Libel and divorce 902:Hubert Wallington 794:cross-examination 646:Finding a tenancy 556:Pall Mall Gazette 521:called to the bar 322:Russell v Russell 316:Sievier v Wootton 301:cross-examination 246: 245: 4596: 4589:UK MPs 1924–1929 4584:UK MPs 1923–1924 4579:UK MPs 1922–1923 4544:Knights Bachelor 4491: 4490: 4489: 4479: 4478: 4467: 4466: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4425:20 October 1924 4410:Glenn H. Curtiss 4407:Preceded by 4395:Sir Douglas Hogg 4385:Attorney-General 4378:Sir Douglas Hogg 4375:Preceded by 4333:Preceded by 4323: 4322: 4301: 4277: 4253: 4236: 4201: 4174: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4142: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3965: 3962: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3919: 3916: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3795: 3792: 3783: 3780: 3769: 3766: 3757: 3754: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3645: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3542: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3518: 3515: 3506: 3503: 3492: 3489: 3480: 3477: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3428: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3404: 3393: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3364: 3361: 3352: 3349: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3285: 3282: 3271: 3268: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3126: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3033: 3030: 3021: 3014: 3005: 3002: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2851: 2848: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2787: 2784: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2729: 2726: 2717: 2714: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2660: 2643: 2640: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2546: 2543: 2532: 2529: 2512: 2511:Hyde (1960) p. 9 2509: 2503: 2502:Hyde (1960) p. 8 2500: 2489: 2488:Hyde (1960) p. 6 2486: 2480: 2479:Hyde (1960) p. 4 2477: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2024:, a cartoonist. 1919:Second World War 1865:Bishop of London 1772:riotous assembly 1529:were sitting in 1376:Treasury Counsel 1334:Archibald Bodkin 1299:ensuing election 1281:Attorney-General 1252:divisional court 1202:. After a brief 1192:Irish Free State 1161:Ramsay MacDonald 1157:House of Commons 1079:Attorney General 1064:Geoffrey Russell 967:Select Committee 783:Moorgate station 723:His own chambers 705:F. E. Smith 655:Sir Horace Avory 612:Frederick Corbet 262:Attorney General 255: 236: 234: 202: 199:26 February 1952 185: 183: 167:Personal details 153: 141: 129:15 November 1922 126: 107:Sir Douglas Hogg 104: 96:Sir Douglas Hogg 92: 84:Ramsay MacDonald 80: 71: 42: 32: 21: 20: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4433: 4424: 4412: 4397: 4388: 4380: 4365: 4350: 4338: 4308: 4284: 4282:Further reading 4225:10.2307/1111640 4198: 4182: 4177: 4167: 4159: 4157: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3608: 3604: 3594: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3434: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3405: 3396: 3384:Ivan Gibbons, " 3383: 3379: 3374: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3274: 3269: 3258: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2854: 2849: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2790: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2706: 2701: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2661: 2646: 2641: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2530: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2354: 2030: 2022:Nicolas Bentley 2018:Pacific Theatre 2014: 1939:Fighter Command 1935:squadron leader 1931:Royal Air Force 1915: 1840:Barbara Bedford 1825:Boy's Own Paper 1797: 1730: 1709: 1690:J. E. Singleton 1655:Royal Mail Case 1651: 1649:Royal Mail Case 1645: 1643:Royal Mail Case 1617:limited company 1596: 1555:William Horwood 1519:Savidge Inquiry 1505: 1503:Savidge Inquiry 1469: 1445:Zinoviev letter 1441: 1342:Workers' Weekly 1326: 1314:Edward Hemmerde 1303:hung parliament 1289:suggested that 1287:Stanley Baldwin 