391:
1275:
355:
1289:
379:
399:
50:
1368:. The letters were not published at the time, but apparently distributed in manuscript form; Ferguson published the copy found in a Paris library. While Ferguson accepted the 1534 and 1536 dates given in the Paris manuscripts, later researchers concluded that in reality the letters were sent in 1524 (
1014:, prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.
1005:
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) divided the bureaucracy into civil and military positions, both having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into primary and secondary categories. Civil appointments ranged from attendant to the emperor or a
986:
was aimed primarily at preparing students for the gwageo and their subsequent career in government service. Under Joseon law, high office was closed to those who were not children of officials of the second full rank or higher
1307:
1562:
Jadi perkataan menteri itu disebut kepada "menterin" dan apabila mereka pergi ke negeri China untuk berjumpa dengan pegawai tinggi akhirnya perkataan "menterin" tadi bertukar kepada "Mandarin".
390:
1854:
1828:
756:(1585), which heavily drew (directly or indirectly) on Pereira's report and Gaspar da Cruz' book, and which was the standard European reference on China in the late 16th century.
1363:
Letters from
Portuguese captives in Canton, written in 1534 & 1536: with an introduction on Portuguese intercourse with China in the first half of the sixteenth century
2533:
2845:
991:), unless the candidate had passed the gwageo. Those who passed the higher literary examination came to monopolize all of the dynasty's high positions of state.
1635:
South China in the sixteenth century: being the narratives of
Galeote Pereira, Fr. Gaspar da Cruz, O.P. [and] Fr. Martín de Rada, O.E.S.A. (1550–1575)
1890:
689:(with various spelling variations) was often used in Europeans' travel reports to refer to Chinese scholar-officials. It is frequently used, for example, in
2632:
1078:
Unit
Lieutenant General, Manchu General-in-Chief (or garrison general, highest official of Manchu city), Provincial Commander in Chief of Chinese Army
2543:
1669:
Hobson-Jobson: a glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive
2876:
2861:
2301:
2162:
2069:
913:
2938:
2439:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2326:
1463:. Page 45 in the English translation, "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci", Random House, New York, 1953. In the
2197:
863:. A governmental office (for example, a central government department or a provincial civil governorate) headed by a mandarin is called a
3027:
819:'language of the officials', which was current already in the Ming dynasty. The term "Mandarin" is also used to refer to modern
2973:
2840:
2771:
2645:
2321:
2275:
1883:
1615:
502:). The Portuguese word was used in one of the earliest Portuguese reports about China: letters from the imprisoned survivors of the
2503:
2866:
1166:
Assistant
Instructors and Librarians at Imperial and Hanlin Institutes, Assistant Directors of Boards and Courts, Circuit Censors
1086:
Deputy attendants of heir apparent, Vice Pres. of Courts, Boards, Ministers of
Imperial Household, Governor General of Provinces
2991:
2978:
2523:
1177:
Secretaries & Tutors at
Imperial & Hanlin Institutes, Secretaries and Registrars at Imperial Offices, Police Magistrate
787:
1396:. (Note that in the 16th-century Portuguese orthography, one would often put a tilde over a final vowel instead of writing an
3047:
1765:
1735:(1617), vol. 1, p. 31: "Præter hunc tamen cuique Provinciæ vernaculum sermonem, alius est universo regno communis, quem ipsi
1540:
1188:
Assistant
Secretaries in Imperial Offices and Law Secretaries, Provincial Deputy Sub-Prefects, Buddhist & Taoist priests
2225:
2210:
1960:
1876:
1730:
1693:
1459:
905:
3067:
2830:
2680:
2703:
2695:
940:(1919). Elephants were used to guard the examination halls until 1843 when the emperor said it was no longer necessary.
