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about whether a fluid is a transudate or an exudate is based not on chemical analysis of the fluid, but an accurate diagnosis of the disease that produces the fluid. The traditional definitions of transudate as a pleural effusion due to systemic factors and an exudate as a pleural effusion due to local factors have been used since 1940 or earlier (Light et al., 1972). Previous to Light's landmark study, which was based on work by
Chandrasekhar, investigators unsuccessfully attempted to use other criteria, such as specific gravity, pH, and protein content of the fluid, to differentiate between transudates and exudates. Light's criteria are highly statistically sensitive for exudates (although not very statistically specific). More recent studies have examined other characteristics of pleural fluid that may help to determine whether the process producing the effusion is local (exudate) or systemic (transudate). The table above illustrates some of the results of these more recent studies. However, it should be borne in mind that Light's criteria are still the most widely used criteria.
32:
797:
835:
888:
858:
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785:
259:
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1391:, in which the two pleural surfaces are scarred to each other so that no fluid can accumulate between them. This is a surgical procedure that involves inserting a chest tube, then either mechanically abrading the pleura or inserting the chemicals to induce a scar. This requires the chest tube to stay in until the fluid drainage stops. This can take days to weeks and can require prolonged hospitalizations. If the chest tube becomes clogged, fluid will be left behind and the
385:
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778:, nearly as accurate as CT and more accurate than chest X-ray, is increasingly being used at the point of care to diagnose pleural effusions, with the advantage that it is a safe, dynamic, and repeatable imaging modality. To increase diagnostic accuracy of detection of pleural effusion sonographically, markers such as boomerang and VIP signs can be utilized.
758:. The pleural effusion behaves according to basic fluid dynamics, conforming to the shape of pleural space, which is determined by the lung and chest wall. If the pleural space contains both air and fluid, then an air-fluid level that is horizontal will be present, instead of conforming to the lung space. Chest radiographs in the lateral
1359:(either pigtail or surgical). When managing these chest tubes, it is important to make sure the chest tubes do not become occluded or clogged. A clogged chest tube in the setting of continued production of fluid will result in residual fluid left behind when the chest tube is removed. This fluid can lead to complications such as
1331:
Light's criteria as having exudative pleural effusions actually have transudative pleural effusions. Therefore, if a patient identified by Light's criteria as having an exudative pleural effusion appears clinically to have a condition that usually produces transudative effusions, additional testing is needed. In such cases,
816:
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Tubercular pleural effusion is one of the common extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis. Treatment consists of antituberculosis treatment (ATT). The currently recommended ATT regime is two months of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide followed by four months of isoniazid, rifampicin and
1339:
The
Rational Clinical Examination Series review found that bilateral effusions, symmetric and asymmetric, are the most common distribution in heart failure (60% of effusions in heart failure will be bilateral). When there is asymmetry in heart failure-associated pleural effusions (either unilateral
1335:
levels in blood and pleural fluid are measured. If the difference between the albumin level in the blood and the pleural fluid is greater than 1.2 g/dL (12 g/L), this suggests that the patient has a transudative pleural effusion. However, pleural fluid testing is not perfect, and the final decision
680:
and reabsorbed by the lymphatics in the most dependent parts of the parietal pleura, primarily the diaphragmatic and mediastinal regions. Exudative pleural effusions occur when the pleura is damaged, e.g., by trauma, infection, or malignancy, and transudative pleural effusions develop when there is
1299:
An accurate diagnosis of the cause of the effusion, transudate versus exudate, relies on a comparison of the chemistries in the pleural fluid to those in the blood, using Light's criteria. According to Light's criteria (Light, et al. 1972), a pleural effusion is likely exudative if at least one of
753:
A pleural effusion appears as an area of whiteness on a standard posteroanterior chest X-ray. Normally, the space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura cannot be seen. A pleural effusion infiltrates the space between these layers. Because the pleural effusion has a density similar to
1398:
Pleurodesis fails in as many as 30% of cases. An alternative is to place a PleurX Pleural
Catheter or Aspira Drainage Catheter. This is a 15Fr chest tube with a one-way valve. Each day the patient or caregivers connect it to a simple vacuum tube and remove from 600 to 1000 mL of fluid, and can be
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The sensitivity and specificity of Light's criteria for detection of exudates have been measured in many studies and are usually reported to be around 98% and 80%, respectively. This means that although Light's criteria are relatively accurate, twenty percent of patients that are identified by
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907:, and it should be done in almost all patients who have pleural fluid that is at least 10 mm in thickness on CT, ultrasonography, or lateral decubitus X-ray and that is new or of uncertain etiology. In general, the only patients who do not require thoracentesis are those who have
915:
can be tried, and thoracentesis is avoided unless effusions persist for more than 3 days. In a thoracentesis, a needle is inserted through the back of the chest wall in the sixth, seventh, or eighth intercostal space on the midaxillary line, into the pleural space. The use of
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position (with the patient lying on the side of the pleural effusion) are more sensitive and can detect as little as 50 mL of fluid. Between 250 and 600mL of fluid must be present before upright chest X-rays can detect a pleural effusion (e.g., blunted
822:
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Romero S, Martinez A, Hernandez L, Fernandez C, Espasa A, Candela A, Martin C (2000). "Light's criteria revisited: consistency and comparison with new proposed alternative criteria for separating pleural transudates from exudates".
