377:
40:
790:, where each step produces a more advanced tumor. It is often broken down into three stages; initiation, promotion and progression, and several mutations may occur at each stage. Initiation is where the first genetic mutation occurs in a cell. Promotion is the clonal expansion (repeated division) of this transformed cell into a visible tumor that is usually benign. Following promotion, progression may take place where more genetic mutations are acquired in a sub-population of tumor cells. Progression changes the benign tumor into a malignant tumor. A prominent and well studied example of this phenomenon is the tubular adenoma, a common type of
736:
762:
which apply to either benign or malignant tumors, but sometimes one type may show characteristics of the other. For example, benign tumors are mostly well differentiated and malignant tumors are often undifferentiated. However, undifferentiated benign tumors and differentiated malignant tumors can occur. Although benign tumors generally grow slowly, cases of fast-growing benign tumors have also been documented. Some malignant tumors are mostly non-metastatic such as in the case of
723:
766:. CT and chest radiography can be a useful diagnostic exam in visualizing a benign tumor and differentiating it from a malignant tumor. The smaller the tumor on a radiograph the more likely it is to be benign as 80% of lung nodules less than 2 cm in diameter are benign. Most benign nodules are smoothed radiopaque densities with clear margins but these are not exclusive signs of benign tumors.
1118:
are typically, but not always, composed of cells which bear a strong resemblance to a normal cell type in their organ of origin. These tumors are named for the cell or tissue type from which they originate. The suffix "-oma" (but not -carcinoma, -sarcoma, or -blastoma, which are generally cancers) is
761:
capsule. The growth rates of benign and malignant tumors also differ; benign tumors generally grow more slowly than malignant tumors. Although benign tumors pose a lower health risk than malignant tumors, they both can be life-threatening in certain situations. There are many general characteristics
641:
Enchondromas are benign tumors of hyaline cartilage. Within a bone, enchondromas are often found in metaphyses. They can be found in many types of bone, including small bones, long bones, and the axial skeleton. X-ray of enchondromas shows well-defined borders and a stippled appearance. Presentation
610:
of bone. On histology, giant cells of fused osteoclasts are seen as a response to neoplastic mononucleated cells. Notably, giant cells are not unique among benign bone tumors to giant cell tumors of bone. Molecular characteristics of the neoplastic cells causing giant cell tumors of bone indicate an
632:
of long bones. While many osteochondromas occur spontaneously, there are cases in which several osteochondromas can occur in the same individual; these may be linked to a genetic condition known as hereditary multiple osteochondromas. Osteochondroma appears on X-ray as a projecting mass that often
670:
Although lipomas can develop at any age, they more commonly appear between the ages of 40 and 60. Lipomas affect about 1% of the population, with no documented sex bias, and about 1 in every 1000 people will have a lipoma within their lifetime. The cause of lipomas is not well defined. Genetic or
200:
Benign tumors are very diverse; they may be asymptomatic or may cause specific symptoms, depending on their anatomic location and tissue type. They grow outward, producing large, rounded masses which can cause what is known as a "mass effect". This growth can cause compression of local tissues or
1213:, although there are exceptions; benign intercranial tumors are sometimes treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy under certain circumstances. Radiation can also be used to treat hemangiomas in the rectum. Benign skin tumors are usually surgically resected but other treatments such as
633:
points away from joints. These tumors stop growing with the closure of the parental bone's growth plates. Failure to stop growth can be indicative of transformation to malignant chondrosarcoma. Treatment is not indicated unless symptomatic. In that case, surgical excision is often curative.
743:
tumors. The upper tumor is a benign tumor that is non-invasive. Benign tumors are usually round in shape and encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue. The lower picture depicts a malignant tumor. It is irregularly shaped, vascular, and it is invasive, crossing the
756:
or spread to distant sites by metastasizing then it is benign, whereas invasive or metastatic tumors are malignant. For this reason, benign tumors are not classed as cancer. Benign tumors will grow in a contained area usually encapsulated in a fibrous
183:
in the usual sense; the name merely specifies that it is not "malignant", i.e. cancerous. While benign tumours usually do not pose a serious health risk, they can be harmful or fatal. Many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous
606:. Local growth can cause destruction of neighboring cortical bone and soft tissue, leading to pain and limiting range of motion. The characteristic radiologic finding of giant cell tumors of bone is a lytic lesion that does not have marginal
794:
which is an important precursor to colon cancer. The cells in tubular adenomas, like most tumors that frequently progress to cancer, show certain abnormalities of cell maturation and appearance collectively known as
627:
Osteochondromas form cartilage-capped projections of bone. Structures such as the marrow cavity and cortical bone of the osteochondroma are contiguous to those of the originating bone. Sites of origin often involve
502:
protein in normal cellular physiology. Inactivation of the TSC tumor suppressors causes an increase in mTOR activity. This leads to the activation of genes and the production of proteins that increase cell growth.
269:
can occur with various benign colonic tumors. Cosmetic effects can be caused by tumors, especially those of the skin, possibly causing psychological or social discomfort for the person with the tumor.