775:
is also used to refer to any (though usually a senior) civil servant, often in a satirical context, particularly in the
2576:
2230:
1133:
Director & Assistant
Directors of Imperial Household, Courts, Censorate, Foreign Relations & Circuit Attendants
1097:
Chancellors of
Imperial Household & Hanlin Institute, Superintendent of Finance, Provincial or Assistant Governors
3019:
3005:
2984:
2965:
2825:
2119:
1324:
2432:
2220:
17:
1000:
3023:
2998:
2612:
2493:
971:
733:
2657:
3062:
2933:
2886:
2581:
2406:
2368:
2351:
2102:
331:
165:
1556:
Ku Seman Ku
Hussain; Hafizahril Abdul Hamid (19 July 2009). "PPSMI satu kesilapan" [PPSMI a mistake].
2948:
2758:
2640:
2553:
2548:
2465:
2386:
2316:
2260:
1972:
402:
234:
507:
2835:
2670:
2306:
2064:
1593:
1372:, p. xxi). In the letters the word occurs numerous times in its plural form, both with a final n/m:
737:
2665:
2571:
2425:
1501:
1072:
Deputy attendants to emperor, attendants to heir apparent, Presidents of Courts, Boards & Censorates
749:
2953:
2923:
2902:
2518:
2498:
2145:
1953:
1757:
763:
is associated with the concept of the scholar-official who immersed himself in poetry, literature, and
2799:
2741:
2736:
2713:
2675:
2363:
2059:
1749:
1200:
877:
was signified by wearing a mandarin hat-pin made of ruby. Lower ranks were signified by hat-pins of
2794:
2726:
2097:
1988:
1943:
693:'s account of his experiences in China in 1548–1553, which was published in Europe in 1565, or (as
3057:
2766:
2528:
2186:
1532:
1120:
1108:
Assistant Vice Presidents in the Censorate, Provincial Judge, Director of Courts & Activities
780:
639:
611:
traveled to meet with higher officials in China and referred to them with the familiar term from
1638:, Issue 106 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, Printed for the Hakluyt Society, p. 10
1575:
1361:
2746:
1667:
1482:
1312:
2918:
2622:
2205:
2107:
2029:
835:
In China, from 605 to 1905, mandarins were selected by merit through the extremely rigorous
2943:
2871:
2731:
2473:
921:
852:
836:
468:
937:
929:
543:. Modern dictionaries, however, agree that it was in fact borrowed by Portuguese from the
8:
2881:
2538:
2270:
2255:
2049:
748:
of Hokkien Chinese. This is also the main term used to refer to the scholar-officials in
667:
659:
650:
498:
487:
480:
257:
1213:
Secretaries in Offices of Assistant Governors, Salt Controllers & Transport Stations
1136:
Lieutenant Colonel of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts Captain, Police Major in Beijing
909:
859:
and the final form of the mandarin emerged. Mandarins were the founders and core of the
2781:
2448:
2378:
1921:
1689:
1609:
1589:
1257:
Prefectural Tax Collector, Deputy Jail Warden, Deputy Police Commissioner, Tax Examiner
933:
874:
745:
586:
461:
410:
201:
193:
1859:
723:
220:
2789:
2513:
2280:
2265:
2215:
2024:
1933:
1916:
1833:
1761:
1648:
1597:
1585:
1536:
1512:
1302:
1224:
Assistant District Magistrates, Prefectural Secretaries, District Director of Studies
1111:
Brigadiers of Artillery & Musketry, Brigadier of Scouts, Banner Division Colonel
1011:
1007:
824:
635:
608:
149:
141:
1497:
1332:– the traditional ruling class or gentry of dynastic Korea during the Joseon dynasty
2809:
2563:
2483:
2014:
1998:
1938:
1908:
1316:
1199:
Assistant Police Magistrates, Studies Registrars, Directors of Studies in Beijing,
917:
856:
844:
820:
794:
791:
713:
600:
519:
457:
453:
449:
426:
92:
69:
28:
3052:
2804:
2285:
1849:
1823:
1725:
1633:
1515:
1464:
1294:
741:
690:
604:
371:
1180:
Bodyguards, Lieutenants of Artillery, Musketry & Scouts, Second Lieutenants
869:. The mandarins were replaced with a modern civil service after the fall of the
799:
718:
2175:
2170:
2112:
2044:
1926:
1900:
1868:
1320:
878:
860:
776:
698:
630:
612:
562:
544:
127:
1647:(Amoy and Quanzhou) pronunciation is given as per C.R. Boxer, whose source is
406:
273:
3041:
2250:
1948:
1844:
1818:
1720:
for a long time after his death. See pages 28–29 in the English translation,
1684:
1471:
vocant, quo nomine iam etiam apud Europæos Sinici Magistratus intelliguntur".