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were once thought to cause transudative effusions, but have been recently shown to be exudative. The mechanism for the exudative pleural effusion in pulmonary thromboembolism is probably related to increased permeability of the
819:
2027:
Lau, James Siu Ki; Yuen, Chi Kit; Mok, Ka Leung; Yan, Wing Wa; Kan, Pui Gay (2017-11-15). "Visualization of the inferoposterior thoracic wall (VIP) and boomerang signs-novel sonographic signs of right pleural effusion".
1272:. The components of the Starling forces – hydrostatic pressure, permeability, and oncotic pressure (effective pressure due to the composition of the pleural fluid and blood) – are altered in many diseases, e.g.,
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Volpicelli, Giovanni; Elbarbary, Mahmoud; Blaivas, Michael; Lichtenstein, Daniel A.; Mathis, Gebhard; Kirkpatrick, Andrew W.; Melniker, Lawrence; Gargani, Luna; Noble, Vicki E. (2012-04-01).
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or one side larger than the other), the right side is usually more involved than the left. The instruments pictured are accurately shaped, however, most hospitals now use safer disposable
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either excessive production of pleural fluid or the resorption capacity is reduced. Light's criteria can be used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions.
1261:" are the source of much confusion. Briefly, transudate is produced through pressure filtration without capillary injury while exudate is "inflammatory fluid" leaking between cells.
1738:
Raicevic
Mirjana, Nikolovski Srdjan, Golubovic Emilija. Pleural Effusion as a Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt Complication in Children (Meeting Abstract). Acta Med Acad. 2019;48(S1):26.
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Anteroposterior Chest X-ray of a pleural effusion. The A arrow shows fluid layering in the right pleural cavity. The B arrow shows the normal width of the lung in the cavity
1403:, it allows them to continue chemotherapy if indicated. Generally, the tube is in for about 30 days, and then it is removed when space undergoes spontaneous pleurodesis.
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745:, 2.2–33.8), while the absence of reduced tactile vocal fremitus made pleural effusion less likely (negative likelihood ratio, 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.37).
3323:
784:
2253:
Heffner J, Brown L, Barbieri C (1997). "Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study
Investigators".
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Gordon, Craig E.; Feller-Kopman, David; Balk, Ethan M.; Smetana, Gerald W. (2010-02-22). "Pneumothorax following thoracentesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
887:
609:(most commonly caused by trauma), and accidental infusion of fluids. Less common causes include esophageal rupture or pancreatic disease, intra-abdominal abscesses,
2508:
Light, Richard W. "Ch. 257: Disorders of the Pleura and
Mediastinum". In Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
2623:"Is albumin gradient or fluid to serum albumin ratio better than the pleural fluid lactate dehydroginase in the diagnostic of separation of pleural effusion?"
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to guide the procedure is now standard of care as it increases accuracy and decreases complications. After removal, the fluid may then be evaluated for:
1322:
times the normal upper limit for serum. Different laboratories have different values for the upper limit of serum LDH, but examples include 200 and 300
754:
water, it can be seen on radiographs. Since the effusion has greater density than the rest of the lung, it gravitates towards the lower portions of the
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521:
Another common cause is after heart surgery when incompletely drained blood can lead to an inflammatory response that causes exudative pleural fluid.
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Red blood cell counts are elevated in cases of bloody effusions (for example after heart surgery or hemothorax from incomplete evacuation of blood).
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is more accurate for diagnosis and may be obtained to better characterize the presence, size, and characteristics of a pleural effusion. Lung
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Gupta, A. K.; Berry, M. (April 1994). "Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt presenting with recurrent pleural effusion: Report of a new complication".
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Once a pleural effusion is diagnosed, its cause must be determined. Pleural fluid is drawn out of the pleural space in a process called
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Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, Ball WC (1972). "Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates".
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deviation away from the effusion. A systematic review (2009) published as part of the
Rational Clinical Examination Series in the
160:). When unspecified, the term "pleural effusion" normally refers to hydrothorax. A pleural effusion can also be compounded by a
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Consolidated
Guidelines on Tuberculosis Treatment. Module 3: Diagnosis. Rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection. 2021 update
738:
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Light R, Macgregor M, Luchsinger P, Ball W (1972). "Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates".