192:. For this reason and other possible harms, some benign tumors are removed by surgery. When removed, benign tumors usually do not return. Exceptions to this rule may indicate malignant transformation.
799:. These cellular abnormalities are not seen in benign tumors that rarely or never turn cancerous, but are seen in other pre-cancerous tissue abnormalities which do not form discrete masses, such as
667:). They are usually painless, slow-growing, and mobile masses that can occur anywhere in the body where there are fat cells, but are typically found on the trunk and upper extremities.
546:. Dysfunctional pVHL leads to accumulation of HIF1α. This activates several genes responsible for the production of substances involved in cell growth and blood vessel production:
3249:
710:) may be utilized to assist with the diagnosis of lipomas in atypical locations. The main treatment for lipomas is surgical excision, after which the tumor is examined with
2468:
Erasmus JJ, Connolly JE, McAdams HP, Roggli VL (2000). "Solitary pulmonary nodules: Part I. Morphologic evaluation for differentiation of benign and malignant lesions".
1181:
Benign tumors do not encompass all benign growths. Skin tags, vocal chord polyps, and hyperplastic polyps of the colon are often referred to as benign, but they are
714:
to confirm the diagnosis. The prognosis for benign lipomas is excellent and recurrence after excision is rare, but may occur if the removal was incomplete.
752:
One of the most important factors in classifying a tumor as benign or malignant is its invasive potential. If a tumor lacks the ability to invade adjacent
679:, it is common to see multiple lipomas across the body. These syndromes are also associated with specific symptoms and sub-populations. Mutations in
144:), or organ damage. The health effects of benign tumor growth may be more prominent if the tumor is contained within an enclosed space such as the
1296:
1197:
is usually the most effective approach and is used to treat most benign tumors. In some cases, other treatments may be used. Adenomas of the
611:
origin of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells that adopt preosteoblastic markers. Cytogenetic causes of giant cell tumors of bone involve
1648:"Will the real Cowden syndrome please stand up (again)? Expanding mutational and clinical spectra of the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome"
333:
and mucocutaneous papillomatous papules) as well as a predisposition for cancers of multiple organs including the breast and thyroid.
334:
303:
427:. Its protein product is involved in many cellular processes. Inactivation of the APC gene leads to the buildup of a protein called
3256:
2804:
Marghoob AA, Borrego JP, Halpern AC (December 2007). "Congenital melanocytic nevi: treatment modalities and management options".
1205:, in which chemicals are used to shrink blood vessels in order to cut off the blood supply. Most benign tumors do not respond to
535:
2638:
2610:
778:, a process in which cellular alterations lead to the formation of cancer. Multistage carcinogenesis involves the sequential
671:
inherited causes of lipomas play a role in around 2-3% of patients. In individuals with inherited familial syndromes such as
1193:
Benign tumors typically need no treatment unless if they cause problems such as seizures, discomfort or cosmetic concerns.
1155:
contain many cell types such as skin, nerve, brain and thyroid, among others, because they are derived from germ cells.
514:
is a dominantly inherited cancer syndrome that significantly increases the risk of various tumors. This includes benign
2452:
800:
440:
266:
2663:
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1327:
1139:
are benign tumors of gland-forming cells, and are usually specified further by their cell or organ of origin, as in
2857:
2734:
Sioka C, Kyritsis AP (March 2009). "Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy for recurrent meningiomas".
2699:
Brada M (February 2013). "Radiotherapy for benign brain tumours coming of age; example of vestibular schwannoma".
160:
can be life-threatening. Tumors may exhibit behaviors characteristic of their cell type of origin; as an example,
350:
1934:
Aoki K, Taketo MM (October 2007). "Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC): a multi-functional tumor suppressor gene".
683:
have been identified in around 65% of lipoma cases. Lipomas have also been shown to be increased in those with
400:
388:
3172:
676:
511:
179:
The word "benign" means "favourable, kind, fortunate, salutary, propitious". However, a benign tumour is not
209:) and nerve pain or damage. Some tumors also produce hormones that can lead to life-threatening situations.
3579:
3469:
258:
226:
1980:
Inoki K, Corradetti MN, Guan KL (January 2005). "Dysregulation of the TSC-mTOR pathway in human disease".
570:
Benign tumors of bone can be similar macroscopically and require a combination of a clinical history with
376:
2342:"Clinical and morphological features of undifferentiated monomorphous GH/TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma"
250:
39:
3464:
3203:
707:
527:
467:
408:
1295:
Rao AK (February 2021). "Overview of Heart Tumors - Treatment of noncancerous (benign) heart tumors".
3584:
3510:
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1268:
169:
3500:
3423:
3032:
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575:
574:, molecular, and radiologic tests for diagnosis. Three common forms of benign bone tumors with are
448:
2408:
Sagel SS, Ablow RC (November 1968). "Hamartoma: on occasion a rapidly growing tumor of the lung".
