Cancer - Knowledge

4028:. In parts of Africa, a diagnosis is commonly made so late that cure is not possible, and treatment, if available at all, would quickly bankrupt the family. As a result of these factors, African healthcare providers tend to let family members decide whether, when and how to disclose the diagnosis, and they tend to do so slowly and circuitously, as the person shows interest and an ability to cope with the grim news. People from Asian and South American countries also tend to prefer a slower, less candid approach to disclosure than is idealized in the United States and Western Europe, and they believe that sometimes it would be preferable not to be told about a cancer diagnosis. In general, disclosure of the diagnosis is more common than it was in the 20th century, but full disclosure of the prognosis is not offered to many patients around the world. 2626: 2638: 2600: 2509: 2170: 2585: 997: 910: 3600: 1944: 161: 2273: 641: 2525: 898: 69: 2545: 2565: 1584:), may produce skin cancer, especially if carcinogenic chemicals are also present. Frequent consumption of scalding hot tea may produce esophageal cancer. Generally, it is believed that cancer arises, or a pre-existing cancer is encouraged, during the process of healing, rather than directly by the trauma. However, repeated injuries to the same tissues might promote excessive cell proliferation, which could then increase the odds of a cancerous mutation. 3577:

complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been studied or tested using conventional techniques such as clinical trials. Some alternative treatments have been investigated and shown to be ineffective but still continue to be marketed and promoted. Cancer researcher Andrew J. Vickers stated, "The label 'unproven' is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been 'disproven'."

3841: 4144: 3697: 4310:, concentrating mainly on cats and dogs, is a growing specialty in wealthy countries and the major forms of human treatment such as surgery and radiotherapy may be offered. The most common types of cancer differ, but the cancer burden seems at least as high in pets as in humans. Animals, typically rodents, are often used in cancer research and studies of natural cancers in larger animals may benefit research into human cancer. 4239:

target and eliminate cancer cells with unprecedented precision. These nanodrones are designed to harness the power of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune response against tumors. By directing these NK cells specifically to the sites of tumors, the nanodrones can effectively concentrate the immune system's attack on the cancer cells, potentially leading to better outcomes for patients.

530: 4044:, based on the idea that cancer was caused by a bad attitude. People with a "cancer personality"—depressed, repressed, self-loathing and afraid to express their emotions—were believed to have manifested cancer through subconscious desire. Some psychotherapists claimed that treatment to change the patient's outlook on life would cure the cancer. Among other effects, this belief allowed society to 12515: 3287:, which has an advantage in the statistics of survival and response to the tumor and in the progress of the disease. A Cochrane review concluded that combined therapy was more effective to treat metastasized breast cancer. However, generally it is not certain whether combination chemotherapy leads to better health outcomes, when both survival and toxicity are considered. 1388:. Radiation is a more potent source of cancer when combined with other cancer-causing agents, such as radon plus tobacco smoke. Radiation can cause cancer in most parts of the body, in all animals and at any age. Children are twice as likely to develop radiation-induced leukemia as adults; radiation exposure before birth has ten times the effect. 4075:, is that blaming cancer on the patient's actions or attitudes allows the blamers to regain a sense of control. This is based upon the blamers' belief that the world is fundamentally just and so any dangerous illness, like cancer, must be a type of punishment for bad choices, because in a just world, bad things would not happen to good people. 2047:

metal-induced carcinogenesis show that such heavy metals cause a reduction in expression of DNA repair enzymes, some through epigenetic mechanisms. DNA repair inhibition is proposed to be a predominant mechanism in heavy metal-induced carcinogenicity. In addition, frequent epigenetic alterations of the DNA sequences code for small RNAs called

3565:, uses lasers to treat some cancers using hyperthermia, which uses heat to shrink tumors by damaging or killing cancer cells. Laser are more precise than surgery and cause less damage, pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. A disadvantage is surgeons must have specialized training. It may be more expensive than other treatments. 4088:, cancer causes indirect costs in the form of productivity losses due to sick days, permanent incapacity and disability as well as premature death during working age. Cancer causes also costs for informal care. Indirect costs and informal care costs are typically estimated to exceed or equal the health care costs of cancer. 3372:. The effectiveness of chemotherapy is often limited by its toxicity to other tissues in the body. Even when chemotherapy does not provide a permanent cure, it may be useful to reduce symptoms such as pain or to reduce the size of an inoperable tumor in the hope that surgery will become possible in the future. 3826:(12%). In the United States cancer affects about 1 in 285 children. Rates of childhood cancer increased by 0.6% per year between 1975 and 2002 in the United States and by 1.1% per year between 1978 and 1997 in Europe. Death from childhood cancer decreased by half between 1975 and 2010 in the United States. 4242:

The key innovation here lies in the use of protein cage nanoparticle-based systems. These systems are engineered to carry signals that attract NK cells directly to the tumor, overcoming one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy: ensuring that the immune cells find and attack only the cancer

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for having caused the cancer (by "wanting" it) or having prevented its cure (by not becoming a sufficiently happy, fearless and loving person). It also increased patients' anxiety, as they incorrectly believed that natural emotions of sadness, anger or fear shorten their lives. The idea was ridiculed

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recommend early palliative care for patients whose cancer has produced distressing symptoms or who need help coping with their illness. In patients first diagnosed with metastatic disease, palliative care may be immediately indicated. Palliative care is indicated for patients with a prognosis of less

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is treatment that attempts to help the patient feel better and may be combined with an attempt to treat the cancer. Palliative care includes action to reduce physical, emotional, spiritual and psycho-social distress. Unlike treatment that is aimed at directly killing cancer cells, the primary goal of

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In Western Europe, 10% of cancers in males and 3% of cancers in females are attributed to alcohol exposure, especially liver and digestive tract cancers. Cancer from work-related substance exposures may cause between 2 and 20% of cases, causing at least 200,000 deaths. Cancers such as lung cancer and

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refers not only to air, water, and soil but also to substances and conditions at home and at the workplace, including diet, smoking, alcohol, drugs, exposure to chemicals, sunlight, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, infectious agents, etc. Lifestyle, economic and behavioral factors are all

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was declared in the US. Military metaphors are particularly common in descriptions of cancer's human effects, and they emphasize both the state of the patient's health and the need to take immediate, decisive actions himself rather than to delay, to ignore or to rely entirely on others. The military

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uses the term to try to lessen the fear around the disease. In Nigeria, one local name for cancer translates into English as "the disease that cannot be cured". This deep belief that cancer is necessarily a difficult and usually deadly disease is reflected in the systems chosen by society to compile

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and alcohol consumption. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat have been implicated but reviews and meta-analyses do not come to a consistent conclusion. A 2014 meta-analysis found no relationship between fruits and vegetables and cancer. Coffee is associated with a reduced risk of

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Reduced expression of DNA repair genes disrupts DNA repair. This is shown in the figure at the 4th level from the top. (In the figure, red wording indicates the central role of DNA damage and defects in DNA repair in progression to cancer.) When DNA repair is deficient DNA damage remains in cells at

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Competition for financial resources appears to have suppressed the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries, unduly favoring low-risk research into small incremental advancements over riskier, more innovative research. Other consequences of

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therapy uses high-intensity light to treat cancer by shrinking or destroying tumors or precancerous growths. Lasers are most commonly used to treat superficial cancers that are on the surface of the body or the lining of internal organs. It is used to treat basal cell skin cancer and the very early

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Characteristic abilities developed by cancers are divided into categories, specifically evasion of apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion

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are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur through the formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of normal oncogenes, or by the under-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes. Typically, changes in multiple genes are required

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A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in Chapter 5. If a human could live

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Across wild animals, there is still limited data on cancer. Nonetheless, a study published in 2022, explored cancer risk in (non-domesticated) zoo mammals, belonging to 191 species, 110,148 individual, demonstrated that cancer is a ubiquitous disease of mammals and it can emerge anywhere along the

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Treatment is generally the same as for non-pregnant women. However, radiation and radioactive drugs are normally avoided during pregnancy, especially if the fetal dose might exceed 100 cGy. In some cases, some or all treatments are postponed until after birth if the cancer is diagnosed late in the

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Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk. The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable. Between 70% and 90% of common cancers are

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resulting in the death of the cancer cells. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs, which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from multiple exposure angles to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger dose there than in the surrounding,

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Cancer diagnosis can cause psychological distress and psychosocial interventions, such as talking therapy, may help people with this. Some people choose to disclose the diagnosis widely; others prefer to keep the information private, especially shortly after the diagnosis, or to disclose it only

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Cancer affects approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnant women. The most common cancers found during pregnancy are the same as the most common cancers found in non-pregnant women during childbearing ages: breast cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.

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Elective abortions are not required and, for the most common forms and stages of cancer, do not improve the mother's survival. In a few instances, such as advanced uterine cancer, the pregnancy cannot be continued and in others, the patient may end the pregnancy so that she can begin aggressive

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published a groundbreaking discovery involving "NK cell-engaging nanodrones" for targeted cancer treatment. The development of "NK cell-engaging nanodrones" represents a significant leap forward in cancer treatment, showcasing how cutting-edge nanotechnology and immunotherapy can be combined to

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In sporadic cancers, deficiencies in DNA repair are occasionally caused by a mutation in a DNA repair gene but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. This is indicated in the figure at the 3rd level. Many studies of heavy

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The total health care expenditure on cancer in the US was estimated to be $ 80.2 billion in 2015. Even though cancer-related health care expenditure have increased in absolute terms during recent decades, the share of health expenditure devoted to cancer treatment has remained close to 5%

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Those who survive cancer develop a second primary cancer at about twice the rate of those never diagnosed. The increased risk is believed to be due to the random chance of developing any cancer, the likelihood of surviving the first cancer, the same risk factors that produced the first cancer,

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Environmental or lifestyle factors that caused cancer to develop in an individual can be identified by analyzing mutational signatures from genomic sequencing of tumor DNA. For example, this can reveal if lung cancer was caused by tobacco smoke, if skin cancer was caused by UV radiation, or if

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Surgery is the primary method of treatment for most isolated, solid cancers and may play a role in palliation and prolongation of survival. It is typically an important part of definitive diagnosis and staging of tumors, as biopsies are usually required. In localized cancer, surgery typically

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Survival rates vary by cancer type and by the stage at which it is diagnosed, ranging from majority survival to complete mortality five years after diagnosis. Once a cancer has metastasized, prognosis normally becomes much worse. About half of patients receiving treatment for invasive cancer

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Physical trauma resulting in cancer is relatively rare. Claims that breaking bones resulted in bone cancer, for example, have not been proven. Similarly, physical trauma is not accepted as a cause for cervical cancer, breast cancer or brain cancer. One accepted source is frequent, long-term

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are a diverse group of therapies, practices and products that are not part of conventional medicine. "Complementary medicine" refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while "alternative medicine" refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine. Most

2058:). Mutations, however, may not be as frequent in cancers as epigenetic alterations. An average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein-altering mutations, of which about three or four may be "driver" mutations and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations. 4104:

than other employees. Employers may also make hiring or firing decisions based on misconceptions about cancer disabilities, if present. The EEOC provides interview guidelines for employers, as well as lists of possible solutions for assessing and accommodating employees with cancer.

535: 534: 531: 1690:, which seems to have a protective role against development of malignancy in people with celiac disease. However, the delay in diagnosis and initiation of a gluten-free diet seems to increase the risk of malignancies. Rates of gastrointestinal cancers are increased in people with 4179:

to compare the proposed treatment to the best existing treatment. Treatments that succeeded in one cancer type can be tested against other types. Diagnostic tests are under development to better target the right therapies to the right patients, based on their individual biology.

3399:) or external sources. The radiation is most commonly low energy X-rays for treating skin cancers, while higher energy X-rays are used for cancers within the body. Radiation is typically used in addition to surgery and or chemotherapy. For certain types of cancer, such as early 4255:

Diagnosing a new cancer in a pregnant woman is difficult, in part because any symptoms are commonly assumed to be a normal discomfort associated with pregnancy. As a result, cancer is typically discovered at a somewhat later stage than average. Some imaging procedures, such as

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While epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing reduced expression of DNA repair proteins, may be of particular importance. Such alterations may occur early in progression to cancer and are a possible cause of the

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of a cell. Typically, many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by

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are correlated with increased cancer risk, whether this relationship is causal and vitamin D supplementation is protective is not determined. One 2014 review found that supplements had no significant effect on cancer risk. Another 2014 review concluded that vitamin

537: 4214:" in 1971. Since then, the country has spent over $ 200 billion on cancer research, including resources from public and private sectors. The cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) declined by five percent between 1950 and 2005. 3645:

and other complications and/or disease progression that both impairs quality and quantity of life. Additionally, patients with worse prognoses may be depressed or report poorer quality of life because they perceive that their condition is likely to be fatal.

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to be related to at least 10 types of cancer and responsible for around 12,000 cases each year in that country. Physical inactivity is believed to contribute to cancer risk, not only through its effect on body weight but also through negative effects on the

4100:(EEOC), mainly due to the potential for cancer having discriminating effects on workers. Discrimination in the workplace could occur if an employer holds a false belief that a person with cancer is not capable of doing a job properly, and may ask for more 1129:

are related to up to 30–35% of cancer deaths. In the United States, excess body weight is associated with the development of many types of cancer and is a factor in 14–20% of cancer deaths. A UK study including data on over 5 million people showed higher

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is the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. The dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors, while the original is called the primary tumor. Almost all cancers can metastasize. Most cancer deaths are due to cancer that has metastasized.

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while recovering from treatment for breast cancer in 1978. Although the original idea is now generally regarded as nonsense, the idea partly persists in a reduced form with a widespread, but incorrect, belief that deliberately cultivating a habit of

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Systemic symptoms may occur due to the body's response to the cancer. This may include fatigue, unintentional weight loss, or skin changes. Some cancers can cause a systemic inflammatory state that leads to ongoing muscle loss and weakness, known as

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in association with colon cancer. These included 147 hypermethylated and 27 hypomethylated genes. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers.

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pregnancy. Early deliveries are often used to advance the start of treatment. Surgery is generally safe, but pelvic surgeries during the first trimester may cause miscarriage. Some treatments, especially certain chemotherapy drugs given during the

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Higher levels of DNA damage cause increased mutation (right side of figure) and increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing.

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In 2015, about 90.5 million people worldwide had cancer. In 2019, annual cancer cases grew by 23.6 million people, and there were 10 million deaths worldwide, representing over the previous decade increases of 26% and 21%, respectively.

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result in some errors (mutations). Complex error correction and prevention are built into the process and safeguard the cell against cancer. If a significant error occurs, the damaged cell can self-destruct through programmed cell death, termed

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than the daughters of women without breast cancer. These higher hormone levels may explain their higher risk of breast cancer, even in the absence of a breast-cancer gene. Similarly, men of African ancestry have significantly higher levels of

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Medical use of ionizing radiation is a small but growing source of radiation-induced cancers. Ionizing radiation may be used to treat other cancers, but this may, in some cases, induce a second form of cancer. It is also used in some kinds of

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Estimates are that in 2018, 18.1 million new cases of cancer and 9.6 million deaths occur globally. About 20% of males and 17% of females will get cancer at some point in time while 13% of males and 9% of females will die from it.

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occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age, and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as

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competition appear to be many studies with dramatic claims whose results cannot be replicated and perverse incentives that encourage grantee institutions to grow without making sufficient investments in their own faculty and facilities.

4877: 4013:, accounting for about one-third of cancer cases worldwide, but very few deaths—are excluded from cancer statistics specifically because they are easily treated and almost always cured, often in a single, short, outpatient procedure. 14211: 2970:

identifies people who are at higher risk, such as people with a family history. Several factors are considered to determine whether the benefits of screening outweigh the risks and the costs of screening. These factors include:

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for individuals at high-risk of certain cancers is recommended by unofficial groups. Carriers of these mutations may then undergo enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or preventative surgery to reduce their subsequent risk.

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the strongest conclusion derived from decades of research on stressors and cancer is that stressful events may be associated with decreased cancer survival but are probably not associated with disease incidence (Chida et al.

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patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking rates since the 1950s followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men since 1990.

3481:. Like hospice care, palliative care attempts to help the patient cope with their immediate needs and to increase comfort. Unlike hospice care, palliative care does not require people to stop treatment aimed at the cancer. 4643:"Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" 1460:

are primarily caused by an inherited genetic defect. Less than 0.3% of the population are carriers of a genetic mutation that has a large effect on cancer risk and these cause less than 3–10% of cancer. Some of these

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The consequences of those genetic changes on the biology of the cell, both in generating the defining properties of a cancer cell and in facilitating additional genetic events that lead to further progression of the

770:, is a common symptom of cancer and its treatment. The causes of cancer-related dyspnea can include tumors in or around the lung, blocked airways, fluid in the lungs, pneumonia, or treatment reactions including an 15554: 15539: 1732: 1511:

Taller people have an increased risk of cancer because they have more cells than shorter people. Since height is genetically determined to a large extent, taller people have a heritable increase of cancer risk.

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Peppercorn JM, Smith TJ, Helft PR, Debono DJ, Berry SR, Wollins DS, et al. (February 2011). "American society of clinical oncology statement: toward individualized care for patients with advanced cancer".

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Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW (January 2011). "Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials".

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caused by initial errors, which compound into more severe errors, each progressively allowing the cell to escape more controls that limit normal tissue growth. This rebellion-like scenario is an undesirable

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and an increased risk of all cancers. People with untreated celiac disease have a higher risk, but this risk decreases with time after diagnosis and strict treatment. This may be due to the adoption of a

1508:. For breast cancer, the relative risk is 1.8 with a first-degree relative having developed it at 50 years of age or older, and 3.3 when the relative developed it when being younger than 50 years of age. 3744:

and other non-invasive cancers) and in 2010 nearly 7.98 million people died. Cancers account for approximately 16% of deaths. The most common as of 2018 are lung cancer (1.76 million deaths),

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cells without harming healthy tissue. This targeted approach not only increases the efficacy of the treatment but also minimizes side effects, a common concern with broader-acting cancer therapies.

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prevents infection with hepatitis B virus and thus decreases the risk of liver cancer. The administration of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccinations is recommended where resources allow.

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have a higher risk of developing cancers associated with those hormones. On the other hand, people who exercise far more than average have lower levels of these hormones and lower risk of cancer.

5130:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 4084:

between the 1960s and 2004. A similar pattern has been observed in Europe where about 6% of all health care expenditure are spent on cancer treatment. In addition to health care expenditure and

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The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. In combination with surgery, chemotherapy has proven useful in cancer types including breast cancer, colorectal cancer,

2039:) have increased cancer risk, with some defects ensuring a 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g. p53 mutations). Germ line DNA repair mutations are noted on the figure's left side. However, such 14464:

Glantz MJ, Chamberlain MC, Liu Q, Hsieh CC, Edwards KR, Van Horn A, et al. (November 2009). "Gender disparity in the rate of partner abandonment in patients with serious medical illness".

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are unlikely to survive for five years even if treatment is successful. People who report a higher quality of life tend to survive longer. People with lower quality of life may be affected by

3892:). This name comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumor, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name". 532: 14499:

Stephens C, Westmaas JL, Kim J, Cannady R, Stein K (October 2016). "Gender differences in associations between cancer-related problems and relationship dissolution among cancer survivors".

723:(endometrial or cervical cancer). Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial tumor is usually painless. Some cancers can cause a buildup of fluid within the chest or 10522:

Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, et al. (April 2006). "Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men".

10284:"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 15515: 3557:

stages of others like cervical, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and non-small cell lung cancer. It is often combined with other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

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While some cancers can be cured if detected early, metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat and control. Nevertheless, some recent treatments are demonstrating encouraging results.

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Deficient expression of DNA repair proteins due to an inherited mutation can increase cancer risks. Individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article

2630: 6808: 10029:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 3768:

Deaths from cancer were 5.8 million in 1990. Deaths have been increasing primarily due to longer lifespans and lifestyle changes in the developing world. The most significant

931:, such as lifestyle, economic, and behavioral factors and not merely pollution. Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death include tobacco use (25–30%), diet and 3980:. With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' spread from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites (" 10567: 6597:

Irigaray P, Newby JA, Clapp R, Hardell L, Howard V, Montagnier L, et al. (December 2007). "Lifestyle-related factors and environmental agents causing cancer: an overview".

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While many dietary recommendations have been proposed to reduce cancer risks, the evidence to support them is not definitive. The primary dietary factors that increase risk are

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and air pollution. Further, poverty could be considered as an indirect risk factor in human cancers. Not all environmental causes are controllable, such as naturally occurring

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Bruner DW, Moore D, Parlanti A, Dorgan J, Engstrom P (December 2003). "Relative risk of prostate cancer for men with affected relatives: systematic review and meta-analysis".

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stated that "cancer of the breast is so called because of the fancied resemblance to a crab given by the lateral prolongations of the tumor and the adjacent distended veins".