1075:
963:
790:
was called "the Mandarin language" by European missionaries, translating the
768:
386:
photograph of a government official with mandarin square embroidered in front
1601:
925:
843:, but most high positions were filled by relatives of the sovereign and the
503:
394:
A European view: a mandarin travelling by boat, Baptista van Doetechum, 1604
2617:
2331:
2180:
1709:
1644:
1454:
1335:
1280:
983:
886:
870:
848:
840:
764:
675:
655:
515:
383:
367:
363:
359:
354:
210:
99:
55:
1716:, in accordance with Ricci's transcription system that remained in use by
754:
History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and the Situation Thereof
2607:
2602:
2356:
2140:
2019:
1965:
1629:
1555:
1341:
823:, which evolved out of the earlier standard, and to the broader group of
706:
619:
551:
1288:
378:
2311:
890:
658:
and later misinterpreted to have ended with "n" and initially spelt in
576:
446:
431:
2508:
2417:
2054:
2039:
1666:
Yule, Sir Henry; Burnell, Arthur Coke (1903), Crooke, William (ed.),
642:
590:
467:
The term is generally applied to the officials appointed through the
158:
1155:
Deputy Supervisors of Instruction at Hanlin Institutes, Sub-Prefects
33:
Historical term for bureaucrat scholars in China, Korea, and Vietnam
2685:
2597:
2150:
2135:
1467:, vol. 1, p. 51: "Lusitani Magistratus illos, à mandando fortasse,
975:
882:
567:
179:
113:
1441:, Vol. VI, cap II, 26. Castanheda's spelling (in plural) is still
1260:
Third Class Sergeant, Corporal, First & Second Class Privates
1089:
Banner Captain General, Commandants of Divisions, Brigade General
1717:
1581:
1329:
1144:
Instructors in Grand Secretariat & Hanlin Institute, Prefects
988:
710:
414:
398:
217:
1439:
História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses
1235:
Sub-director of Studies, Archivists in Office of Salt Controller
512:
História do descobrimento e conquista da Índia pelos portugueses
2721:
2488:
2034:
1863:
1837:
1560:(in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Melayu (M) Berhad. p. 7.
979:
967:
955:
951:
947:
898:
804:
595:
571:
436:
294:
1338:– the Chinese officership or mandarinate of colonial Indonesia
2751:
2074:
1802:
Ladder to the Clouds: Intrigue and Tradition in Chinese Rank
1632:; Pereira, Galeote; Cruz, Gaspar da; de Rada, Martín (1953),
959:
943:
865:
537:
522:
308:
239:
225:
49:
1722:
China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matteo Ricci
1119:
Director of Imperial Banqueting, Director of Imperial Stud,
2079:
894:
623:
555:
1573:
912:, Vietnam emulated the Chinese system of mandarins in its
2928:
2534:
Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China
1246:
Jail Wardens, District Registrars, Prefectural Archivists
528:
The Portuguese word was thought by many to be related to
198:
184:
170:
374:
indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank.
1628:
1369:
916:. The last mandarins in history were in service of the
1796:
1794:
146:
132:
118:
104:
1270:
336:
1791:
1147:Captain, Assistant Major Domo in Princely Palaces
685:became widespread in European languages, the word
1064:Field Marshal, Chamberlain of Imperial Bodyguard
958:dynasties. Based on the examinations of imperial
525:in 1583, also said the Portuguese used the word.
