Neoplasm - Knowledge

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showing a colon cancer and four polyps. Below the photo, there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed, shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram. Within this first large patch in the diagram (a large clone of cells), a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may be repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expand, until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer).

698:(formed from blood or lymph vessels) are thus looked at as being amalgams of a solid skeleton formed by sticky cells and an organic liquid filling the spaces in which cells can grow. Under this type of model, mechanical stresses and strains can be dealt with and their influence on the growth of the tumor and the surrounding tissue and vasculature elucidated. Recent findings from experiments that use this model show that active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth as well. 750: 927:. These epigenetic defects occurred in various cancers, including breast, ovarian, colorectal, and head and neck cancers. Two or three deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al. Epigenetic alterations causing reduced expression of DNA repair genes is shown in a central box at the third level from the top of the figure in this section, and the consequent DNA repair deficiency is shown at the fourth level. 1024:

circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.

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somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion. Similarly, Vogelstein et al. point out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.

64: 636: 1495: 1000:". The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise. 731:) due to outflow obstructions or narrowings, or abnormal connections, may also present as a tumor. Examples are arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms (with or without thrombosis), biliary fistulae or aneurysms, sclerosing cholangitis, cysticercosis or hydatid cysts, intestinal duplications, and pulmonary inclusions as seen with cystic fibrosis. It can be dangerous to 656: 1023:

In the photo, an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps (labeled with the size of the polyps, 6mm, 5mm, and two of 3mm, and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan

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Field defects, normal-appearing tissue with multiple alterations (and discussed in the section below), are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a malignant neoplasm. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have multiple

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Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps, plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones

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Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size

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If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection, followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone, and sub-sub-clones inside those, then colon cancers generally should be associated with,

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past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations. These new mutations or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect. Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair

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The high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defects giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in this section) is a deficiency in DNA repair. The large field defects surrounding colon cancers

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In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The Table, below, gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an

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on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of abnormal tissue may arise. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon

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Field defects are important in progression to cancer. However, in most cancer research, as pointed out by Rubin "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the

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Svrcek M, Buhard O, Colas C, Coulet F, Dumont S, Massaoudi I, et al. (November 2010). "Methylation tolerance due to an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) field defect in the colonic mucosa: an initiating step in the development of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers".

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a number of types of tumor in which the leakage of their contents would potentially be catastrophic. When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to (or during) biopsy or surgical

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Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter

1284:), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be "driver" mutations, and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations. However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including 1028:

and be preceded by, fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events. The most extensive region of abnormality (the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm.

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in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis (creation of tumors in the colon). Some sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section.

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Tumors in humans occur as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations within single cells, which cause the cell to divide and expand uncontrollably. A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic

971:. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues to evolve and to produce sub clones. For example, a renal cancer, sampled in 9 areas, had 40 ubiquitous mutations, demonstrating 2727:

Mokarram P, Zamani M, Kavousipour S, Naghibalhossaini F, Irajie C, Moradi Sarabi M, et al. (May 2013). "Different patterns of DNA methylation of the two distinct O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6-MGMT) promoter regions in colorectal cancer".

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An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local

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is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers. Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage,

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Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture".

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Zuo C, Zhang H, Spencer HJ, Vural E, Suen JY, Schichman SA, Smoller BR, Kokoska MS, Fan CY (October 2009). "Increased microsatellite instability and epigenetic inactivation of the hMLH1 gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma".

1469:(such as sebaceous cysts) are also referred to as tumors, even though they have no neoplastic cells. This is standard in medical-billing terminology (especially when billing for a growth whose pathology has yet to be determined). 207:. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed. This abnormal growth usually forms a mass, which may be called a 854:

component and are called "sporadic cancers". Only a minority of sporadic cancers have a deficiency in DNA repair due to mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers have deficiency in DNA repair due to

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Secondary neoplasm refers to any of a class of cancerous tumor that is either a metastatic offshoot of a primary tumor, or an apparently unrelated tumor that increases in frequency following certain cancer treatments such as

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mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans.

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Paluszczak J, Misiak P, Wierzbicka M, Woźniak A, Baer-Dubowska W (February 2011). "Frequent hypermethylation of DAPK, RARbeta, MGMT, RASSF1A and FHIT in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa".

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of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration). Five reports present evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.

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Lee KH, Lee JS, Nam JH, Choi C, Lee MC, Park CS, Juhng SW, Lee JH (October 2011). "Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, hMSH2, and MGMT genes in colorectal cancer associated with adenoma-carcinoma sequence".

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genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cells acquire additional mutations/epimutations that do provide a proliferative advantage.

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and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 10,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day. Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to

1305:) in the entire area of the field defect. Deficiencies in DNA repair cause increased mutation rates. A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone 3729:

Tawfik HM, El-Maqsoud NM, Hak BH, El-Sherbiny YM (2011). "Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and promoter hypermethylation of hMLH1 gene".

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and contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth are usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be

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Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, Messina S, Iuliano R, Fusco A, Santillo MR, Muller MT, Chiariotti L, Gottesman ME, Avvedimento EV (July 2007).

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Shen L, Kondo Y, Rosner GL, Xiao L, Hernandez NS, Vilaythong J, Houlihan PS, Krouse RS, Prasad AR, Einspahr JG, Buckmeier J, Alberts DS, Hamilton SR, Issa JP (September 2005).

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methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1). In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA,

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Zou XP, Zhang B, Zhang XQ, Chen M, Cao J, Liu WJ (November 2009). "Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in early gastric adenocarcinoma and precancerous lesions".

975:(i.e. present in all areas of the cancer), 59 mutations shared by some (but not all areas), and 29 "private" mutations only present in one of the areas of the cancer. 930:

When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of

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Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (November 2011). "A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".