3403:, it may be used alone. Radiation therapy after surgery for brain metastases has been shown to not improve overall survival in patients compared to surgery alone. For painful 2020:

a higher than usual level (5th level) and causes increased frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th level). Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in

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Tobacco is responsible for about one in five cancer deaths worldwide and about one in three in the developed world. Lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored

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in a way that respects the person's own values. In other cultures, other rights and values are preferred. For example, most African cultures value whole families rather than

3788:. Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it. 383:(HIV) does not directly cause cancer but it causes immune deficiency that can magnify the risk due to other infections, sometimes up to several thousand fold (in the case of 12097: 12056: 3661:

decrease the risk of blood clots but have not been shown to increase survival in people with cancer. People who take blood thinners also have an increased risk of bleeding.

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Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR (April 2014). "The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis".

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Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. (May 2011). "Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus".

2599: 6706:"American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity" 4914:"American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity" 4169:" treatment applicable to many types of cancer. Angiogenesis inhibitors and other cancer therapeutics are used in combination to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality. 1591:

has been hypothesized to directly cause mutation. Inflammation can contribute to proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration of cancer cells by influencing the

12591: 1532:) usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers, such as 3772:

for developing cancer is age. Although it is possible for cancer to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65. According to cancer researcher

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The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and

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supplementation is not effective in preventing colon cancer and may increase colon polyps. Selenium supplementation has not been shown to reduce the risk of cancer.

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than men of European ancestry and have a correspondingly higher level of prostate cancer. Men of Asian ancestry, with the lowest levels of testosterone-activating

943:, and pollution. Psychological stress does not appear to be a risk factor for the onset of cancer, though it may worsen outcomes in those who already have cancer. 6987:

Pagano JS, Blaser M, Buendia MA, Damania B, Khalili K, Raab-Traub N, et al. (December 2004). "Infectious agents and cancer: criteria for a causal relation".

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of "a long illness" to describe cancers leading to death is still commonly used in obituaries, rather than naming the disease explicitly, reflecting an apparent

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Predicting short- or long-term survival depends on many factors. The most important are the cancer type and the patient's age and overall health. Those who are

13019:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 12130:"2011 Focused Update of 2009 American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update on Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer" 3996:

Although many diseases (such as heart failure) may have a worse prognosis than most cases of cancer, cancer is the subject of widespread fear and taboos. The

1442:. Evidence, however, has not supported a concern. This includes that studies have not found a consistent link between mobile phone radiation and cancer risk. 15496: 9455: 4855: 2999:

Whether the test is acceptable to the people: If a screening test is too burdensome (for example, extremely painful), then people will refuse to participate.

1188:. This proportion ranges from a high of 25% in Africa to less than 10% in the developed world. Viruses are the usual infectious agents that cause cancer but 568:, among others, noted the similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. The word was introduced in English in the modern medical sense around 1600. 345:

with specific viruses, bacteria and parasites is an environmental factor causing approximately 16-18% of cancers worldwide. These infectious agents include

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alterations are functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not change the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are changes in

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Levy MH, Back A, Bazargan S, Benedetti C, Billings JA, Block S, et al. (September 2006). "Palliative care. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology".

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have also been described, wherein the cancer spreads between animals by transmission of the tumor cells themselves. This phenomenon is seen in dogs with

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occurs when a cell gains copies (often 20 or more) of a small chromosomal locus, usually containing one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic material.

1673:. Some treatments and prevention approaches leverage this cause by artificially reducing hormone levels and thus discouraging hormone-sensitive cancers. 2544: 15039: 2867:

may decrease the risk of death from cancer (one fewer death in 150 people treated over 5 years), but concerns with the quality of the data were noted.

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Other factors are relevant: obese people have higher levels of some hormones associated with cancer and a higher rate of those cancers. Women who take

579:. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely. 13927: 12733: 7663:"Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk" 5415: 5095: 5013: 4817: 14451:

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. "Questions & Answers about Cancer in the Workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)."

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The majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to

13201:

long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop.

7522:"Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium" 4314:

mammalian phylogeny. This research also highlighted that cancer risk is not uniformly distributed along mammals. For instance, species in the order

13877: 10951:, Plummer M, Jee SH, et al. (November 2013). "Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013". 1520:

Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to

7088: 14414:

Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Sullivan R (2013). "Economic burden of cancer across the European Union: a population-based cost analysis".

3293:

is a form of chemotherapy that targets specific molecular differences between cancer and normal cells. The first targeted therapies blocked the

9943:

Cappellani A, Di Vita M, Zanghi A, Cavallaro A, Piccolo G, Veroux M, et al. (January 2012). "Diet, obesity and breast cancer: an update".

6635: 2524: 2003:

Epigenetic alterations occur frequently in cancers. As an example, one study listed protein coding genes that were frequently altered in their

11410: 11333: 11301: 11237: 11205: 11173: 11141: 11109: 11077: 11045: 10241: 3615:

and non-melanoma skin cancers) die from that cancer or its treatment. A majority of cancer deaths are due to metastases of the primary tumor.

1789:

occurs when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well-known example of this is the

14960: 1866:

Some environments make errors more likely to arise and propagate. Such environments can include the presence of disruptive substances called

626:

The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a detectable mass to cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression.

11269: 14863: 11378: 8457:"Negative regulation of BRCA1 gene expression by HMGA1 proteins accounts for the reduced BRCA1 protein levels in sporadic breast carcinoma" 6828: 13565:

Referenced from Michael Shimkin, Contrary to Nature, Washington, DC: Superintendent of Document, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 79–720, p. 35.

4117:

soon after a diagnosis of cancer compared to men. Rate of separation for cancer-survivors showed correlations with race, age, income, and

2099:. Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, but overall the most common places for metastases to occur are the 2054:

Cancers usually arise from an assemblage of mutations and epimutations that confer a selective advantage leading to clonal expansion (see

1162:

chewing can cause oral cancer. National differences in dietary practices may partly explain differences in cancer incidence. For example,

15479: 12370: 10215: 10210: 7340: 7323: 2755: 1439: 9700: 4755:"Long-Term Alcohol Consumption and Breast, Upper Aero-Digestive Tract and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 3776:, "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer." Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to 1572:). Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhalation) and require years of exposure to produce cancer. 11641: 10571: 6661: 4581: 4291:

Some treatments can interfere with the mother's ability to give birth vaginally or to breastfeed. Cervical cancer may require birth by

4031:

In the United States and some other cultures, cancer is regarded as a disease that must be "fought" to end the "civil insurrection"; a

3241:. Which treatments are used depends on the type, location and grade of the cancer as well as the patient's health and preferences. The 372: 14648: 11916: 9643:"The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019" 5886: 2934:, cancer screening involves efforts to detect cancer after it has formed, but before any noticeable symptoms appear. This may involve 1504:(parent, sibling or child) has been diagnosed with it is about 2. The corresponding relative risk is 1.5 for lung cancer, and 1.9 for 6915: 6898: 4424: 3168: 3112:

concluded that breast cancer screening by mammography had no effect in reducing mortality because of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

1482: 868:

Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs. Overall, the most common places for metastases to occur are the

14711:

Bagri A, Kouros-Mehr H, Leong KG, Plowman GD (March 2010). "Use of anti-VEGF adjuvant therapy in cancer: challenges and rationale".

13556: 13127: 3664:

Although extremely rare, some forms of cancer, even from an advanced stage, can heal spontaneously. This phenomenon is known as the

1887:

A further mutation may cause loss of a tumor suppressor gene, disrupting the apoptosis signaling pathway and immortalizing the cell.

16046: 12384: 12017: 8895:"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island" 2689: 1576:

application of hot objects to the body. It is possible that repeated burns on the same part of the body, such as those produced by

395:

have been shown to nearly eliminate risk of cancers caused by these viruses in persons successfully vaccinated prior to infection.

12108: 12067: 3882: 2564: 1884:

A further mutation in an oncogene might cause the cell to reproduce more rapidly and more frequently than its normal counterparts.

675:

Local symptoms may occur due to the mass of the tumor or its ulceration. For example, mass effects from lung cancer can block the

14020: 9836: 4097: 2625: 1662: 6415:

Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K (August 2004). "Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence".

1881:

A mutation in the error-correcting machinery of a cell might cause that cell and its children to accumulate errors more rapidly.

15387: 12806:"Quality of life data as prognostic indicators of survival in cancer patients: an overview of the literature from 1982 to 2008" 8363:

Baylin SB, Ohm JE (February 2006). "Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer – a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction?".

6550:"Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study" 5475: 1170:

is more common in the United States. Immigrant cancer profiles mirror those of their new country, often within one generation.

660:. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Cancer can be difficult to diagnose and can be considered a " 15169: 7362: 4187:

Agents (e.g. viruses) and events (e.g. mutations) that cause or facilitate genetic changes in cells destined to become cancer.

1016:, for example, causes 90% of lung cancer. Tobacco use can cause cancer throughout the body including in the mouth and throat, 15453: 15432: 15397: 15369: 15345: 15324: 15129: 14186: 14141: 14109: 14082: 14053: 14000: 13975: 13790: 13672: 13586: 13337: 13310: 13189: 13100: 12785: 12743: 12093: 12052: 11853:

Vitale I, Galluzzi L, Castedo M, Kroemer G (June 2011). "Mitotic catastrophe: a mechanism for avoiding genomic instability".

9599: 9504: 8008: 7786: 7732: 7284: 7201: 6863: 5970: 5704: 5425: 5221: 5105: 5023: 4827: 4147: 4614: 11954:

Hill R, Healy B, Holloway L, Kuncic Z, Thwaites D, Baldock C (March 2014). "Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry".

5996:"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States" 4727: 3630:

unwanted side effects of treating the first cancer (particularly radiation therapy), and better compliance with screening.

2813: 11939: 8756:"Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6" 8014: 3280:. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, a critical property of most cancer cells. 667:

People may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.

14611: 13195: 11415: 11338: 11306: 11274: 11242: 11210: 11178: 11146: 11114: 11082: 11050: 11028: 7792: 7738: 7290: 7207: 3017: 14335:

Jönsson B, Hofmarcher T, Lindgren P, Wilking N (2016). "The cost and burden of cancer in the European Union 1995–2014".

12657: 5908: 4020:

for people with cancer include a duty to fully disclose the medical situation to the person, and the right to engage in

2637: 2447:. For some common cancers, the English organ name is used. For example, the most common type of breast cancer is called 1907:

work against the body's design and enforcement of order. Once cancer has begun to develop, this ongoing process, termed

16354: 6452:"How much of the decrease in cancer death rates in the United States is attributable to reductions in tobacco smoking?" 4795:"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis – The Lancet Global Health" 4021: 1411:

and other skin malignancies. Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave

1218: 14817: 9522:"Psychosocial interventions to improve quality of life and emotional wellbeing for recently diagnosed cancer patients" 5755: 4794: 2820:; however, due to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects, they cause overall harm when used for prevention. 1921:(cancer cells with heterogeneous mutations) that complicates designing effective treatment strategies and requires an 1548:, are believed to have similar effects. Non-fibrous particulate materials that cause cancer include powdered metallic 10488: 7941:

Borrello MG, Degl'Innocenti D, Pierotti MA (August 2008). "Inflammation and cancer: the oncogene-driven connection".

3298: 2956:

is not available for many types of cancers. Even when tests are available, they may not be recommended for everyone.

2494:

Some types of cancer are named for the size and shape of the cells under a microscope, such as giant cell carcinoma,

12584: 5453: 4299:. Also, when chemotherapy is given after birth, many of the drugs appear in breast milk, which could harm the baby. 522:

and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The global total economic costs of cancer were estimated at

454:

is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and

16369: 15647: 9255: 3683: 2371:: These two classes arise from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells that leave the marrow and tend to mature in the 15505:, EU OSHA. The site shares information to help prevent workers from being exposed to carcinogens in the workplace. 5934: 4847: 3446:

recommend that patients and physicians respond to cancer only with palliative care. This applies to patients who:

2457:

refers to the appearance of cancer under the microscope, which suggests that it has originated in the milk ducts.

438:. The benefits of screening for breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of 13213:

Anisimov VN, Sikora E, Pawelec G (August 2009). "Relationships between cancer and aging: a multilevel approach".

9570: 8087:"Association Between Coeliac Disease and Risk of Any Malignancy and Gastrointestinal Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis" 8038:"Circulating insulin-like growth factor peptides and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7436:

Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, Lynch HT, Minsky B, Nordlinger B, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer".

3720: 3273: 3265: 2051:(or miRNAs). miRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "target" protein-coding genes and reduce their expression. 1228: 1033: 787: 712: 17: 12987:"Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018" 12500: 6093:"Work stress and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of 5700 incident cancer events in 116,000 European men and women" 2149:. Even in these cases, however, the use of glycolysis as an energy source rarely exceeds 60%. A few cancers use 11001: 9724:"Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors" 5125: 3622:, partly because the types of cancer that are most common there are harder to treat than those associated with 2833: 2705: 2670: 2267: 2036: 360: 6196:

Tolar J, Neglia JP (June 2003). "Transplacental and other routes of cancer transmission between individuals".

16364: 15962: 14225: 11679:

Nastoupil LJ, Rose AC, Flowers CR (May 2012). "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: current treatment approaches".

5316:

Cakir BÖ, Adamson P, Cingi C (November 2012). "Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer".

4172: 3573: 2685: 1252: 1079: 466:

is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States, the average five-year survival rate is 66% for all ages.

10918: 8320:

Merlo LM, Pepper JW, Reid BJ, Maley CC (December 2006). "Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process".

6755:"Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults" 3387:

in an attempt to either cure or improve symptoms. It works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue, causing

2467:

as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a

2292:

that the tumor cells resemble and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These types include:

2043:

mutations (which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers.

1004:

Exposure to particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. These substances are called

16259: 13935: 12749: 5786:. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 5431: 5111: 5029: 4833: 4269: 4037: 3969: 3433: 3302: 2518:

of the breast (pale area at the center) surrounded by spikes of whitish scar tissue and yellow fatty tissue

2185:. Neither of these leads to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a 1890:

A further mutation in the signaling machinery of the cell might send error-causing signals to nearby cells.

1794: 1096: 1087: 948: 793:

Some systemic symptoms of cancer are caused by hormones or other molecules produced by the tumor, known as

635: 506: 368: 304: 8136:"Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: The role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment" 2975:

Possible harms from the screening test: for example, X-ray images involve exposure to potentially harmful

2055: 505:

were included in total new cancer cases each year, it would account for around 40% of cases. In children,

10707:

Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, et al. (January 2014).

5534: 4354: 3773: 3515: 3230: 2845: 1909: 1762:

Genetic changes can occur at different levels and by different mechanisms. The gain or loss of an entire

1427: 1179: 342: 10764:

Fritz H, Kennedy D, Fergusson D, Fernandes R, Doucette S, Cooley K, et al. (2011). Minna JD (ed.).

8805:"Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation" 8697:"Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2" 3439:

People at all stages of cancer treatment typically receive some kind of palliative care. In some cases,

3283:

It was found that providing combined cytotoxic drugs is better than a single drug, a process called the

2169: 16254: 15993: 7105: 6091:

Heikkilä K, Nyberg ST, Theorell T, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L, Bjorner JB, et al. (February 2013).

4508:

Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. (September 2008).

4295:. Radiation to the breast reduces the ability of that breast to produce milk and increases the risk of 4257: 3938: 3769: 3548: 3443: 2181:

Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through

1655: 1615: 542: 7132: 7058: 3803:

by age 80. As these cancers do not cause the patient's death, identifying them would have represented

16300: 15787: 14589: 11367:"Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 11032: 10922: 10864:

Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, et al. (January 2018).

8455:

Baldassarre G, Battista S, Belletti B, Thakur S, Pentimalli F, Trapasso F, et al. (April 2003).

6684: 6639: 3757:(780,000), and breast cancer (620,000). This makes invasive cancer the leading cause of death in the 3642: 3395:

Radiation therapy is used in about half of cases. The radiation can be either from internal sources (

2134: 2130: 1786: 1435: 923: 720: 223: 12618: 11420: 11343: 11311: 11279: 11247: 11215: 11183: 11151: 11119: 11087: 11055: 10536: 4036:

metaphors also help rationalize radical, destructive treatments. In the 1970s, a relatively popular

3795:

studies in Europe and Asia showed that up to 36% of people have undiagnosed and apparently harmless

3709: 1735:

Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat.

16290: 16213: 15822: 15780: 15573: 14951: 14585: 13878:"The C-Word review – a wonderful testament to a woman who faced cancer with honesty, verve and wit" 13578:

Cells, Tissues, and Disease : Principles of General Pathology: Principles of General Pathology

12091:* The American Society of Clinical Oncology made this recommendation based on various cancers. See 11757:"The present and future management of malignant brain tumours: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy" 5497: 4705: 4005: 3741: 3369: 3360:, ovarian cancer and certain lung cancers. Chemotherapy is curative for some cancers, such as some 2571: 2449: 2433: 2198: 2174: 2025: 1740: 1362: 1352: 1258: 1246: 1222: 794: 376: 12242:

Engstrom PF, Arnoletti JP, Benson AB, Chen YJ, Choti MA, Cooper HS, et al. (September 2009).

12206:

Carlson RW, Allred DC, Anderson BO, Burstein HJ, Carter WB, Edge SB, et al. (February 2009).

9617: 6239:

Biesalski HK, Bueno de Mesquita B, Chesson A, Chytil F, Grimble R, Hermus RJ, et al. (1998).

5994:

Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Jacobs EJ, et al. (January 2018).

4963:"16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010" 3851:

Cancer has existed for all of human history. The earliest written record regarding cancer is from

2653:

Greater than 30% of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including: tobacco,

2238:

are other types of tissue tests. These tests provide information about molecular changes (such as

996: 16032: 15915: 15879: 15817: 15082: 14852: 12533: 10203:"World Health Organization – IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" 4851: 3458: 3105: 3101: 2590: 2551: 2224:, genetic abnormalities and other features. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the 1900: 1815:

Small-scale mutations include point mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the

1790: 1641:. For example, the daughters of women who have breast cancer have significantly higher levels of 1311: 1072: 955: 760: 583: 459: 31: 15194:

Vincze O, Colchero F, Lemaître JF, Conde DA, Pavard S, Bieuville M, et al. (January 2022).

12777: 12771: 3964:

as the cause of nose cancer in 1761. This was followed by the report in 1775 by British surgeon

2858:

supplementation does not appear to be effective at preventing cancer. While low blood levels of

1984:

and changes in chromosomal architecture (caused by inappropriate expression of proteins such as

1731: 16231: 16208: 16177: 15920: 15874: 12613: 10531: 9044:

Fearon ER (November 1997). "Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer".

4912:

Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, et al. (2012).

4381: 4162: 3897: 3677: 3650: 3536: 3305:(CML). Currently, targeted therapies exist for many of the most common cancer types, including 2495: 2303:

cells. This group includes many of the most common cancers and include nearly all those in the

1592: 1328: 1214: 1068: 909: 605: 364: 15613: 15119: 14131: 13965: 13576: 13327: 13300: 12366: 10202: 9589: 7312: 5694: 4121:

in a study. A review found a somewhat decreased divorce rate for most cancer types, and noted

2028:

repair (HRR). Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells.

1859:. If the error control processes fail, then the mutations will survive and be passed along to 1365:

are due to ultraviolet radiation, mostly from sunlight. Sources of ionizing radiation include

16154: 15972: 15953: 14176: 14099: 12986: 11387: 11366: 10077: 9692: 9408: 8854:"Bloom's syndrome. I. Genetical and clinical observations in the first twenty-seven patients" 7520:

Coté ML, Liu M, Bonassi S, Neri M, Schwartz AG, Christiani DC, et al. (September 2012).

6337: 6241:"European Consensus Statement on Lung Cancer: risk factors and prevention. Lung Cancer Panel" 5962:

Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Patterns in the U.S. Population: An Interdisciplinary Approach

4467: 4065: 3937:

believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor

3665: 3586: 2812:

Medications can be used to prevent cancer in a few circumstances. In the general population,

1755: 1618:

and their binding proteins play a key role in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and

1501: 1400: 1358: 1262: 971: 307:

include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in

12700: 10300: 10283: 6679: 5195: 5178: 5128:, et al. (Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (8 October 2016). 652:

When cancer begins, it produces no symptoms. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or

430:, and limiting exposure to direct sunlight. Early detection through screening is useful for 16295: 16241: 15925: 15770: 15760: 15640: 15355: 15207: 14995: 14901: 14638: 14043: 13795: 13452: 11963: 11912: 10777: 10766:"Vitamin A and retinoid derivatives for lung cancer: a systematic review and meta analysis" 10367:

Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, Papaioannou D, Booth A, Logan RF, et al. (June 2010).

9784: 9100: 9053: 8944:

Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, et al. (July 2007).

8708: 7816:"Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability" 7192:. In Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E (eds.). 4346: 4342: 3599: 3504: 3498: 3440: 3400: 3392:

healthy tissue. As with chemotherapy, cancers vary in their response to radiation therapy.

3272:. The term encompasses a variety of drugs, which are divided into broad categories such as 3269: 3100:

for breast cancer screening every two years from ages 50–74, but does not recommend either

2935: 2674: 2606: 2531: 2499: 2263: 2235: 2186: 1981: 1947:

The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis

1922: 1918: 1204: 802: 744: 657: 523: 514: 392: 312: 15625: 15490: 13117: 13017:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

12860:

Akl EA, Kahale LA, Hakoum MB, Matar CF, Sperati F, Barba M, et al. (September 2017).

