93:
145:
plate from its surface expression to the front of the higher
Himalayas, nearly 100km. This locking mechanism combined with the rapid accumulation of deficit of moment are concerning as some professionals estimate that earthquakes up to the size of 8.9 on the Richter scale could be in order for regions such as western Nepal. Earthquakes of this magnitude are estimated to have a return period of over 1000 years in this region. Deformation of the crust is also accommodated along
85:
144:
plates. The MHT absorbs around 20mm/yr of slip, nearly half of the total convergence rate. This slip can be released from small scale earthquakes and some plastic deformation, but the MHT still accumulates a deficit of moment of 6.6*10^19 Nm/yr. The MHT also remains locked with the overlying
Eurasian
220:, a shallow section of the MHT, south of Kathmandu, remains unruptured. The shallow section remains locked and could produce an earthquake of comparable size. The research lead, J. R. Elliott, says such an earthquake could be more devastating because of its shallowness.
1674:
Pant, C.C.; Pathak, V.; Joshi, S. (2016). "Extant
Seismicity and Regional Tectonic Interpretation: An illustration from Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India". In Singh, S.P.; Khanal, S.C.; Joshi, M. (eds.).
1327:
216: 7.8 earthquake failed to rupture towards the surface, with the possibility of future large earthquakes. They said that since the rupture ceased 11 km (6.8 mi) beneath the
1329:
1740:
177:
The 'MHT' is a known hazard and potential source for large earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater. The MHT is also associated with other large 20th century earthquakes in 1950 (M
1328:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972).
1110:
Le Roux-Mallouf, R.; Godard, V.; Cattin, R.; Ferry, M.; Gyeltshen, J.; Ritz, J.–F.; Drupka, D.; Guillou, V.; Arnold, M.; Aumaitre, G.; Bourlès, D.L.; Keddadouche, K. (2015).
1676:
1717:
574:
1924:"The 2019 September 24, Mw = 6, Mirpur earthquake, NW Himalaya: Geodetic evidence for shallow, near-horizontal décollement rupture of the Main Himalayan Thrust"
1088:
Ader, Thomas, et al. “Convergence Rate across the Nepal
Himalaya and Interseismic Coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust: Implications for Seismic Hazard.”
854:
1695:
1900:
1230:
1345:
1303:
1604:"Paleoseismological Findings at a New Trench Indicate the 1714 M8.1 Earthquake Ruptured the Main Frontal Thrust Over all the Bhutan Himalaya"
146:
1807:
Zahid Ali; Muhammad Qaisar; Tariq
Mahmood; Muhammad Ali Shah; Talat Iqbal; Leonello Serva; Alessandro M. Michetti; Paul W. Burton (2009).
228:
The Main
Himalayan Thrust and its splay branches has been the source of numerous earthquakes, including some that are indirectly related.
1646:
1513:
1647:"Chapter 1 - Revisiting Major Historical Earthquakes in Nepal: Overview of 1833, 1934, 1980, 1988, 2011, and 2015 Seismic Events"
985:
1809:"The Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, earthquake of 8 October 2005: surface faulting, environmental effects and macroseismic intensity"
1602:
Zhao, Y.; Grujic, D.; Baruah, S.; Drukpa, D.; Elkadi, J.; Hetényi, G.; King, G.E.; Mildon, Z.K.; Nepal, N.; Welte, C. (2021).
1492:
124:
about 10 degrees towards the north, beneath the region. It is the largest active continental megathrust fault in the world.
1161:
1999:
1725:
1368:"On a flawed conclusion that the 1255 A.D. earthquake ruptured 800 km of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust east of Kathmandu"
1562:"Archeological and Historical Database on the Medieval Earthquakes of the Central Himalaya: Ambiguities and Inferences"
1658:
1561:
248:
169:(15-21 mm/yr). This fault defines where the India subcontinent is underthrust beneath the Himalayan orogenic wedge.