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epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect.

1462:) are current medical terms for non-neoplastic swelling. This type of swelling is most often caused by inflammation caused by trauma, infection, and other factors. 2688:"Promoter CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme MGMT predicts clinical response to dacarbazine in a phase II study for metastatic colorectal cancer" 983: 2686:

Amatu A, Sartore-Bianchi A, Moutinho C, Belotti A, Bencardino K, Chirico G, Cassingena A, Rusconi F, Esposito A, Nichelatti M, Esteller M, Siena S (April 2013).

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is often used as a synonym for a cystic (liquid-filled) growth or solid neoplasm (cancerous or non-cancerous), with other forms of swelling often referred to as

713:(as occur commonly during pregnancy and at other times) are another example, as are other encapsulated glandular swellings (thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas). 3346:

Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010).

1297:(extending to at about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al. to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins ( 1767: 1015:

In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the

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mutations). These germline mutations are indicated in a box at the left of the figure with an arrow indicating their contribution to DNA repair deficiency.

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that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells) that appears enlarged in size. Some neoplasms do not form a tumor - these include

2495:"O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions" 683:) and similarities between neoplasmic growths and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been pointed out. 2364:"Early-stage formation of an epigenetic field defect in a mouse colitis model, and non-essential roles of T- and B-cells in DNA methylation induction" 1280:

or a mutator phenotype. The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA. Within this protein-coding DNA (called the

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Discrete localized enlargements of normal structures (ureters, blood vessels, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ducts, pulmonary inclusions, or

258:. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia and can occur in other conditions as well. The word neoplasm is from 1741: 5425: 1818: 4050:

Yost SE, Smith EN, Schwab RB, Bao L, Jung H, Wang X, Voest E, Pierce JP, Messer K, Parker BA, Harismendy O, Frazer KA (August 2012).

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lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.

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Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, et al. (February 2001).

3099:"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island" 1513: 859:

alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a

864: 956:. DNA repair deficiencies (level 4 in the figure) cause increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased 2454:"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland" 888: 621:

is often used when the lesion has a maximal diameter of at least 20 millimeters (mm) in the greatest direction, while the term

5277: 1922: 1658: 1288:) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher 627:

is usually used when the size of the lesion is less than 20 mm in its greatest dimension (25.4 mm = 1 inch).

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Katsurano M, Niwa T, Yasui Y, Shigematsu Y, Yamashita S, Takeshima H, Lee MS, Kim YJ, Tanaka T, Ushijima T (January 2012).

2998:"Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6" 1797: 4454: 4052:"Identification of high-confidence somatic mutations in whole genome sequence of formalin-fixed breast cancer specimens" 1738:

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010

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Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K (July 2000).

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Encapsulated hematomas, encapsulated necrotic tissue (from an insect bite, foreign body, or other noxious mechanism),

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In further examples, epigenetic defects were found at frequencies of between 13%-100% for the DNA repair genes

836: 5475: 5193: 924: 3801:"Promoter methylation status of DNA repair gene (hMLH1) in gastric carcinoma patients of the Kashmir valley" 769:

alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common.

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Rarely there can be a metastatic neoplasm with no known site of the primary cancer and this is classed as a

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Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, Tavaré S, Shibata D (February 2000).

3883:"Growth of colorectal polyps: redetection and evaluation of unresected polyps for a period of three years" 3558:"Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression" 3250:"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin" 1434:, was the first medical book printed in 1478 following the invention of the movable-type printing press.) 4265: 3842:"Role of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma" 1843:

Lee ES, Locker J, Nalesnik M, Reyes J, Jaffe R, Alashari M, Nour B, Tzakis A, Dickman PS (January 1995).

1523: 811:, at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet, also cause DNA damage and contribute to 463:

Malignant neoplasms are commonly called cancer. They invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, may form

3988: 3050:"Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation" 2936:"Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2" 2072:"DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture" 5224: 1845:"The association of Epstein-Barr virus with smooth-muscle tumors occurring after organ transplantation" 1009: 617:

is used generically, without reference to the physical size of the lesion. More specifically, the term

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Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects

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Bernstein C, Holubec H, Bhattacharyya AK, Nguyen H, Payne CM, Zaitlin B, Bernstein H (August 2011).

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Agarwal A, Polineni R, Hussein Z, Vigoda I, Bhagat TD, Bhattacharyya S, Maitra A, Verma A (2012).

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Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, et al. (March 2012).

555:, which is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The word originally referred to any form of 5146: 5110: 5048: 4840: 4447: 4307: 2586:

Psofaki V, Kalogera C, Tzambouras N, Stephanou D, Tsianos E, Seferiadis K, Kolios G (July 2010).

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Berger MF, Hodis E, Heffernan TP, Deribe YL, Lawrence MS, Protopopov A, et al. (May 2012).

843:. Some germline mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g., 5480: 5398: 5151: 5105: 4420: 1508: 1389: 591: 235:, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior. Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as 4277: 1822: 1330:

denotes the process of the formation of neoplasms/tumors, and the process is referred to as a

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Hofstad B, Vatn MH, Andersen SN, Huitfeldt HS, Rognum T, Larsen S, Osnes M (September 1996).

2234: 1648: 406: 1956: 1681: 1675: 5413: 5263: 5156: 5001: 4991: 4871: 4798: 4793: 4750: 4700: 4591: 4570: 4169: 4112: 4003: 3943: 3512: 3448: 2947: 2825: 2812:

Valeri N, Gasparini P, Fabbri M, Braconi C, Veronese A, Lovat F, et al. (April 2010).