1471:. American Thoracic Society International Conference Abstracts. Vol. 308. American Thoracic Society. pp. A5333–A5333
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Cullu, Nesat; Kalemci, Serdar; Karakas, Omer; Eser, Irfan; Yalcin, Funda; Boyaci, Fatma
Nurefsan; Karakas, Ekrem (2013).
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repeated daily. When not in use, the tube is capped. This allows patients to be outside the hospital. For patients with
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Roth BJ, O'Meara TF, Gragun WH (1990). "The serum-effusion albumin gradient in the evaluation of pleural effusions".
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showed that dullness to conventional percussion was most accurate for diagnosing pleural effusion (summary positive
1344:. Because these are single use, they are always sharp and have a much smaller risk of cross patient contamination.
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713:, such as decreased movement of the chest on the affected side, dullness to percussion over the fluid, diminished
660:, insertion of ventricular shunt as a treatment method of hydrocephalus, and intra- or extravascular insertion of
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scan of the chest showing a left-sided pleural effusion. The fluid usually settles at the lowest space due to
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levels in the blood and reduced colloid osmotic pressure, is another less common cause of pleural effusion.
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de
Menezes Lyra R (1997). "A modified outer cannula can help thoracentesis after pleural biopsy".
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725:. Above the effusion, where the lung is compressed, there may be bronchial breathing sounds and
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absorption leaving behind only 5–15 millilitres of fluid, which helps to maintain a functional
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Wong CL, Holroyd-Leduc J, Straus SE (Jan 2009). "Does this patient have a pleural effusion?".
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The University of Utah • Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library > WebPath images >
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bacilli, this is the most common cause of pleural effusions in some developing countries),
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Massive left-sided pleural effusion (whiteness) in a patient presenting with lung cancer.
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capillaries at a rate of 0.6 millilitre per kilogram weight per hour, and is cleared by
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Therapeutic aspiration may be sufficient; larger effusions may require insertion of an
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C54. CRITICAL CARE CASE REPORTS: CAUSES AND COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE
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causing approximately 75% of all malignant pleural effusions), viral infection, and
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increasing the resistance against lung expansion, resulting in a fully or partially
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Various methods can be used to classify pleural fluid. By the origin of the fluid:
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2574:"Is the pleural fluid transudate or exudate? A revisit of the diagnostic criteria"
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1980:"International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound"
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with symmetric pleural effusions and no chest pain or fever; in these patients,
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Massive pleural effusion, later proven to be hemothorax in a South Indian male.
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factors that influence the formation and absorption of pleural fluid (e.g.,
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2013:
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Porcel JM, Light RW (2008). "Pleural effusions due to pulmonary embolism".
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Transudative pleural effusions are defined as effusions that are caused by
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The lung expanding within an area of pleural effusion as seen by ultrasound
709:. Once accumulated fluid is more than 300 mL, there are usually detectable
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2464:"Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates"
2445:
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Malignancy (either lung cancer or metastases to the pleura from elsewhere)
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2134:"Therapeutic thoracentesis: the role of ultrasound and pleural manometry"
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1280:. Exudative pleural effusions, by contrast, are caused by alterations in
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Shore, D.; Malhotra, A. (2018-05-01). "Coprothorax: A Feculent Pleura".
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to identify cancer cells, but may also identify some infective organisms
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The ratio of pleural fluid protein to serum protein is greater than 0.5
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121:
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Porcel JM, Peña JM, Vicente de Vera C, Esquerda A (Feb 18, 2006). "".
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1977:
1920:
1596:"A modified outer cannula can help thoracentesis after pleural biopsy"
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Galagan et al. Color Atlas of Body Fluids. CAP Press, Northfield, 2006
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A large left-sided pleural effusion as seen on an upright chest X-ray
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The most common causes of exudative pleural effusions are bacterial
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Various kinds of fluid can accumulate in the pleural space, such as
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Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the pleural effusion.
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451:. If cytology is negative, and cancer is still suspected, either a
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357:
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Conditions associated with transudative pleural effusions include:
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Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, Ball WC Jr (October 1972).
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The ratio of pleural fluid LDH and serum LDH is greater than 0.6
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1641:"Pleural Effusion in Adults—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment"
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977:
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427:
86:
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399:, additional evaluation is needed to determine its cause, and
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1819:
Saguil, Aaron; Wyrick, Kristen; Hallgren, John (2014-07-15).
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if scarring occurs. Repeated effusions may require chemical (
981:
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636:, including the use of medications (pleural fluid is usually
593:(though stains of pleural fluid are only rarely positive for
228:
204:
194:
153:
145:
137:
117:
2525:
2461:
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Joseph J, Badrinath P, Basran GS, Sahn SA (November 2001).
1372:
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Glucose is decreased with cancer, bacterial infections, or
70:
809:; in this case, at the back because the patient is supine.