1283: 1231:W. C. Bridgeman 1184: 1087: 1075:Court of Appeal 1015:pyrrhic victory 979: 944: 938: 920:His success in 918: 863:Marconi scandal 847: 841: 830: 828:First World War 822:Panzer division 802:Lord Alverstone 798:Arthur Channell 779:sting operation 744: 738: 725: 648: 600:call to the bar 569: 468:Second Boer War 464: 416:in 1890 and to 385: 369:Royal Mail Case 365:Savidge Inquiry 290:call to the bar 278:Second Boer War 251: 238: 235: 1906) 230: 226: 210:Political party 205:London, England 204: 200: 187: 181: 179: 178: 177: 151: 139: 127: 122: 113: 102: 90: 78: 72: 67: 51: 33: 28: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4602: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4496: 4495: 4493:United Kingdom 4483: 4471: 4459: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4426: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4390: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4370:Legal offices 4367: 4366: 4361: 4358: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4307: 4306:External links 4304: 4303: 4302: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4261: 4258:Cases in Court 4254: 4237: 4202: 4196: 4190:. Read Books. 4181: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4085: 4072: 4063: 4043: 4031: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3966: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3920: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3737: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3613:, ed. (1911). 3611:Chisholm, Hugh 3602: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3460: 3448: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3394: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3332: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3286: 3272: 3256: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3182: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3127: 3118: 3106: 3097: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3055: 3046: 3034: 3022: 3006: 2994: 2985: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2898: 2889: 2877: 2868: 2852: 2838: 2829: 2815: 2806: 2788: 2776: 2767: 2753: 2744: 2730: 2718: 2704: 2688: 2675:MeasuringWorth 2644: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2547: 2533: 2513: 2504: 2490: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357:J. Comyns Carr 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2013: 2010: 1994:Cases in Court 1914: 1911: 1861:Godfrey Tearle 1805:Seton Merriman 1796: 1793: 1729: 1726: 1708: 1705: 1647:Main article: 1644: 1641: 1609:British Guiana 1595: 1590: 1504: 1501: 1496:William Jowitt 1492:Norman Birkett 1468: 1465: 1440: 1437: 1346:J. R. Campbell 1325: 1322: 1282: 1279: 1250:2 KB 361 at a 1235:Home Secretary 1186:Following the 1183: 1180: 1086: 1083: 1048:House of Lords 1034:Grand National 1006:Robert Sievier 978: 975: 964:House of Lords 937: 934: 930:King's Counsel 922:Gruban v Booth 917: 916:King's Counsel 914: 890:Gruban v Booth 851:Gruban v Booth 845:Gruban v Booth 843:Main article: 840: 838:Gruban v Booth 835: 829: 826: 740:Main article: 737: 734: 724: 721: 717:Chartres Biron 647: 644: 640:court vacation 568: 565: 463: 460: 405:J. Comyns Carr 401:pre-Raphaelite 384: 381: 350:J. R. Campbell 338:Northumberland 311:King's Counsel 306:Gruban v Booth 282:demobilisation 244: 243: 240: 239: 228: 224: 223: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 203:(aged 71) 197: 193: 192: 175: 173: 169: 168: 164: 163: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 142: 136: 135: 119: 118: 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 93: 87: 86: 81: 79:Prime Minister 75: 74: 64: 63: 57: 56: 53: 52: 43: 35: 34: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4601: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4431:Sigmund Freud 4423: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266:Autobiography 4262: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4209: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4171: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4081:Daily Express 4076: 