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has traditionally meant an abnormal swelling of the flesh. The Roman medical encyclopedist

972: 496: 460:. They are localised, and do not invade and destroy but in time, may transform into cancer. 130: 4856: 2882:"Deficient expression of DNA repair enzymes in early progression to sporadic colon cancer" 2773:"Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer" 2771:

Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, Russell A, Haider R, Gebbers JO, et al. (May 2005).

1712:(28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. Neoplasm. 1465:

Tumors may be caused by conditions other than an overgrowth of neoplastic cells, however.

8: 5341: 5043: 4975: 4755: 4723: 4565: 4533: 4365: 1888: 935: 799: 774: 687: 232: 4173: 4116: 4007: 3947: 3516: 3452: 2951: 2829: 2322: 2128: 5470: 5369: 5359: 5136: 4783: 4775: 4760: 4728: 4708: 4616: 4440: 4374: 4239: 4214: 4190: 4157: 4156:

Roach JC, Glusman G, Smit AF, Huff CD, Hubley R, Shannon PT, et al. (April 2010).

4133: 4100: 4076: 4051: 3964: 3931: 3907: 3882: 3858: 3841: 3711: 3663: 3631: 3582: 3557: 3533: 3500: 3499:

Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).

3417: 3368: 3348:"Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer" 3347: 3323: 3298: 3279: 3225: 3200: 3176: 3149: 3125: 3098: 3074: 3049: 3022: 2997: 2908: 2881: 2848: 2813: 2753: 2668: 2614: 2587: 2519: 2494: 2429: 2404: 2339: 2306: 2282: 2255: 1966: 1939: 1706: 1624: 1599: 1442: 1277: 968: 749: 556: 104: 99: 4296: 2021: 5485: 5408: 5403: 5239: 5229: 5141: 4955: 4820: 4391: 4244: 4213:

Campbell CD, Chong JX, Malig M, Ko A, Dumont BL, Han L, et al. (November 2012).

4195: 4138: 4081: 4021: 3969: 3955: 3912: 3863: 3822: 3781: 3746: 3703: 3667: 3635: 3623: 3587: 3538: 3476: 3471: 3436: 3409: 3373: 3328: 3271: 3230: 3181: 3130: 3079: 3027: 2975: 2970: 2935: 2913: 2853: 2794: 2745: 2709: 2660: 2619: 2568: 2524: 2475: 2434: 2385: 2344: 2287: 2272: 2222: 2187: 2152: 2147: 2112: 2093: 2052: 1971: 1918: 1866: 1713: 1685: 1654: 1629: 860: 828: 812: 785:

causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of

680: 675:. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue, however (such as 623: 572: 457: 450: 228: 87: 79: 75: 4370: 3556:

Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, Ogino S (2014).

3421: 3201:"Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing" 2757: 453:(skin moles). They are circumscribed and localized and do not transform into cancer. 5128: 5006: 4740: 4606: 4492: 4234: 4226: 4185: 4177: 4128: 4120: 4071: 4063: 4011: 3959: 3951: 3902: 3894: 3853: 3812: 3773: 3738: 3715: 3695: 3659: 3615: 3577: 3569: 3528: 3520: 3466: 3456: 3401: 3363: 3355: 3318: 3310: 3283: 3261: 3220: 3212: 3171: 3161: 3120: 3110: 3069: 3061: 3017: 3009: 2996:

Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (December 2006).

2965: 2955: 2903: 2893: 2843: 2833: 2784: 2737: 2699: 2672: 2652: 2609: 2599: 2588:"Promoter methylation status of hMLH1, MGMT, and CDKN2A/p16 in colorectal adenomas" 2558: 2514: 2506: 2465: 2424: 2416: 2375: 2334: 2326: 2277: 2267: 2214: 2179: 2142: 2132: 2083: 2044: 2017: 1961: 1951: 1856: 1619: 1611: 1016: 957: 660: 442: 399: 371:(reduced functionality of an organ, with decrease in the number or volume of cells) 200: 149: 3777: 3065: 2880:

Facista A, Nguyen H, Lewis C, Prasad AR, Ramsey L, Zaitlin B, et al. (2012).

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Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma".

2088: 2071: 1598:

Birbrair A, Zhang T, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Olson JD, Mintz A, Delbono O (July 2014).

5383: 5244: 5219: 4864: 4808: 4788: 4385: 3817: 3800: 3742: 3699: 3314: 3166: 3115: 2789: 2772: 2048: 1500: 949:, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause 528: 4158:"Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing" 2470: 2453: 1861: 1844: 5349: 5166: 5124: 4830: 4825: 4745: 4396: 4215:"Estimating the human mutation rate using autozygosity in a founder population" 3799:

Wani M, Afroze D, Makhdoomi M, Hamid I, Wani B, Bhat G, Wani R, Wani K (2012).

2218: 1786: 1615: 1576: 1486: 997: 953: 706: 520: 247: 27: 3573: 2741: 2656: 2330: 2183: 519:, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their 5464: 5354: 4970: 4713: 4526: 2604: 2420: 1571: 1285: 782: 500: 259: 20: 4355: 4351: 4181: 3619: 3524: 3013: 2838: 2510: 2137: 1557: 5449: 5364: 5320: 4911: 4815: 4645: 4621: 4611: 4516: 4504: 4497: 4248: 4199: 4142: 4085: 4025: 3973: 3867: 3826: 3785: 3750: 3707: 3671: 3627: 3591: 3542: 3480: 3461: 3413: 3405: 3377: 3332: 3275: 3267:

10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q

3234: 3185: 3134: 3083: 3031: 2960: 2917: 2857: 2798: 2749: 2713: 2664: 2623: 2572: 2528: 2479: 2438: 2389: 2348: 2291: 2256:"Redox biology and gastric carcinogenesis: the role of Helicobacter pylori" 2226: 2191: 2097: 2056: 1975: 1733: 1633: 1397: 695: 644: 640: 587: 476: 472: 467:

and, if untreated or unresponsive to treatment, will generally prove fatal.