10823:

Cole BF, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Ahnen DJ, Bresalier RS, et al. (June 2007).

7313:"IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans" 4416: 8: 16323: 16264: 16195: 16128: 15812: 15744: 15558: 15470: 15064: 15040:"Opinion | I'm an oncologist. My worst fears about Covid and cancer are coming true" 13560: 12128:

Azzoli CG, Temin S, Aliff T, Baker S, Brahmer J, Johnson DH, et al. (October 2011).

10282:

Rostom A, Dubé C, Lewin G, Tsertsvadze A, Barrowman N, Code C, et al. (March 2007).

5805:

Dimitriadis GK, Angelousi A, Weickert MO, Randeva HS, Kaltsas G, Grossman A (June 2017).

4386: 4307: 4122: 4055: 4017: 3859: 3623: 3388: 3297:

molecule, inhibiting the growth of breast cancer. Another common example is the class of

3284: 3212: 2984:

The likelihood that cancer is present: Screening is not normally useful for rare cancers.

2958: 2909: 2662: 2021: 1816: 1431: 1334: 1274: 1232: 1122: 767: 700: 653: 575:

with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of

384: 347: 330: 15211: 14999: 14906: 13456: 13053: 12958: 12391: 12170:

Ettinger DS, Akerley W, Bepler G, Blum MG, Chang A, Cheney RT, et al. (July 2010).

11967: 11365:

Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Fu R, et al. (December 2011).

10781: 10733: 10708: 10465: 10444: 10443:

Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Hagerty K, Schellhammer P, Kramer BS (April 2008). Wilt TJ (ed.).

9788: 9641:

Tran KB, Lang JJ, Compton K, Xu R, Acheson AR, Henrikson HJ, et al. (August 2022).

9483:"Role of the Surgical Pathologist in the Diagnosis and Management of the Cancer Patient" 9104: 9057: 8712: 6055: 4153:

Because cancer is a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "

2079:

Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the

1147:(eating too much), rather than from eating too few vegetables or other healthful foods. 830:

Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the

16110: 15905: 15285: 15260: 15241: 15228: 15195: 15021: 14926: 14889: 14858: 14798: 14763: 14562: 14535: 14312: 14287: 14172: 14016: 13851: 13786: 13763: 13738: 13719: 13643: 13536: 13476: 13425: 13281: 13238: 13122: 13066: 12935: 12910: 12886: 12861: 12832: 12805: 12710: 12683: 12639: 12564: 12482: 12433: 12346: 12304: 12279: 12154: 12129: 11987: 11878: 11830: 11805: 11781: 11756: 11737: 11618: 11593: 11592:

Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MH, Wilcken N (December 2013).

11523: 11468: 11443: 10960: 10890: 10865: 10800: 10765: 10746: 10349: 10246: 10143: 10118: 10053: 10028: 10004: 9979: 9876: 9859: 9828: 9805: 9772: 9753: 9669: 9642: 9546: 9521: 9432: 9403: 9379: 9352: 9333: 9277: 9250: 9226: 9199: 9175: 9148: 9121: 9088: 9087:

Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).

9021: 8996: 8972: 8945: 8921: 8894: 8870: 8853: 8829: 8804: 8780: 8755: 8672: 8645: 8621: 8596: 8531: 8506: 8432: 8407: 8388: 8345: 8253: 8210: 8162: 8135: 8111: 8086: 8062: 8037: 7883: 7856: 7687: 7662: 7638: 7629: 7613: 7594: 7546: 7521: 7461: 7418: 7250: 7035: 6964: 6940:"Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology" 6939: 6874: 6779: 6754: 6753:

Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L (August 2014).

6735: 6704:

Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, McTiernan A, et al. (2006).

6574: 6549: 6525: 6500: 6476: 6451: 6397: 6319: 6270: 6221: 6173: 6148: 6117: 6092: 6064: 6039: 5675: 5568: 5397: 5154: 5129: 5069: 5044: 4987: 4962: 4943: 4675: 4642: 4534: 4509: 4335: 4158: 4085: 4072: 3985: 3954: 3762: 3522: 3451: 3384: 3044: 2976: 2697: 2221: 2146: 2013: 1992:). Each of these alterations regulates gene expression without altering the underlying 1943: 1938: 1695: 1691: 1557: 1339: 1185: 991: 987: 967: 699:, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps. 661: 338: 259: 188: 14427: 14264: 14178:

Bright-sided: How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America

13034: 12767: 11975: 11821: 11594:"Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer" 10974: 10685: 10337: 9740: 9723: 9659: 8481: 8456: 8297: 8272: 7678: 7449: 6770: 5733: 5555: 5538: 5145: 4231:

pandemic, there has been a worry that cancer research and treatment are slowing down.

16359: 16182: 16100: 16069: 16008: 15998: 15910: 15724: 15584: 15449: 15428: 15393: 15365: 15359: 15341: 15320: 15290: 15245: 15233: 15161: 15125: 15013: 14931: 14728: 14693: 14567: 14516: 14481: 14431: 14396: 14352: 14317: 14268: 14182: 14147: 14137: 14105: 14078: 14049: 13996: 13971: 13855: 13843: 13800: 13768: 13711: 13668: 13635: 13582: 13528: 13468: 13443:

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with other health problems have lower survival rates than otherwise healthy people.

1739:

Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. For a normal cell to

1625:

Hormones are important agents in sex-related cancers, such as cancer of the breast,

16226: 15897: 15775: 15280: 15272: 15223: 15215: 15146: 15025: 15003: 14921: 14911: 14790: 14755: 14720: 14683: 14557: 14547: 14508: 14473: 14423: 14386: 14344: 14307: 14299: 14260: 13835: 13758: 13750: 13701: 13625: 13518: 13480: 13460: 13407: 13365: 13285: 13265: 13222: 13150: 13141:

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used to treat these diseases may promote developing extra-intestinal malignancies.

1687: 1294: 1140: 958:. Exceptions include rare transmissions that occur with pregnancies and occasional 892: 831: 447: 326: 288: 246: 219: 133: 98: 90: 13839: 13808: 12390:. The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care (NCP). Archived from 10630:"Vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality: something new under the sun" 10179: 9065: 8820: 8271:

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7497: 7480: 6428: 4610: 3945:, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes and that acidic 3705: 3420:

in the area. For some types of cancer this is sufficient to eliminate the cancer.

2836:; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of 1150:

Some specific foods are linked to specific cancers. A high-salt diet is linked to

656:. The findings that result depend on cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are 311:. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 16349: 16141: 16115: 16013: 15988: 15633: 15578: 15443: 15422: 15404: 15335: 15314: 14724: 14070: 13662: 12926: 12588: 12552: 10948: 10790: 10369:"Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation" 10094: 9520:

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reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women. The benefit versus harm for

2825: 2720: 2475: 2424: 2378: 2308: 1977: 1824: 1820: 1809: 1781:

Large-scale mutations involve the deletion or gain of a portion of a chromosome.

1529: 1505: 1451: 1423: 1393: 1385: 1366: 1208: 1131: 1116: 1040: 1013: 586:. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include: 494: 478: 463: 451: 431: 404: 15548: 11911:

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with fetal shielding are considered safe during pregnancy; some others, such as

3953:

believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads and concluded that it was

809:, which can also cause altered mental status, vomiting, headaches, or seizures. 640: 526:

1.16 trillion (equivalent to $ 1.62 trillion in 2023) per year as of 2010.

16236: 15935: 15893: 15589: 15276: 15219: 14894:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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due to cancer research has led to new treatments for cancer since US President

4190:

The precise nature of the genetic damage and the genes that are affected by it.

4176: 4045: 3965: 3878: 3796: 3750: 3558: 3464: 3342: 3306: 3277: 3122: 3082: 3074: 2759: 2739: 2666: 2438: 2390: 2324: 2281: 2277: 1914: 1895: 1877:

The errors that cause cancer are self-amplifying and compounding, for example:

1805: 1715: 1682: 1670: 1634: 1478: 1316: 1163: 1151: 1104: 959: 486: 455: 423: 227: 198: 14552: 14512: 13902: 13226: 12627: 11511: 10456: 10134: 8522: 6722: 6705: 6516: 6257: 6240: 5329: 5294: 4554: 4525: 2437:, while a malignancy arising from primitive liver precursor cells is called a 16343: 16328: 15739: 14885: 14534:

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14452: 14151: 13847: 13804: 13088: 12801: 12519: 12503:. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. 13 September 2011 12334: 12145: 11772: 11495: 10841: 10824: 9320: 9306: 9301: 9012: 8273:"Hypoxia and defective apoptosis drive genomic instability and tumorigenesis" 8152: 8036:

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with two views of a Dutch woman who had a tumor removed from her neck in 1689

3804: 3654: 3530: 3508: 3407:, radiation therapy has been found to be effective in about 70% of patients. 3396: 3314: 3048: 2870: 2797: 2304: 2161:

often use oxidative phosphorylation or glutamine as a primary energy source.

2153:

as the major energy source, partly because it provides nitrogen required for

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One idea about why people with cancer are blamed or stigmatized, called the

3791:

Some slow-growing cancers are particularly common, but often are not fatal.

2473:(the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uterus is 16310: 16305: 16277: 16105: 16082: 15680: 15484: 15409: 15294: 15237: 15165: 15017: 14935: 14825: 14732: 14697: 14643: 14571: 14520: 14485: 14435: 14400: 14356: 14321: 14272: 13772: 13715: 13639: 13532: 13472: 13421: 13377: 13277: 13234: 13162: 13062: 12944: 12895: 12841: 12719: 12635: 12581: 12560: 12478: 12429: 12342: 12313: 12269: 12233: 12197: 12163: 11983: 11874: 11839: 11790: 11733: 11692: 11627: 11519: 11477: 11396: 10982: 10899: 10850: 10809: 10742: 10693: 10655: 10614: 10553: 10504: 10474: 10429: 10408:

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Many treatment options for cancer exist. The primary ones include surgery,

2931: 2789: 2785: 2731: 2684:

In 2019, ~44% of all cancer deaths – or ~4.5 M deaths or ~105 million lost

2629:

Global deaths from cancers attributable to risk factors in 2019 by sex and

2460: 2398: 2231: 2190: 2096: 1993: 1726: 1666: 1651: 1646: 1588: 1565: 1533: 1525: 1155: 1092: 1049: 897: 862: 806: 752: 611: 510: 443: 300: 242: 81: 14303: 13823: 13739:"Campbell De Morgan's 'Observations on cancer', and their relevance today" 12604:

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In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, it became acceptable for doctors to

3634: 2788:

for cancer prevention typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit,

16164: 16159: 16003: 15943: 15802: 15765: 15688: 15608: 10965: 9722:

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In the United States, cancer is included as a protected condition by the

4010: 3984:"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon 3863: 3819: 3638: 3338: 3097: 3063: 3059: 3052: 2893: 2849: 2793: 2751: 2443: 2382: 2358: 2312: 2243: 2202: 2004: 1973: 1967: 1851: 1638: 1626: 1611: 1581: 1537: 1416: 1323: 1242: 1238: 1083: 1029: 963: 783: 779: 590: 572: 561: 498: 474: 419: 415: 388: 356: 352: 318: 205: 194: 15147:"How companion animals contribute to the fight against cancer in humans" 14746:

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2873:

supplementation increases lung cancer rates in those who are high risk.

2792:

and fish and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb),

1951:

The classical view of cancer is a set of diseases driven by progressive

16024: 15948: 15797: 15734: 15698: 14794: 14759: 14477: 13706: 13689: 13630: 13613: 13523: 13506: 13412: 13395: 12469: 11935: 10593:

Holick MF (January 2013). "Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer connection".

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6238: 6012: 5995: 5384: 5367: 5258: 5241: 4930: 4913: 4510:"Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes" 4327: 4235: 4101: 3981: 3930: 3923: 3417: 3261: 2943: 2939: 2889: 2874: 2841: 2654: 2575: 2428: 2372: 2354: 2300: 2247: 2194: 2154: 2126: 2072: 2067: 1963: 1867: 1840: 1802: 1798: 1775: 1763: 1541: 1485:(HNPCC or Lynch syndrome), which is present in about 3% of people with 1285: 1100: 1006: 823: 818: 704: 645: 620: 308: 296: 211: 53: 14101:

Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health

11724: 11707: 10044: 8053: 7582: 7481:"A first-degree relative with colorectal cancer: what are we missing?" 7405: 7388: 6752: 6565: 6164: 6149:"An overview of mutational and copy number signatures in human cancer" 3704:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

2407:: Cancers derived from immature "precursor" cells or embryonic tissue. 2250:

changes) and may thus also indicate the prognosis and best treatment.

2220:

from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its

1850:

Replication of the data contained within the DNA of living cells will

16064: 15967: 15853: 15838: 15719: 15703: 13824:"Confronting the "C" Word: Cancer and Death in Philip Roth's Fiction" 13256:

de Magalhães JP (May 2013). "How ageing processes influence cancer".

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attempts to remove the entire mass along with, in certain cases, the

3361: 2859: 2837: 2535: 2469: 2346: 2296: 2225: 2210: 2150: 1904: 1856: 1836: 1619: 1569: 1545: 1289: 1269:

Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in

1197: 1193: 1159: 1021: 936: 774:. Treatment for dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer can include 716: 688: 680: 600: 555: 253: 15531: 15008: 14983: 14688: 14671: 13269: 13018: 12452: 11866: 10489:"Vitamins and minerals: not for cancer or cardiovascular prevention" 9086: 8556:"Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer" 8376: 8333: 7814:

Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (July 2009).

6955: 4143: 3511:

to fight cancer, have come into use since 1997. Approaches include:

2824:

has been found to reduce the risk of death from cancer by about 7%.

2650:

due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable.

15957: 15848: 15807: 15792: 15665: 15657: 15502: 15259:

Murgia C, Pritchard JK, Kim SY, Fassati A, Weiss RA (August 2006).

15044: 6040:"Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk" 5804: 4391: 4331: 4296: 4228: 4114: 4061: 3922:(2nd century AD) disagreed with the use of surgery and recommended 3889: 3823: 3815: 3326: 3318: 3216: 3058:

Evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening for

2901: 2897: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2735: 2488: 2484: 2427:

or tissue of origin as the root. For example, cancers of the liver

2404: 2394: 2368: 2364: 2316: 2284:

features shown, although they vary substantially from case to case.

2239: 2142: 2138: 2048: 2040: 1959: 1952: 1832: 1771: 1751: 1642: 1630: 1596: 1521: 1462: 1408: 1189: 1057: 1053: 1025: 928: 918: 748: 737: 676: 576: 502: 427: 321:

is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to

181: 60: 56: 14204:"A Sick Stigma: Why are cancer patients blamed for their illness?" 10863: 9299: 7940: 7056: 5281:

Dubas LE, Ingraffea A (February 2013). "Nonmelanoma skin cancer".

4507: 4318:

are particularly prone to be affected by cancer (e.g. over 25% of

571:

Cancers comprise a large family of diseases that involve abnormal

458:

at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis, the

398:

These environmental factors act, at least partly, by changing the

15858: 15843: 13394:

Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, Kohler B, Jemal A (January 2014).

12768:"156: Secondary Cancers: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management" 12518:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

12092: 12051: 10709:"Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults" 9636: 9634: 9632: 8507:"Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention" 8454: 7059:"Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review" 5783:

Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer

5644:

Anguiano L, Mayer DK, Piven ML, Rosenstein D (July–August 2012).

4261: 3973: 3792: 3658: 3474: 2927: 2885: 2855: 2821: 2726: 2701: 2693: 2658: 2555: 2334: 2206: 2129:, whereas most cancers rely on glycolysis for energy production ( 1828: 1767: 1607: 1377: 1126: 1061: 1028:. Tobacco smoke contains over fifty known carcinogens, including 932: 724: 322: 215: 77: 30:

This article is about the group of diseases. For other uses, see

15474: 14413: 14372: 14334: 10706: 10445:"Five-alpha-reductase Inhibitors for prostate cancer prevention" 10442: 9956: 9942: 8893:

O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (August 2008). Lee JT (ed.).

7223:"Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure" 6850:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 472. pp. 467–77. 3877:) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them with the 15543: 14536:"A Systematic Review: The Effect of Cancer on the Divorce Rate" 12862:"Parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer" 10946: 10366: 8943: 8643: 6899:"Cancer Mortality Among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California" 6636:"WHO calls for prevention of cancer through healthy workplaces" 4009:

cancer statistics: the most common form of cancer—non-melanoma

3033: 1747:

that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.

1577: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1524:, naturally occurring mineral fibers that are a major cause of 1017: 1000:

The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking.

708: 408: 114: 110: 11708:"Follicular lymphoma: 2012 update on diagnosis and management" 10763: 10078:"Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis" 9629: 6290:"Tobacco use and cancer causation: association by tumour type" 6090: 5993: 5873: 5871: 4064:

will increase survival. This notion is particularly strong in

2125:

Normal cells typically generate only about 30% of energy from

151: 15497:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

15385: 14639:"Exciting New Cancer Treatments Emerge Amid Persistent Myths" 13690:"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 3" 13614:"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 2" 13507:"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 1" 12244:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: colon cancer" 12205: 12018:"Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review" 10242:"W.H.O. Report Links Some Cancers With Processed or Red Meat" 9721: 8644:

Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, Bernstein H (March 2013).

5176: 4752: 4129:

weaknesses for many studies on effects of cancer on divorce.

3946: 3926:

instead. These recommendations largely stood for 1000 years.

3919: 3912: 3893: 3553: 3158: 3154: 2763: 2350: 2328: 2104: 1989: 1985: 1894:

The transformation of a normal cell into cancer is akin to a

1473: 1467: 1381: 1370: 1184:

Worldwide, approximately 18% of cancer deaths are related to

873: 696: 565: 450:. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care. 422:

against certain infectious diseases, limiting consumption of

118: 106: 86: 14710: 14286:

Mariotto AB, Yabroff KR, Shao Y, Feuer EJ, Brown ML (2011).

11910: 11852: 8802: 8694: 7854: 5643: 4349:(also known as canine transmissible venereal tumor), and in 4284:

and pregnancy loss (spontaneous abortions and stillbirths).

4113:

A study found women were around six times more likely to be

3469:

No strong evidence implies that treatment would be effective

1793:, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in 1456:

The vast majority of cancers are non-hereditary (sporadic).

1024:, stomach, bladder, kidney, cervix, colon/rectum, liver and 15693: 15655: 15193: 15083:"Revolutionary nanodrones enable targeted cancer treatment" 14984:"Young, talented and fed-up: scientists tell their stories" 14533: 13356:

Kaatsch P (June 2010). "Epidemiology of childhood cancer".

12241: 11754: 11591: 9519: 9476: 8946:"DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation" 8753: 8035: 7813: 7022:

Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M (2014). "HPV-associated diseases".

6662:"Erin Brockovich Blasts U.S. Regulation of Toxic Chemicals" 5868: 3603:

Three measures of global cancer mortality from 1990 to 2017

3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 2642: 2342: 2108: 2100: 1744: 1610:

also play a role in the development of cancer by promoting

1599:

build up an inflammatory pro-tumorigenic microenvironment.

1361:

and radioactive material is a risk factor for cancer. Many

877: 869: 399: 94: 14498: 13140: 12592:

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine

12385:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care" 12319: 10281: 7660: 6986: 6505:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

5958: 5719: 4753:

Jayasekara H, MacInnis RJ, Room R, English DR (May 2016).

3918:, also meaning crab and recommended surgery as treatment. 3727:

Age-standardized death rate from cancer per 10,000 people.

1831:

product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from

1750:

The affected genes are divided into two broad categories.

1419:, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world. 596:

Continuous growth and division even given contrary signals

15258: 14890:"Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws" 14463: 13393: 13093:

Molecular Pathology: The Molecular Basis of Human Disease

12407: 12208:"Breast cancer. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology" 12169: 11364: 9477:

Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ, Wang HH, Longtine JA, Dvorak A,

9300:

Farhadi P, Yarani R, Dokaneheifard S, Mansouri K (2020).

8892: 7568: 7363:"Cell Phones and Cancer Risk – National Cancer Institute" 6596: 5959:

Manton K, Akushevich I, Kravchenko J (28 December 2008).

5420:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 6.7. 5216:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1. 5100:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.3. 5018:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 4.7. 4822:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1. 4157:" any more than there will be a single treatment for all 3781: 2767: 2645:

attributable to 11 Level 2 risk factors globally in 2019.

1870:, repeated physical injury, heat, ionising radiation, or 1412: 1404: 1071:(PFOA), which is predominantly used in the production of 975: 380: 142: 102: 15480:"On telling cancer patients to have a positive attitude" 14884: 14285: 11541:

Lind MJ (2008). "Principles of cytotoxic chemotherapy".

10521: 10322: 7435: 6950:(12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 878–889. 6841: 6547: 6368:"Tobacco use, cancer causation and public health impact" 5240:

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A (January 2023).

4911: 3799:

at the time of their deaths and that 80% of men develop

3489:

than 12 months of life even given aggressive treatment.