721:(though this is an inconsistent and unreliable sign), and
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2620:
2571:
863:
A pleural effusion as seen on lateral upright chest x-ray
214:
165:
125:
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A pleural effusion is usually diagnosed on the basis of
524:
Conditions associated with exudative pleural effusions:
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941:
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Pleural fluid is secreted by the parietal layer of the
408:
2950:
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Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases
447:
If cancer is suspected, the pleural fluid is sent for
320:. The excessive interstitial lung fluid traverses the
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2455:
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972:
Other tests as suggested by the clinical situation –
953:
and culture to identify possible bacterial infections
2797:
2252:
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on the affected side, decreased vocal resonance and
93:. Excess fluid within the pleural space can impair
2362:
2360:
1782:"Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion in adults"
1747:
1634:
1632:
984:, tuberculosis cultures, lupus cell prep, specific
2621:Joseph J, Badrinath P, Basran GS, Sahn SA (2002).
2452:
455:, or needle biopsy of the pleura may be performed.
395:When a pleural effusion has been determined to be
16:Accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity
2423:
1921:Squire, Lucy Frank; Novelline, Robert A. (2004).
1780:Porcel, José M.; Light, Richard W. (2006-04-01).
1593:
4017:
2357:
1927:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.
1748:D'Agostino, Horacio P.; Edens, Mary Ann (2024),
1629:
482:, and mycobacterial cultures) should be done. A
1756:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1268:factors that alter the pleural equilibrium, or
963:counts and differential white blood cell counts
304:in the lung, which results from the release of
2324:
2322:
621:(ascites and pleural effusion due to a benign
540:Infection (empyema due to bacterial pneumonia)
2936:
2567:
2565:
2507:
2286:
2284:
2131:
2026:
1464:
1019:
1555:
1553:
1249:Instruments for needle biopsy of the pleura.
250:By the underlying cause (see next section).
2319:
1945:
1779:
1513:
735:Journal of the American Medical Association
2943:
2929:
2614:
2562:
2510:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2281:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2228:
2226:
2111:Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals
2030:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
1687:
1310:Pleural fluid LDH is greater than 0.6 or
1026:
1012:
881:Pleural effusion as seen behind the heart.
287:, leading to the loss of large amounts of
275:pleural effusion in the United States are
61:is accumulation of excessive fluid in the
30:
3543:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
2648:
2638:
2597:
2521:
2519:
2400:
1995:
1856:
1854:
1821:"Diagnostic approach to pleural effusion"
1664:
1638:
1550:
632:Pleural effusions may also occur through
589:Other causes of pleural effusion include
1244:
688:
605:, bleeding (often due to chest trauma),
418:Amylase levels are elevated in cases of
383:
257:
3567:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2373:Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
2241:
2223:
97:by upsetting the functional vacuum and
4018:
2716:
2672:
2516:
2098:
1851:
39:Diagram of fluid buildup in the pleura
2924:
2138:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
1951:
1895:
1516:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
1276:, kidney failure, liver failure, and
2417:
1574:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
486:for tuberculous DNA may be done, or
411:and cell counts should be measured.
168:in the pleural space), leading to a
4000:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
2132:Feller-Kopman, David (2007-07-01).
2080:"UOTW #23 - Ultrasound of the Week"
991:
729:. A large effusion there may cause
13:
3589:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
2952:Diseases of the respiratory system
2758:World Health Organisation (2021).
1924:Squire's fundamentals of radiology
1645:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
851:, one cause of a pleural effusion.
667:
584:
444:(<7.2) and maybe low in cancer.
310:vascular endothelial growth factor
14:
4042:
2793:
2104:
1494:U.S. National Library of Medicine
646:endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy
634:medical or surgical interventions
627:ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
2664:
898:
886:
868:
856:
833:
814:
795:
783:
461:and culture should also be done.
308:or inflammatory mediators (e.g.
2751:
2501:
2180:
2125:
2072:
2020:
1971:
1914:
1889:
1812:
1773:
1741:
1594:de Menezes Lyra R (July 1997).
924:Chemical composition including
266:
4005:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
2201:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.548
2113:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp
1732:
1681:
1639:Jany, B; Welte, T (May 2019).
1587:
1562:
1507:
1482:
1458:
642:coronary artery bypass surgery
1:
3579:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
2189:Archives of Internal Medicine
1452:
613:, asbestos pleural effusion,
468:is possible, examination for
243:Transudative pleural effusion
3562:Respiratory hypersensitivity
3500:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
2150:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3281214492
1528:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3282fcea3c
1347:
684:
603:systemic lupus erythematosus
379:
7:
3471:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
2468:Annals of Internal Medicine
1896:Corne; et al. (2002).
1750:"Physiology, Pleural Fluid"
1410:
1401:malignant pleural effusions
494:levels may also be checked.