438: 427: 224: 3916: 3216: 2979: 2898: 2563: 2547:"MGMT promoter methylation and field defect in sporadic colorectal cancer" 2546: 2156: 1870: 5388: 5304: 5234: 5174: 5033: 4996: 4919: 4803: 4669: 4550: 4545: 4521: 4415: 4067: 3898: 3297:

Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (February 2008).

2726: 2380: 2363: 1430: 950: 868: 856: 790: 786: 766: 710: 648: 508: 446: 374: 353: 329: 313: 4334: 4124: 3048:

Tutt AN, van Oostrom CT, Ross GM, van Steeg H, Ashworth A (March 2002).

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Related terms occur commonly in the medical literature, where the nouns

709:) can also present as tumors, however, but have no malignant potential. 5287: 5179: 5028: 4965: 4929: 4835: 4678: 4674: 4650: 4579: 4560: 2934:

Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (April 1997).

1877: 1454: 1306: 993: 934:

or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in

832: 820: 816: 754: 736:

exploration/excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.

691: 595: 503:– that is, they are derived from the same cell, and all carry the same 464: 389:(any degenerative disorder resulting from improper or faulty nutrition) 380: 341: 335: 251: 338:(congenital below-average number of cells, especially when inadequate) 5373: 5285: 5198: 5084: 5069: 4950: 4934: 4690: 4633: 4555: 4482: 4463: 4016: 1345: 1339: 808: 721: 386: 347: 323: 319: 301: 278: 267: 255: 134: 126: 71: 4230: 3498: 2008:

Ambrosi D, Mollica F (2002). "On the mechanics of a growing tumor".

1989:

Asashima M, Oinuma T, Meyer-Rochow VB (1987). "Tumors in amphibia".

563:

is used as a synonym for a neoplasm (a solid or fluid-filled cystic

5335: 5330: 5188: 5079: 5038: 4896: 4845: 4640: 4601: 4586: 4509: 2685: 2304: 2169: 1480: 931: 851: 794: 676: 672: 568: 516: 512: 504: 240: 92: 37: 2585: 1377:

is commonly used, whereas in the U.S. the word is usually spelled

304:(structural differentiation loss within a cell or group of cells). 203:. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called 82:(the crater-like, reddish, irregularly shaped tumor at top-center) 19:"Neoplastic" redirects here. For the Dutch artistic movement, see 5393: 5325: 5089: 5074: 4718: 4683: 4663: 4540: 4477: 3648: 3437:"Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories" 3359: 2493:

Halford S, Rowan A, Sawyer E, Talbot I, Tomlinson I (June 2005).

1600:"Type-2 pericytes participate in normal and tumoral angiogenesis" 877: 778: 368: 307: 63: 3299:"Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers" 2814:"Modulation of mismatch repair and genomic stability by miR-155" 2451: 2113:"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging" 2035:

Volokh KY (September 2006). "Stresses in growing soft tissues".

1012:

on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death.

5377: 5299: 4960: 4892: 4346: 3147: 1547: 840: 732: 717: 664: 581: 564: 532: 524: 431: 236: 220: 116: 3728: 1428:(swelling, pain, increased heat, and redness). (His treatise, 996:, including "field effect", "field cancerization", and "field 635: 188: 158: 4101:"Melanoma genome sequencing reveals frequent PREX2 mutations" 3345: 3296: 1423: 1358: 1298: 1289: 1281: 920: 916: 912: 896: 892: 884: 705:

associated with an abnormal proliferation of tissue (such as

511:

anomaly – evident of clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g.

273: 262: 176: 4432: 3880: 3839: 3198: 3047: 2933: 2811: 2770: 2361: 793:

from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in

26:"Tumor" redirects here. For the original graphic novel, see 4924: 4886: 3434: 3150:"DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation" 2995: 1466: 1409: 1302: 908: 904: 900: 655: 246:

Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, such as neoplasia,

191: 161: 4098: 3555: 1988: 3986: 3247: 3097:

O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (2008). Lee JT (ed.).

3096: 844: 753:

The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in

170: 3798: 3248:

Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953).

2879: 2492: 2307:"Carcinogenicity of deoxycholate, a secondary bile acid" 1396:

30 BC–38 AD) described the four cardinal signs of acute

867:, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to 586:

While cancer is by definition malignant, a tumor can be

3604: 1842: 1597: 1373:'to swell'. In the British Commonwealth, the spelling 4294: 3989:"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" 1653:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 16. 850:

About 70% of malignant (cancerous) neoplasms have no

250:

often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as

185: 173: 155: 4324: 4212: 4155: 3684: 1476: 992:

Various other terms have been used to describe this

960:

and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure).

686:

Tumor growth has been studied using mathematics and

167: 164: 74:

specimen containing a malignant neoplasm, namely an

3642: 2544: 2253: 1940:"Investigating Tumor Heterogeneity in Mouse Models" 807:that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer. 182: 152: 4295: 4049: 3930:Schmitt MW, Prindle MJ, Loeb LA (September 2012). 3929: 3833: 3678: 2204: 2111:Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (September 1993). 2110: 1705: 3932:"Implications of genetic heterogeneity in cancer" 3763: 3722: 3598: 1680:(29th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 5462: 365:Abiotrophy (loss in vitality of organ or tissue) 199:) is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of 2540: 2538: 3757: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2007: 659:Diagram illustrating benign neoplasms, namely 5271: 4872: 4448: 3494: 3492: 3490: 2641: 1794:"Cancer – Activity 1 – Glossary, page 4 of 5" 407: 4206: 4149: 4092: 4043: 3980: 3923: 3792: 3428: 3384: 3339: 3290: 3241: 3192: 3141: 3090: 2929: 2927: 2805: 2764: 2720: 2679: 2579: 2535: 2486: 2445: 2396: 2355: 2298: 2247: 2239:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 2198: 2163: 2063: 2028: 2010:International Journal of Engineering Science 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 383:(decrease in the volume of cells or tissues) 377:(increase in the volume of cells or tissues) 223:classifies neoplasms into four main groups: 3874: 2630: 1937: 1836: 1421: 1415: 1407: 1401: 1368: 1362: 639:Neoplastic tumor of the cheek skin, here a 538: 5278: 5264: 4879: 4865: 4455: 4441: 3487: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 720:(discrete overgrowths of scar tissue) and 414: 400: 62: 4238: 4189: 4132: 4075: 4015: 3963: 3906: 3857: 3816: 3581: 3532: 3470: 3460: 3367: 3322: 3265: 3224: 3175: 3165: 3124: 3114: 3073: 3021: 2969: 2959: 2924: 2907: 2897: 2847: 2837: 2788: 2703: 2613: 2603: 2562: 2518: 2469: 2428: 2379: 2338: 2281: 2271: 2146: 2136: 2087: 2034: 1965: 1955: 1860: 1646: 1623: 1584: 2991: 2989: 2402: 2104: 1911:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1761: 1759: 1677:Dorland's Illustrated medical dictionary 1514:List of biological development disorders 982: 967:Once a cancer is formed, it usually has 748: 654: 651:, which is not solid but is fluid-filled 634: 613:. Generally speaking, however, the term 559:, neoplastic or not. In modern English, 456:Potentially-malignant neoplasms include 16:Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue 3390: 3043: 3041: 2864: 1957:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033413 1367:'a swelling', ultimately from the verb 430:, potentially malignant, or malignant ( 5463: 2254:Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T (2011). 2069: 1938:Tammela, Tuomas; Sage, Julien (2020). 1673: 964:mutations and epigenetic alterations. 739: 5286:Cancer-causing materials and agents ( 5259: 4860: 4436: 2986: 1756: 1271: 4316:participating institution membership 3038: 1885:"Pancreas Cancer: Glossary of Terms" 1667: 988:that were precursors to the tumors. 13: 4766:Fluorescence in situ hybridization 3664:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.11.006 1765: 1437:In contemporary English, the word 947:repair of DNA double strand breaks 815:. Katsurano et al. indicated that 803:infection produces high levels of 356:(development of new cell function) 14: 5502: 1744:from the original on 24 July 2018 609:are often used synonymously with 5445:Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic) 5440:Group 2A (probably carcinogenic) 4734:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 4282:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia 3956:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06590.x 2273:10.1179/174329211X12968219310756 1493: 1479: 978: 831:causing deficiency in any of 34 484:cancer of unknown primary origin 310:(organ or part of organ missing) 148: 4288: 4270: 4255: 4032:from the original on 2020-07-29 3549: 2001: 1982: 1944:Annual Review of Cancer Biology 1931: 1902: 1811: 771:Naturally occurring DNA damages 561:tumor (non-US spelling: tumour) 1726: 1698: 1640: 1564: 1535: 837:DNA repair-deficiency disorder 551:comes from the Latin word for 1: 5194:Clonally transmissible cancer 4462: 3778:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.01.029 2705:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3518 2089:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020 2022:10.1016/S0020-7225(02)00014-9 1819:"Medical Definition of Clone" 1740:. World Health Organization. 1674:Taylor, Elizabeth J. (2000). 1604:Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol 1529: 1393: 1276:Cancers are known to exhibit 880:, which down-regulates MLH1. 744: 729:gastrointestinal duplications 3818:10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.8.4177 3743:10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.005 3700:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.07.007 3441:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3315:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027 3167:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110 3116:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155 2940:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2818:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2790:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.056 2049:10.1016/j.actbio.2006.04.002 1708:Stedman's medical dictionary 1458:(derived from the adjective 1346: 1340: 1313: 757:genes in malignant neoplasms 724:may also present as tumors. 