4067: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3894: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3741: 3732: 3730: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3632: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3252:0-86068-212-9 3249: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3122: 3113: 3111: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3060: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2012:Personal life 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1947:friendly fire 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1728:Oswald Mosley 1725: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1707:Elvira Barney 1704: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1540:Scotland Yard 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Irene Savidge 1524: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Daily Express 1481: 1480: 1479:Daily Express 1475: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1433:Time Magazine 1429: 1423: 1421: 1412: 1411:Time Magazine 1407: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:Campbell Case 1324:Campbell Case 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:tariff reform 1288: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1266:habeas corpus 1263: 1262: 1261:habeas corpus 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1176:Rent Act 1921 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:Beatrice Webb 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1002: 993: 992: 987: 983: 974: 970: 968: 965: 961: 960:Lord Stanhope 957: 953: 949: 943: 933: 931: 927: 923: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 883: 879: 874: 872: 869:(at the time 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 846: 839: 834: 825: 823: 819: 813: 811: 807: 806:county courts 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 775: 771: 769: 765: 761: 753: 748: 743: 733: 731: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 678: 676: 675:money-lending 672: 668: 664: 656: 652: 643: 641: 637: 636:Edward Carson 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:Privy Council 617: 613: 609: 605: 604:wig and robes 601: 597: 593: 589: 582: 578: 573: 564: 562: 561:Ladies' Field 558: 557: 551: 547: 546: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509:Middle Temple 506: 501: 499: 495: 490: 485: 482: 478: 474: 469: 459: 456: 451: 449: 444: 438: 436: 432: 428: 422: 421:his studies. 419: 415: 410: 406: 402: 398: 389: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 354:Campbell Case 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 328: 324: 323: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 286:Middle Temple 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 250: 241: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 198: 194: 190: 186:17 March 1880 174: 170: 165: 161: 158: 155: 149: 146: 143: 137: 134: 130: 125: 120: 117: 110: 106: 100: 97: 94: 88: 85: 82: 76: 70: 65: 62: 58: 54: 49: 48: 41: 36: 31: 22: 19: 4438: 4418: 4415: 4383: 4341: 4311: 4289: 4265: 4257: 4241: 4212: 4206: 4187: 4180:Bibliography 4158:. Retrieved 4144: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4066: 4055: 4046: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3948: 3939: 3902: 3893: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3811: 3740: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3674: 3665: 3640: 3631: 3620: 3605: 3593:. Retrieved 3591:. April 2011 3588: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3463: 3389: 3380: 3335: 3310: 3301: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3121: 3100: 3079: 3070: 3049: 2988: 2965: 2956: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2892: 2871: 2832: 2809: 2770: 2747: 2679:. Retrieved 2673: 2620: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2507: 2484: 2475: 2243: 2190:5. Mary Wood 2015: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1962:Harold Laski 1954: 1951: 1916: 1896: 1890: 1888: 1878: 1872: 1846: 1844: 1829: 1823: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1731: 1722: 1710: 1701:Lord Plender 1698: 1694:James Tucker 1671: 1667:the Treasury 1663:Lord Kylsant 1652: 1636:Stuart Bevan 