424:pancreatic pleural effusion
73:. Under normal conditions,
10:
4047:
3324:Acute exacerbation of COPD
2540:10.7326/0003-4819-77-4-507
2480:10.7326/0003-4819-77-4-507
2305:10.7326/0003-4819-77-4-507
2042:10.1016/j.ajem.2017.11.023
1253:Definitions of the terms "
748:
471:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
271:The most common causes of
246:Exudative pleural effusion
3967:
3940:
3870:
3856:
3810:
3768:
3747:
3721:
3624:
3610:
3601:
3530:
3415:
3395:
3278:
3258:
3098:
2978:
2958:
2875:
2801:
1997:10.1007/s00134-012-2513-4
1900:. Churchill Livingstone.
1825:American Family Physician
1786:American Family Physician
1657:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0377
998:
484:polymerase chain reaction
253:
132:, more commonly known as
89:between the parietal and
43:
38:
29:
24:
3387:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
3380:Bronchiolitis obliterans
3246:Laryngotracheal stenosis
3193:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3171:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3129:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3057:Nasal septum perforation
2905:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2590:10.1136/thorax.56.11.867
1296:, and viral infection).
1274:left ventricular failure
375:End-stage kidney disease
336:Congestive heart failure
175:
3135:Retropharyngeal abscess
2764:. WHO. pp. 1–104.
2438:10.1378/chest.112.1.296
2267:10.1378/chest.111.4.970
1984:Intensive Care Medicine
1615:10.1378/chest.112.1.296
324:and accumulates in the
291:in urine and resultant
3828:Pulmonary hypertension
3557:Eosinophilic pneumonia
3209:Vocal cord dysfunction
3052:Nasal septum deviation
2627:BMC Pulmonary Medicine
2385:10.5152/dir.2013.13066
2343:10.1378/chest.98.3.546
2084:Ultrasound of the Week
1300:the following exists:
1250:
849:malignant mesothelioma
694:
529:Parapneumonic effusion
392:
346:Severe hypoalbuminemia
263:
3955:Mediastinal emphysema
3734:Healthcare-associated
3664:Legionnaires' disease
3090:Peritonsillar abscess
3062:Nasal septal hematoma
2640:10.1186/1471-2466-2-1
1898:Chest X-Ray Made Easy
1875:10.1001/jama.2008.937
1248:
1172:upper limit for serum
1080:vascular permeability
930:lactate dehydrogenase
705:, and confirmed by a
692:
644:, abdominal surgery,
387:
261:
3702:Mendelson's syndrome
3574:Hamman–Rich syndrome
1437:Subpulmonic effusion
723:pleural friction rub
658:lung transplantation
611:rheumatoid arthritis
566:Boerhaave's syndrome
564:Ruptured esophagus (
556:Autoimmune disorders
547:Pulmonary infarction
435:rheumatoid pleuritis
372:Obstructive uropathy
239:By pathophysiology:
69:that surrounds each
4026:Disorders of fascia
3975:Respiratory failure
3942:Mediastinal disease
3510:Bird fancier's lung
3085:Adenoid hypertrophy
1690:Pediatric Radiology
1367:from the fluid, or
1286:bacterial pneumonia
843:of a pleural fluid
772:computed tomography
765:costophrenic angles
743:confidence interval
488:adenosine deaminase
363:Peritoneal dialysis
77:is secreted by the
4031:Diseases of pleura
3880:Pleuritis/pleurisy
3833:Pulmonary embolism
3729:Community-acquired
3654:Atypical bacterial
3553:Löffler's syndrome
3334:Status asthmaticus
3319:Chronic bronchitis
3204:Vocal fold paresis
3018:Vasomotor rhinitis
2917:Images from MedPix
2876:External resources
2107:"Pleural Effusion"
2105:Light, Richard W.
1954:"Pleural effusion"
1952:Bell DJ, Jones J.
1702:10.1007/bf02020178
1490:"Pleural effusion"
1432:Pulmonary embolism
1294:pulmonary embolism
1251:
1154:Serum - Effusion
695:
552:Pulmonary embolism
516:pulmonary embolism
420:esophageal rupture
393:
350:Nephrotic syndrome
285:Nephrotic syndrome
264:
144:), or very rarely
4013:
4012:
3963:
3962:
3920:Empyema/pyothorax
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3806:
3805:
3739:Hospital-acquired
3597:
3596:
3461:Caplan's syndrome
3254:
3253:
3199:Vocal fold nodule
3023:Atrophic rhinitis
2899:
2898:
2778:on March 20, 2019
2694:10.1159/000029457
2086:. 22 October 2014
1357:intercostal drain
1243:
1242:
1191:> 0.6 or >
1177:< 0.6 or <
876:
847:specimen showing
823:
650:radiation therapy
354:Acute atelectasis
170:hydropneumothorax
164:(accumulation of
55:
54:
19:Medical condition
4038:
3898:Pleural effusion
3891:Hemopneumothorax
3868:
3867:
3622:
3621:
3608:
3607:
3451:Bauxite fibrosis
3416:External agents/
3413:
3412:
3344:Exercise-induced
3300:Acute bronchitis
3276:
3275:
2976:
2975:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2915:Pleural Effusion
2910:Pleural Effusion
2799:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2774:. Archived from
2755:
2749:
2748:
2737:10.1157/13084870
2725:Medicina ClĂnica
2720:
2714:
2713:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2512:(17th ed.).