3242:
3125:
3089:
3027:
1273:
927:
531:
3441:
3418:
3387:
3130:
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939:
891:
133:
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Exceptions to the nomenclature rules exist for historical reasons; malignant examples include
3364:
3182:
3163:
2340:
Skorić T, Korsić M, Zarković K, Plavsić V, Besenski N, Breskovac L, et al. (June 1999).
2243:
Kolb, Logan; Yarrarapu, Siva Naga S.; Ameer, Muhammad Atif; Rosario-Collazo, Juan A. (2022),
1281:
595:
432:
314:. Absent or dysfunctional PTEN protein allows cells to over-proliferate, causing hamartomas.
311:
136:
that can compress neighboring tissues. This can lead to nerve damage, blood flow reduction (
3505:
3451:
3135:
2980:
2970:
2850:
2149:
Garcia RA, Inwards CY, Unni KK (February 2011). "Benign bone tumors--recent developments".
763:
607:
523:
495:
246:
110:
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Children with this type of tumor usually die of an abnormal heart rhythm at an early age.
8:
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3474:
3405:
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3022:
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2481:
338:
262:
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Luba MC, Bangs SA, Mohler AM, Stulberg DL (February 2003). "Common benign skin tumors".
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2005:
1959:
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1548:
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319:
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Crino PB, Nathanson KL, Henske EP (September 2006). "The tuberous sclerosis complex".
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2193:"Clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment of hand lipomas: a review"
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2083:
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2009:
1997:
1951:
1908:
1904:
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149:
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114:
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56:
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2633:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 138–139.
2447:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 138–139.
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1877:
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542:) cells. One role of pVHL is to cause the cellular degradation of another protein,
519:
515:
424:
358:
322:
307:
161:
132:
Some forms of benign tumors may be harmful to health. Benign tumor growth causes a
538:
gene. The VHL protein (pVHL) is involved in cellular signaling in oxygen starved (
3351:
3325:
3223:
3198:
2843:
2712:
1623:
1606:
1140:
1039:
915:
903:
848:
470:(TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the genes
416:
404:
315:
299:
254:
165:
156:, or bones. For example, unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign
153:
126:
94:
2688:. Munich: Zuckschwerdt: Surgical Treatment: Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented.
2162:
1963:
1536:. Munich: Zuckschwerdt: Surgical Treatment: Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented.
201:
organs, leading to many effects, such as blockage of ducts, reduced blood flow (
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1234:
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86:
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1399:
735:
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2208:
2122:
1891:
Galiatsatos P, Foulkes WD (February 2006). "Familial adenomatous polyposis".
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539:
384:
365:, asymmetric overgrowth of various body parts, adipose tissue dysregulation,
330:
2192:
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2001:
1955:
1912:
1869:
1828:
1771:
1730:
1681:
1632:
1588:
1508:
1467:
1446:
Gill SS, Heuman DM, Mihas AA (October 2001). "Small intestinal neoplasms".
1407:
1356:
1230:
1206:
1020:
951:
838:
571:
487:
443:(LEF). These factors cause the upregulation of many genes involved in cell
420:
342:
214:
2587:
2538:
2429:
2358:
2341:
2066:
Kwiatkowski DJ (January 2003). "Tuberous sclerosis: from tubers to mTOR".
1848:
American
Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics
1810:
1712:
1364:
428:
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3369:
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3012:
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Giant cell tumors of bone frequently occur in long bone epiphyses of the
583:
486:. This disorder presents with many benign hamartomatous tumors including
444:
366:
354:
346:
295:
157:
106:
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113:
cells. They are often surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of
3234:
3158:
3007:
2944:
2908:
2569:
2554:"Mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis and carcinogen risk assessment"
1762:
1745:
1262:
1144:
1096:
1089:
1072:
1065:
1051:
956:
833:
783:
740:
722:
699:
650:). Treatment of enchondromas involves surgical curettage and grafting.
629:
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185:
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98:
1947:
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3274:
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2913:
2421:
1218:
1156:
1128:
1032:
984:
979:
872:
860:
796:
664:
586:; other forms of benign bone tumors exist but may be less prevalent.
456:
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234:
202:
137:
73:
48:
3167:
3058:
3017:
3002:
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1993:
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1115:
1084:
898:
779:
692:
612:
479:
242:
206:
141:
69:
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Ehtsham; Badri, Talel (2022),
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436:
274:
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2467:
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698:
Lipomas are usually diagnosed clinically, although imaging (
2903:
2865:
2339:
1056:
967:
547:
499:
475:
471:
238:
2306:
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1159:
are a group of benign tumors that have relatively normal
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2803:
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Lipomas are benign, subcutaneous tumors of fat cells (
615:. Treatment involves surgical curettage with adjuvant
2191:
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1423:
Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs
1420:
1414:
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of multiple enchondromas is consistent with multiple
341:
characterized by hamartomatous intestinal polyposis,
16:
Mass of cells which cannot spread throughout the body
3549:
2022:
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1313:
1311:
294:
disorders characterized by genetic mutations in the
2677:
2675:
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1119:applied to indicate a benign tumor. For example, a
2653:
2308:
1890:
1261:
2628:
2600:
2442:
2274:
2190:
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1975:
1973:
395:
3571:
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1600:
1598:
1260:
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1163:but exhibit disorganized tissue organization.