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1570: 1566:Lilian Wyles 1563: 1544: 1516: 1483: 1477: 1470: 1442: 1428:Jimmy Thomas 1424: 1420:Robert Horne 1416: 1396: 1388: 1369: 1365:Jimmy Maxton 1354: 1341: 1327: 1318: 1307: 1284: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1245: 1243: 1224: 1185: 1172:frontbencher 1169: 1150: 1141: 1127: 1107:Labour Party 1104: 1088: 1072: 1056:John Russell 1050:, who set a 1041: 1039: 1021: 1019: 999: 996: 989: 971: 945: 921: 919: 910:Douglas Hogg 889: 888:The case of 887: 875: 850: 848: 837: 831: 814: 787: 776: 772: 757: 730:Harry Poland 726: 713:Horace Avory 702: 683: 679: 671:Charles Gill 660: 628:Rufus Isaacs 588:pupil master 585: 560: 554: 549: 543: 540:tradesperson 525: 517:Inner Temple 513:Inn of Court 502: 486: 476: 465: 452: 439: 423: 394: 376: 372: 358: 320: 314: 304: 294: 248: 247: 201:(1952-02-26) 152:Succeeded by 133:29 June 1926 131: – 123: 103:Succeeded by 68: 45: 18: 4514:1952 deaths 4509:1880 births 4316:1803–2005: 4219:: 273–284. 4052:"No. 34760" 4020:"No. 34700" 1895:(1942) and 1848:Scotch Mist 1836:Lewis Stone 1788:blackshirts 1744:Lord Hewart 1686:D. N. Pritt 1575:, a former 1488:Lord Hewart 1361:backbencher 1359:, a Labour 1216:Art O'Brien 1115:Law Officer 926:Hilary term 906:Rigby Swift 754:took place. 498:demobilised 477:Goth Castle 276:during the 225:Mary Grundy 140:Preceded by 91:Preceded by 4503:Categories 4172:required.) 2463:References 2355:sister of 1958:Advertiser 1819:Owen Nares 1674:Old Bailey 1604:Solly Joel 1449:frontbench 1378:appear at 1357:John Scurr 1227:Jack Jones 1220:Royal Navy 1119:John Paton 1052:common law 940:See also: 857:, a noted 764:Eastbourne 694:John Simon 690:Kensington 663:solicitors 632:Henry Duke 590:or set of 545:Daily News 536:pawnbroker 383:Early life 182:1880-03-17 4457:Biography 4417:Cover of 4336:Matt Simm 4160:3 October 2468:Footnotes 2002:Nuremberg 1834:starring 1810:The River 1531:Hyde Park 1295:Bonar Law 1204:civil war 1142:arriviste 1030:billiards 962:formed a 768:Inspector 616:pupillage 581:barrister 505:barrister 481:Cape Town 443:gendarmes 373:The River 258:barrister 191:, England 124:In office 69:In office 4481:Politics 4421:magazine 4347:Wallsend 3595:21 April 2028:Ancestry 1883:West End 1780:directed 1761:The Star 1756:The Star 1752:The Star 1748:The Star 1739:The Star 1547:perjured 1196:Dominion 1138:Wallsend 1085:Politics 1011:farthing 882:interned 818:Mafeking 559:and the 455:Brussels 435:Ardennes 367:and the 346:knighted 334:Wallsend 280:. After 116:Wallsend 50:magazine 4443:Portals 4313:Hansard 4274:2502765 4233:1111640 1680:, with 1117:posts. 1094:in the 859:Liberal 808:to the 790:Assizes 596:guineas 431:Corsica 427:Ajaccio 237: 229: 4298:505059 4296: 4272: 4250:498180 4248: 4231: 4194: 4166: 3250: 1956:Newark 1892:Escort 1482:. The 1336:, the 1233:, the 1130:Sidney 1092:Ilford 667:briefs 608:credit 448:affair 344:, and 327:Labour 220:Spouse 214:Labour 189:London 4389:1924 4229:JSTOR 4215:(3). 3585:(PDF) 2681:7 May 1933:as a 709:clerk 534:to a 528:crown 231:( 227: 4419:Time 4356:1926 4352:1922 4345:for 4294:OCLC 4270:OCLC 4246:OCLC 4192:ISBN 4162:2009 3597:2017 3248:ISBN 2683:2024 1859:and 1838:and 1190:the 1163:and 1132:and 908:and 634:and 575:The 550:News 332:for 319:and 196:Died 172:Born 114:for 47:Time 4469:Law 4221:doi 4151:doi 4096:', 3388:", 2662:UK 2242:1. 1905:by 1559:CID 824:". 429:in 336:in 4505:: 4227:. 4213:24 4211:. 4143:. 4054:. 4034:^ 4022:. 3969:^ 3957:^ 3923:^ 3911:^ 3799:^ 3787:^ 3773:^ 3761:^ 3749:^ 3728:^ 3683:^ 3649:^ 3619:. 3587:. 3546:^ 3534:^ 3522:^ 3510:^ 3496:^ 3484:^ 3472:^ 3451:^ 3435:^ 3423:^ 3411:^ 3397:^ 3368:^ 3356:^ 3344:^ 3319:^ 3289:^ 3275:^ 3259:^ 3185:^ 3171:^ 3130:^ 3109:^ 3088:^ 3058:^ 3037:^ 3025:^ 3009:^ 2997:^ 2974:^ 2942:^ 2901:^ 2880:^ 2855:^ 2841:^ 2818:^ 2791:^ 2779:^ 2756:^ 2733:^ 2721:^ 2707:^ 2691:^ 2672:. 2647:^ 2629:^ 2550:^ 2536:^ 2516:^ 2493:^ 2008:. 1867:, 1842:. 1684:, 1661:, 1521:. 1352:. 1148:. 1081:. 1004:. 630:, 500:. 253:QC 233:m. 30:QC 4445:: 4354:– 4300:. 4276:. 4252:. 4235:. 4223:: 4200:. 4164:. 4153:: 3599:. 2685:. 184:) 180:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.