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2036:(7): 1134–1138.
2024:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1792:(7): 1211–1220.
1777:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1098:Specific gravity
1070:osmotic pressure
1028:
1021:
1014:
996:
995:
992:Light's criteria
890:
878:
877:
860:
837:
825:
824:
799:
787:
739:likelihood ratio
619:Meigs's syndrome
601:disease such as
492:interferon gamma
389:Pleural effusion
368:Meigs's syndrome
297:Pulmonary emboli
262:Pleural effusion
91:visceral pleurae
79:parietal pleural
59:pleural effusion
34:
25:Pleural effusion
22:
21:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3959:
3936:
3872:Pleural disease
3861:
3844:
3802:
3764:
3748:By distribution
3743:
3722:By vector/route
3717:
3615:
3603:
3593:
3548:Pulmonary edema
3526:
3421:
3417:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3356:Cystic fibrosis
3283:
3267:
3263:
3250:
3094:
2968:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2871:
2870:
2810:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2772:
2756:
2752:
2721:
2717:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2619:
2615:
2570:
2563:
2524:
2517:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2460:
2453:
2422:
2418:
2365:
2358:
2327:
2320:
2289:
2282:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2224:
2185:
2181:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2025:
2021:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1859:
1852:
1817:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1686:
1682:
1651:(21): 377–386.
1637:
1630:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1417:Pleural disease
1413:
1387:), or surgical
1350:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1270:Starling forces
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1136:fluid protein/
1078:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1032:
994:
986:immunoglobulins
901:
894:
891:
882:
879:
869:
864:
861:
852:
838:
829:
826:
815:
810:
800:
791:
788:
751:
699:medical history
687:
670:
668:Pathophysiology
587:
585:Other/ungrouped
502:, cancer (with
382:
322:visceral pleura
269:
256:
178:
134:pleural empyema
99:hydrostatically
67:potential space
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3858:Pleural cavity
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3619:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:Lycoperdonosis
3517:
3512:
3507:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3431:Pneumoconiosis
3427:
3425:
3410:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3351:Bronchiectasis
3348:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3161:Laryngeal cyst
3158:
3156:Laryngomalacia
3153:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2846:
2831:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:Classification
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2790:
2789:
2770:
2750:
2715:
2671:
2613:
2584:(11): 867–70.
2561:
2528:Ann Intern Med
2515:
2500:
2451:
2416:
2356:
2318:
2293:Ann Intern Med
2280:
2240:
2235:"Inflammation"
2222:
2195:(4): 332–339.
2179:
2144:(4): 312–318.
2124:
2097:
2071:
2019:
1990:(4): 577–591.
1970:
1944:
1937:
1913:
1906:
1888:
1850:
1811:
1772:
1740:
1731:
1680:
1628:
1586:
1561:
1549:
1506:
1481:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1349:
1346:
1328:
1327:
1308:
1305:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1160:< 1.2 g/dL
1158:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
993:
990:
989:
988:
978:fungal culture
970:
964:
961:red blood cell
954:
948:
900:
897:
896:
895:
892:
885:
883:
880:
867:
865:
862:
855:
853:
839:
832:
830:
827:
813:
811:
801:
794:
792:
789:
782:
756:pleural cavity
750:
747:
711:clinical signs
686:
683:
669:
666:
586:
583:
582:
581:
575:
569:
562:
557:
554:
549:
544:
541:
538:
535:
496:
495:
462:
456:
445:
438:
431:
416:
381:
378:
377:
376:
373:
370:
365:
360:
355:
352:
347:
344:
338:
268:
265:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
237:
236:
226:
212:
202:
192:
177:
174:
103:collapsed lung
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4043:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3968:Other/general
3966:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Mediastinitis
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:noninfectious
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:Obstructive /
3600:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Farmer's lung
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:Bronchiolitis
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2777:
2773:
2771:9789241550529
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:(4): 507–13.
2533:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:(4): 507–13.
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:(4): 507–13.
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:(4): 970–80.
2260:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1938:0-674-01279-8
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1907:0-443-07008-3
1903:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:(3): 309–17.
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:(2): 99–104.
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1571:
1570:"Atelectasis"
1565:
1556:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:(4): 337–42.