579:is also not synonymous with 495:Neoplastic tumors are often 490: 279: 268: 7: 5491:Surgical removal procedures 5314:Prominent human carcinogens 3066:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf037 2471:10.1056/NEJM200007133430201 1862:10.1056/NEJM199501053320104 1524:Somatic evolution in cancer 1472: 839:) are at increased risk of 701:Benign conditions that are 57:Tumor, tumour, carcinocytes 10: 5507: 5450:Group 3 (not classifiable) 5225:Index of oncology articles 3688:Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 3501:"Cancer genome landscapes" 2219:10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003 1616:10.1152/ajpcell.00084.2014 1286:non-protein-coding regions 940:homologous recombinational 690:. Vascular tumors such as 322:(change in cell or tissue 316:(connective tissue growth) 274: 263: 35: 25: 18: 5424: 5313: 5295: 5212: 5165: 5123: 5098: 5062: 4984: 4943: 4910: 4903: 4774: 4699: 4470: 4406: 4328: 4303:Oxford English Dictionary 3805:Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev 3574:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81 2742:10.1007/s11033-012-2465-3 2657:10.1007/s00423-011-0812-9 2331:10.1007/s00204-011-0648-7 2184:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019 1577:Dictionary.com Unabridged 1050:Frequency in Field Defect 630: 344:(conversion in cell type) 122: 110: 98: 86: 70: 61: 53: 48: 5372:(e.g., from isotopes of 2605:10.3748/wjg.v16.i28.3553 2421:10.1177/1947601911413466 2117:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1650:Elements of human cancer 1338:itself comes from Greek 1268:while 40% grew in size. 539:Neoplasm vis-à-vis tumor 350:(abnormal proliferation) 332:(proliferation of cells) 286: 36:Not to be confused with 5147:Prostate cancer staging 5111:Paraneoplastic syndrome 4841:Microbiological culture 4471:Principles of pathology 4308:Oxford University Press 4182:10.1126/science.1186802 3620:10.1136/gut.2009.194787 3525:10.1126/science.1235122 2839:10.1073/pnas.1002472107 2511:10.1136/gut.2004.059535 2403:Malkin D (April 2011). 2221:(inactive 2024-07-25). 2138:10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915 1554:Oxford University Press 863:in the DNA repair gene 805:reactive oxygen species 283:'formation, creation'. 5435:Group 1 (carcinogenic) 5185:Tumor suppressor genes 5152:Gleason grading system 5106:Precancerous condition 3462:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236 3406:10.1002/bies.201000067 2961:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122 2592:World J. Gastroenterol 2405:"Li-fraumeni syndrome" 1509:Epidemiology of cancer 1422: 1416: 1408: 1402: 1384:In its medical sense, 1369: 1363: 989: 758: 667: 652: 5204:Carcinogenic bacteria 4944:Malignant progression 4804:Diagnostic immunology 4629:Programmed cell death 4597:Liquefactive necrosis 3846:Int J Clin Exp Pathol 3217:10.1056/NEJMoa1113205 3014:10.1093/carcin/bgl079 2899:10.1186/2041-9414-3-3 2645:Langenbecks Arch Surg 1550:UK English Dictionary 1307:translesion synthesis 986: 752: 658: 638: 239:and are the focus of 5476:Anatomical pathology 5157:Dukes classification 4799:Medical microbiology 4794:Transfusion medicine 4751:Immunohistochemistry 4701:Anatomical pathology 4592:Coagulative necrosis 4266:Medical Encyclopedia 3936:Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci 3899:10.1136/gut.39.3.449 2551:J. Natl. Cancer Inst 2381:10.1038/onc.2011.241 2207:Semin Cutan Med Surg 131:environmental factor 5342:Helicobacter pylori 4976:Sentinel lymph node 4756:Electron microscopy 4724:Molecular pathology 4602:Gangrenous necrosis 4534:Cellular adaptation 4306:(Online ed.). 4284:. October 14, 2012. 4174:2010Sci...328..636R 4125:10.1038/nature11071 4117:2012Natur.485..502B 4008:2001Natur.409..860L 3948:2012NYASA1267..110S 3517:2013Sci...339.1546V 3453:2000PNAS...97.1236T 2952:1997PNAS...94.3122N 2830:2010PNAS..107.6982V 2564:10.1093/jnci/dji275 2323:2011ArTox..85..863B 2129:1993PNAS...90.7915A 1047:Frequency in Cancer 1037: 973:tumor heterogeneity 936:DNA mismatch repair 835:genes (see article 827:Individuals with a 800:Helicobacter pylori 775:cellular metabolism 740:Malignant neoplasms 688:continuum mechanics 294:-plasia and -trophy 233:malignant neoplasms 5370:Ionizing radiation 5360:Diethylstilbestrol 5024:Respiratory system 4784:Clinical chemistry 4776:Clinical pathology 4761:Immunofluorescence 4729:Forensic pathology 4709:Surgical pathology 4617:Fibrinoid necrosis 4407:External resources 4068:10.1093/nar/gks299 2172:Food Chem. Toxicol 2070:Kastan MB (2008). 1991:Zoological Science 1774:on 31 October 2015 1647:Cooper GM (1992). 1560:on April 28, 2021. 1350:'formed, molded'. 1334:process. The word 1278:genome instability 1272:Genome instability 1035: 990: 969:genome instability 759: 668: 653: 571:and most forms of 426:A neoplasm can be 135:certain infections 5458: 5457: 5389:Ultraviolet light 5253: 5252: 5240:Cancer and nausea 5119: 5118: 4956:Carcinoma in situ 4854: 4853: 4821:Mass spectrometry 4430: 4429: 4314:(Subscription or 4056:Nucleic Acids Res 4002:(6822): 860–921. 3511:(6127): 1546–58. 1924:978-1-84972-348-0 1913:(31st ed.). 1660:978-0-86720-191-8 1357:derives from the 1265: 1264: 1017:intestinal crypts 958:somatic mutations 861:missense mutation 829:germline mutation 681:carcinoma in situ 573:carcinoma in situ 458:carcinoma in situ 424: 423: 229:in situ neoplasms 140: 139: 80:colorectal cancer 43:Medical condition 5498: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5257: 5256: 5054:Endocrine system 5019:Digestive system 4908: 4907: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4857: 4741:Gross processing 4607:Caseous necrosis 4457: 4450: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4274: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4019: 4017:10.1038/35057062 3993: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3967: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3820: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3731:Am J Otolaryngol 3726: 3720: 3719: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3536: 3496: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3464: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3326: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3269: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3169: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3128: 3118: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3045: 3036: 3035: 3025: 2993: 2984: 2983: 2973: 2963: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2911: 2901: 2877: 2862: 2861: 2851: 2841: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2792: 2777:Gastroenterology 2768: 2762: 2761: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2707: 2692:Clin. Cancer Res 2683: 2677: 2676: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2607: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2566: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2522: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2432: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2285: 2275: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2150: 2140: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2016:(12): 1297–316. 