3039:
1898:
278:
262:
2877:International Alliance of Research Universities
2862:Association of East Asian Research Universities
1158:Police Captain, Lieutenant or First Lieutenant
994:
827:spoken across northern and southwestern China.
946:adopted the civil service examinations called
839:. China had civil servants since at least the
580:
474:
2433:
2302:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
1884:
1001:Social structure of China § Qing dynasty
924:in Vietnam was established in 1075 under the
873:. During the Qing dynasty, the governor of a
506:embassy, most likely written in 1524, and in
74:
2939:Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers
1834:Government of the People's Republic of China
788:speech standard of the Ming and Qing empires
313:
299:
3028:Types of universities and colleges in China
1665:
1010:in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a
814:
2440:
2426:
1891:
1877:
1739:vocant, quod curialem vel forensem sonat."
1344:– the Chinese gentry of colonial Indonesia
48:
2772:Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
2646:National Education Examinations Authority
2276:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
1125:Banner Brigade Commander Outside Beijing
2504:Burning of books and burying of scholars
1853:) is being considered for deletion. See
1827:) is being considered for deletion. See
1574:小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), ed. (1931–1932).
1216:Assistant Major Domo in Nobles' Palaces
1061:Attendants to emperor, Grand Secretaries
409:: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the
397:
389:
377:
353:
2867:Association of Pacific Rim Universities
2846:Schools of Journalism and Communication
1724:, Random House, New York, 1953. In the
1682:e.g. as in the titles of such works as
1480:
1169:Gate Guard Lieutenants, Second Captain
14:
3040:
2447:
1748:
1474:
200:
148:
2421:
1872:
1614:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1029:品), which is a higher sub-rank than "
681:In the 16th century, before the term
649:
629:
561:
497:
1804:(Ten Speed Press, 1999) pp. 134–135.
1731:De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas
1712:and other early European writers as
1694:American Power and the New Mandarins
1460:De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas
2294:
1860:Government of the Republic of China
1484:Dictionnary of the English Language
1366:. Educ. Steam Press, Byculla. 1902.
970:, and were the centerpiece of most
767:learning in addition to performing
624:
603:, the term had its origin when the
556:
24:
2577:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
599:). According to Malaysian scholar
518:, who entered mainland China from
25:
3079:
3020:Rankings of universities in China
2974:List of universities and colleges
1857:to help reach a consensus. ›
1831:to help reach a consensus. ›
1810:
1653:Dictionary of the Amoy vernacular
1529:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1205:City Gate Clerk, Sub-Lieutenants
678:pronunciation of the Portuguese.
566:) which ultimately came from the
1800:Beverly Jackson and David Hugus
1305:- the official in charge of the
1287:
1273:
744:for government officials in the
479:The English term comes from the
3024:Science and technology in China
2613:Double First-Class Construction
2494:Academies of Classical Learning
1774:
1742:
1699:
1676:
1658:
1622:
974:. The tutelage provided at the
972:education in the Joseon dynasty
855:were used for placement in the
728:
358:A 15th-century portrait of the
240:
226:
199:
185:
171:
2934:Common Recruitment Examination
2887:Worldwide Universities Network
2582:Chinese Academy of Engineering
2103:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
1784:New York:1978 Time-Life Books
1567:
1549:
1531:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.).
1520:
1506:
1491:
1448:
1431:
1354:
809:
441:
337:
279:
147:
133:
119:
105:
75:
13:
1:
2949:Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi
2554:Education inequality in China
2317:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1842:
1816:
1672:, J. Murray, pp. 522–523
1664:"LOUTEA, LOYTIA, &c" in:
1348:
654:, where the vowel ending was
3048:Government of Imperial China
1594:Government-General of Taiwan
1437:Fernão Lopes de Castanheda,
995:Ranks under the Qing dynasty
962:, the gwageo first arose in
922:Confucian examination system
605:Portuguese living in Malacca
7:
2572:Chinese Academy of Sciences
1502:Online Etymology Dictionary
1266:
771:duties. In modern English,
475:History and use of the term
58:mandarins of varying ranks.