1131:is a benign tumor of cartilage-forming cells (
221:can cause elevated levels of hormones such as
213:can produce large amounts of insulin, causing
3250:
2851:
2797:
2770:
2733:
2727:
2692:
2505:"Tumour progression and the nature of cancer"
2380:
2102:
2059:
2016:
1927:
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1835:
1786:
1737:
1688:
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2622:
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2333:
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769:
653:
506:
2681:
2545:
2496:
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2137:
2065:
1645:
1529:
1474:
1439:
1379:
801:pre-cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix
534:. It is caused by genetic mutations in the
121:. Common examples of benign tumors include
3257:
3243:
2858:
2844:
2806:Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery
2407:
1933:
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1342:
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101:(spread throughout the body). Compared to
38:
2619:
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2577:
2528:
2357:
1859:
1818:
1761:
1720:
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1622:
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1578:
1568:
1498:
3264:
2647:
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1546:
734:
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375:
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2551:
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1178:(a cancer of male reproductive cells).
1123:is a common benign tumor of fat cells (
3572:
2601:Wujcik D, Yarbro CH, Gobel BH (2011).
1170:(a cancer of pigmented skin cells, or
730:
3238:
2839:
2698:
2685:Benign tumors of the colon and rectum
2654:Cotran R, Kumar V, Collins T (1999).
2629:Strayer DL, Rubin R, Rubin E (2008).
2502:
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2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2108:
1841:
1533:Benign tumors of the colon and rectum
1385:
195:
109:. Benign tumors have relatively well
2482:10.1148/radiographics.20.1.g00ja0343
2383:Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1448:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1282:participating institution membership
589:
290:PTEN hamartoma syndrome encompasses
273:can bleed, in some cases leading to
2656:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
2025:The New England Journal of Medicine
1743:
1694:
1294:
498:. Tuberin and hamartin inhibit the
13:
2223:
2177:
1799:European Journal of Human Genetics
726:Benign (L) vs Malignant tumor (R).
536:Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor
423:unless removed. The APC gene is a
14:
3596:
2558:Environmental Health Perspectives
2346:European Journal of Endocrinology
1605:Hobert JA, Eng C (October 2009).
811:
622:
335:Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
325:characterized by multiple benign
304:Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome
298:tumor suppressor gene, including
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2268:
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117:) or stay contained within the
1646:Pilarski R, Eng C (May 2004).
1288:
1254:
636:
565:
401:Familial adenomatous polyposis
396:Familial adenomatous polyposis
389:familial adenomatous polyposis
1:
3173:Clonally transmissible cancer
1844:"Proteus syndrome: an update"
1247:
677:Familial multiple lipomatosis
431:. This protein activates two
188:) through a process known as
3470:Obstetric labor complication
2713:10.1016/j.radonc.2013.01.009
1624:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181ac9aea
1188:
1183:overgrowths of normal tissue
806:
717:
482:. TSC2 produces the protein
478:. TSC1 produces the protein
227:insulin-like growth factor-1
103:malignant (cancerous) tumors
7:
2163:10.1053/j.semdp.2011.02.013
1701:Journal of Medical Genetics
1652:Journal of Medical Genetics
1345:Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews
1298:MSD Manual Consumer Version
528:pancreatic endocrine tumors
419:. The polyps progress into
407:caused by mutations in the
10:
3601:
3465:Complications of pregnancy
3204:Index of oncology articles
2818:10.1016/j.sder.2008.03.007
2682:Zuber M, Harder F (2001).
2111:Current Molecular Medicine
1530:Zuber M, Harder F (2001).
832:
708:magnetic resonance imaging
658:
468:Tuberous sclerosis complex
463:Tuberous sclerosis complex
415:polyps are present in the
3553:
3529:
3511:Connective tissue disease
3496:
3483:
3460:
3432:
3414:
3401:
3383:
3360:
3347:
3334:
3306:
3288:
3270:
3191:
3144:
3102:
3077:
3041:
2963:
2922:
2889:
2882:
2779:American Family Physician
2748:10.1007/s11060-008-9734-y
2736:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
2701:Radiotherapy and Oncology
2552:Barrett JC (April 1993).
2509:British Journal of Cancer
2503:Clark WH (October 1991).
2153:. Orthopaedic Pathology.
1400:10.1016/j.bpg.2005.05.008
1269:Oxford English Dictionary
1107:
1050:
945:
859:
770:Multistage carcinogenesis
654:Benign soft tissue tumors
512:Von Hippel–Lindau disease
507:Von Hippel–Lindau disease
373:, vascular malformation.
280:
95:invade neighboring tissue
63:
46:
37:
29:
24:
3501:Musculoskeletal disorder
3424:Gastrointestinal disease
2123:10.2174/1566524043359827
2068:Annals of Human Genetics
1842:Cohen MM (August 2005).