1521:
1517:
1510:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Thoracentesis
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Heart failure
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:lung collapse
1362:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1213:< 45 mg/dL
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1190:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:> 1.2 g/dL
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:serum protein
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
987:
983:
982:viral culture
979:
975:
971:
968:
967:Cytopathology
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
921:
919:
914:
910:
909:heart failure
906:
905:thoracentesis
899:Thoracentesis
889:
884:
866:
859:
854:
850:
846:
845:cytopathology
842:
836:
831:
812:
808:
804:
798:
793:
786:
781:
780:
779:
777:
773:
768:
766:
761:
757:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:breath sounds
712:
708:
704:
703:physical exam
700:
691:
682:
679:
675:
665:
663:
662:central lines
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
623:ovarian tumor
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
580:
577:Drug-induced
576:
574:
570:
567:
563:
561:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
534:
530:
527:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:breast cancer
505:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:Kinyoun stain
477:
476:Ziehl–Neelsen
473:
472:
467:
463:
460:
459:Gram staining
457:
454:
450:
446:
443:
440:pH is low in
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
413:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
386:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
353:
351:
348:
345:
343:
339:
337:
334:
333:
332:
329:
327:
326:pleural space
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:heart failure
274:
260:
251:
245:
242:
241:
240:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
182:
181:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:pleural fluid
72:
68:
64:
63:pleural space
60:
51:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
28:
23:
3897:
3887:Pneumothorax
3840:Lung abscess
3822:
3692:
3681:Pneumocystis
3642:Pneumococcal
3423:lung disease
3419:occupational
3397:Interstitial
3362:
3306:
3292:
3265:lung disease
3231:
3225:Epiglottitis
3215:
3183:
3177:Laryngospasm
3141:
3122:Strep throat
3107:
3070:
3046:nasal septum
3044:
3003:
2987:
2903:
2883:
2859:
2848:
2833:
2814:
2780:. Retrieved
2776:the original
2760:
2753:
2731:(6): 211–3.
2728:
2724:
2718:
2688:(1): 18–23.
2685:
2681:
2674:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2581:
2577:
2531:
2527:
2509:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2471:
2467:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2376:
2372:
2337:(3): 546–9.
2334:
2330:
2296:
2292:
2258:
2254:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2033:
2029:
2022:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:
1947:
1923:
1916:
1897:
1891:
1866:
1862:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1765:, retrieved
1753:
1743:
1734:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1648:
1644:
1606:
1602:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1564:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1467:
1460:
1447:pneumothorax
1407:ethambutol.
1405:
1397:
1381:tetracycline
1354:
1351:
1338:
1329:
1298:
1281:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1222:Radiodensity
1075:Inflammation
1055:Main causes
1046:
1039:
999:
902:
769:
752:
696:
671:
638:eosinophilic
631:
615:mesothelioma
591:tuberculosis
588:
560:Pancreatitis
523:
520:
497:
469:
466:tuberculosis
453:thoracoscopy
394:
388:
330:
273:transudative
270:
267:Transudative
249:
238:
185:Serous fluid
179:
162:pneumothorax
110:serous fluid
107:
58:
56:
3985:Common cold
3932:Fibrothorax
3915:Chylothorax
3910:Hydrothorax
3863:mediastinum
3823:circulatory
3818:Atelectasis
3625:By pathogen
3617:pneumonitis
3604:Restrictive
3584:Sarcoidosis
3456:Berylliosis
3402:restrictive
3363:unspecified
3285:obstructive
3268:(including
3185:vocal cords
3117:Pharyngitis
3080:Tonsillitis
3035:Nasal polyp
2970:common cold
2963:(including
2885:MedlinePlus
2782:5 September
1958:Radiopaedia
1395:will fail.
1393:pleurodesis
1389:pleurodesis
1385:doxycycline
1369:fibrothorax
1208:Cholesterol
1060:hydrostatic
741:, 8.7; 95%
707:chest X-ray
607:chylothorax
571:Rheumatoid
504:lung cancer
318:blood clots
312:) from the
302:capillaries
293:low albumin
233:urinothorax
209:chylothorax
199:haemothorax
189:hydrothorax
158:coprothorax
150:urinothorax
142:chylothorax
114:hydrothorax
95:inspiration
50:Pulmonology
4020:Categories
3905:Hemothorax
3707:Aspiration
3669:Chlamydiae
3659:Mycoplasma
3647:Klebsiella
3505:Bagassosis
3491:Byssinosis
3466:Chalicosis
3441:Asbestosis
3436:Aluminosis
3370:Bronchitis
3241:Tracheitis
3217:epiglottis
3166:Laryngitis
3040:Rhinorrhea
2432:(1): 296.
2379:: 116–20.
1767:2024-07-15
1754:StatPearls
1696:(2): 147.
1609:(1): 296.