10:
3084:
3068:Sanskrit words and phrases
3017:
2954:Public English Test System
2924:Putonghua Proficiency Test
2681:Private and public schools
2519:Hundred Schools of Thought
2146:Bureau of Military Affairs
2070:Territorial administration
1954:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
1758:Cambridge University Press
1733:suscepta ab Societate Jesu
998:
830:
26:
3015:
2964:
2911:
2895:
2854:
2818:
2800:National Library of China
2780:
2742:Academic grading in China
2737:National Key Universities
2712:
2694:
2656:
2631:
2590:
2562:
2464:
2455:
2377:
2364:Embroidered Uniform Guard
2344:
2243:
2196:
2161:
2128:
2090:
2007:
1981:
1907:
1786:Great Cities of the World
1428:in most modern reprints.)
1319:of central government in
1191:Deputy Police Lieutenant
1021:a" is shorthand for the "
821:Standard Mandarin Chinese
798:
717:
709:says the word comes from
634:), but pronounced by the
581:
532:("one who commands") and
430:
348:
330:
325:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
288:
272:
256:
251:
233:
216:
209:
192:
178:
164:
157:
140:
126:
112:
98:
91:
86:
82:
68:
63:
47:
43:
38:
2929:Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì
2841:Foreign-language schools
2795:Book collecting in China
2727:National Key Disciplines
2327:Administrative divisions
1855:templates for discussion
1829:templates for discussion
1481:Johnson, Samuel (1827).
1412:would be transcribed as
750:Juan González de Mendoza
2767:Academic ranks in China
2529:Digital divide in China
2187:Secretariat-Chancellery
1533:Oxford University Press
1100:Major General, Colonel
966:, gained importance in
908:and setting up its own
847:. It was not until the
2747:State Key Laboratories
1404:after the vowel; thus
1325:early Republican China
1249:Second Class Sergeant
1033:th rank, secondary" (從
781:Commonwealth countries
759:In the West, the term
418:
395:
387:
375:
263:
3063:Public administration
2919:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi
2641:Ministry of Education
2623:Thousand Talents Plan
2479:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
2261:Imperial Commissioner
2206:Ministry of Personnel
2108:Three Ducal Ministers
2030:Imperial examinations
1994:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
1238:First Class Sergeant
1017:In the table below, "
999:Further information:
932:and lasted until the
853:imperial examinations
740:, which was a common
587:counselor or minister
536:("to command"), from
401:
393:
381:
357:
2944:College English Test
2872:Global U8 Consortium
2732:College English Test
2474:Imperial examination
2369:Qing Imperial Guards
2352:Tang Imperial Guards
1630:Boxer, Charles Ralph
1201:District magistrates
1025:th rank, primary" (正
910:independent monarchy
906:free of Chinese rule
837:imperial examination
469:imperial examination
332:Revised Romanization
2671:Secondary education
2544:1952 reorganization
2539:May Fourth Movement
2484:Scholar-bureaucrats
2271:Imperial Clan Court
2256:Remonstrance Bureau
2226:Ministry of Justice
2211:Ministry of Revenue
2065:Historical capitals
2050:Academies (Shuyuan)
1053:Military positions
651:[ˌmɐ̃dɐˈɾĩ]
499:[ˌmɐ̃dɐˈɾĩ]
258:Vietnamese alphabet
2704:Vocation education
2549:Simplified Chinese
2449:Education in China
1708:is transcribed by
1690:Simone de Beauvoir
631:[ˈməntəri]
563:[ˈməntəri]
452:in the history of
419:
396:
388:
376:
3035:
3034:
2903:English education
2855:Int'l cooperation
2790:Archives in China
2666:Primary education
2524:Scouting in China
2514:Beijing Guozijian
2499:Chinese educators
2415:
2414:
2340:
2339:
2281:Viceroys in China
2266:Grand Secretariat
2239:
2238:
2231:Ministry of Works
2216:Ministry of Rites
2163:Three Departments
2120:Translated titles
2025:Five Directorates
1767:978-0-521-29653-3
1649:Carstairs Douglas
1558:Mingguan Malaysia
1542:978-0-19-920687-2
1370:Boxer et al. 1953
1303:County magistrate
1264:
1263:
1041:b" in the table.