1744:Eng C (September 2003).
1547:Pilarski R (June 2019).
1161:cellular differentiation
532:endolymphatic sac tumors
441:lymphoid enhancer factor
172:may overproduce certain
3126:Prostate cancer staging
3090:Paraneoplastic syndrome
1936:Journal of Cell Science
1695:Eng C (November 2000).
1664:10.1136/jmg.2004.018036
1570:10.3390/cancers11060844
1274:Oxford University Press
1185:rather than neoplasms.
928:Squamous cell papilloma
817:Tumors and cell origin
286:PTEN hamartoma syndrome
170:adrenocortical adenomas
3442:Female genital disease
3419:Maxillofacial disorder
3388:Cardiovascular disease
3164:Tumor suppressor genes
3131:Gleason grading system
3085:Precancerous condition
1357:10.1002/dmr.5610070202
749:
727:
392:
271:Vascular tissue tumors
3365:Neurological disorder
3183:Carcinogenic bacteria
2923:Malignant progression
2359:10.1530/eje.0.1400528
1811:10.1038/ejhg.2008.162
1713:10.1136/jmg.37.11.828
916:Renal tubular adenoma
774:Tumors are formed by
738:
725:
596:appendicular skeleton
524:renal cell carcinomas
433:transcription factors
379:
312:Proteus-like syndrome
3506:Soft tissue disorder
3452:Male genital disease
3265:Major Disease groups
3136:Dukes classification
2521:10.1038/bjc.1991.375
2037:10.1056/NEJMra055323
1942:(Pt 19): 3327–3335.
1861:10.1002/ajmg.c.30063
1611:Genetics in Medicine
1487:Dermatologic Therapy
1425:. Lyon: IARC Press.
1201:may be treated with
786:changes to a cell's
764:basal-cell carcinoma
739:Diagram showing two
496:lymphangiomyomatosis
403:(FAP) is a familial
361:is characterized by
3580:Medical terminology
3534:Congenital disorder
3475:Postpartum disorder
3406:Respiratory disease
3339:Hematologic disease
2955:Sentinel lymph node
1272:(Online ed.).
1143:(a benign tumor of
818:
731:Benign vs malignant
704:computed tomography
339:congenital disorder
33:non-cancerous tumor
3321:Metabolic disorder
3003:Respiratory system
2570:10.1289/ehp.931009
2277:"Lipoma Pathology"
1763:10.1002/humu.10257
1239:topical medication
1223:electrodesiccation
892:Liver cell adenoma
816:
750:
728:
393:
387:of a patient with
320:autosomal dominant
219:Pituitary adenomas
196:Signs and symptoms
3567:
3566:
3547:
3546:
3393:Lymphatic disease
3311:Endocrine disease
3280:Parasitic disease
3232:
3231:
3219:Cancer and nausea
3098:
3097:
2935:Carcinoma in situ
2640:978-0-7817-9516-6
2612:978-0-7637-6357-2
2031:(13): 1345–1356.
1948:10.1242/jcs.03485
1805:(11): 1289–1300.
1280:(Subscription or
1211:radiation therapy
1112:
1111:
759:connective tissue
746:basement membrane
693:diabetes mellitus
590:Giant cell tumors
520:pheochromocytomas
516:hemangioblastomas
439:factor (TCF) and
247:Cushing's disease
205:), tissue death (
190:tumor progression
150:respiratory tract
140:), tissue death (
115:connective tissue
79:
78:
57:intradermal nevus
19:Medical condition
3592:
3585:Benign neoplasms
3551:
3550:
3437:Urologic disease
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3033:Endocrine system
2998:Digestive system
2887:
2886:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2422:10.1148/91.5.971
2405:
2399:
2398:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2240:
2221:
2220:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1265:
1258:
1016:Lymphatic vessel
819:
815:
673:Proteus syndrome
644:enchondromatosis
576:giant cell tumor
494:, and pulmonary
425:tumor suppressor
359:Proteus syndrome
323:genetic disorder
308:Proteus syndrome
166:thyroid adenomas
127:uterine fibroids
93:) that does not
42:
22:
21:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3548:
3543:
3525:
3492:
3479:
3456:
3428:
3410:
3397:
3379:
3356:
3352:Mental disorder
3343:
3330:
3326:Immune disorder
3302:
3284:
3266:
3263:
3233:
3228:
3187:
3140:
3094:
3073:
3037:
2959:
2918:
2878:
2864:
2834:
2833:
2802:
2798:
2775:
2771:
2732:
2728:
2697:
2693:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2599:
2595:
2550:
2546:
2501:
2497:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2441:
2437:
2406:
2402:
2379:
2375:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2241:
2224:
2189:
2178:
2147:
2138:
2107:
2103:
2074:(Pt 1): 87–96.
2064:
2060:
2021:
2017:
1982:Nature Genetics
1978:
1971:
1932:
1928:
1889:
1885:
1840:
1836:
1791:
1787:
1742:
1738:
1707:(11): 828–830.