1475:2024-06-08
1453:References
1255:transudate
1086:Appearance
1077:-Increased
1041:Transudate
1001:Transudate
951:Gram stain
918:ultrasound
841:Micrograph
776:ultrasound
676:by way of
599:autoimmune
474:(either a
122:hemothorax
3980:Influenza
3925:Malignant
3688:Parasitic
3637:Bacterial
3612:Pneumonia
3481:Silicosis
3476:Siderosis
3446:Baritosis
3280:Bronchial
3028:Hay fever
2997:Sinusitis
2861:SNOMED CT
2393:1305-3825
2209:1538-3679
2158:1070-5287
2117:21 August
2050:1532-8171
2006:1432-1238
1837:1532-0650
1798:0002-838X
1710:0301-0449
1377:bleomycin
1348:Treatment
1278:cirrhosis
1144:> 0.5
1131:2.9 g/dL
760:decubitus
685:Diagnosis
678:bulk flow
595:acid-fast
533:pneumonia
500:pneumonia
397:exudative
380:Exudative
342:cirrhosis
306:cytokines
281:cirrhosis
219:pyothorax
130:pyothorax
83:lymphatic
45:Specialty
3995:COVID-19
3788:BOOP-COP
3755:Broncho-
3698:Chemical
3486:Talcosis
3407:fibrosis
3260:Lower RT
3013:Rhinitis
2960:Upper RT
2866:60046008
2745:16510093
2710:45667293
2702:10705257
2659:11914151
2608:11641512
2556:31947040
2411:24100060
2217:20177035
2174:21367134
2166:17534178
2066:41876899
2058:29162443
2014:22392031
1963:July 20,
1883:19155458
1845:25077579
1806:16623208
1762:30020725
1726:28016135
1675:31315808
1544:44337698
1536:18520269
1411:See also
1266:systemic
1236:4 to 33
1230:2 to 15
1216:> 45
1141:< 0.5
1125:2.5 g/dL
1062:pressure
913:diuresis
731:tracheal
727:egophony
719:fremitus
573:pleurisy
512:lymphoma
449:cytology
358:Myxedema
314:platelet
3307:chronic
3233:trachea
3109:pharynx
2989:sinuses
2855:D010996
2599:1745948
2548:4642731
2493:20 July
2488:4642731
2446:9228404
2402:4463296
2351:2152757
2313:4642731
2275:9106577
1718:8078722
1666:6647819
1623:9228404
1422:Empyema
1363:due to
1361:hypoxia
1342:trocars
1333:albumin
1316:⁄
1259:exudate
1257:" and "
1226:CT scan
1210:content
1197:⁄
1183:⁄
1119:content
1117:Protein
1092:Cloudy
1068:colloid
1048:Exudate
1005:exudate
946:glucose
938:amylase
934:albumin
932:(LDH),
926:protein
807:gravity
749:Imaging
625:), and
531:due to
442:empyema
405:glucose
401:amylase
289:albumin
223:empyema
3676:Fungal
3330:Asthma
3143:larynx
3072:tonsil
2890:000086
2768:
2743:
2708:
2700:
2657:
2650:101409
2647:
2606:
2596:
2578:Thorax
2554:
2546:
2486:
2444:
2409:
2399:
2391:
2349:
2311:
2273:
2215:
2207:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2090:27 May
2064:
2056:
2048:
2012:
2004:
1935:
1904:
1881:
1843:
1835:
1804:
1796:
1760:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1673:
1663:
1621:
1579:2 July
1542:
1534:
1499:2 July
1290:cancer
1165:fluid
1111:1.020
974:lipids
944:, and
770:Chest
674:pleura
543:Trauma
510:, and
428:cancer
340:Liver
316:-rich
254:Causes
87:vacuum
65:, the
3811:Other
3760:Lobar
3711:Lipid
3632:Viral
3531:Other
3293:acute
3270:LRTIs
3195:(LPR)
3173:(LPR)
3151:Croup
3131:(LPR)
2965:URTIs
2844:511.9
2706:S2CID
2633:: 1.
2552:S2CID
2426:Chest
2331:Chest
2255:Chest
2170:S2CID
2062:S2CID
1929:132–3
1722:S2CID
1603:Chest
1599:(PDF)
1540:S2CID
1282:local
1105:1.012
1089:Clear
957:White
654:liver
579:lupus
426:, or
229:Urine
205:Chyle
195:Blood
176:Types
154:feces
152:) or
146:urine
138:chyle
118:blood
3990:SARS
3793:NSIP
3538:ARDS
3339:AERD
3314:COPD
3100:Neck
3005:nose
2980:Head
2850:MeSH
2839:9-CM
2784:2021
2766:ISBN
2741:PMID
2698:PMID
2655:PMID
2604:PMID
2544:PMID
2495:2021
2484:PMID
2442:PMID
2407:PMID
2389:ISSN
2347:PMID
2309:PMID
2271:PMID
2213:PMID
2205:ISSN
2162:PMID
2154:ISSN
2119:2013
2092:2017
2054:PMID
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