1166:

is more common in Japan due to its high-salt diet while

337:. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to 15386:

Pazdur R, Camphausen KA, Wagman LD, Hoskins WJ (2009).

15261:"Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer" 14952:"Grant System Leads Cancer Researchers to Play It Safe" 14373:

Hofmarcher T, Lindgren P, Wilking N, Jönsson B (2020).

13016: 11953: 9857: 8504: 8270: 7999:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). 7777:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). 7723:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). 7562: 7275:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.). 2981:

The likelihood of the test correctly identifying cancer

2091:

into the blood or lymph, circulation through the body,

1143:. More than half of the effect from the diet is due to 13736: 12765: 9594:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 229. 9456:"Cancer Screening Guidelines | Detecting Cancer Early" 8133: 7994: 7857:"Interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment" 6703: 6146: 5779: 5692: 5239: 4165:

were once incorrectly thought to have potential as a "

3736:

In 2008, approximately 12.7 million cancers were

3011: 1492:

Statistically for cancers causing most mortality, the

193:

Lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained

13990: 13212: 12761: 12759: 12127: 12105:

Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

12098:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 12064:

Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

12057:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 11913:"tumour radiosensitivity – General Practice Notebook" 10822: 10671: 7015: 5365: 5177:

Sciacovelli M, Schmidt C, Maher ER, Frezza C (2020).

4640: 3933:

to discover the cause of death. The German professor

3020:(USPSTF) issues recommendations for various cancers: 2189:. People with suspected cancer are investigated with 1958:

that include mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and

1754:

are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction.

1622:, suggesting possible involvement in carcinogenesis. 1306:

Parasitic infections associated with cancer include:

962:. However, transmissible infectious diseases such as 939:(both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%), lack of 913:

Share of cancer deaths attributed to tobacco in 2016.

703:

can cause bleeding that can lead to symptoms such as

148: 145: 139: 15521: 15516:

Appendix A- NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens

12859: 12534:"Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer" 12410:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

12248:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

12212:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

12176:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

11678: 9614:

Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for findings:

9401: 8319: 3765:. Over half of cases occur in the developing world. 3193:

Colon, uterine, small bowel, stomach, urinary tract

2750:, a phenomenon that could be due to the presence of 2681:

and thus are not preventable via personal behavior.

2353:), each of which develops from cells originating in 1847:

oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants.

1158:, a frequent food contaminant, causes liver cancer. 15124:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 901–905. 13903:"Avoiding the 'C' Word for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer" 13442: 13176:Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002). 13175: 12684:"Investigating Tumor Heterogeneity in Mouse Models" 11755:Rampling R, James A, Papanastassiou V (June 2004). 8646:"Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer" 7807: 6414: 5756:"Shortness of Breath | Cancer-related Side Effects" 5646:"A literature review of suicide in cancer patients" 3591:

List of cancer mortality rates in the United States

3463:Are not eligible to participate in any appropriate 2993:

Whether early detection improves treatment outcomes

2888:have been developed that prevent infection by some 2083:or both. The typical steps in metastasis are local 136: 15361:The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer 14950: 14851: 13963: 13396:"Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014" 13095:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 66. 12776:(6th ed.). Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker. p. 12756: 11761:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 11002:"Cancer Screening Overview (PDQ®)–Patient Version" 10913: 10911: 10909: 8597:"Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer" 7519: 6365: 6287: 6037: 5179:"Metabolic Drivers in Hereditary Cancer Syndromes" 3477:and therefore only indicated when people approach 2754:in meats cooked at high temperatures. In 2015 the 2431:arising from malignant epithelial cells is called 2423:as a suffix, with the Latin or Greek word for the 1465:include: certain inherited mutations in the genes 1430:and other similar sources has been described as a 15117: 14041: 13737:Grange JM, Stanford JL, Stanford CA (June 2002). 11898:Walter and Miller's Textbook of Radiation therapy 11803: 11441: 11029:Principles and practice of screening for disease. 9771:Wu S, Powers S, Zhu W, Hannun YA (January 2016). 9770: 9640: 8185:Croce CM (January 2008). "Oncogenes and cancer". 7997:"Chapter 13: Hormones and the Etiology of Cancer" 7021: 5952: 5315: 5042: 4183:Cancer research focuses on the following issues: 3454:, implying limited ability to care for themselves 691:, making it difficult or painful to swallow; and 16341: 15495:National Firefighter Registry (NFR) for Cancer, 15312: 14780: 14578: 11895: 11358: 10942: 10940: 10166:Ferguson LR (February 2010). "Meat and cancer". 10026: 9693:"Cancer prevention: 7 steps to reduce your risk" 9571:"Why Some People Keep Serious Illnesses Private" 9142: 9140: 8003:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker. 7781:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker. 7727:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker. 7485:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7279:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker. 6288:Kuper H, Boffetta P, Adami HO (September 2002). 6147:Steele CD, Pillay N, Alexandrov LB (July 2022). 4960: 4338:) appear to face consistently low cancer risks. 4224:, which uses convert viruses, is being studied. 3949:fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary 2441:and a cancer arising from fat cells is called a 1376:Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong 951:were caused by previous chemotherapy treatment. 299:to other parts of the body. These contrast with 15389:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach 14250: 12738:. World Health Organization. 2014. p. 22. 11804:Madan V, Lear JT, Szeimies RM (February 2010). 11665: 11663: 10906: 10568:"Vitamin D Has Role in Colon Cancer Prevention" 9350: 9197: 8553: 7270: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6746: 6038:Cohen S, Murphy ML, Prather AA (January 2019). 5588: 5529: 5318:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 5283:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America 5090: 5088: 3784:over a lifetime and age-related changes in the 3574:Complementary and alternative cancer treatments 2734:. Studies have linked excessive consumption of 1759:to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell. 1477:with a more than 75% risk of breast cancer and 1200:(viruses that can cause human cancer) include: 978:, can contribute to the development of cancer. 560:, meaning 'crab' and 'tumor'. Greek physicians 14853:"Advances Elusive in the Drive to Cure Cancer" 14167: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14133:Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History 13086: 11444:"Screening for breast cancer with mammography" 10407: 9821: 8134:Axelrad JE, Lichtiger S, Yajnik V (May 2016). 7718: 7605: 5935:"Share of cancer deaths attributed to tobacco" 5504:. National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007 5280: 5045:"Screening for breast cancer with mammography" 4961:Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). 4708:. National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007 1384:gas, for example, has similar cancer risks as 834:or both. The typical steps in metastasis are: 16040: 15641: 15252: 14045:Molecular therapeutics: 21st-century medicine 13967:Handbook of Psychiatry in Palliative Medicine 13298: 12597: 12531: 11648:. 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National Cancer Institute. 7 January 2019 7220: 6842:Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V (2009). 6498: 6366:Kuper H, Adami HO, Boffetta P (June 2002). 6232: 6195: 5460: 5049:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1913:, drives progression towards more invasive 1827:and alter the function or stability of its 1440:International Agency for Research on Cancer 16047: 16033: 15648: 15634: 15333: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15107: 15105: 15103: 14453:https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/cancer.cfm 14181:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 15–44. 14171: 14068: 13928:"The C word: how we react to cancer today" 13667:(1 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books. 13574: 13568: 13553:Paul of Aegina, 7th century AD, quoted in 13445:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 13351: 13349: 12908: 11489: 11487: 11023: 11021: 11019: 10662: 10410:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 9897: 9895: 9858:Heidary F, Rahimi A, Gharebaghi R (2013). 9615: 9587: 8650:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7611: 7273:"15. Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis" 7266: 7264: 7135:. National Cancer Institute. 29 April 2015 7127: 7125: 7123: 7108:. National Cancer Institute. 29 April 2015 7095: 6937: 6813:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 6699: 6697: 6695: 6342:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5854:"Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers" 5839: 5591:"Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation" 5584: 5582: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5408: 5208: 5206: 5118: 5003: 4801: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4605: 4603: 4462: 3653:which can be life-threatening. The use of 2133:). But a minority of cancer types rely on 1970:was identified in the early 21st century. 797:. Common paraneoplastic syndromes include 695:may lead to narrowing or blockages in the 67: 15427:. Springer Science & Business Media. 15354: 15284: 15227: 15007: 14925: 14915: 14905: 14840: 14687: 14561: 14551: 14390: 14311: 14125: 14123: 14121: 13984: 13875: 13762: 13705: 13629: 13607: 13605: 13522: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13411: 13109: 13052: 13042: 12976: 12934: 12885: 12831: 12821: 12800: 12770:. In Frei E, Kufe DW, Holland JF (eds.). 12766:Rheingold S, Neugut A, Meadows A (2003). 12709: 12699: 12617: 12493: 12468: 12453:"Immunotherapy: past, present and future" 12303: 12259: 12223: 12187: 12153: 12036: 11829: 11780: 11723: 11617: 11534: 11467: 11386: 10964: 10947:Lertkhachonsuk AA, Yip CH, Khuhaprema T, 10889: 10840: 10799: 10789: 10732: 10645: 10595:Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 10535: 10464: 10384: 10299: 10142: 10093: 10052: 10003: 9919: 9875: 9804: 9739: 9668: 9658: 9545: 9431: 9421: 9378: 9319: 9276: 9225: 9215: 9174: 9120: 9020: 8971: 8961: 8920: 8910: 8869: 8828: 8779: 8730: 8720: 8671: 8661: 8620: 8571: 8530: 8480: 8431: 8362: 8296: 8161: 8151: 8110: 8061: 7969: 7905: 7882: 7872: 7831: 7686: 7637: 7545: 7496: 7404: 7333: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7074: 6963: 6914: 6896: 6873: 6778: 6721: 6625: 6573: 6524: 6475: 6449: 6383: 6305: 6256: 6172: 6116: 6063: 6028: 6011: 5965:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5822: 5661: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5606: 5554: 5383: 5257: 5194: 5153: 5068: 4986: 4929: 4900: 4770: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4674: 4611:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Cancer Sites" 4576: 4574: 4572: 4533: 4486: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4411: 4409: 4407: 3073:Routine screening is not recommended for 3039:Recommend that Americans be screened for 1483:hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 1075:, is known to cause two kinds of cancer. 513:are most common, except in Africa, where 16054: 15514:NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards, 14447: 14445: 14363: 14292:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 13970:. Oxford University Press. p. 196. 13821: 13743:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 13384: 13305:. Oxford University Press. p. 977. 13077: 13007: 12450: 11705: 11388:10.7326/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00375 10674:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 10634:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 10524:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 10165: 10116: 9499:(6 ed.). Hamilton (ON): BC Decker. 9458:. American Cancer Society. 14 March 2022 7768: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7429: 7377: 6668:. Scientific American. 28 December 2020. 6361: 6359: 6198:Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 5856:. National Cancer Institute. 12 May 2015 5699:. New York: Demos Medical. p. 983. 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 4142: 3839: 3598: 3559:Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy 2987:Possible harms from follow-up procedures 2636: 2624: 2463:(which are not cancers) are named using 2271: 2168: 2137:as the primary energy source, including 1980:(hypermethylation and hypomethylation), 1942: 1730: 1052:can come from inhaling tobacco smoke or 995: 908: 896: 639: 528: 489:. In females, the most common types are 15441: 15121:Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice 15100: 13785: 13355: 13346: 13299:David S, Fraumeni JF (24 August 2006). 13143:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 13115: 12701:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033413 12603: 12280:"Bending the cost curve in cancer care" 12003: 12001: 11919:from the original on 24 September 2015. 11484: 11442:Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013). 11016: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10301:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00010 9892: 9715: 9568: 8227: 7703: 7478: 7261: 7120: 6980: 6692: 5579: 5516: 5309: 5235: 5233: 5203: 5196:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033612 5043:Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013). 5036: 4629: 4600: 4098:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 3568: 3368:, and needless in others, such as most 2996:Whether cancer will ever need treatment 2990:Whether suitable treatment is available 2742:to an increased risk of breast cancer, 2095:into the new tissue, proliferation and 2016:instability characteristic of cancers. 373:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 27:Group of diseases involving cell growth 14: 16342: 15420: 15118:Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH (2010). 15077: 15075: 15060:"Don't sacrifice cancer care to COVID" 14981: 14948: 14849: 14815: 14669: 14636: 14118: 14023:from the original on 27 September 2010 13959: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13602: 13487: 13091:. 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Importantly, vaccination against 15072: 14888:, Kirschner MW, Tilghman S (2014). 14672:"Cutting off cancer's supply lines" 14375:"The cost of cancer in Europe 2018" 13950: 13575:Majno G, Joris I (12 August 2004). 12909:Radha G, Lopus M (September 2021). 12848: 12810:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 12606:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 12284:The New England Journal of Medicine 11416:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11339:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11307:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11275:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11243:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11211:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11179:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11147:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11115:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11083:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 11051:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 10628:Schwartz GG, Blot WJ (April 2006). 9977: 8187:The New England Journal of Medicine 7393:Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 7341:"Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer" 7227:The New England Journal of Medicine 6938:Moore PS, Chang Y (December 2010). 6710:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 6245:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 6133: 6056:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857 6000:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 5124: 4918:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 3018:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 3012:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 1996:. These changes may remain through 805:, constipation and dehydration, or 24: 15305: 13964:Chochinov HM, Breitbart W (2009). 13302:Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 13178:"The Preventable Causes of Cancer" 13130:from the original on 24 June 2017. 11896:Bomford CK, Kunkler IH, Walter J. 8858:American Journal of Human Genetics 7721:"Chapter 16: Physical Carcinogens" 7630:10.1097/01.SLA.0000059969.64262.87 7036:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007 4858:from the original on 2 August 2013 4078: 3960:The physician John Hill described 3423: 3132: 3006: 2904:) decrease the risk of developing 2276:A large proportion of cancers are 2228:and to choose the best treatment. 1917:. Clonal evolution leads to intra- 1709: 1515: 1219:B-cell lymphoproliferative disease 606:Limitless number of cell divisions 25: 16381: 15464: 15175:from the original on 23 July 2014 14075:Researching and Applying Metaphor 14048:. London: J. Wiley. p. 207. 13559:. CancerDecisions. Archived from 13332:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 468. 12373:from the original on 14 May 2008. 12278:Smith TJ, Hillner BE (May 2011). 12276:for other general statements see 11942:from the original on 9 July 2017. 11334:"Screening for Pancreatic Cancer" 11270:"Screening for Testicular Cancer" 11078:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer" 10511:from the original on 25 May 2012. 8601:Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 8511:Current Colorectal Cancer Reports 8140:World Journal of Gastroenterology 7329:from the original on 1 June 2011. 6599:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 6450:Thun MJ, Jemal A (October 2006). 5693:O'Dell M, Stubblefield M (2009). 4888:from the original on 14 July 2014 3807:rather than useful medical care. 3129:due to the high incidence there. 2257: 2254:partially or to selected people. 1797:and results in production of the 670: 287:is a group of diseases involving 15187: 15138: 15052: 15032: 14975: 14963:from the original on 8 June 2011 14942: 14878: 14809: 14774: 14739: 14704: 14663: 14651:from the original on 16 May 2008 14630: 14604: 14527: 14492: 14457: 14407: 14328: 14279: 14244: 14218: 14195: 14091: 14042:McCulley M, Greenwell P (2007). 14035: 14009: 13920: 13895: 13869: 13815: 13779: 13730: 13681: 13654: 13547: 13436: 13319: 13292: 13249: 13206: 13169: 13155:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.012 13134: 12951: 12902: 12794: 12726: 12682:Tammela T, Sage J (March 2020). 12675: 12650: 12575: 12513: 12444: 12401: 12377: 12359: 12085: 12010: 11947: 11923: 11904: 11889: 11846: 11797: 11748: 11699: 11672: 11634: 11585: 11561: 11435: 11326: 11294: 11262: 11230: 11166: 11134: 11102: 11070: 11038: 10866:"Selenium for preventing cancer" 10857: 10700: 10586: 10560: 10266: 10020: 9864:Iranian Journal of Public Health 9851: 9764: 9685: 9608: 9581: 9562: 9513: 9448: 9351:Pavlova NN, Thompson CB (2016). 9256:Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 9198:Seyfried TN, Shelton LM (2010). 9080: 9037: 8988: 8937: 8886: 8845: 8796: 8747: 8688: 8637: 8588: 8547: 8448: 8424:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x 8406:Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). 8399: 8356: 7861:Cell Communication and Signaling 7271:Cleaver JE, Mitchell DL (2000). 7190:"Chapter 14: Ionizing Radiation" 6844:"Epidemiology of Stomach Cancer" 6385:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00993.x 6307:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01022.x 6251:(3): 167–76, discussion 164–66. 6210:10.1097/00043426-200306000-00002 5909:"Why is cancer so hard to cure?" 4734:from the original on 4 July 2015 4427:from the original on 8 June 2014 4302: 3695: 3684:List of countries by cancer rate 3542: 3492: 3055:starting at age 50 until age 75. 2598: 2583: 2563: 2543: 2523: 2507: 2411:Cancers are usually named using 1819:region of a gene and affect its 1681:There is an association between 1235:and primary effusion lymphomas), 1034:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 927:refers to any cause that is not 788:nonpharmacological interventions 341:, and environmental pollutants. 303:, which do not spread. Possible 132: 13087:Coleman WB, Rubinas TC (2009). 12688:Annual Review of Cancer Biology 11956:Physics in Medicine and Biology 11206:"Screening for Prostate Cancer" 11046:"Screening for Cervical Cancer" 11035:. Public Health Papers, No. 34. 10076:Larsson SC, Wolk A (May 2007). 9591:A cancer source book for nurses 9200:"Cancer as a metabolic disease" 8473:10.1128/MCB.23.7.2225-2238.2003 8264: 8127: 8042:International Journal of Cancer 8029: 7934: 7899: 7848: 7719:Maltoni CF, Holland JF (2000). 7654: 7571:International Journal of Cancer 7355: 7305: 7147: 7001:10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.009 6931: 6672: 6654: 6499:Dubey S, Powell CA (May 2008). 6330: 5987: 5927: 5901: 5798: 5773: 5748: 5713: 5686: 5637: 5438: 5274: 5183:Annual Review of Cancer Biology 5170: 4954: 4870: 4787: 3671: 3457:Received no benefit from prior 3345:as well as other cancer types. 3248: 2671:sexually transmitted infections 2061: 1843:, leading to the expression of 1833:integration of genomic material 1698:, due to chronic inflammation. 935:(30–35%), infections (15–20%), 14818:"Rethinking the War on Cancer" 14816:Begley S (16 September 2008). 14637:Wanjek C (16 September 2006). 14501:Journal of Cancer Survivorship 14136:. JHU Press. pp. 145–70. 14077:. Cambridge University Press. 13116:Johnson G (28 December 2010). 12878:10.1002/14651858.CD006652.pub5 11944:Last Checked: 23 December 2015 11712:American Journal of Hematology 11610:10.1002/14651858.CD008792.pub2 11460:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 11302:"Screening for Ovarian Cancer" 11238:"Screening for Bladder Cancer" 11027:Wilson JMG, Jungner G. (1968) 10882:10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4 10725:10.1002/14651858.cd007470.pub3 9538:10.1002/14651858.cd007064.pub2 8461:Molecular and Cellular Biology 5879:"What is Metastasized Cancer?" 5061:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 4746: 4720: 4341:In non-humans, a few types of 4260:(magnetic resonance imaging), 4198:The improved understanding of 4173:Experimental cancer treatments 3761:and the second leading in the 3561:(LITT), or interstitial laser 3432:palliative care is to improve 3375: 2880: 2834:familial adenomatous polyposis 2686:disability-adjusted life years 2450:ductal carcinoma of the breast 2288:Cancers are classified by the 2268:List of oncology-related terms 2037:DNA repair-deficiency disorder 1932: 1903:, where the driving forces of 1426:radiation from mobile phones, 520:more people live to an old age 361:human papillomavirus infection 13: 1: 15963:Clonally transmissible cancer 15445:The basic science of oncology 15392:. Cmp United Business Media. 15340:. Pearson Benjamin Cummings. 14428:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70442-X 14265:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01569-4 14019:. World Health Organization. 13840:10.5703/philrothstud.11.1.105 13329:Urological Surgical Pathology 13326:Bostwick DG, Eble JN (2007). 13182:Molecular biology of the cell 13035:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 12532:Cassileth BR, Deng G (2004). 11822:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X 11411:"Screening for Breast Cancer" 10975:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70350-4 10686:10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70212-2 10338:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62110-1 10180:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.032 9741:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2 9660:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6 9618:"Lung – Small cell carcinoma" 9569:Pearson C (10 January 2024). 9066:10.1126/science.278.5340.1043 7679:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70154-1 7498:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0984 7450:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4 6897:Buell P, Dunn JE (May 1965). 6809:"Aetiology of cancer in Asia" 6771:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8 6429:10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998 5734:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7 5556:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 5146:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 4613:. National Cancer Institute. 4417:"Cancer – Signs and symptoms" 4397: 3976:, was a common disease among 3901: 3867: 3862:and describes breast cancer. 3852: 3507:, stimulating or helping the 3503:A variety of therapies using 3206: 3036:at least until the age of 65. 2966:involves screening everyone. 2807: 2614: 2554:(the whitish tumor) near the 2114: 1823:, or may occur in the gene's 1253:Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 850:Circulation through the body. 812: 335:excessive alcohol consumption 16260:Obstetric labor complication 15448:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 15337:Principles of cancer biology 15316:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 15196:"Cancer risk across mammals" 14725:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.01.004 14713:Trends in Molecular Medicine 14202:Huff C (24 September 2013). 13822:Pozorski A (20 March 2015). 12927:10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101166 12773:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 12594:. Retrieved 3 February 2008. 12553:10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80 12501:"Lasers in Cancer Treatment" 12323:Journal of Clinical Oncology 12172:"Non-small cell lung cancer" 12134:Journal of Clinical Oncology 11900:(6th ed.). p. 311. 11568:Frei III E, Eder JP (2003). 10791:10.1371/journal.pone.0021107 10373:Health Technology Assessment 10240:Hauser C (26 October 2015). 10095:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044 9496:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8963:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110 8912:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155 8001:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 7955:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.060 7779:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 7725:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 7612:Singletary SE (April 2003). 7277:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 6856:10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23 6611:10.1016/j.biopha.2007.10.006 6501:"Update in lung cancer 2007" 6372:Journal of Internal Medicine 6294:Journal of Internal Medicine 5663:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31822fc76c 4246: 4091: 4038:alternative cancer treatment 3580: 3303:chronic myelogenous leukemia 3245:may or may not be curative. 3163:Breast, ovarian, pancreatic 3142: 2915: 2894:Human papillomavirus vaccine 2782:was linked to some cancers. 2164: 1795:chronic myelogenous leukemia 1766:can occur through errors in 1580:and kairo heaters (charcoal 1346: 1229:Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus 1173: 1097:immunosuppressive medication 981: 766:Shortness of breath, called 636:Signs and symptoms of cancer 556: 507:acute lymphoblastic leukemia 381:Human immunodeficiency virus 369:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 7: 14226:"Economic Impact of Cancer" 13581:. Oxford University Press. 11976:10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/r183 11930:Tidy C (23 December 2015). 11706:Freedman A (October 2012). 11642:"Targeted Cancer Therapies" 11555:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.003 11371:Annals of Internal Medicine 11142:"Screening for Oral Cancer" 11110:"Screening for Skin Cancer" 10919:"Cancer Vaccine Fact Sheet" 10288:Annals of Internal Medicine 8821:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf037 8103:10.1097/MD.0000000000001612 6044:Annual Review of Psychology 5982:aspects of our environment. 5474:. American Cancer Society. 4659:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987 4582:"Targeted Cancer Therapies" 4360: 4355:devil facial tumour disease 4132: 3516:Monoclonal antibody therapy 3106:clinical breast examination 3028:screening in women who are 2846:5-alpha-reductase inhibitor 2778:) and, to a lesser degree, 2483:suffix, examples including 2323:. Most of these are of the 1774:, which are changes in the 1720: 1663:hormone replacement therapy 1616:Insulin-like growth factors 1602: 1445: 1428:electric power transmission 1357:Radiation exposure such as 1180:Infectious causes of cancer 1078:Chemotherapy drugs such as 905:for carcinogenic substances 687:can cause narrowing of the 619:of tissue and formation of 10: 16386: 16255:Complications of pregnancy 15994:Index of oncology articles 15277:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.051 15220:10.1038/s41586-021-04224-5 14850:Kolata G (23 April 2009). 14392:10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.011 14379:European Journal of Cancer 14349:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.022 14337:European Journal of Cancer 13876:Wollaston S (4 May 2015). 13755:10.1177/014107680209500609 13688:Hajdu SI (February 2012). 13370:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.02.003 12451:Waldmann TA (March 2003). 11806:"Non-melanoma skin cancer" 10607:10.2174/187152013804487308 9371:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.006 9269:10.1007/s00262-019-02432-7 9204:Nutrition & Metabolism 9089:"Cancer genome landscapes" 7920:10.2174/156652410791316968 7908:Current Molecular Medicine 7538:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.01.038 7526:European Journal of Cancer 7479:Kampman E (January 2007). 6989:Seminars in Cancer Biology 6716:(5): 254–81, quiz 313–14. 5608:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 5368:"Global cancer statistics" 4878:"How is cancer diagnosed?" 4136: 3939:Francois de la Boe Sylvius 3833: 3829: 3681: 3675: 3651:blood clots in their veins 3584: 3549:Lasers in cancer treatment 3546: 3525:(therapy that targets the 3496: 3444:professional organizations 3410: 3301:, which are used to treat 3210: 3136: 2919: 2718: 2714: 2618: 2261: 2118: 2065: 2026:homologous recombinational 1966:abnormalities. A role for 1936: 1724: 1713: 1656:androstanediol glucuronide 1449: 1380:. Residential exposure to 1350: 1177: 1114: 1086:that increase the risk of 985: 954:Cancer is generally not a 890: 816: 633: 315:of cancers affect humans. 