1693:
1689:
1644:
1640:
1617:(10): 687–694.
1603:
1596:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1479:
1475:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1419:
1415:
1384:
1380:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1316:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1191:
1141:hepatic adenoma
1040:Striated muscle
904:Hydatiform mole
814:
809:
772:
733:
720:
661:
656:
639:
625:
617:bisphosphonates
592:
568:
509:
492:angiomyolipomas
465:
449:differentiation
405:cancer syndrome
398:
351:hemangiomatosis
316:Cowden syndrome
300:Cowden syndrome
288:
283:
267:intussusception
255:hyperthyroidism
253:, which causes
198:
164:tumors such as
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:Classification
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:Breast disease
3444:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3146:Carcinogenesis
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:Nervous system
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2991:nasopharyngeal
2988:
2983:
2978:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2812:(4): 231–240.
2796:
2785:(4): 729–738.
2769:
2726:
2707:(2): 157–160.
2691:
2671:
2664:
2646:
2639:
2618:
2611:
2593:
2544:
2515:(4): 631–644.
2495:
2460:
2454:978-1605479682
2453:
2435:
2416:(5): 971–972.
2400:
2389:(3): 233–240.
2373:
2352:(6): 528–537.
2332:
2325:
2299:
2267:
2222:
2203:(3): 137–139.
2176:
2136:
2117:(8): 833–842.
2101:
2058:
2015:
1994:10.1038/ng1494
1969:
1926:
1899:(2): 385–398.
1883:
1834:
1785:
1756:(3): 183–198.
1750:Human Mutation
1736:
1687:
1658:(5): 323–326.
1638:
1594:
1539:
1522:
1493:(2): 136–150.
1473:
1454:(4): 267–282.
1438:
1431:
1413:
1394:(5): 783–798.
1378:
1335:
1328:
1307:
1287:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1235:chemical peels
1190:
1187:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:Ganglioneuroma
1099:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1004:Fibrous tissue
1000:
999:
994:
988:
987:
982:
976:
975:
970:
964:
963:
961:Cardiac myxoma
954:
949:
943:
942:
937:
931:
930:
925:
919:
918:
913:
907:
906:
901:
895:
894:
889:
883:
882:
876:
875:
869:
868:
863:
857:
856:
851:
845:
844:
841:
836:
830:
829:
826:
823:
813:
812:Classification
810:
808:
805:
776:carcinogenesis
771:
768:
732:
729:
719:
716:
712:histopathology
689:hyperlipidemia
660:
657:
655:
652:
648:Ollier Disease
638:
635:
624:
623:Osteochondroma
621:
604:axial skeleton
591:
588:
580:osteochondroma
567:
564:
560:erythropoietin
518:and malignant
508:
505:
464:
461:
411:gene. In FAP,
397:
394:
331:trichilemmomas
287:
284:
282:
279:
245:, which cause
229:, which cause
223:growth hormone
197:
194:
111:differentiated
77:
76:
67:
61:
60:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3597:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3540:
3539:Fetal disease
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:oropharyngeal
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:Head and neck
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Primary tumor
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2891:Benign tumors
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2665:0-7216-7335-X
2661:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:Radiographics
2464:
2456:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2326:0-7613-2833-5
2322:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1432:92-832-2416-7
1428:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1329:0-443-10101-9
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:laser therapy
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:sclerotherapy
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:Smooth muscle
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
944:
941:
940:Gastric polyp
938:
936:
933:
932:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
878:
877:
874:
871:
870:
867:
864:
862:
858:
855:
854:Colonic polyp
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
837:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
820:
804:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
767:
765:
760:
755:
747:
742:
737:
724:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:chromosome 12
678:
674:
668:
666:
651:
649:
645:
634:
631:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:angiofibromas
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:proliferation
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
390:
386:
385:sigmoid colon
382:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:hamartomatous
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
193:
191:
187:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:is a mass of
84:
75:
71:
68:
66:
62:
59:, 10x-cropped
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3521:Chondropathy
3516:Bone disease
3488:Skin disease
3316:Malnutrition
3293:Benign tumor
3292:
2890:
2866:Overview of
2809:
2805:
2799:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2684:
2655:
2649:
2630:
2602:
2596:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2476:(1): 43–58.
2473:
2469:
2463:
2444:
2438:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2310:
2302:
2292:, retrieved
2280:
2270:
2260:, retrieved
2248:
2200:
2196:
2157:(1): 73–85.
2154:
2150:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2028:
2024:
2018:
1988:(1): 19–24.
1985:
1981:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1854:(1): 38–52.
1851:
1847:
1837:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1614:
1610:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1532:
1525:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1422:
1416:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1351:(2): 79–91.