1012:county magistrate
920:(1949–1955). The
825:Mandarin dialects
817:
746:Zhangzhou dialect
703:Treatise of China
609:Malacca Sultanate
352:
351:
344:
343:
247:
246:
166:Yale Romanization
93:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3075:
2831:Business schools
2810:Shanghai Library
2676:Boarding schools
2458:Education system
2442:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2292:
2291:
2159:
2158:
2060:Tributary system
2015:Nine-rank system
1999:Scholar-official
1989:Grand Chancellor
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1746:
1740:
1703:
1697:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1642:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1596:. p. 1028.
1571:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1472:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1384:and without it:
1367:
1358:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1044:
1043:
1037:品), denoted as "
918:State of Vietnam
875:Chinese province
857:nine-rank system
818:
815:
811:
802:
739:
730:
721:
653:
648:
633:
627:
626:
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2008:Institutions
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930:Lý Nhân Tông
903:
887:lapis lazuli
871:Qing dynasty
864:
849:Tang dynasty
841:Zhou dynasty
834:
808:
785:
772:
760:
758:
753:
727:
702:
694:
686:
682:
680:
671:
663:
615:
594:
570:
547:
540:
533:
529:
527:
516:Matteo Ricci
511:
491:
486:(spelled in
483:
478:
466:
440:
422:
420:
364:Jiang Shunfu
241:kuann / kuan
211:Southern Min
100:Hanyu Pinyin
64:Chinese name
56:Ming Dynasty
2836:Law schools
2608:Project 985
2603:Project 211
2357:Shence Army
2141:Jimi system
2020:Nine Courts
1966:Consort kin
1843:‹ The
1817:‹ The
1342:Cabang Atas
707:C. R. Boxer
674:due to the
607:during the
514:(c. 1559).
289:Korean name
227:koaⁿ / koan
3042:Categories
3018:See also:
2992:Wu Shulian
2819:Specialist
2696:Vocational
2312:Lifan Yuan
1487:. Longman.
1469:Mandarinos
1349:References
950:under the
926:Lý dynasty
891:white jade
724:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
668:Portuguese
647:pronounced
636:Portuguese
593:linked to
585:, meaning
577:Devanagari
520:Portuguese
508:Castanheda
504:Tomé Pires
495:pronounced
481:Portuguese
447:bureaucrat
128:Wade–Giles
27:See also:
2782:Libraries
2564:Academies
2509:Guozijian
2379:Dynasties
2055:Censorate
2040:Guozijian
1610:cite book
1443:mandarins
938:Khải Định
765:Confucian
738:/lo˦tia˦/
676:nasalized
672:mandarim,
656:nasalized
643:phonology
492:mandarin,
362:official
2966:Rankings
2686:Zhongkao
2598:Plan 111
2591:Projects
2151:Shumishi
2136:Jiedushi
1917:Monarchy
1909:Nobility
1845:template
1819:template
1752:(1988).
1602:25747241
1586:Japanese
1535:. 2007.
1513:Mandarin
1498:Mandarin
1394:mandarys
1390:manderys
1386:mandaris
1382:manderỹs
1378:manderĩs
1374:mandarĩs
1321:Imperial
1315:"), the
1267:See also
1227:Ensigns
976:hyanggyo
936:Emperor
928:Emperor
883:sapphire
845:nobility
792:Mandarin
773:mandarin
761:mandarin
705:(1569).
683:mandarin
664:mandarin
568:Sanskrit
530:mandador
484:mandarim
471:system.