278:10 million annually (2019) 270:24 million annually (2019) 29: 16355:Aging-associated diseases 16319: 16301:Connective tissue disease 16286: 16273: 16250: 16222: 16204: 16191: 16173: 16150: 16137: 16124: 16096: 16078: 16060: 15981: 15934: 15892: 15867: 15831: 15753: 15712: 15679: 15672: 15599: 15525: 14949:Kolata G (27 June 2009). 14590:National Cancer Institute 14553:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828656 14513:10.1007/s11764-016-0532-9 14069:Low G, Cameron L (1999). 13993:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set 13227:10.1007/s10522-008-9209-8 12628:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110 11512:10.1007/s11912-008-0008-9 11033:World Health Organization 10499:(108): 182. August 2010. 10457:10.1002/14651858.CD007091 10201:Staff (26 October 2015). 10135:10.1080/01635580802710741 9984:British Journal of Cancer 9833:World Health Organization 8523:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z 7320:World Health Organization 6723:10.3322/canjclin.56.5.254 6685:National Cancer Institute 6517:10.1164/rccm.200801-107UP 6258:10.3322/canjclin.48.3.167 5539:"The hallmarks of cancer" 5330:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004 5295:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003 5242:"Cancer statistics, 2023" 4967:British Journal of Cancer 4728:"Obesity and Cancer Risk" 4555:10.1007/s11095-008-9690-4 4526:10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9 4472:World Health Organization 3970:chimney sweeps' carcinoma 3742:non-melanoma skin cancers 3618:Survival is worse in the 3459:evidence-based treatments 3370:non-melanoma skin cancers 2832:formation in people with 2828:may decrease the rate of 2193:. These commonly include 2135:oxidative phosphorylation 1778:sequence of genomic DNA. 1436:World Health Organization 1363:non-melanoma skin cancers 886: 759:, can cause a persistent 721:abnormal vaginal bleeding 612:blood vessel construction 582:All tumor cells show the 550:Etymology and definitions 331:lack of physical activity 274: 266: 252: 234: 224:lack of physical activity 204: 187: 175: 124: 75: 66: 49: 44: 16291:Musculoskeletal disorder 16214:Gastrointestinal disease 15503:Stop carcinogens at work 15491:WHO fact sheet on cancer 15364:. Simon & Schuster. 14670:Hayden EC (April 2009). 13358:Cancer Treatment Reviews 12735:World Cancer Report 2014 12335:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.1744 12146:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.2774 11773:10.1136/jnnp.2004.040535 11571:Combination Chemotherapy 11500:Current Oncology Reports 10842:10.1001/jama.297.21.2351 10117:Zheng W, Lee SA (2009). 9321:10.1177/1010428320965284 9314:(10): 1010428320965284. 9013:10.1177/1947601911413466 8153:10.3748/wjg.v22.i20.4794 7387:Roukos DH (April 2009). 7365:. Cancer.gov. 8 May 2013 6338:"Cancer and Tobacco Use" 6153:The Journal of Pathology 5811:Endocrine-Related Cancer 5214:World Cancer Report 2014 5097:World Cancer Report 2014 5015:World Cancer Report 2014 4819:World Cancer Report 2014 4006:Macmillan Cancer Support 3780:, errors accumulated in 3116: 2609:, with typical findings. 2375:and blood, respectively. 1743:into a cancer cell, the 1353:Radiation-induced cancer 1259:Merkel cell polyomavirus 1247:hepatocellular carcinoma 1223:nasopharyngeal carcinoma 847:into the blood or lymph. 795:paraneoplastic syndromes 377:Merkel cell polyomavirus 89: ←, ✱ central 16370:Latin words and phrases 15916:Prostate cancer staging 15880:Paraneoplastic syndrome 14917:10.1073/pnas.1404402111 14783:Pharmaceutical Medicine 14748:Pharmaceutical Medicine 14540:Frontiers in Psychology 14230:American Cancer Society 13791:"Welcome to Cancerland" 13664:A history of the breast 13505:Hajdu SI (March 2011). 13465:10.1196/annals.1371.048 12823:10.1186/1477-7525-7-102 12587:8 December 2005 at the 12422:10.6004/jnccn.2006.0068 12261:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0056 12225:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0012 12204:for breast cancer, see 12189:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0056 11174:"Lung Cancer Screening" 10493:Prescrire International 9978:Key TJ (January 2011). 9945:Frontiers in Bioscience 9616:Underwood CI, Glass C. 9423:10.3389/fonc.2020.01010 9113:10.1126/science.1235122 8995:Malkin D (April 2011). 8852:German J (March 1969). 8277:Genes & Development 4882:American Cancer Society 4852:American Cancer Society 4514:Pharmaceutical Research 4280:, increase the risk of 4163:Angiogenesis inhibitors 4016:Western conceptions of 3988:between 1871 and 1874. 3266:chemotherapeutic agents 3102:breast self-examination 2786:Dietary recommendations 2631:Socio-demographic Index 2591:Squamous cell carcinoma 2552:squamous-cell carcinoma 2381:: Cancers derived from 2337:: Cancers arising from 2299:: Cancers derived from 1929:of immune destruction. 1901:survival of the fittest 1791:Philadelphia chromosome 1312:Schistosoma haematobium 778:, bilevel ventilation, 584:six hallmarks of cancer 460:five-year survival rate 32:Cancer (disambiguation) 16232:Female genital disease 16209:Maxillofacial disorder 16178:Cardiovascular disease 15954:Tumor suppressor genes 15921:Gleason grading system 15875:Precancerous condition 15424:Encyclopedia of Cancer 15334:Kleinsmith LJ (2006). 15145:Thamm D (March 2009). 13612:Hajdu SI (June 2011). 13258:Nature Reviews. Cancer 12915:Translational Oncology 12240:for colon cancer, see 11419:. 2009. Archived from 11342:. 2004. Archived from 11310:. 2004. Archived from 11278:. 2004. Archived from 11246:. 2004. Archived from 11214:. 2008. Archived from 11182:. 2004. Archived from 11150:. 2004. Archived from 11118:. 2009. Archived from 11086:. 2008. Archived from 11054:. 2003. Archived from 9996:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032 9921:10.4414/smw.2011.13250 8997:"Li-fraumeni syndrome" 8722:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122 8365:Nature Reviews. Cancer 8322:Nature Reviews. Cancer 8230:Nature Reviews. Cancer 7874:10.1186/1478-811X-9-18 7024:Clinics in Dermatology 6944:Nature Reviews. Cancer 6666:scientificamerican.com 6468:10.1136/tc.2006.017749 4759:Alcohol and Alcoholism 4382:Epidemiology of cancer 4330:die of cancer), while 4150: 4022:shared decision-making 3848: 3810:The three most common 3678:Epidemiology of cancer 3604: 3537:Adoptive cell transfer 3364:, ineffective in some 2646: 2634: 2496:spindle cell carcinoma 2453:. Here, the adjective 2331:-like differentiation. 2285: 2178: 2157:(DNA, RNA) synthesis. 1968:epigenetic alterations 1948: 1756:Tumor suppressor genes 1736: 1629:, prostate, ovary and 1593:tumor microenvironment 1399:Prolonged exposure to 1329:Opisthorchis viverrini 1196:may also play a role. 1069:perfluorooctanoic acid 1001: 914: 906: 743:Some cancers, such as 679:resulting in cough or 649: 546: 291:with the potential to 16155:Neurological disorder 15973:Carcinogenic bacteria 15713:Malignant progression 13044:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 12296:10.1056/NEJMsb1013826 12126:for lung cancer, see 9699:. 27 September 2008. 9588:Varricchio C (2004). 9409:Frontiers in Oncology 9217:10.1186/1743-7075-7-7 8772:10.1093/carcin/bgl079 8663:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43 8573:10.1093/mutage/gem009 7833:10.1093/carcin/bgp127 4848:"Heredity and Cancer" 4772:10.1093/alcalc/agv110 4146: 4066:breast cancer culture 3843: 3666:spontaneous remission 3602: 3587:Cancer survival rates 3529:or regulators of the 2802:refined carbohydrates 2758:reported that eating 2640: 2628: 2275: 2262:Further information: 2172: 1946: 1783:Genomic amplification 1734: 1502:first-degree relative 1401:ultraviolet radiation 1359:ultraviolet radiation 1263:Merkel cell carcinoma 999: 986:Further information: 972:Human Papilloma Virus 956:transmissible disease 912: 900: 719:(bladder cancer), or 643: 601:programmed cell death 540: 16365:Causes of amputation 16296:Soft tissue disorder 16242:Male genital disease 16055:Major Disease groups 15926:Dukes classification 15475:Publications.iarc.fr 15154:Veterinaria Italiana 14828:on 10 September 2008 13995:. St. Louis: Mosby. 12959:"Cancer death rates" 11767:(Suppl 2): ii24–30. 10953:The Lancet. Oncology 10123:Nutrition and Cancer 9908:Swiss Medical Weekly 8199:10.1056/NEJMra072367 7667:The Lancet. Oncology 7239:10.1056/NEJMra072149 6831:on 4 September 2011. 6688:. 24 September 2020. 5722:The Lancet. Oncology 5140:(10053): 1545–1602. 4979:10.1038/bjc.2011.489 4343:transmissible cancer 4234:On 2 December 2023, 3907:– 50 AD) translated 3569:Alternative medicine 3499:Cancer immunotherapy 3401:head and neck cancer 3383:involves the use of 3270:standardized regimen 3024:Strongly recommends 2936:physical examination 2675:background radiation 2607:small-cell carcinoma 2532:colorectal carcinoma 2500:small-cell carcinoma 2264:List of cancer types 2236:immunohistochemistry 1982:histone modification 1919:tumour heterogeneity 1205:Human papillomavirus 856:into the new tissue. 803:altered mental state 515:non-Hodgkin lymphoma 393:human papillomavirus 289:abnormal cell growth 230:, certain infections 80:showing a malignant 16324:Congenital disorder 16265:Postpartum disorder 16196:Respiratory disease 16129:Hematologic disease 15745:Sentinel lymph node 15509:Occupational Cancer 15212:2022Natur.601..263V 15065:New York Daily News 15048:. 12 February 2021. 15000:2016Natur.538..446P 14907:2014PNAS..111.5773A 14612:"Cancer Fact Sheet" 14592:. 17 September 2007 14304:10.1093/jnci/djq495 13828:Philip Roth Studies 13811:on 8 November 2013. 13457:2006NYASA1076...29W 11968:2014PMB....59R.183H 11346:on 21 November 2010 11218:on 31 December 2010 11058:on 23 December 2010 10782:2011PLoSO...621107F 10647:10.1093/jnci/djj127 10546:10.1093/jnci/djj101 9797:10.1038/nature16166 9789:2016Natur.529...43W 9167:10.3892/ol.2012.928 9105:2013Sci...339.1546V 9058:1997Sci...278.1043F 8713:1997PNAS...94.3122N 8613:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053 8289:10.1101/gad.1204904 7155:"Cancer prevention" 6848:Cancer Epidemiology 5824:10.1530/ERC-17-0036 4973:(Suppl 2): S77–81. 4884:. 29 January 2013. 4474:. 12 September 2018 4387:Occupational cancer 4336:even-toed ungulates 4308:Veterinary oncology 4227:In the wake of the 4159:infectious diseases 4123:study heterogeneity 4056:Illness as Metaphor 3992:Society and culture 3860:Edwin Smith Papyrus 3624:developed countries 3389:mitotic catastrophe 3285:combination therapy 3213:Treatment of cancer 2968:Selective screening 2959:Universal screening 2910:hepatitis B vaccine 2816:reduce the risk of 2709:systematic analysis 2663:physical inactivity 2022:DNA mismatch repair 1677:Autoimmune diseases 1669:may be promoted by 1432:possible carcinogen 1335:Clonorchis sinensis 1275:Helicobacter pylori 1255:(T-cell leukemias). 1186:infectious diseases 1123:physical inactivity 786:and multicomponent 644:Symptoms of cancer 348:Helicobacter pylori 16111:Metabolic disorder 15793:Respiratory system 15600:External resources 15442:Tannock I (2005). 15068:. 13 January 2021. 14957:The New York Times 14859:The New York Times 14795:10.1007/BF03256837 14760:10.1007/BF03256811 14478:10.1002/cncr.24577 13938:on 22 October 2020 13707:10.1002/cncr.26320 13631:10.1002/cncr.25825 13524:10.1002/cncr.25553 13413:10.3322/caac.21219 13123:The New York Times 13029:(9859): 2095–128. 12470:10.1038/nm0303-269 11314:on 23 October 2010 11186:on 4 November 2010 11154:on 24 October 2010 11090:on 7 February 2015 10574:on 4 December 2006 10422:10.2146/ajhp070663 10247:The New York Times 9653:(10352): 563–591. 9622:Pathology Outlines 9575:The New York Times 9493:, Kufe DW (eds.). 9001:Genes & Cancer 7188:Little JB (2000). 6642:on 12 October 2007 6013:10.3322/caac.21440 5450:www.etymonline.com 5385:10.3322/caac.20107 5259:10.3322/caac.21763 4931:10.3322/caac.20140 4264:, ultrasounds and 4151: 4086:financial toxicity 4073:just-world fallacy 3986:Campbell De Morgan 3972:, a cancer of the 3849: 3774:Robert A. Weinberg 3605: 3527:immune checkpoints 3523:Checkpoint therapy 3486:medical guidelines 3484:Multiple national 3452:performance status 3385:ionizing radiation 3354:osteogenic sarcoma 3299:Bcr-Abl inhibitors 3066:, lung cancer, or 3045:fecal occult blood 2977:ionizing radiation 2647: 2635: 2605:Histopathology of 2558:in a lung specimen 2534:(top center) in a 2357:cells outside the 2286: 2222:histological grade 2179: 2147:endometrial cancer 1949: 1939:Cancer epigenetics 1770:. More common are 1737: 1696:ulcerative colitis 1612:cell proliferation 1558:crystalline silica 1458:Hereditary cancers 1340:cholangiocarcinoma 1215:Epstein–Barr virus 1002: 992:Smoking and cancer 988:Alcohol and cancer 968:Epstein-Barr virus 919:inherited genetics 915: 907: 801:, which can cause 717:blood in the urine 650: 630:Signs and symptoms 547: 365:Epstein–Barr virus 339:ionizing radiation 305:signs and symptoms 260:five-year survival 16337: 16336: 16183:Lymphatic disease 16101:Endocrine disease 16070:Parasitic disease 16022: 16021: 16009:Cancer and nausea 15888: 15887: 15725:Carcinoma in situ 15623: 15622: 15471:IARC Publications 15455:978-0-07-138774-3 15434:978-3-540-36847-2 15421:Schwab M (2008). 15399:978-1-891483-62-2 15371:978-1-4391-0795-9 15347:978-0-8053-4003-7 15326:978-1-118-93469-2 15206:(7892): 263–267. 15131:978-0-7637-6357-2 14982:Powell K (2016). 14618:on 13 August 2009 14586:"What Is Cancer?" 14472:(22): 5237–5242. 14188:978-0-8050-8749-9 14143:978-0-8018-8064-3 14130:Olson JS (2005). 14111:978-0-19-974993-5 14098:Sulik GA (2010). 14084:978-0-521-64964-3 14055:978-0-470-01916-0 14002:978-1-4160-2999-1 13977:978-0-19-530107-6 13796:Harper's Magazine 13789:(November 2001). 13674:978-0-679-43459-7 13588:978-0-19-974892-1 13557:"Galen on Cancer" 13339:978-0-323-01970-5 13312:978-0-19-974797-9 13191:978-0-8153-4072-0 13102:978-0-12-374419-7 12963:Our World in Data 12804:(December 2009). 12787:978-1-55009-213-4 12745:978-92-832-0429-9 12662:Our World in Data 12367:"NCCN Guidelines" 11725:10.1002/ajh.23313 11423:on 2 January 2013 11250:on 23 August 2010 11122:on 8 January 2011 10835:(21): 2351–2359. 10045:10.1136/bmj.g4490 9904:"Diet and cancer" 9734:(9499): 1784–93. 9601:978-0-7637-3276-9 9506:978-1-55009-213-4 9249:Weiss JM (2020). 9099:(6127): 1546–58. 9052:(5340): 1043–50. 8412:Clinical Genetics 8054:10.1002/ijc.24202 8010:978-1-55009-113-7 7788:978-1-55009-113-7 7773:Gaeta JF (2000). 7734:978-1-55009-113-7 7618:Annals of Surgery 7583:10.1002/ijc.11466 7444:(9719): 1030–47. 7406:10.1586/era.09.12 7286:978-1-55009-113-7 7203:978-1-55009-113-7 6865:978-1-60327-491-3 6566:10.1136/bmj.d1584 6423:(Suppl 2): S3–9. 6165:10.1002/path.5912 5972:978-0-387-78193-8 5939:Our World in Data 5706:978-1-933864-33-4 5498:"What is cancer?" 5468:"Cancer Glossary" 5427:978-92-832-0429-9 5417:World Report 2014 5223:978-92-832-0429-9 5107:978-92-832-0429-9 5025:978-92-832-0429-9 4829:978-92-832-0429-9 4706:"Defining Cancer" 4347:Sticker's sarcoma 4293:Caesarean section 4200:molecular biology 4109:Effect on divorce 4062:positive thinking 3836:History of cancer 3812:childhood cancers 3747:colorectal cancer 3724: 3717: 3716: 3441:medical specialty 3381:Radiation therapy 3358:testicular cancer 3350:pancreatic cancer 3331:pancreatic cancer 3311:colorectal cancer 3309:, breast cancer, 3295:estrogen receptor 3274:alkylating agents 3227:radiation therapy 3197: 3196: 3127:photofluorography 3087:pancreatic cancer 3079:testicular cancer 3041:colorectal cancer 2818:colorectal cancer 2748:pancreatic cancer 2704:, according to a 2679:genetic disorders 2621:Cancer prevention 2570:A large invasive 2339:connective tissue 2159:Cancer stem cells 1852:probabilistically 1498:colorectal cancer 1487:colorectal cancer 1300:colorectal cancer 1280:gastric carcinoma 1111:Diet and exercise 1088:secondary cancers 1060:from exposure to 949:secondary cancers 941:physical activity 876:, brain, and the 772:allergic response 745:Hodgkin's disease 731:Systemic symptoms 705:coughing up blood 693:colorectal cancer 685:esophageal cancer 538: 483:colorectal cancer 456:extent of disease 440:radiation therapy 436:colorectal cancer 407:and confirmed by 282: 281: 239:Radiation therapy 113:, 7 & 8 93:, 1 & 3 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 16377: 16227:Urologic disease 16049: 16042: 16035: 16026: 16025: 15823:Endocrine system 15788:Digestive system 15677: 15676: 15650: 15643: 15636: 15627: 15626: 15523: 15522: 15459: 15438: 15417: 15412:. Archived from 15382: 15380: 15378: 15351: 15330: 15299: 15298: 15288: 15256: 15250: 15249: 15231: 15191: 15185: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15174: 15151: 15142: 15136: 15135: 15115: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15093: 15079: 15070: 15069: 15056: 15050: 15049: 15036: 15030: 15029: 15011: 14994:(7626): 446–49. 14979: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14954: 14946: 14940: 14939: 14929: 14919: 14909: 14882: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14871: 14855: 14847: 14838: 14837: 14835: 14833: 14824:. Archived from 14813: 14807: 14806: 14778: 14772: 14771: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14708: 14702: 14701: 14691: 14682:(7239): 686–87. 14667: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14656: 14634: 14628: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14608: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14582: 14576: 14575: 14565: 14555: 14531: 14525: 14524: 14496: 14490: 14489: 14461: 14455: 14449: 14440: 14439: 14411: 14405: 14404: 14394: 14370: 14361: 14360: 14332: 14326: 14325: 14315: 14283: 14277: 14276: 14248: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14237: 14232:. 3 January 2018 14222: 14216: 14215: 14199: 14193: 14192: 14169: 14156: 14155: 14127: 14116: 14115: 14095: 14089: 14088: 14066: 14060: 14059: 14039: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14013: 14007: 14006: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13961: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13934:. Archived from 13924: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13913: 13899: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13888: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13819: 13813: 13812: 13807:. Archived from 13783: 13777: 13776: 13766: 13734: 13728: 13727: 13709: 13685: 13679: 13678: 13661:Yalom M (1998). 13658: 13652: 13651: 13633: 13609: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13595: 13572: 13566: 13564: 13563:on 16 July 2011. 13555:Moss RW (2004). 13551: 13545: 13544: 13526: 13502: 13485: 13484: 13440: 13434: 13433: 13415: 13391: 13382: 13381: 13353: 13344: 13343: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13253: 13247: 13246: 13210: 13204: 13203: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13138: 13132: 13131: 13113: 13107: 13106: 13084: 13075: 13074: 13056: 13046: 13014: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12991: 12983: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12938: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12889: 12857: 12846: 12845: 12835: 12825: 12798: 12792: 12791: 12763: 12754: 12753: 12752:on 12 July 2017. 12748:. Archived from 12730: 12724: 12723: 12713: 12703: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12654: 12648: 12647: 12621: 12601: 12595: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12538: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12516: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12472: 12448: 12442: 12441: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12389: 12381: 12375: 12374: 12363: 12357: 12354: 12317: 12307: 12273: 12263: 12237: 12227: 12201: 12191: 12167: 12157: 12123: 12121: 12119: 12113: 12107:. Archived from 12102: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12072: 12066:. Archived from 12061: 12049: 12034: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12024:. 13 August 2019 12014: 12008: 12005: 11996: 11995: 11951: 11945: 11943: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11833: 11816:(9715): 673–85. 11801: 11795: 11794: 11784: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11727: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11676: 11670: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11621: 11604:(12): CD008792. 11589: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11491: 11482: 11481: 11471: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11390: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11234: 11228: 11227: 11225: 11223: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11138: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11042: 11036: 11025: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10998: 10987: 10986: 10968: 10966:cond-mat/0606434 10959:(12): e497–507. 10944: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10930: 10915: 10904: 10903: 10893: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10844: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10803: 10793: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10736: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10669: 10660: 10659: 10649: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10570:. Archived from 10564: 10558: 10557: 10539: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10468: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10388: 10386:10.3310/hta14320 10364: 10358: 10357: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10303: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10220: 10207: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10146: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10097: 10082:Gastroenterology 10073: 10067: 10066: 10056: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10007: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9923: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9879: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9808: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9743: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9672: 9662: 9638: 9627: 9625: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9585: 9579: 9578: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9549: 9532:(11): CD007064. 9517: 9511: 9510: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9435: 9425: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9382: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9323: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9229: 9219: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9178: 9161:(6): 1151–1157. 9154:Oncology Letters 9147:Zheng J (2012). 9144: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9024: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8975: 8965: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8924: 8914: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8783: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8724: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8675: 8665: 8641: 8635: 8634: 8624: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8575: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8534: 8502: 8496: 8494: 8484: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8435: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8300: 8283:(17): 2095–107. 8268: 8262: 8261: 8242:10.1038/35101031 8225: 8219: 8218: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8165: 8155: 8146:(20): 4794–801. 8131: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8065: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 7992: 7967: 7966: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7886: 7876: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7835: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7770: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7716: 7701: 7700: 7690: 7658: 7652: 7651: 7641: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7500: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7408: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7317: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7185: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7129: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7078: 7076:10.3855/jidc.819 7054: 7048: 7047: 7019: 7013: 7012: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6967: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6918: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6877: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6827:. Archived from 6804: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6765:(9945): 755–65. 6750: 6744: 6743: 6725: 6701: 6690: 6689: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6577: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6528: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6387: 6363: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6344:. 27 August 2019 6334: 6328: 6327: 6309: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6260: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6176: 6144: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6109:10.1136/bmj.f165 6088: 6082: 6081: 6067: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6015: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5885:. Archived from 5875: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5850: 5837: 5836: 5826: 5817:(6): R173–R190. 5802: 5796: 5795: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5665: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5586: 5577: 5576: 5558: 5537:(January 2000). 5527: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5434:on 12 July 2017. 5430:. Archived from 5412: 5406: 5405: 5387: 5363: 5342: 5341: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5157: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5114:on 12 July 2017. 5110:. Archived from 5092: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5032:on 12 July 2017. 5028:. Archived from 5010: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4933: 4909: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4836:on 12 July 2017. 4832:. Archived from 4814: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4774: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4702: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4638: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4578: 4567: 4566: 4547: 4537: 4505: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4413: 4377:Causes of cancer 4372:Cancer treatment 4367:Cancer screening 4351:Tasmanian devils 4320:clouded leopards 4204:cellular biology 4053:, who published 4046:blame the victim 4018:patients' rights 3962:tobacco sniffing 3941:, a follower of 3906: 3903: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3858:in the Egyptian 3857: 3854: 3786:endocrine system 3778:immunosenescence 3763:developing world 3718: 3699: 3698: 3691: 3620:developing world 3563:photocoagulation 3291:Targeted therapy 3243:treatment intent 3235:targeted therapy 3231:hormonal therapy 3143: 3070:in men under 75. 2954:Cancer screening 2922:Cancer screening 2826:COX-2 inhibitors 2632: 2602: 2587: 2572:ductal carcinoma 2567: 2547: 2527: 2516:ductal carcinoma 2511: 2401:, respectively). 2121:Tumor metabolome 2107:, brain and the 2081:lymphatic system 1910:clonal evolution 1700:Immunomodulators 1688:gluten-free diet 1489:, among others. 1295:Escherichia coli 1292:associated with 1233:Kaposi's sarcoma 1141:endocrine system 903:Hazard pictogram 893:Causes of cancer 832:lymphatic system 715:(colon cancer), 559: 539: 448:targeted therapy 385:Kaposi's sarcoma 247:targeted therapy 167: 166: 165: 164: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 91:pleural effusion 71: 42: 41: 21: 16385: 16384: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16375: 16374: 16340: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16315: 16282: 16269: 16246: 16218: 16200: 16187: 16169: 16146: 16142:Mental disorder 16133: 16120: 16116:Immune disorder 16092: 16074: 16056: 16053: 16023: 16018: 15977: 15930: 15884: 15863: 15827: 15749: 15708: 15668: 15654: 15624: 15619: 15618: 15595: 15594: 15534: 15467: 15462: 15456: 15435: 15416:on 15 May 2009. 