1348:
1344:
1338:
1319:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1267:
1256:
1243:
1231:dermabrasion
1207:chemotherapy
1192:
1180:
1165:
1133:chondrocytes
1113:
1021:Lymphangioma
952:Blood vessel
843:Cholangioma
839:Biliary tree
822:Cell origin
773:
751:
697:
669:
662:
640:
626:
593:
569:
510:
466:
421:colon cancer
399:
367:cystadenomas
343:macrocephaly
289:
215:hypoglycemia
199:
180:
178:
158:brain tumors
131:
83:benign tumor
82:
80:
25:Benign tumor
3375:Ear disease
3370:Eye disease
3214:Cancer pain
3154:Cancer cell
2899:Hyperplasia
1215:cryotherapy
1172:melanocytes
1145:hepatocytes
1097:Nerve cells
1073:Melanocytes
1062:Astrocytoma
1045:Rhabdomyoma
947:Mesenchymal
880:Cystadenoma
792:colon polyp
637:Enchondroma
584:enchondroma
572:cytogenetic
566:Bone tumors
413:adenomatous
355:glans penis
347:lipomatosis
211:Insulinomas
134:mass effect
107:growth rate
99:metastasize
30:Other names
3574:Categories
3159:Carcinogen
3023:Urogenital
2964:Topography
2945:Metastasis
2909:Pseudocyst
2883:Conditions
2742:(1): 1–6.
2294:2022-09-19
2281:StatPearls
2262:2022-09-19
2249:StatPearls
1563:(6): 844.
1284:required.)
1248:References
1241:are used.
1157:Hamartomas
1108:Reference
1090:Meningioma
1066:Schwannoma
1052:Ectodermal
992:Fat tissue
957:Hemangioma
834:Endodermal
825:Cell type
784:epigenetic
741:epithelial
700:ultrasound
665:adipocytes
630:metaphyses
381:Endoscopic
327:hamartomas
231:acromegaly
119:epithelium
3275:Infection
3178:Oncovirus
3168:oncogenes
3121:Ann Arbor
3064:Papilloma
3049:Carcinoma
3042:Histology
2986:laryngeal
2930:Dysplasia
2914:Hamartoma
2410:Radiology
2209:1581-2979
2010:205344131
1219:curettage
1189:Treatment
1153:Teratomas
1129:chondroma
1127:), and a
1125:lipocytes
1116:neoplasms
1033:Leiomyoma
985:Chondroma
980:Cartilage
899:Placental
873:Papilloma
861:Glandular
807:Diagnosis
797:dysplasia
718:Mechanism
613:telomeres
608:sclerosis
578:of bone,
457:apoptosis
453:migration
429:β-catenin
383:image of
357:macules.
235:prolactin
203:ischaemia
186:malignant
162:endocrine
74:Pathology
65:Specialty
49:epidermis
3199:Research
3059:Blastoma
2876:oncology
2826:18395671
2791:12613727
2764:28106960
2756:19023520
2721:23462704
2564:: 9–20.
2490:10682770
2395:23106056
2368:10366409
2289:29493968
2257:29939683
2245:"Lipoma"
2217:30244263
2171:21675379
2131:15579030
2096:41992893
2088:12556239
2045:17005952
2002:15624019
1956:17881494
1913:16454848
1878:31873101
1870:16010681
1829:18781191
1780:13417857
1772:12938083
1731:11073535
1682:15121767
1633:19668082
1589:31216739
1517:20915929
1509:15953143
1468:11588539
1408:16253900
1373:19272145
1263:"Benign"
1176:seminoma
1168:melanoma
1151:cells).
1137:Adenomas
1085:Meninges
923:Squamous
490:, renal
480:hamartin
371:adenomas
265:. Bowel
243:cortisol
207:necrosis
174:hormones
142:necrosis
138:ischemia
70:Oncology
3209:History
3108:grading
3104:Staging
3069:Adenoma
3054:Sarcoma
2588:8354184
2579:1519586
2539:1911211
2530:1977704
2430:5681331
2053:3579356
1921:8516051
1820:6939673
1722:1734465
1673:1735782
1580:6627214
1557:Cancers
1365:1665409
1195:Surgery
1114:Benign
1009:Fibroma
973:Osteoma
935:Stomach
866:Adenoma
780:genetic
754:tissues
685:obesity
659:Lipomas
602:of the
598:or the
540:hypoxic
484:tuberin
146:cranium
47:Normal
3298:Cancer
2940:Cancer
2872:cancer
2868:tumors
2824:
2789:
2762:
2754:
2719:
2662:
2637:
2609:
2586:
2576:
2537:
2527:
2488:
2451:
2428:
2393:
2366:
2323:
2311:Cancer
2287:
2255:
2215:
2207:
2169:
2129:
2094:
2086:
2051:
2043:
2008:
2000:
1962:
1954:
1919:
1911:
1876:
1868:
1827:
1817:
1778:
1770:
1729:
1719:
1680:
1670:
1631:
1587:
1577:
1515:
1507:
1466:
1429:
1406:
1371:
1363:
1326:
1199:rectum
1174:) and
1121:lipoma
997:Lipoma
828:Tumor
691:, and
600:sacrum
582:, and
530:, and
437:T-cell
318:is an
281:Causes
275:anemia
257:; and
181:benign
53:dermis
3192:Misc.