2004:
986:"Constraints on the Shallow Deformation Around the Main Frontal Thrust in Central Nepal from Refraction Velocities"
1989:
543:
491:
1188:"Seismogenic Potential of the Main Himalayan Thrust Constrained by Coupling Segmentation and Earthquake Scaling"
185: 8.4). Within the last thousand years, multiple earthquakes have occurred with magnitudes of at least M
1854:
280:
Rupture length uncertain but possibly in the hundreds of kilometers. Killed one-third of Nepal's population.
1514:"Apparent Himalayan slip deficit from the summation of seismic moments for Himalayan earthquakes, 1500–2000"
2029:
1873:
1703:
1923:
1979:
1908:
1778:
1238:
808:
201:
2039:
651:
329:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2009:
864:
834:
2019:
1928:
158:
1484:
1984:
923:
890:
704:
678:
407:
205:
165:
of these splays. At this present moment, the MFT and MHT accounts for almost the entire rate of
1994:
1974:
1786:
984:
Liu, Y.; Hubbard, J.; Almeida, R.V.; Foster, A.; Liberty, L.; Lee, Y.S.; Sapkota, S.N. (2020).
756:
730:
465:
376:
1741:"Structural response results during the June 27, 1966 earthquake in Nepal-India border region"
625:
599:
564:
518:
438:
71:
1476:
1433:
1111:
943:
88:
A geological map of the
Himalaya region. The Main Himalayan Thrust underlies the rock units.
1820:
1752:
1576:
1429:
1379:
1268:
1126:
1051:
997:
1808:
8:
1477:
397:
166:
154:
150:
1824:
1756:
1580:
1383:
1272:
1254:"The 2015 Gorkha earthquake: A large event illuminating the Main Himalayan Thrust fault"
1130:
1055:
1001:
1969:
1964:
1836:
1536:
1528:
1509:
1457:
1284:
1212:
1187:
1186:
Michel, Sylvain; Jolivet, Romain; Rollins, Chris; Jara, Jorge; Zilio, Luca Dal (2021).
1142:
1040:"Structural segmentation controlled the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake rupture in Nepal"
1038:
Hubbard, J.; Almeida, R.; Foster, A.; Sapkota, S.N.; BĂĽrgi, P.; Tapponnier, P. (2016).
1806:
1840:
1654:
1488:
1367:
1039:
966:
208:
earthquake, killing nearly 9,000 people. Researchers who published their findings in
1461:
1288:
1252:
Duputel, Z.; Vergne, J.; Rivera, L.; Wittlinger, G.; Farra, V.; Hetényi, G. (2016).
1146:
1941:
1828:
1760:
1625:
1615:
1584:
1447:
1437:
1387:
1337:
1276:
1207:
1199:
1134:
1093:
1069:
1059:
1015:
1005:
958:
162:
133:
48:
1413:
1945:
1678:
Lessons From Nepal's
Earthquake For The Indian Himalayas And The Gangetic Plains
1112:"Evidence for a wide and gently dipping Main Himalayan Thrust in western Bhutan"
1010:
1479:
Natural and
Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation
1253:
141:
121:
117:
1620:
1603:
1442:
1417:
962:
105:
1958:
1418:"Slip deficit in central Nepal: omen for a repeat of the 1344 AD earthquake?"
970:
92:
1764:
137:
113:
76:
1630:
1392:
1280:
1203:
1138:
1097:
1532:
1020:
84:
1588:
1452:
1074:
136:
of India and Eurasia as a result of the ongoing collision between the
1341:
1064:
428:
217:
109:
1832:
1937:
1922:
Sreejith, K.M.; Jasir, M.C.M.; Agrawal, R.; Rajawat, A.S. (2021).
1560:
Rajendran, C.P.; Rajendran, K.; Sanwal, J.; Sandiford, M. (2013).
193:(2021) suggested the maximum magnitude possible on the MHT to be M
1559:
1411:
1109:
1162:"Geometry and Kinematics of the Main Frontal Thrust, Himalaya"
1251:
1874:"Moderate earthquake kills 1, injures 59 in eastern Kashmir"
458:
Severely damaged Kathmandu and was felt as far as Calcutta.
1921:
1359:
1037:
1878:
1644:
1501:
1684:. Central Himalayan Environment Association. p. 31.