15400: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15348: 15327: 15308: 15306:Further reading 15303: 15302: 15257: 15253: 15192: 15188: 15178: 15176: 15172: 15149: 15143: 15139: 15132: 15116: 15101: 15091: 15089: 15081: 15080: 15073: 15058: 15057: 15053: 15038: 15037: 15033: 15009:10.1038/538446a 14980: 14976: 14966: 14964: 14947: 14943: 14900:(16): 5773–77. 14883: 14879: 14869: 14867: 14848: 14841: 14831: 14829: 14814: 14810: 14779: 14775: 14744: 14740: 14709: 14705: 14689:10.1038/458686b 14668: 14664: 14654: 14652: 14635: 14631: 14621: 14619: 14610: 14609: 14605: 14595: 14593: 14584: 14583: 14579: 14532: 14528: 14497: 14493: 14462: 14458: 14450: 14443: 14422:(12): 1165–74. 14416:Lancet Oncology 14412: 14408: 14371: 14364: 14343:(Oct): 162–70. 14333: 14329: 14284: 14280: 14253:Lancet Oncology 14249: 14245: 14235: 14233: 14224: 14223: 14219: 14200: 14196: 14189: 14170: 14159: 14144: 14128: 14119: 14112: 14096: 14092: 14085: 14067: 14063: 14056: 14040: 14036: 14026: 14024: 14015: 14014: 14010: 14003: 13989: 13985: 13978: 13962: 13951: 13941: 13939: 13926: 13925: 13921: 13911: 13909: 13901: 13900: 13896: 13886: 13884: 13874: 13870: 13860: 13858: 13820: 13816: 13784: 13780: 13735: 13731: 13686: 13682: 13675: 13659: 13655: 13624:(12): 2811–20. 13610: 13603: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13573: 13569: 13552: 13548: 13517:(5): 1097–102. 13503: 13488: 13441: 13437: 13392: 13385: 13354: 13347: 13340: 13324: 13320: 13313: 13297: 13293: 13270:10.1038/nrc3497 13254: 13250: 13211: 13207: 13192: 13174: 13170: 13139: 13135: 13114: 13110: 13103: 13085: 13078: 13015: 13008: 12998: 12996: 12989: 12985: 12984: 12977: 12967: 12965: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12907: 12903: 12872:(9): CD006652. 12858: 12849: 12799: 12795: 12788: 12764: 12757: 12746: 12732: 12731: 12727: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12656: 12655: 12651: 12619:10.1.1.521.2180 12602: 12598: 12589:Wayback Machine 12580: 12576: 12536: 12530: 12526: 12514: 12506: 12504: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12457:Nature Medicine 12449: 12445: 12406: 12402: 12397:on 16 May 2011. 12394: 12387: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12365: 12364: 12360: 12140:(28): 3825–31. 12117: 12115: 12114:on 31 July 2012 12111: 12100: 12090: 12086: 12076: 12074: 12073:on 31 July 2012 12070: 12059: 12050: 12037: 12027: 12025: 12016: 12015: 12011: 12007:Holland Chp. 41 12006: 11999: 11962:(6): R183–231. 11952: 11948: 11928: 11924: 11909: 11905: 11894: 11890: 11867:10.1038/nrm3115 11851: 11847: 11802: 11798: 11753: 11749: 11704: 11700: 11677: 11673: 11669:Holland Chp. 40 11668: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11590: 11586: 11576: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11539: 11535: 11492: 11485: 11454:(6): CD001877. 11440: 11436: 11426: 11424: 11409: 11408: 11404: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11347: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11300: 11299: 11295: 11285: 11283: 11268: 11267: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11236: 11235: 11231: 11221: 11219: 11204: 11203: 11199: 11189: 11187: 11172: 11171: 11167: 11157: 11155: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11125: 11123: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11093: 11091: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11061: 11059: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11026: 11017: 11007: 11005: 11000: 10999: 10990: 10945: 10938: 10928: 10926: 10917: 10916: 10907: 10876:(1): CD005195. 10862: 10858: 10821: 10817: 10762: 10758: 10719:(1): CD007470. 10705: 10701: 10670: 10663: 10626: 10622: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10566: 10565: 10561: 10537:10.1.1.594.1654 10520: 10516: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10451:(2): CD007091. 10441: 10437: 10416:(23): 2221–28. 10406: 10402: 10365: 10361: 10332:(9759): 31–41. 10321: 10317: 10280: 10276: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10238: 10234: 10224: 10222: 10218: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10164: 10160: 10115: 10111: 10074: 10070: 10025: 10021: 9976: 9972: 9941: 9937: 9900: 9893: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9827: 9826: 9822: 9769: 9765: 9720: 9716: 9706: 9704: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9639: 9630: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9567: 9563: 9518: 9514: 9507: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9400: 9396: 9358:Cell Metabolism 9349: 9345: 9298: 9294: 9247: 9243: 9196: 9192: 9145: 9138: 9085: 9081: 9042: 9038: 8993: 8989: 8942: 8938: 8905:(8): e1000155. 8891: 8887: 8850: 8846: 8801: 8797: 8766:(12): 2402–08. 8752: 8748: 8693: 8689: 8642: 8638: 8593: 8589: 8552: 8548: 8503: 8499: 8453: 8449: 8404: 8400: 8377:10.1038/nrc1799 8361: 8357: 8334:10.1038/nrc2013 8318: 8314: 8269: 8265: 8226: 8222: 8183: 8179: 8132: 8128: 8083: 8079: 8048:(10): 2416–29. 8034: 8030: 8020: 8018: 8011: 7993: 7970: 7939: 7935: 7904: 7900: 7853: 7849: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7789: 7771: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7735: 7717: 7704: 7659: 7655: 7610: 7606: 7567: 7563: 7532:(13): 1957–68. 7518: 7514: 7477: 7473: 7434: 7430: 7385: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7326: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7296: 7294: 7287: 7269: 7262: 7233:(22): 2277–84. 7219: 7215: 7204: 7194:Cancer medicine 7186: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7121: 7111: 7109: 7104: 7103: 7096: 7055: 7051: 7020: 7016: 6985: 6981: 6956:10.1038/nrc2961 6936: 6932: 6895: 6891: 6866: 6840: 6836: 6805: 6796: 6751: 6747: 6702: 6693: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6595: 6591: 6546: 6542: 6497: 6493: 6456:Tobacco Control 6448: 6444: 6413: 6409: 6364: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6286: 6282: 6237: 6233: 6194: 6190: 6145: 6134: 6089: 6085: 6036: 6029: 5992: 5988: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5851: 5840: 5803: 5799: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5691: 5687: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5624: 5587: 5580: 5528: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5428: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5364: 5345: 5314: 5310: 5279: 5275: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5175: 5171: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5055:(6): CD001877. 5041: 5037: 5026: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4959: 4955: 4910: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4830: 4816: 4815: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4639: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4570: 4549:(Erratum: 4548: 4520:(9): 2097–116. 4506: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4415: 4414: 4405: 4400: 4363: 4324:bat-eared foxes 4305: 4278:first trimester 4249: 4177:clinical trials 4175:are studied in 4155:cure for cancer 4141: 4139:Cancer research 4135: 4111: 4094: 4081: 4079:Economic effect 3994: 3904: 3874: 3870: 3855: 3838: 3832: 3801:prostate cancer 3759:developed world 3730: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3597: 3595:Cancer survivor 3583: 3571: 3551: 3545: 3501: 3495: 3434:quality of life 3429:Palliative care 3426: 3424:Palliative care 3413: 3405:bone metastasis 3378: 3335:prostate cancer 3325:, lung cancer, 3278:antimetabolites 3268:) as part of a 3251: 3239:palliative care 3219: 3211:Main articles: 3209: 3200:Genetic testing 3141: 3139:Cancer syndrome 3135: 3133:Genetic testing 3119: 3110:Cochrane review 3091:prostate cancer 3068:prostate cancer 3030:sexually active 3026:cervical cancer 3014: 3009: 3007:Recommendations 2948:medical imaging 2924: 2918: 2906:cervical cancer 2883: 2866: 2810: 2723: 2721:Diet and cancer 2717: 2623: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2579: 2568: 2559: 2548: 2539: 2528: 2519: 2512: 2434:hepatocarcinoma 2379:Germ cell tumor 2280:, with typical 2278:adenocarcinomas 2270: 2260: 2167: 2123: 2117: 2070: 2064: 1978:DNA methylation 1941: 1935: 1825:coding sequence 1810:tyrosine kinase 1808:, an oncogenic 1729: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1710:Pathophysiology 1704:biologic agents 1692:Crohn's disease 1679: 1671:growth hormones 1605: 1530:serous membrane 1528:(cancer of the 1518: 1516:Physical agents 1506:prostate cancer 1454: 1452:Cancer syndrome 1448: 1424:radio frequency 1394:medical imaging 1386:passive smoking 1367:medical imaging 1355: 1349: 1209:cervical cancer 1182: 1176: 1132:body mass index 1119: 1117:Diet and cancer 1113: 1103:that can cause 994: 984: 895: 889: 821: 815: 733: 713:rectal bleeding 707:(lung cancer), 673: 638: 632: 552: 541:Video summary ( 529: 495:cervical cancer 479:prostate cancer 464:developed world 452:Palliative care 405:medical imaging 309:bowel movements 199:bowel movements 171: 160: 159: 135: 131: 85:Legend: → 84: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Malignant tumor 15: 12: 11: 5: 16383: 16373: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16320: 16317: 16316: 16314: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16287: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16280: 16274: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16245: 16244: 16239: 16237:Breast disease 16234: 16229: 16223: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16216: 16211: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16198: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16185: 16180: 16174: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16144: 16138: 16135: 16134: 16132: 16131: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16097: 16094: 16093: 16091: 16090: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16072: 16067: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16052: 16051: 16044: 16037: 16029: 16020: 16019: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15985: 15983: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15951: 15946: 15940: 15938: 15936:Carcinogenesis 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15902: 15900: 15890: 15889: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15882: 15877: 15871: 15869: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15835: 15833: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15820: 15818:Nervous system 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15784: 15783: 15781:nasopharyngeal 15778: 15773: 15768: 15757: 15755: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15716: 15714: 15710: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15685: 15683: 15674: 15670: 15669: 15653: 15652: 15645: 15638: 15630: 15621: 15620: 15617: 15616: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15581: 15570: 15551: 15535: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15526:Classification 15520: 15519: 15512: 15506: 15500: 15493: 15488: 15477: 15466: 15465:External links 15463: 15461: 15460: 15454: 15439: 15433: 15418: 15398: 15383: 15370: 15352: 15346: 15331: 15325: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15251: 15186: 15137: 15130: 15099: 15071: 15051: 15031: 14974: 14941: 14877: 14839: 14808: 14773: 14738: 14703: 14662: 14629: 14603: 14577: 14526: 14507:(5): 865–873. 14491: 14456: 14441: 14406: 14385:(Apr): 41–49. 14362: 14327: 14278: 14243: 14217: 14194: 14187: 14157: 14142: 14117: 14110: 14090: 14083: 14061: 14054: 14034: 14017:"Skin cancers" 14008: 14001: 13983: 13976: 13949: 13919: 13894: 13868: 13834:(1): 105–123. 13814: 13778: 13749:(6): 296–299. 13729: 13700:(4): 1155–68. 13680: 13673: 13653: 13601: 13587: 13567: 13546: 13486: 13435: 13383: 13364:(4): 277–285. 13345: 13338: 13318: 13311: 13291: 13248: 13215:Biogerontology 13205: 13190: 13168: 13133: 13108: 13101: 13076: 13006: 12975: 12950: 12901: 12847: 12793: 12786: 12755: 12744: 12725: 12674: 12649: 12596: 12574: 12541:The Oncologist 12524: 12492: 12443: 12416:(8): 776–818. 12400: 12376: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12290:(21): 2060–5. 12274: 12254:(8): 778–831. 12238: 12202: 12182:(7): 740–801. 12084: 12035: 12009: 11997: 11946: 11932:"Radiotherapy" 11922: 11903: 11888: 11861:(6): 385–392. 11845: 11796: 11747: 11718:(10): 988–95. 11698: 11671: 11659: 11633: 11584: 11560: 11533: 11483: 11434: 11402: 11357: 11325: 11293: 11282:on 15 May 2016 11261: 11229: 11197: 11165: 11133: 11101: 11069: 11037: 11015: 10988: 10936: 10905: 10856: 10815: 10756: 10699: 10680:(4): 307–320. 10661: 10620: 10585: 10559: 10514: 10480: 10435: 10400: 10359: 10315: 10274: 10272:Holland Chp.33 10265: 10232: 10193: 10158: 10109: 10068: 10019: 9970: 9935: 9891: 9870:(3): 341–343. 9850: 9820: 9783:(7584): 43–7. 9763: 9714: 9684: 9628: 9607: 9600: 9580: 9561: 9512: 9505: 9469: 9447: 9394: 9343: 9292: 9263:(2): 255–261. 9241: 9190: 9136: 9079: 9036: 8987: 8936: 8885: 8864:(2): 196–227. 8844: 8795: 8760:Carcinogenesis 8746: 8707:(7): 3122–27. 8687: 8636: 8587: 8546: 8497: 8467:(7): 2225–38. 8447: 8398: 8355: 8328:(12): 924–35. 8312: 8263: 8220: 8177: 8126: 8077: 8028: 8009: 7968: 7943:Cancer Letters 7933: 7898: 7847: 7826:(7): 1073–81. 7820:Carcinogenesis 7806: 7787: 7752: 7733: 7702: 7653: 7624:(4): 474–482. 7604: 7577:(5): 797–803. 7561: 7512: 7471: 7428: 7376: 7354: 7332: 7304: 7285: 7260: 7213: 7202: 7171: 7146: 7119: 7094: 7049: 7014: 6979: 6930: 6889: 6864: 6834: 6794: 6745: 6691: 6671: 6653: 6624: 6605:(10): 640–58. 6589: 6540: 6491: 6442: 6407: 6355: 6329: 6280: 6231: 6188: 6159:(4): 454–465. 6132: 6083: 6027: 5986: 5971: 5951: 5926: 5915:. 15 July 2023 5900: 5889:on 7 July 2013 5867: 5838: 5797: 5772: 5760:www.cancer.org 5747: 5712: 5705: 5685: 5650:Cancer Nursing 5636: 5634:Holland Chp. 1 5622: 5578: 5515: 5489: 5459: 5437: 5426: 5407: 5343: 5324:(4): 419–422. 5308: 5273: 5229: 5222: 5202: 5169: 5117: 5106: 5084: 5035: 5024: 5002: 4953: 4899: 4869: 4839: 4828: 4800: 4786: 4745: 4719: 4690: 4653:(3): 420–444. 4628: 4599: 4568: 4485: 4438: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4304: 4301: 4288:chemotherapy. 4248: 4245: 4210:declared the " 4196: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4137:Main article: 4134: 4131: 4127:methodological 4110: 4107: 4093: 4090: 4080: 4077: 3993: 3990: 3978:chimney sweeps 3966:Percivall Pott 3931:dissect bodies 3856: 1600 BC 3834:Main article: 3831: 3828: 3797:thyroid cancer 3751:stomach cancer 3726: 3715: 3714: 3703: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3676:Main article: 3673: 3670: 3655:blood thinners 3582: 3579: 3570: 3567: 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3519: 3518: 3497:Main article: 3494: 3491: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3465:clinical trial 3461: 3455: 3425: 3422: 3412: 3409: 3377: 3374: 3343:thyroid cancer 3307:bladder cancer 3250: 3247: 3208: 3205: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3134: 3131: 3123:gastric cancer 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3094: 3083:ovarian cancer 3075:bladder cancer 3071: 3056: 3037: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2964:mass screening 2920:Main article: 2917: 2914: 2882: 2879: 2864: 2852:is not clear. 2809: 2806: 2760:processed meat 2740:processed meat 2719:Main article: 2716: 2713: 2619:Main article: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2513: 2506: 2439:hepatoblastoma 2409: 2408: 2402: 2376: 2362: 2332: 2325:adenocarcinoma 2282:histopathology 2259: 2258:Classification 2256: 2246:and numerical 2166: 2163: 2131:Warburg effect 2119:Main article: 2116: 2113: 2066:Main article: 2063: 2060: 1998:cell divisions 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1896:chain reaction 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1861:daughter cells 1806:fusion protein 1725:Main article: 1722: 1719: 1716:Carcinogenesis 1714:Main article: 1711: 1708: 1683:celiac disease 1678: 1675: 1635:thyroid cancer 1604: 1601: 1517: 1514: 1496:of developing 1479:ovarian cancer 1450:Main article: 1447: 1444: 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1320: 1304: 1303: 1283: 1267: 1266: 1256: 1250: 1236: 1226: 1212: 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1164:gastric cancer 1152:gastric cancer 1115:Main article: 1112: 1109: 1105:primary tumors 1082:compounds are 1080:platinum-based 983: 980: 891:Main article: 888: 885: 866: 865: 860: 857: 851: 848: 842: 817:Main article: 814: 811: 757:kidney cancers 732: 729: 672: 671:Local symptoms 669: 662:great imitator 634:Main article: 631: 628: 624: 623: 614: 608: 603: 597: 594: 551: 548: 487:stomach cancer 424:processed meat 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 268: 264: 263: 256: 250: 249: 236: 232: 231: 208: 202: 201: 191: 185: 184: 179: 173: 172: 170: 169: 128: 126: 122: 121: 73: 72: 64: 63: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16382: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16345: 16330: 16329:Fetal disease 16327: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16318: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16288: 16285: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16272: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16252: 16249: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16224: 16221: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16203: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16190: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16172: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16152: 16149: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16098: 16095: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16080: 16077: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16059: 16050: 16045: 16043: 16038: 16036: 16031: 16030: 16027: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15986: 15984: 15980: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15941: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15903: 15901: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15866: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15771:oropharyngeal 15769: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15761:Head and neck 15759: 15758: 15756: 15752: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15740:Primary tumor 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15715: 15711: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15686: 15684: 15682: 15681:Benign tumors 15678: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15663: 15659: 15651: 15646: 15644: 15639: 15637: 15632: 15631: 15628: 15615: 15611: 15610: 15606: 15605: 15602: 15598: 15591: 15587: 15586: 15582: 15580: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15550: 15546: 15545: 15541: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15528: 15524: 15517: 15513: 15510: 15507: 15504: 15501: 15498: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15457: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15440: 15436: 15430: 15426: 15425: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15384: 15373: 15367: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15343: 15339: 15338: 15332: 15328: 15322: 15318: 15317: 15311: 15310: 15296: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15271:(3): 477–87. 15270: 15266: 15262: 15255: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15221: 15217: 15213: 15209: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15190: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15160:(1): 111–20. 15159: 15155: 15148: 15141: 15133: 15127: 15123: 15122: 15114: 15112: 15110: 15108: 15106: 15104: 15088: 15084: 15078: 15076: 15067: 15066: 15061: 15055: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15035: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14978: 14962: 14958: 14953: 14945: 14937: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14881: 14865: 14861: 14860: 14854: 14846: 14844: 14827: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14789:(6): 363–75. 14788: 14784: 14777: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14757: 14754:(3): 151–59. 14753: 14749: 14742: 14734: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14719:(3): 122–32. 14718: 14714: 14707: 14699: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14666: 14650: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14633: 14617: 14613: 14607: 14591: 14587: 14581: 14573: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14530: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14495: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14446: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14417: 14410: 14402: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14369: 14367: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14331: 14323: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14298:(2): 117–28. 14297: 14293: 14289: 14282: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14259:(9): 568–74. 14258: 14254: 14247: 14231: 14227: 14221: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14198: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14174: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14162: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14139: 14135: 14134: 14126: 14124: 14122: 14113: 14107: 14103: 14102: 14094: 14086: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14065: 14057: 14051: 14047: 14046: 14038: 14022: 14018: 14012: 14004: 13998: 13994: 13987: 13979: 13973: 13969: 13968: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13923: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13883: 13879: 13872: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13818: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13733: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13684: 13676: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13657: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13608: 13606: 13590: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13571: 13562: 13558: 13550: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13439: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13406:(2): 83–103. 13405: 13401: 13397: 13390: 13388: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13359: 13352: 13350: 13341: 13335: 13331: 13330: 13322: 13314: 13308: 13304: 13303: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13264:(5): 357–65. 13263: 13259: 13252: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13221:(4): 323–38. 13220: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13197: 13193: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13172: 13164: 13160: 13156: 13152: 13149:(2): 165–72. 13148: 13144: 13137: 13129: 13125: 13124: 13119: 13112: 13104: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13083: 13081: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13020: 13013: 13011: 12995: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12964: 12960: 12954: 12946: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12921:(9): 101166. 12920: 12916: 12912: 12905: 12897: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12843: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12797: 12789: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12769: 12762: 12760: 12751: 12747: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12729: 12721: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12694:(1): 99–119. 12693: 12689: 12685: 12678: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12612:(2): 110–18. 12611: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12578: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12550: 12546: 12542: 12535: 12528: 12521: 12520:public domain 12502: 12496: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12463:(3): 269–77. 12462: 12458: 12454: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12404: 12393: 12386: 12380: 12372: 12368: 12362: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12329:(6): 755–60. 12328: 12324: 12315: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12218:(2): 122–92. 12217: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12165: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12110: 12106: 12099: 12095: 12088: 12069: 12065: 12058: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12023: 12019: 12013: 12004: 12002: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11950: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11926: 11918: 11914: 11907: 11899: 11892: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11800: 11792: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11702: 11694: 11690: 11687:(5): 488–95. 11686: 11682: 11675: 11666: 11664: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11588: 11573: 11572: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11537: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11488: 11479: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11422: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11406: 11398: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11361: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11313: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11265: 11249: 11245: 11244: 11239: 11233: 11217: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11169: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11137: 11121: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11105: 11089: 11085: 11084: 11079: 11073: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11041: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11003: 10997: 10995: 10993: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10941: 10925:. 8 June 2006 10924: 10920: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10860: 10852: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10776:(6): e21107. 10775: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10703: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10666: 10657: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10640:(7): 428–30. 10639: 10635: 10631: 10624: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10589: 10573: 10569: 10563: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10530:(7): 451–59. 10529: 10525: 10518: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10379:(32): 1–206. 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10294:(5): 376–89. 10293: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10269: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10204: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10174:(2): 308–13. 10173: 10169: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10129:(4): 437–46. 10128: 10124: 10120: 10113: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10088:(5): 1740–5. 10087: 10083: 10079: 10072: 10064: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10023: 10015: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9951:(1): 90–108. 9950: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9896: 9887: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9854: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9680: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9516: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9457: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9405: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9307:Tumor Biology 9303: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9237: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9141: 9132: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9083: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9007:(4): 475–84. 