2005: 1999: 1998: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1969: 1959: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1887:. Archived from 1881: 1875: 1874: 1864: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1821:. Archived from 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1796:. Archived from 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770:. Archived from 1766:Abrams, Gerald. 1763: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1627: 1595: 1582: 1581: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1556:. Archived from 1539: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1427: 1419: 1413: 1405: 1395: 1372: 1366: 1349: 1343: 1322:is a synonym of 1038: 1034: 1010:microenvironment 789:due to smoking. 451:melanocytic nevi 443:uterine fibroids 416: 409: 402: 291: 290: 282: 277: 276: 271: 266: 265: 225:benign neoplasms 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 66: 46: 45: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5420: 5309: 5291: 5284: 5254: 5249: 5208: 5161: 5115: 5094: 5058: 4980: 4939: 4899: 4885: 4855: 4850: 4809:Immunopathology 4789:Hematopathology 4770: 4695: 4466: 4461: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4402: 4401: 4337: 4323: 4313: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4260: 4256: 4231:10.1038/ng.2418 4225:(11): 1277–81. 4211: 4207: 4168:(5978): 636–9. 4154: 4150: 4111:(7399): 502–6. 4097: 4093: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4033: 3991: 3985: 3981: 3928: 3924: 3879: 3875: 3838: 3834: 3797: 3793: 3772:(11): 1534–42. 3762: 3758: 3727: 3723: 3683: 3679: 3647: 3643: 3614:(11): 1516–26. 3603: 3599: 3554: 3550: 3497: 3488: 3433: 3429: 3389: 3385: 3344: 3340: 3295: 3291: 3246: 3242: 3205:N. Engl. J. Med 3197: 3193: 3146: 3142: 3109:(8): e1000155. 3095: 3091: 3046: 3039: 2994: 2987: 2932: 2925: 2878: 2865: 2810: 2806: 2769: 2765: 2725: 2721: 2684: 2680: 2640: 2631: 2598:(28): 3553–60. 2584: 2580: 2543: 2536: 2491: 2487: 2458:N. Engl. J. Med 2450: 2446: 2401: 2397: 2360: 2356: 2303: 2299: 2252: 2248: 2232: 2231: 2203: 2199: 2178:(11): 2921–33. 2168: 2164: 2123:(17): 7915–22. 2109: 2105: 2076:Mol. Cancer Res 2068: 2064: 2033: 2029: 2006: 2002: 1987: 1983: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1894: 1892: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1849:N. Engl. J. Med 1841: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1764: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1645: 1641: 1596: 1585: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1501:Medicine portal 1499: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1316: 1274: 981: 773:(mostly due to 747: 742: 707:sebaceous cysts 641:benign neoplasm 633: 541: 529:T cell receptor 493: 420: 289: 181: 151: 147: 44: 41: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5504: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5167:Carcinogenesis 5163: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5049:Nervous system 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5012:nasopharyngeal 5009: 5004: 4999: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4831:Flow cytometry 4828: 4826:Chromatography 4823: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4746:Histopathology 4743: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4672: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4388: 4377: 4358: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329:Classification 4322: 4321: 4287: 4269: 4254: 4205: 4148: 4091: 4042: 3979: 3922: 3873: 3832: 3811:(8): 4177–81. 3791: 3756: 3721: 3677: 3641: 3597: 3548: 3486: 3447:(3): 1236–41. 3427: 3383: 3338: 3289: 3240: 3211:(10): 883–92. 3191: 3140: 3089: 3037: 3008:(12): 2402–8. 3002:Carcinogenesis 2985: 2923: 2863: 2824:(15): 6982–7. 2804: 2783:(5): 1160–71. 2763: 2730:Mol. Biol. Rep 2719: 2698:(8): 2265–72. 2678: 2651:(7): 1017–26. 2629: 2578: 2557:(18): 1330–8. 2534: 2505:(6): 797–802. 2485: 2444: 2395: 2354: 2297: 2246: 2197: 2162: 2103: 2062: 2043:(5): 493–504. 2027: 2000: 1981: 1930: 1923: 1901: 1876: 1835: 1810: 1785: 1755: 1734:"II Neoplasms" 1725: 1719:978-0781733908 1718: 1697: 1691:978-0721662541 1690: 1666: 1659: 1639: 1583: 1580:(Online). n.d. 1563: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1490: 1487:Biology portal 1474: 1471: 1315: 1312: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202:Head and Neck 1199: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1186:Head and Neck 1183: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170:Head and Neck 1167: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 998:carcinogenesis 980: 977: 954:gene silencing 942:repair (HRR). 746: 743: 741: 738: 632: 629: 540: 537: 521:immunoglobulin 492: 489: 488: 487: 480: 468: 461: 454: 422: 421: 419: 418: 411: 404: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 384: 378: 372: 366: 360: 359: 358: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 327: 317: 311: 305: 296: 295: 288: 285: 138: 137: 124: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 68: 67: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5503: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5481:Medical signs 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Tobacco smoke 5382: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:1,3-Butadiene 5353: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5002:oropharyngeal 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992:Head and neck 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971:Primary tumor 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4912:Benign tumors 4909: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4714:Cytopathology 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4658:Accumulations 4656: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527:Wound healing 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893:(3): 449–56. 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3852:(5): 382–96. 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737:(6): 528–36. 3736: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3694:(4): 484–90. 3693: 3689: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3400:(3): 224–31. 3399: 3395: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309:(1–2): 1–10. 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060:(3): 255–60. 3059: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946:(7): 3122–7. 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Genome Integr 2883: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736:(5): 3851–7. 2735: 2731: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2541: 2539: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415:(4): 475–84. 