3078:Other
3018:Blood
2760:S2CID
2317:11–12
2092:S2CID
2049:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1917:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1776:S2CID
1513:S2CID
1369:S2CID
1278:
1149:liver
1147:, or
1078:Nevus
911:Renal
887:Liver
849:Colon
706:, or
552:PDGFβ
544:HIF1α
417:colon
337:is a
154:sinus
123:moles
91:tumor
87:cells
55:with
3224:Diet
3013:Skin
3008:Bone
2976:oral
2904:Cyst
2874:and
2822:PMID
2787:PMID
2752:PMID
2717:PMID
2660:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2584:PMID
2535:PMID
2486:PMID
2449:ISBN
2426:PMID
2391:PMID
2364:PMID
2321:ISBN
2285:PMID
2253:PMID
2213:PMID
2205:ISSN
2167:PMID
2127:PMID
2084:PMID
2041:PMID
1998:PMID
1964:8743
1952:PMID
1909:PMID
1866:PMID
1852:137C
1825:PMID
1768:PMID
1727:PMID
1678:PMID
1629:PMID
1585:PMID
1551:PTEN
1505:PMID
1464:PMID
1427:ISBN
1404:PMID
1361:PMID
1324:ISBN
1237:and
1057:Glia
968:Bone
558:and
556:TGFα
548:VEGF
500:mTOR
476:TSC2
474:and
472:TSC1
455:and
363:nevi
353:and
310:and
296:PTEN
261:and
241:and
239:ACTH
225:and
168:and
125:and
51:and
3116:TNM
2814:doi
2744:doi
2709:doi
2705:106
2574:PMC
2566:doi
2562:100
2525:PMC
2517:doi
2478:doi
2418:doi
2354:doi
2350:140
2159:doi
2119:doi
2076:doi
2033:doi
2029:355
1990:doi
1944:doi
1940:120
1901:doi
1897:101
1856:doi
1815:PMC
1807:doi
1758:doi
1717:PMC
1709:doi
1668:PMC
1660:doi
1619:doi
1575:PMC
1565:doi
1495:doi
1456:doi
1396:doi
1353:doi
1209:or
1135:).
788:DNA
782:or
675:or
409:APC
259:FSH
251:TSH
97:or
3576::
2870:,
2820:.
2810:26
2808:.
2783:67
2781:.
2758:.
2750:.
2740:92
2738:.
2715:.
2703:.
2674:^
2621:^
2582:.
2572:.
2560:.
2556:.
2533:.
2523:.
2513:64
2511:.
2507:.
2484:.
2474:20
2472:.
2424:.
2414:91
2412:.
2387:15
2385:.
2362:.
2348:.
2344:.
2319:.
2279:,
2247:,
2225:^
2211:.
2201:27
2199:.
2195:.
2179:^
2165:.
2155:28
2139:^
2125:.
2113:.
2090:.
2082:.
2072:67
2070:.
2047:.
2039:.
2027:.
2004:.
1996:.
1986:37
1984:.
1972:^
1958:.
1950:.
1938:.
1915:.
1907:.
1895:.
1872:.
1864:.
1850:.
1846:.
1823:.
1813:.
1803:16
1801:.
1797:.
1774:.
1766:.
1754:22
1752:.
1748:.
1725:.
1715:.
1705:37
1703:.
1699:.
1676:.
1666:.
1656:41
1654:.
1650:.
1627:.
1615:11
1613:.
1609:.
1597:^
1583:.
1573:.
1561:11
1559:.
1555:.
1511:.
1503:.
1491:18
1489:.
1485:.
1462:.
1452:33
1450:.
1402:.
1392:19
1390:.
1367:.
1359:.
1347:.
1310:^
1301:.
1266:.
1233:,
1229:,
1225:,
1221:,
1217:,
1064:,
959:,
803:.
702:,
695:.
687:,
619:.
562:.
554:,
550:,
526:,
522:,
451:,
447:,
435::
369:,
349:,
345:,
306:,
302:,
277:.
263:LH
249:;
237:;
233:;
217:.
176:.
152:,
148:,
129:.
81:A
72:,
3560:D
3258:e
3251:t
3244:v
3166:/
3106:/
2859:e
2852:t
2845:v
2828:.
2816::
2793:.
2766:.
2746::
2723:.
2711::
2668:.
2643:.
2615:.
2590:.
2568::
2541:.
2519::
2492:.
2480::
2457:.
2432:.
2420::
2397:.
2370:.
2356::
2329:.
2219:.
2173:.
2161::
2133:.
2121::
2115:4
2098:.
2078::
2055:.
2035::
2012:.
1992::
1966:.
1946::
1923:.
1903::
1880:.
1858::
1831:.
1809::
1782:.
1760::
1733:.
1711::
1684:.
1662::
1635:.
1621::
1591:.
1567::
1549:"
1519:.
1497::
1470:.
1458::
1435:.
1410:.
1398::
1375:.
1355::
1349:7
1332:.
1276:.
748:.
646:(
391:.
329:(
184:(
89:(
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