9006: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8950:PLOS Genetics 8947: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8899:PLOS Genetics 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8815:(3): 255–60. 8814: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8566:(4): 247–53. 8565: 8561: 8557: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8418:(4): 303–11. 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8371:(2): 107–16. 8370: 8366: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8236:(2): 157–62. 8235: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8193:(5): 502–11. 8192: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8097:(38): e1612. 8096: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7949:(2): 262–70. 7948: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7914:(4): 369–73. 7913: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673:(8): 785–94. 7672: 7668: 7664: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7399:(4): 389–92. 7398: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7381: 7364: 7358: 7342: 7336: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7308: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7265: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7134: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7107: 7101: 7099: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7069:(5): 267–81. 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7030:(2): 227–34. 7029: 7025: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6995:(6): 453–71. 6994: 6990: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6909:(5): 656–64. 6908: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6819:(3): 371–80. 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511:(9): 941–46. 6510: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6462:(5): 345–47. 6461: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6378:(6): 455–66. 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6360: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6300:(3): 206–24. 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5728:(5): 489–95. 5727: 5723: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5656:(4): E14–26. 5655: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5601:(5): 646–74. 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5583: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4765:(3): 315–30. 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647:JAMA Oncology 4644: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4303:Other animals 4300: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4282:birth defects 4279: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4212:War on Cancer 4209: 4208:Richard Nixon 4205: 4201: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4167:silver bullet 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119:comorbidities 4116: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4033:War on Cancer 4029: 4027: 4026:individualism 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3951:Nicolaes Tulp 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935:Wilhelm Fabry 3932: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3875: 370 BC 3871: 460 BC 3865: 3861: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3805:overdiagnosis 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3722: 3711: 3710:MediaWiki.org 3707: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3543:Laser therapy 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531:immune system 3528: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509:immune system 3506: 3505:immunotherapy 3500: 3493:Immunotherapy 3490: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397:brachytherapy 3393: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:kidney cancer 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3149:Cancer types 3148: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049:sigmoidoscopy 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2932:medical signs 2929: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2871:Beta-Carotene 2868: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2798:pickled foods 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661:, poor diet, 2660: 2656: 2655:excess weight 2651: 2644: 2639: 2627: 2622: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2461:Benign tumors 2458: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191:medical tests 2188: 2184: 2176: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093:extravasation 2090: 2089:intravasation 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:abnormalities 1954: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:Translocation 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1728: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:relative risk 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422:Non-ionizing 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145:overnutrition 1142: 1138: 1137:immune system 1133: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1014:Tobacco smoke 1011: 1009: 1008: 998: 993: 989: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925: 924:Environmental 920: 911: 904: 899: 894: 884: 881: 879: 875: 871: 864: 861: 859:Proliferation 858: 855: 854:Extravasation 852: 849: 846: 845:Intravasation 843: 841: 837: 836: 835: 833: 828: 825: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 799:hypercalcemia 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 668: 665: 663: 659: 655: 647: 642: 637: 627: 622: 618: 615: 613: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599:Avoidance of 598: 595: 592: 589: 588: 587: 585: 580: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 558: 544: 527: 525: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491:breast cancer 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 467: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:benign tumors 298: 294: 290: 286: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 255: 251: 248: 244: 240: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 207: 203: 200: 196: 192: 190: 186: 183: 180: 178: 174: 163: 156: 130: 129: 127: 125:Pronunciation 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 79: 74: 70: 65: 62: 58: 55: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 16311:Chondropathy 16306:Bone disease 16278:Skin disease 16106:Malnutrition 16087: 16083:Benign tumor 15729: 15661: 15656:Overview of 15607: 15583: 15572: 15553: 15538: 15485:The Atlantic 15483: 15444: 15423: 15414:the original 15410:Google Books 15403: 15388: 15375:. Retrieved 15360: 15336: 15315: 15268: 15264: 15254: 15203: 15199: 15189: 15177:. Retrieved 15157: 15153: 15140: 15120: 15090:. Retrieved 15087:ScienceDaily 15086: 15063: 15054: 15043: 15034: 14991: 14987: 14977: 14965:. Retrieved 14956: 14944: 14897: 14893: 14880: 14868:. Retrieved 14857: 14830:. Retrieved 14826:the original 14821: 14811: 14786: 14782: 14776: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14716: 14712: 14706: 14679: 14675: 14665: 14653:. Retrieved 14644:Live Science 14642: 14632: 14620:. Retrieved 14616:the original 14606: 14594:. Retrieved 14580: 14543: 14539: 14529: 14504: 14500: 14494: 14469: 14465: 14459: 14419: 14415: 14409: 14382: 14378: 14340: 14336: 14330: 14295: 14291: 14281: 14256: 14252: 14246: 14234:. Retrieved 14229: 14220: 14207: 14197: 14177: 14173:Ehrenreich B 14132: 14100: 14093: 14074: 14064: 14044: 14037: 14025:. Retrieved 14011: 13992: 13986: 13966: 13940:. Retrieved 13936:the original 13932:NHS Networks 13931: 13922: 13910:. Retrieved 13906: 13897: 13885:. Retrieved 13882:The Guardian 13881: 13871: 13859:. Retrieved 13831: 13827: 13817: 13809:the original 13794: 13781: 13746: 13742: 13732: 13697: 13693: 13683: 13663: 13656: 13621: 13617: 13594:11 September 13592:. Retrieved 13577: 13570: 13561:the original 13549: 13514: 13510: 13451:(1): 29–53. 13448: 13444: 13438: 13403: 13399: 13361: 13357: 13328: 13321: 13301: 13294: 13261: 13257: 13251: 13218: 13214: 13208: 13199: 13181: 13171: 13146: 13142: 13136: 13121: 13111: 13092: 13026: 13022: 12997:. Retrieved 12993: 12966:. Retrieved 12962: 12953: 12918: 12914: 12904: 12869: 12865: 12813: 12809: 12796: 12772: 12750:the original 12734: 12728: 12691: 12687: 12677: 12665:. Retrieved 12661: 12652: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12582:What Is CAM? 12577: 12547:(1): 80–89. 12544: 12540: 12527: 12505:. Retrieved 12495: 12460: 12456: 12446: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12392:the original 12379: 12361: 12326: 12322: 12287: 12283: 12251: 12247: 12215: 12211: 12179: 12175: 12137: 12133: 12116:. 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Retrieved 9450: 9413: 9407: 9397: 9365:(1): 27–47. 9362: 9356: 9346: 9311: 9305: 9295: 9260: 9254: 9244: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9158: 9152: 9096: 9092: 9082: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8953: 8949: 8939: 8902: 8898: 8888: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8812: 8809:EMBO Reports 8808: 8798: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8656:(3): 43–49. 8653: 8649: 8639: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8563: 8559: 8549: 8517:(1): 66–81. 8514: 8510: 8500: 8464: 8460: 8450: 8415: 8411: 8401: 8368: 8364: 8358: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8019:. Retrieved 8000: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7823: 7819: 7809: 7797:. Retrieved 7778: 7743:. Retrieved 7724: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7488: 7484: 7474: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7396: 7392: 7367:. Retrieved 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7335: 7319: 7307: 7295:. Retrieved 7276: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7193: 7162:. 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Retrieved 5471: 5462: 5449: 5440: 5432:the original 5416: 5410: 5378:(2): 69–90. 5375: 5371: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5289:(1): 43–53. 5286: 5282: 5276: 5252:(1): 17–48. 5249: 5245: 5213: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5137: 5133: 5120: 5112:the original 5096: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5030:the original 5014: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4924:(1): 30–67. 4921: 4917: 4890:. Retrieved 4881: 4872: 4860:. Retrieved 4842: 4834:the original 4818: 4789: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4722: 4710:. Retrieved 4650: 4646: 4619:. Retrieved 4590:. Retrieved 4585: 4517: 4513: 4476:. Retrieved 4471: 4429:. Retrieved 4420: 4340: 4334:(especially 4312: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4274: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4197: 4182: 4171: 4152: 4112: 4095: 4082: 4070: 4054: 4051:Susan Sontag 4042:talk therapy 4030: 4015: 4011:skin cancers 3995: 3959: 3928: 3915: 3908: 3905: 25 BC 3885: 3850: 3820:brain tumors 3809: 3790: 3767: 3755:liver cancer 3735: 3731: 3719:See or edit 3672:Epidemiology 3663: 3648: 3639:Centenarians 3632: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3606: 3572: 3552: 3502: 3483: 3472: 3450:Display low 3438: 3427: 3414: 3394: 3379: 3366:brain tumors 3347: 3323:liver cancer 3289: 3282: 3254:Chemotherapy 3252: 3249:Chemotherapy 3223:chemotherapy 3220: 3198: 3121:Screens for 3120: 3015: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2952: 2925: 2890:carcinogenic 2884: 2869: 2854: 2811: 2790:whole grains 2784: 2744:colon cancer 2732:liver cancer 2724: 2683: 2652: 2648: 2530:An invasive 2514:An invasive 2493: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2432: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2399:dysgerminoma 2290:type of cell 2287: 2252: 2244:fusion genes 2232:Cytogenetics 2230: 2215: 2180: 2124: 2097:angiogenesis 2078: 2071: 2053: 2045: 2034: 2030: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1994:DNA sequence 1972: 1950: 1927: 1908: 1893: 1876: 1865: 1849: 1844: 1814: 1780: 1761: 1749: 1738: 1727:Oncogenomics 1680: 1667:Osteosarcoma 1660: 1652:testosterone 1647:progesterone 1633:and also of 1624: 1606: 1589:inflammation 1586: 1582:hand warmers 1574: 1566:cristobalite 1534:wollastonite 1526:mesothelioma 1519: 1510: 1491: 1472: 1466: 1455: 1421: 1417:skin cancers 1407:can lead to 1398: 1390: 1375: 1356: 1333: 1327: 1324:liver flukes 1310: 1305: 1293: 1273: 1268: 1183: 1168:colon cancer 1156:Aflatoxin B1 1149: 1120: 1107:to develop. 1093:Azathioprine 1091: 1077: 1067:Exposure to 1066: 1050:mesothelioma 1046: 1038: 1030:nitrosamines 1012: 1005: 1003: 960:organ donors 953: 945: 922: 916: 882: 867: 863:Angiogenesis 829: 822: 807:hyponatremia 792: 765: 742: 734: 674: 666: 651: 625: 581: 570: 553: 511:brain tumors 472: 468: 444:chemotherapy 416:whole grains 413: 397: 346: 317: 284: 283: 243:chemotherapy 226:, excessive 210:Exposure to 206:Risk factors 197:, change in 82:mesothelioma 59:, malignant 36: 16165:Ear disease 16160:Eye disease 16004:Cancer pain 15944:Cancer cell 15689:Hyperplasia 15609:MedlinePlus 15356:Mukherjee S 14967:29 December 14832:8 September 12802:Montazeri A 12507:15 December 11494:Gulati AP, 11427:21 December 11350:21 December 11318:21 December 11286:21 December 11254:21 December 11222:21 December 11190:21 December 11158:21 December 11126:21 December 11094:21 December 11062:21 December 9990:(1): 6–11. 9957:10.2741/253 9697:Mayo Clinic 8956:(7): e110. 8607:(1): 51–8. 8560:Mutagenesis 7106:"Radiation" 6417:Lung Cancer 6050:: 577–597. 5979:environment 5535:Weinberg RA 4478:19 December 4421:NHS Choices 4272:, are not. 4222:Virotherapy 3864:Hippocrates 3770:risk factor 3753:(780,000), 3740:(excluding 3721:source data 3706:Phabricator 3608:(excluding 3479:end of life 3418:lymph nodes 3339:skin cancer 3098:mammography 3096:Recommends 3064:oral cancer 3060:skin cancer 3053:colonoscopy 3032:and have a 2944:urine tests 2881:Vaccination 2850:finasteride 2794:animal fats 2752:carcinogens 2698:alcohol use 2444:liposarcoma 2383:pluripotent 2373:lymph nodes 2359:bone marrow 2355:mesenchymal 2216:The tissue 2195:blood tests 2187:pathologist 2005:methylation 1964:chromosomal 1933:Epigenetics 1868:carcinogens 1639:bone cancer 1627:endometrium 1538:attapulgite 1298:infection ( 1243:hepatitis C 1239:Hepatitis B 1198:Oncoviruses 1084:carcinogens 1056:fibers, or 1007:carcinogens 964:hepatitis B 784:reflexology 780:acupressure 591:Cell growth 573:cell growth 562:Hippocrates 501:other than 499:skin cancer 475:lung cancer 442:, surgery, 420:vaccination 389:hepatitis B 357:hepatitis C 353:hepatitis B 319:Tobacco use 241:, surgery, 214:, tobacco, 212:carcinogens 195:weight loss 50:Other names 16344:Categories 15949:Carcinogen 15813:Urogenital 15754:Topography 15735:Metastasis 15699:Pseudocyst 15673:Conditions 15585:DiseasesDB 14546:: 828656. 14027:19 January 12999:5 December 12028:10 October 11936:Patient UK 11496:Domchek SM 11381:: 762–71. 10258:26 October 10225:26 October 9914:: w13250. 9707:30 January 9487:Holland JF 8021:27 January 7945:(review). 7910:(review). 7867:(18): 18. 7822:(review). 7799:27 January 7745:31 January 7491:(1): 1–3. 7297:31 January 7133:"Sunlight" 6646:13 October 6348:25 October 5765:10 October 5502:cancer.gov 5472:cancer.org 5134:The Lancet 4586:cancer.gov 4398:References 4328:red wolves 4266:mammograms 4236:Nano Today 4102:sick leave 3982:metastasis 3955:contagious 3924:purgatives 3873: – c. 3822:(23%) and 3749:(860,000) 3682:See also: 3643:depression 3610:carcinoma 3585:See also: 3262:neoplastic 3207:Management 3137:See also: 2875:Folic acid 2842:raloxifene 2808:Medication 2615:Prevention 2576:mastectomy 2429:parenchyma 2413:-carcinoma 2301:epithelial 2248:chromosome 2155:nucleotide 2127:glycolysis 2115:Metabolism 2073:Metastasis 2068:Metastasis 2062:Metastasis 1974:Epigenetic 1841:retrovirus 1821:expression 1776:nucleotide 1764:chromosome 1542:glass wool 1286:Colibactin 1101:carcinogen 824:Metastasis 819:Metastasis 813:Metastasis 701:Ulceration 646:metastasis 621:metastases 610:Promoting 76:A coronal 16065:Infection 15968:Oncovirus 15958:oncogenes 15911:Ann Arbor 15854:Papilloma 15839:Carcinoma 15832:Histology 15776:laryngeal 15720:Dysplasia 15704:Hamartoma 15319:. Wiley. 15246:245425871 14886:Alberts B 14655:17 August 14622:17 August 14152:186453370 13856:160969212 13848:1940-5278 13805:0017-789X 13787:Barbara E 12968:4 October 12614:CiteSeerX 12118:14 August 12077:14 August 10751:205189615 10532:CiteSeerX 10039:: g4490. 9843:9 January 9479:Dvorak HF 9338:222214285 6560:: d1584. 5977:The term 5531:Hanahan D 5189:: 77–97. 4667:2374-2437 4332:ungulates 4316:Carnivora 4270:PET scans 4247:Pregnancy 4092:Workplace 3998:euphemism 3943:Descartes 3911:into the 3888:(crab or 3845:Engraving 3824:lymphomas 3738:diagnosed 3581:Prognosis 3376:Radiation 3362:leukemias 3258:cytotoxic 3108:. A 2013 3047:testing, 2916:Screening 2892:viruses. 2860:vitamin D 2838:tamoxifen 2692:, led by 2536:colectomy 2470:leiomyoma 2421:-blastoma 2347:cartilage 2297:Carcinoma 2240:mutations 2226:prognosis 2218:diagnosis 2211:endoscopy 2183:screening 2165:Diagnosis 2151:glutamine 2049:microRNAs 1962:, and in 1960:oncogenes 1905:evolution 1857:apoptosis 1837:DNA virus 1772:mutations 1752:Oncogenes 1741:transform 1620:apoptosis 1597:Oncogenes 1570:tridymite 1546:rock wool 1463:syndromes 1403:from the 1347:Radiation 1290:genotoxin 1278:-induced 1245:viruses ( 1194:parasites 1174:Infection 1160:Betel nut 1022:esophagus 982:Chemicals 937:radiation 929:inherited 749:leukemias 689:esophagus 681:pneumonia 654:ulcerates 577:neoplasms 343:Infection 313:100 types 267:Frequency 262:66% (USA) 254:Prognosis 235:Treatment 177:Specialty 117:, 9 109:, 6 105:, 5 101:, 4 97:, 2 54:Malignant 16360:Oncology 15989:Research 15849:Blastoma 15666:oncology 15511:, NIOSH. 15473:(WHO) | 15377:7 August 15358:(2010). 15295:16901782 15238:34937938 15170:Archived 15166:20391394 15092:24 March 15045:NBC News 15018:27786221 14961:Archived 14936:24733905 14864:Archived 14822:Newsweek 14803:43505621 14768:25267555 14733:20189876 14698:19360048 14649:Archived 14596:28 March 14572:35356338 14521:26995006 14486:19645027 14436:24131614 14401:32120274 14357:27589247 14322:21228314 14273:15337487 14212:Archived 14175:(2009). 14021:Archived 13942:13 April 13912:13 April 13907:Medscape 13887:13 April 13861:13 April 13773:12042378 13724:38892895 13716:21751192 13648:28148111 13640:21656759 13541:39667103 13533:20960499 13473:17119192 13430:34364885 13422:24488779 13378:20231056 13278:23612461 13243:17412298 13235:19156531 13196:Archived 13163:20656212 13128:Archived 13063:23245604 13054:10790329 12945:34242964 12896:28892556 12842:20030832 12720:34164589 12644:35124492 12636:15061600 12585:Archived 12561:14755017 12479:12612576 12438:44343423 12430:16948956 12371:Archived 12351:40873748 12343:21263086 12314:21612477 12270:19755046 12234:19200416 12198:20679538 12164:21900105 11992:18082594 11984:24584183 11940:Archived 11917:Archived 11883:22483746 11875:21527953 11840:20171403 11791:15146036 11742:35447562 11734:23001911 11693:22730604 11681:Oncology 11652:28 March 11628:24347031 11543:Medicine 11528:29630942 11520:18366960 11478:23737396 11397:21984740 11031:Geneva: 11008:28 March 10983:24176569 10929:28 March 10900:29376219 10851:17551129 10810:21738614 10770:PLOS ONE 10743:24414552 10734:11285307 10694:24703049 10656:16595770 10615:23094923 10554:16595781 10509:Archived 10505:20939459 10475:18425978 10466:11270836 10430:19020189 10395:20594533 10354:22950940 10346:21144578 10310:17339623 10252:Archived 10216:Archived 10188:20374790 10153:19838915 10104:17484871 10063:25073782 10014:21119663 9965:22202045 9930:21904992 9886:23641414 9837:Archived 9829:"Cancer" 9815:26675728 9758:17354479 9750:16298215 9701:Archived 9679:35988567 9556:23152241 9481:(2003). 9442:32670883 9416:: 1010. 9389:26771115 9330:33028168 9287:31781842 9236:20181022 9185:23226794 9131:23539594 9031:21779515 8982:17616978 8931:18704159 8839:11850397 8790:16728433 8682:23671730 8631:21278452 8582:17412712 8541:22389639 8491:12640109 8442:22082348 8385:16491070 8342:17109012 8307:15314031 8258:20201610 8250:11905807 8207:18234754 8172:27239106 8121:26402826 8091:Medicine 8072:19142965 8015:Archived 7963:18502035 7928:20455855 7893:21914164 7842:19468060 7793:Archived 7739:Archived 7697:21782509 7648:12677142 7599:25591527 7591:14566830 7556:22436981 7507:17220324 7466:25299272 7458:20304247 7423:24746283 7415:19374592 7369:28 March 7324:Archived 7291:Archived 7247:18046031 7208:Archived 7089:Archived 7085:20539059 7044:24559558 7009:15489139 6974:21102637 6925:14278899 6884:19107449 6825:18990005 6789:25129328 6740:19823935 6732:17005596 6619:18055160 6584:21474525 6535:18434333 6486:16998161 6437:15552776 6394:12028500 6316:12270001 6275:20891885 6226:34197973 6218:12794519 6183:35420163 6127:23393080 6103:: f165. 6074:29949726 6022:29160902 5860:28 March 5833:28341725 5792:33289989 5742:21296615 5680:45874503 5672:21946906 5617:21376230 5565:10647931 5508:28 March 5476:Archived 5454:Archived 5446:"cancer" 5402:30500384 5394:21296855 5338:23084294 5303:23369588 5268:36633525 5164:27733282 5079:23737396 4997:22158327 4940:22237782 4886:Archived 4856:Archived 4781:26400678 4732:Archived 4712:28 March 4685:34967848 4615:Archived 4592:28 March 4563:18626751 4544:18626751 4468:"Cancer" 4425:Archived 4392:Oncology 4361:See also 4357:(DFTD). 4297:mastitis 4262:CT scans 4229:COVID-19 4133:Research 4115:divorced 3909:karkinos 3890:crayfish 3886:karkinos 3883:καρκίνος 3816:leukemia 3657:such as 3327:lymphoma 3319:leukemia 3217:Oncology 2928:symptoms 2902:Cervarix 2898:Gardasil 2886:Vaccines 2848:such as 2780:red meat 2776:sausages 2772:hot dogs 2702:high BMI 2578:specimen 2538:specimen 2489:seminoma 2485:melanoma 2417:-sarcoma 2405:Blastoma 2395:seminoma 2387:testicle 2369:leukemia 2365:Lymphoma 2317:pancreas 2309:prostate 2207:CT scans 2203:contrast 2143:leukemia 2139:lymphoma 2085:invasion 2041:germline 1817:promoter 1721:Genetics 1643:estrogen 1608:Hormones 1603:Hormones 1587:Chronic 1522:asbestos 1446:Heredity 1409:melanoma 1190:bacteria 1058:leukemia 1054:asbestos 1026:pancreas 901:The GHS 840:invasion 738:cachexia 677:bronchus 658:specific 617:Invasion 557:καρκίνος 503:melanoma 432:cervical 428:red meat 258:Average 189:Symptoms 182:Oncology 61:neoplasm 15999:History 15898:grading 15894:Staging 15859:Adenoma 15844:Sarcoma 15579:D009369 15549:C00-C97 15286:2593932 15229:8755536 15208:Bibcode 15179:18 July 15026:4465686 14996:Bibcode 14927:4000813 14902:Bibcode 14563:8959852 14313:3107566 13764:1279913 13481:1579801 13453:Bibcode 13286:5726826 13071:1541253 12994:iarc.fr 12936:8271173 12887:6419241 12833:2805623 12816:: 102. 12711:8218894 12667:7 March 12569:6453919 12487:9745527 12305:4042405 12155:3675703 11964:Bibcode 11831:3339125 11782:1765659 11619:8094913 11577:4 April 11469:6464778 10949:Chen DS 10891:6491296 10801:3124481 10778:Bibcode 10578:27 July 10144:2769029 10054:4115152 10005:3039795 9877:3633807 9806:4836858 9785:Bibcode 9670:9395583 9547:6457819 9433:7330710 9380:4715268 9278:7004869 9227:2845135 9176:3506713 9122:3749880 9101:Bibcode 9093:Science 9074:9353177 9054:Bibcode 9046:Science 9022:3135649 8973:1913100 8922:2491723 8880:5770175 8871:1706430 8830:1084010 8781:2612936 8741:9096356 8709:Bibcode 8673:3648662 8622:3030973 8532:3277709 8433:3590802 8393:2514545 8350:8040576 8215:8813076 8163:4873872 8112:4635766 8063:2743036 7884:3180438 7688:3148429 7639:1514477 7547:3445438 7255:2760372 6965:3718018 6875:2166976 6780:4151483 6575:3072472 6526:2720127 6477:2563648 6402:9172672 6324:6132726 6267:9594919 6174:9324981 6118:3567204 6065:6996482 5944:5 March 5919:17 July 5913:The Age 5893:18 July 5573:1478778 5155:5055577 5070:6464778 4988:3252065 4948:2067308 4892:10 June 4862:22 July 4676:8719276 4621:18 June 4535:2515569 4431:10 June 4194:cancer. 3974:scrotum 3830:History 3818:(34%), 3793:Autopsy 3708:and on 3659:heparin 3612:in situ 3475:hospice 3411:Surgery 3264:drugs ( 2856:Vitamin 2822:Aspirin 2762:(e.g., 2727:obesity 2715:Dietary 2694:smoking 2688:– were 2667:alcohol 2659:obesity 2641:Cancer 2556:bronchi 2476:fibroid 2389:or the 2349:, fat, 2335:Sarcoma 2014:genetic 1953:genetic 1872:hypoxia 1835:from a 1829:protein 1768:mitosis 1500:when a 1434:by the 1378:mutagen 1127:obesity 1099:, is a 1062:benzene 1041:smoking 933:obesity 768:dyspnea 725:abdomen 462:in the 325:, poor 323:obesity 228:alcohol 218:, poor 216:obesity 115:kidneys 78:CT scan 16350:Cancer 16088:Cancer 15730:Cancer 15662:cancer 15658:tumors 15614:001289 15452: 15431: 15405:Cancer 15396: 15368: 15344: 15323: 15293: 15283: 15244: 15236: 15226: 15200:Nature 15164: 15128: 15024: 15016: 14988:Nature 14934: 14924: 14801: 14766: 14731: 14696: 14676:Nature 14570: 14560: 14519: 14484: 14466:Cancer 14434: 14399: 14355: 14320: 14310: 14271: 14236:5 July 14185: 14150: 14140: 14108: 14081: 14052: 13999: 13974: 13854: 13846: 13803: 13771: 13761: 13722: 13714: 13694:Cancer 13671: 13646: 13638: 13618:Cancer 13585: 13539: 13531: 13511:Cancer 13479: 13471: 13428: 13420: 13376: 13336: 13309: 13284: 13276: 13241: 13233: 13188: 13161: 13099: 13069: 13061: 13051: 13023:Lancet 12943: 12933: 12894: 12884: 12840: 12830: 12784: 12742: 12718: 12708: 12642: 12634: 12616: 12567: 12559: 12485: 12477: 12436: 12428: 12349: 12341: 12312: 12302: 12268: 12232: 12196: 12162: 12152: 11990: 11982: 11881: 11873: 11838: 11828: 11810:Lancet 11789: 11779: 11740: 11732: 11691: 11626: 11616: 11526: 11518: 11476: 11466: 11395: 11377:(11). 10981: 10898: 10888: 10849: 10808: 10798: 10749: 10741: 10731: 10692: 10654: 10613: 10552: 10534: 10503: 10473: 10463: 10428: 10393: 10352: 10344: 10326:Lancet 10308: 10186: 10151: 10141: 10102: 10061: 10051: 10012: 10002: 9963: 9928: 9884: 9874: 9813: 9803: 9777:Nature 9756: 9748: 9728:Lancet 9677: 9667: 9647:Lancet 9598: 9554: 9544: 9503: 9491:Frei E 9462:24 May 9440: 9430: 9387: 9377: 9336: 9328: 9285: 9275: 9234: 9224: 9183: 9173: 9129: 9119: 9072: 9029: 9019: 8980: 8970: 8929: 8919: 8878: 8868: 8837: 8827: 8788: 8778: 8739: 8729: 8680: 8670: 8629: 8619: 8580: 8539: 8529: 8489: 8482:150734 8479: 8440: 8430: 8391: 8383: 8348: 8340: 8305: 8298:515288 8295: 8256: 8248: 8213: 8205: 8170: 8160: 8119: 8109: 8070: 8060: 8007: 7961: 7926: 7891: 7881: 7840: 7785: 7731: 7695: 7685: 7646: 7636: 7597: 7589: 7554: 7544: 7505: 7464: 7456: 7438:Lancet 7421: 7413: 7347:8 June 7283: 7253: 7245: 7200: 7164:8 June 7139:8 June 7112:8 June 7083: 7042: 7007: 6972: 6962: 6923: 6903:Cancer 6882: 6872: 6862: 6823: 6787: 6777: 6759:Lancet 6738: 6730: 6617: 6582: 6572: 6533: 6523: 6484: 6474: 6435: 6400: 6392: 6322: 6314: 6273: 6265: 6224: 6216: 6181: 6171: 6125: 6115: 6079:2008). 6072: 6062: 6020: 5969: 5831: 5790: 5740: 5703: 5678: 5670: 5615: 5571: 5563: 5424: 5400: 5392: 5336: 5301: 5266: 5220: 5162: 5152: 5104: 5077: 5067: 5022: 4995: 4985: 4946: 4938: 4826: 4779: 4738:4 July 4683: 4673: 4665: 4561: 4557:, 4542: 4532: 4002:stigma 3916:cancer 3898:Celsus 3593:, and 3341:, and 3125:using 3034:cervix 2908:. The 2814:NSAIDs 2455:ductal 2341:(i.e. 2305:breast 2199:X-rays 2173:Chest 2145:, and 2024:or in 1915:stages 1631:testis 1578:kanger 1562:quartz 1554:nickel 1550:cobalt 1481:, and 1125:, and 1121:Diet, 1073:Teflon 1018:larynx 887:Causes 838:Local 751:, and 709:anemia 543:script 485:, and 409:biopsy 297:spread 293:invade 285:Cancer 275:Deaths 168: 111:spleen 45:Cancer 15982:Misc. 15868:Other 15808:Blood 15590:28843 15499:, USA 15242:S2CID 15173:(PDF) 15150:(PDF) 15022:S2CID 14870:5 May 14799:S2CID 14764:S2CID 14208:Slate 13852:S2CID 13720:S2CID 13644:S2CID 13537:S2CID 13477:S2CID 13426:S2CID 13282:S2CID 13239:S2CID 13067:S2CID 12990:(PDF) 12640:S2CID 12565:S2CID 12537:(PDF) 12483:S2CID 12434:S2CID 12395:(PDF) 12388:(PDF) 12347:S2CID 12112:(PDF) 12101:(PDF) 12071:(PDF) 12060:(PDF) 12022:PCORI 11988:S2CID 11879:S2CID 11738:S2CID 11524:S2CID 10961:arXiv 10747:S2CID 10350:S2CID 10219:(PDF) 10206:(PDF) 9754:S2CID 9485:. 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