1304:"Nepal earthquake "damaged Main Himalayan Thrust fault""
1185:
1507:
983:
1601:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1103:
511:
Ruptured to the surface via the Main Frontal Thrust.
197: 8.7 with a recurrence interval of 200 years.
1638:
1553:
1400:
1033:
1031:
1645:Chaulagain, H.; Gautam, D.; Rodrigues, H. (2018).
944:"The Sunda megathrust - Past, present and future"
1956:
1819:(1). The Geological Society of London: 155–172.
1745:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
1245:
1028:
1673:
1365:
1595:
1871:
1738:
1651:Impacts and Insights of the Gorkha Earthquake
1090:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
977:
957:. California Institute of Technology: 1-19.
1649:. In Gautam, D.; Rodrigues, H.F.P. (eds.).
189: 8.0, as deduced by paleosesmology.
1800:
1667:
1336:. National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA.
1153:
1629:
1619:
1451:
1441:
1391:
1211:
1073:
1063:
1019:
1009:
567:earthquake ever instrumentally recorded.
396:Ruptured the whole Bhutan section of the
1915:
223:
91:
83:
1301:
855:Aftershock of the April 2015 earthquake
347:Killed 30% of the Nepalese population.
1957:
1901:"M 5.1 - 19km WSW of Murree, Pakistan"
1302:Koirala, Keshav P. (12 January 2016).
1179:
1865:
1779:"M 6.5 - 40 km NNE of Dipayal, Nepal"
1718:"M 8.6 - 1950 Assam-Tibet Earthquake"
1468:
1416:; Sapkota, S.N.; Klinger, Y. (2016).
935:
1771:
1366:Pierce, I.; Wesnousky, S.G. (2016).
1225:
1223:
941:
153:(MFT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT),
120:, reminiscent of an arc, and gently
1696:"M 8.0 - Nepal-India border region"
1474:
1159:
1024:– via Boise State University.
13:
1330:"Comments for the 1255 Earthquake"
204:, a section of the MHT produced a
14:
2051:
1220:
951:Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami
172:
1483:. New Delhi: Springer. pp.
1231:"M 7.8 - 36km E of Khudi, Nepal"
1893:
1847:
1732:
1710:
1688:
1321:
1295:
1569:Seismological Research Letters
1166:Earth Observatory of Singapore
1082:
1:
929:
96:Diagram showing a décollement
1872:Mukhtar Ahmad (1 May 2013).
1372:Geophysical Research Letters
1261:Geophysical Research Letters
1192:Geophysical Research Letters
1119:Geophysical Research Letters
7:
1946:10.1016/j.tecto.2021.229013
1653:. Elsevier. pp. 1–17.
1011:10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228366
917:
127:
10:
2056:
2000:Seismic faults of Pakistan
1608:Frontiers in Earth Science
1092:, vol. 117, no. B4, 2012,
1621:10.3389/feart.2021.689457
1475:Jha, Madan Kumar (2010).
1443:10.1186/s40623-016-0389-1
963:10.1142/S179343110700002X
548:India, China and Myanmar
149:structures including the
70:
62:
57:
47:
39:
34:
26:
21:
776:Intraplate strike-slip.
563:Ranks among the largest
181: 8.7) and 1934 (M
159:South Tibetan Detachment
2005:Geology of the Himalaya
1434:2016EP&S...68...12B
924:Geology of the Himalaya
801:Additional 59 injured.
334:Nepal, India and China
157:(MCT) and possibly the
1990:Seismic faults of Asia
1787:U.S. Geological Survey
1765:10.1785/BSSA0590020771
1739:P. N. Agrawal (1969).
161:. The MHT is the root
116:fault follows a NW-SE
97:
89:
671:Main Central Thrust.
224:Associated seismicity
132:The MHT accommodates
102:Main Himalayan Thrust
95:
87:
22:Main Himalayan Thrust
1905:US Geological Survey
1859:US Geological Survey
1813:Special Publications
1722:US Geological Survey
1700:US Geological Survey
1393:10.1002/2016GL070426
1281:10.1002/2016GL068083
1235:US Geological Survey
1204:10.1029/2021GL093106
1139:10.1002/2015GL063767
1098:10.1029/2011jb009071
942:Sieh, Kerry (2007).