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2374:(3): 342–51. 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317:(8): 863–71. 2316: 2312: 2311:Arch. Toxicol 2308: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2082:(4): 517–24. 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Acta Biomater 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1950:(1): 99–119. 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1891:on 2010-06-05 1890: 1886: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1825:on 2012-10-25 1824: 1820: 1814: 1800:on 2008-05-09 1799: 1795: 1789: 1773: 1769: 1768:"Neoplasia I" 1762: 1760: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1670: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:(1): C25–38. 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1567: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1005: 1001: 999: 995: 985: 979:Field defects 976: 974: 970: 965: 961: 959: 955: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:Tobacco smoke 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 756: 751: 737: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 697: 696:lymphangiomas 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 666: 662: 657: 650: 646: 642: 637: 628: 626: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 583: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497:heterogeneous 485: 481: 478: 474: 469: 466: 462: 459: 455: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:Benign tumors 437: 436: 435: 433: 429: 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 397: 395: 394: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 355: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 293: 292: 284: 281: 270: 261: 260:Ancient Greek 257: 253: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 206: 202: 196: 145: 136: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 115: 113: 112:Complications 109: 106: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 56: 52: 47: 39: 32: 30: 22: 21:Neoplasticism 5399:Epstein–Barr 5365:Formaldehyde 5340: 5321:Acetaldehyde 5305:Cancer cells 5023: 4888: 4887:Overview of 4816:Enzyme assay 4662: 4657: 4646:Karyorrhexis 4622:Myocytolysis 4612:Fat necrosis 4517:Inflammation 4505:Hemodynamics 4498:Pathogenesis 4487: 4414: 4390: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4301: 4297:"tumescence" 4290: 4281: 4272: 4261: 4257: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4062:(14): e107. 4059: 4055: 4045: 4034:. Retrieved 3999: 3995: 3982: 3942:(1): 110–6. 3939: 3935: 3925: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3658:(2): 104–7. 3655: 3651: 3644: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3568:(1): 14–29. 3565: 3561: 3551: 3508: 3504: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3360:10.3791/1931 3354:(41): 1931. 3351: 3341: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3260:(5): 963–8. 3257: 3253: 3243: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3057: 3053: 3005: 3001: 2943: 2939: 2889: 2885: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2648: 2644: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2554: 2550: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2464:(2): 78–85. 2461: 2457: 2447: 2412: 2409:Genes Cancer 2408: 2398: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2235:cite journal 2213:(4): 222–8. 2210: 2206: 2200: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1910: 1904: 1893:. Retrieved 1889:the original 1879: 1855:(1): 19–25. 1852: 1848: 1838: 1827:. Retrieved 1823:the original 1813: 1802:. Retrieved 1798:the original 1788: 1776:. Retrieved 1772:the original 1746:. Retrieved 1737: 1728: 1707: 1700: 1676: 1669: 1649: 1642: 1607: 1603: 1575: 1566: 1558:the original 1546: 1537: 1519:Pleomorphism 1464: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1429: 1398:inflammation 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1354: 1352: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1295: 1275: 1266: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1014: 1006: 1002: 991: 966: 962: 944: 929: 882: 874: 849: 826: 813:colon cancer 798: 760: 726: 715: 711:Breast cysts 702: 700: 685: 669: 645:sweat glands 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 600: 592:precancerous 580: 576: 560: 552: 548: 544: 542: 527:lesions) or 494: 477:radiotherapy 473:chemotherapy 425: 245: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 143: 141: 28: 5409:Hepatitis C 5404:Hepatitis B 5350:Benzopyrene 5288:carcinogens 5235:Cancer pain 5175:Cancer cell 4920:Hyperplasia 4670:Hemosiderin 4551:Hyperplasia 4546:Hypertrophy 4522:Cell damage 4416:MedlinePlus 3766:Hum. Pathol 3303:Cancer Lett 3160:(7): e110. 1450:tumefaction 1443:"swellings" 1431:De Medicina 1154:Colorectal 1138:Colorectal 1122:Colorectal 1106:Colorectal 1090:Colorectal 1074:Colorectal 1058:Colorectal 869:methylation 821:neutrophils 817:macrophages 787:lung cancer 692:hemangiomas 649:hidradenoma 447:osteophytes 375:Hypertrophy 354:Prosoplasia 330:Hyperplasia 314:Desmoplasia 78:example of 54:Other names 5465:Categories 5180:Carcinogen 5044:Urogenital 4985:Topography 4966:Metastasis 4930:Pseudocyst 4904:Conditions 4836:Blood bank 4679:Lipofuscin 4675:Lipochrome 4651:Karyolysis 4580:Cell death 4561:Metaplasia 4392:DiseasesDB 4318:required.) 4278:"Swelling" 4219:Nat. Genet 4036:2019-09-02 3652:Oral Oncol 3562:Mod Pathol 3154:PLOS Genet 3103:PLOS Genet 2266:(1): 1–7. 1997:: 411–425. 1895:2008-01-08 1829:2015-02-10 1804:2008-01-08 1778:23 January 1572:"neoplasm" 1543:"neoplasm" 1530:References 1455:tumescence 1344:'new' and 1336:neoplastic 1332:neoplastic 1250:Esophagus 994:phenomenon 951:epigenetic 857:epigenetic 852:hereditary 833:DNA repair 809:Bile acids 767:epigenetic 762:DNA damage 755:DNA repair 745:DNA damage 722:granulomas 601:The terms 531:gene (for 523:gene (for 509:epigenetic 501:monoclonal 465:metastases 381:Hypotrophy 342:Metaplasia 336:Hypoplasia 272:'new' and 252:metaplasia 5471:Neoplasms 5374:plutonium 5199:Oncovirus 5189:oncogenes 5142:Ann Arbor 5085:Papilloma 5070:Carcinoma 5063:Histology 5007:laryngeal 4951:Dysplasia 4935:Hamartoma 4691:Steatosis 4634:Apoptosis 4571:Glandular 4556:Dysplasia 4488:Neoplasia 4483:Infection 4464:Pathology 3636:206950452 3394:BioEssays 3352:J Vis Exp 2260:Redox Rep 1909:"Tumor". 1460:tumescent 1353:The 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