445:) was a
423:mandarin
266:quan lại
180:Jyutping
114:Bopomofo
39:Mandarin
2466:History
1982:Offices
1961:Empress
1939:Emperor
1922:Dynasty
1847:below (
1821:below (
1754:Chinese
1737:Quonhua
1718:Jesuits
1714:Quonhua
1706:Guanhua
1590:Taihoku
1582:Hokkien
1330:Yangban
989:Yangban
831:History
810:Guānhuà
795:Chinese
714:Chinese
711:Hokkien
695:Louthia
616:menteri
548:menteri
541:mandare
462:Vietnam
450:scholar
427:Chinese
415:Vietnam
407:chữ Hán
370:on his
274:Chữ Hán
218:Hokkien
70:Chinese
3053:Joseon
3026:, and
3006:Netbig
2722:Gaokao
2714:Higher
2489:Taixue
2035:Taixue
1934:Titles
1864:Curlie
1850:Curlie
1838:Curlie
1824:Curlie
1782:Peking
1764:
1696:, etc.
1645:Minnan
1600:
1539:
1313:county
1076:Banner
982:, and
980:seowon
968:Goryeo
956:Joseon
952:Goryeo
948:Gwageo
899:silver
897:, and
807::
805:pinyin
797::
729:ló-tia
726::
716::
687:Loutea
596:mantra
582:मंत्री
572:mantri
534:mandar
439::
437:pinyin
429::
368:cranes
366:. The
295:Hangul
235:Tâi-lô
54:Three
2912:Exams
2752:JUPAS
2658:Basic
2322:Ranks
2075:Yamen
1973:Harem
1927:Cycle
1577:臺日大辭典
960:China
944:Korea
879:coral
866:yamen
851:that
697:) in
638:with
625:منتري
613:Malay
557:منتري
545:Malay
538:Latin
523:Macau
458:Korea
454:China
309:Hanja
264:quan
2999:CUAA
2985:BCUR
2979:ARWU
2757:for
2407:Qing
2402:Yuan
2397:Liao
2392:Tang
2295:Qing
2098:King
2080:Tusi
1944:List
1762:ISBN
1616:link
1598:OCLC
1584:and
1580:(in
1537:ISBN
1323:and
1308:xian
1047:Rank
954:and
895:gold
816:lit.
786:The
779:and
620:Jawi
618:(in
552:Jawi
550:(in
460:and
442:guān
384:Qing
360:Ming
338:kwan
186:gun1
134:kuan
106:guān
2387:Han
1862:at
1836:at
1728:,
1688:by
1651:'s
1640:sq.
1588:).
1420:or
1408:or
1400:or
1388:,
752:'s
734:IPA
670:as
662:as
510:'s
490:as
413:in
221:POJ
194:IPA
172:gūn
142:IPA
120:ㄍㄨㄢ
3044::
3022:,
1793:^
1756:.
1643:.
1612:}}
1608:{{
1592::
1500:,
1457:,
1426:ym
1422:yn
1418:im
1414:in
1392:,
1380:,
1376:,
1311:("
1254:9b
1243:9a
1232:8b
1221:8a
1210:7b
1196:7a
1185:6b
1174:6a
1163:5b
1152:5a
1141:4b
1130:4a
1116:3b
1105:3a
1094:2b
1083:2a
1069:1b
1058:1a
978:,
901:.
893:,
889:,
885:,
881:,
813:;
803:;
800:官話
783:.
736::
732:;
722:;
719:老爹
701:'
645:,
628:,
622::
589:–
579::
560:,
554::
464:.
456:,
435:;
421:A
382:A
282:官吏
280:官
2441:e
2434:t
2427:v
2189:)
2185:(
1892:e
1885:t
1878:v
1770:.
1655:.
1618:)
1604:.
1545:.
1445:.
1424:/
1416:/
1410:ỹ
1406:ĩ
1402:m
1398:n
1039:n
1035:n
1031:n
1027:n
1023:n
1019:n
987:(
575:(
432:官
425:(
417:.
405:(
315:官
301:관
76:官
20:)
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