2030:Geology of Pakistan
1825:2009GSLSP.316..155A
1783:earthquake.usgs.gov
1757:1969BuSSA..59..771A
1581:2013SeiRL..84.1098R
1422:Earth Planets Space
1384:2016GeoRL..43.9026P
1273:2016GeoRL..43.2517D
1131:2015GeoRL..42.3257L
1056:2016Geo....44..639H
1002:2020Tectp.77728366L
786:Pakistan and India
398:Main Frontal Thrust
232:
212:revealed that the M
155:Main Central Thrust
151:Main Frontal Thrust
53:northwest-southeast
1980:Structural geology
1589:10.1785/0220130077
231:
134:crustal shortening
98:
90:
16:Geological feature
2040:Geology of Bhutan
1527:(10): 1658–1663.
1494:978-90-481-2497-8
1378:(17): 9026–9029.
915:
914:
427:Damage as far as
210:Nature Geoscience
82:
81:
2047:
2035:Geology of China
2025:Geology of India
2015:Geology of Nepal
2010:Subduction zones
1950:
1949:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1855:"M 6.1 - Bhutan"
1851:
1845:
1844:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:. Archived from
1714:
1708:
1707:
1702:. Archived from
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1575:(6): 1098–1108.
1566:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:. Archived from
1518:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1482:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1445:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1344:. Archived from
1342:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1267:(6): 2517–2525.
1258:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1237:. Archived from
1227:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1125:(9): 3257–3265.
1116:
1107:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1065:10.1130/G38077.1
1035:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1013:
981:
975:
974:
948:
939:
604:Nepal and India
579:Nepal and India
496:Nepal and India
233:
230:
218:Kathmandu region
19:
18:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2020:Geology of Asia
1955:
1954:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1833:10.1144/SP316.9
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1737:
1733:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1643:
1639:
1600:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1521:Current Science
1516:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1473:
1469:
1412:Bollinger, L.;
1410:
1401:
1364:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1154:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1087:
1083:
1036:
1029:
982:
978:
946:
940:
936:
932:
920:
226:
215:
196:
188:
184:
180:
175:
130:
35:Characteristics
17:
12:
11:
5:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Seismic faults
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1929:Tectonophysics
1914:
1911:on 2020-10-28.
1892:
1864:
1846:
1799:
1770:
1751:(2): 771–775.
1731:
1728:on 2020-10-19.
1709:
1706:on 2020-10-18.
1687:
1666:
1659:
1637:
1594:
1552:
1510:Ambraseys N.N.
1500:
1493:
1467:
1414:Tapponnier, P.
1399:
1358:
1320:
1294:
1244:
1241:on 2020-08-13.
1219:
1178:
1152:
1102:
1081:
1050:(8): 639–642.
1027:
990:Tectonophysics
976:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
916:
913:
912:
910:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
887:
886:
884:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
861:
860:
858:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
805:
804:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
780:
779:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
675:
674:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
648:
647:
645:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
622:
621:
619:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
580:
577:
571:
570:
568:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
537:
535:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
515:
514:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
488:
487:
485:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
462:
461:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
435:
434:
432:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
404:
403:
401:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
373:
372:
370:
368:
366:
364:
361:
358:
355:
351:
350:
348:
345:
343:
341:
338:
335:
332:
326:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
305:
304:
302:
300:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
284:
283:
281:
278:
276:
274:
271:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
246:
243:
240:
237:
225:
222:
213:
194:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Seismic hazard
171:
129:
126:
110:Himalaya Range
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2052:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Thrust faults
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1975:Active faults
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1662:
1660:9780128128091
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1631:10026.1/18289
1627:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1542:on 2016-03-04
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
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191:Michel et al.
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1909:the original
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1883:. Retrieved
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1790:. Retrieved
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1165:
1160:Hubbard, J.
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1021:10356/143621
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131:
101:
99:
77:Thrust fault
1508:Bilham R.;
1453:10220/39981
1075:10220/50430
783:2013-05-01
565:Strike-slip
287:1344-09-14
264:1255-06-07
245:Depth (km)
167:convergence
106:décollement
104:(MHT) is a
43:>2,000km
1959:Categories
1936:(229013).
1885:10 January
1792:10 January
1546:2015-08-21
1352:2020-10-17
1171:27 October
996:: 228366.
930:References
891:2019-09-24
865:2015-07-24
835:2015-05-12
809:2015-04-25
757:2011-09-18
731:2009-09-21
705:2005-10-08
679:1999-03-29
652:1991-10-20
626:1988-08-21
600:1980-07-29
575:1966-06-27
544:1950-08-15
519:1947-07-29
492:1934-01-05
466:1905-04-04
439:1833-08-26
408:1803-09-01
330:1505-06-06
242:Magnitude
202:April 2015
163:detachment
108:under the
1970:Himalayas
1965:Tectonics
1841:128469925
971:1793-4311
895:Pakistan
869:Pakistan
709:Pakistan
642:700-1400
429:New Delhi
377:1714-05-4
256:Comments
58:Tectonics
30:Himalayas
1938:Elsevier
1533:24110492
1512:(2005).
1462:32078899
1289:53463752
1147:30608419
918:See also
482:20,000+
446:7.5–7.9
415:7.8–7.9
384:7.6–8.6
360:<7.5
337:8.2–8.8
239:Country
142:Eurasian
128:Overview
27:Location
1821:Bibcode
1753:Bibcode
1577:Bibcode
1430:Bibcode
1380:Bibcode
1269:Bibcode
1213:9285541
1127:Bibcode
1052:Bibcode
1044:Geology
998:Bibcode
735:Bhutan
721:87,400
508:12,000
393:"Many"
381:Bhutan
259:Source
253:Deaths
112:. This
1839:
1657:
1531:
1491:
1460:
1428:(12).
1313:15 May
1287:
1210:
1198:(13).
1145:
969:
839:Nepal
825:8,964
813:Nepal
761:India
683:India
656:India
630:Nepal
560:4,800
523:China
470:India
443:Nepal
412:India
357:Nepal
311:Nepal
290:Nepal
267:Nepal
138:Indian
118:strike
114:thrust
66:Active
63:Status
49:Strike
40:Length
1837:S2CID
1682:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1540:(PDF)
1529:JSTOR
1517:(PDF)
1487:–26.
1458:S2CID
1285:S2CID
1257:(PDF)
1143:S2CID
1115:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
901:10.0
875:17.0
848:VIII
845:18.5
822:VIII
792:15.0
767:50.0
741:14.0
715:26.0
689:21.0
668:2000
662:10.3
639:VIII
636:57.4
613:VIII
610:17.5
585:37.0
554:15.0
529:20.0
502:15.0
354:1680
308:1408
270:8.0+
236:Date
147:splay
1887:2022
1794:2022
1655:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1334:NOAA
1315:2024
1173:2020
967:ISSN
904:VII
898:6.0
872:5.1
851:218
842:7.3
819:8.2
816:7.8
795:VII
789:5.7
773:111
770:VII
764:6.9
738:6.1
712:7.6
695:103
692:VII
686:6.8
659:6.8
633:6.9
616:200
607:6.5
582:6.1
551:8.6
526:7.3
499:8.1
473:7.9
455:500
424:300
140:and
122:dips
100:The
72:Type
1942:doi
1934:816
1879:CNN
1829:doi
1817:316
1761:doi
1626:hdl
1616:doi
1585:doi
1448:hdl
1438:doi
1388:doi
1338:doi
1277:doi
1208:PMC
1200:doi
1135:doi
1094:doi
1070:hdl
1060:doi
1016:hdl
1006:doi
994:777
959:doi
907:40
747:11
744:VI
718:XI
665:IX
590:80
557:XI
505:XI
452:IX
421:IX
390:IX
249:MMI
200:In
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881:3
878:V
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532:V
479:X
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214:w
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183:w
179:w
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