376:
599:
prioritized a systematic analysis of philosophical concepts, and implicitly downgraded the more colorful and ad-hoc imagery of earlier rabbinic commentary. One of Loew's constant objectives was to demonstrate how such earlier commentary was in fact full of insightful commentary on humanity, nature, holiness, an other topics. According to Loew, the multitude of disconnected opinions and perspectives in classical rabbinic literature do not form a haphazard jumble, but rather exemplify the diversity of meanings that can be extracted from a single idea or concept.
287:
57:
388:
151:
857:
1872:
786:
1373:
1886:
689:
uniform caused nature of reality also indicates the existence of moral order in the world. Science can describe the phenomena in the world, but it cannot create a preference for one over the other; such moral preferences must come from the higher order of the Torah, which Loew calls the "higher intellect" (שכל עליון).
598:
He employed rationalist terminology and classical philosophical ideas in his writings, and supported scientific research on condition that it did not contradict divine revelation. Nevertheless, Loew's work was in many ways a reaction to the tradition of medieval rationalist Jewish thought, which
688:
Loew's worldview assumes that reality consists of a single cause, as well as diverse caused phenomena whose existence is constantly sustained by their cause. There is no room for randomness in reality, as that would indicated an absence of omnipotence or omniscience in the Cause. For Loew, the
1053:
29:11: "Yours, O Lord, are the greatness, and the might, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty, for all that is in the heavens and on the earth ; Yours is the kingdom and Who is exalted over everything as the Leader." The book of "greatness"
773:
In April 1997, Czech
Republic and Israel jointly issued a set of stamps, one of which featured the tombstone of Loew. In May 2009, the Czech Post issued a stamp commemorating the 400th anniversary of Loew's death. In June 2009 the Czech Mint issued a
602:
Loew's writings use as sources the
Biblical verses and the recorded traditions of the rabbis, but through literary and conceptual analysis he develops these into a comprehensive philosophical system in which the following terminology recurs:
494:
was to be studied in the communities in that province. He also revised the community statutes on the election and taxation process. Although he retired from
Moravia in 1573 the communities still considered him an authority long after that.
643:(bases, mixtures, combinations) - when different elements of reality are combined, they may remain as separate "bases", or else form a relationship (a "mixture"), or else generate an entirely new entity ("combinations").
465:
for 3 years. Rav
Yitzchok Clover was in fact the grandfather of the Maharshal. The Maharshal left Poland and the Maharal remained and studied with the Rema for 2 more years. He spent 20 years studying before he married.
469:
It is not known however who he learnt nistar from as he mentions his rabbis, who are unknown to posterity, only once in his sefarim. It was common in yeshivas in Poland however to learn nigleh and nistar together
457:. After Pollak left Poland, he spent 2 years wandering from place to place and then went onto the yeshivah of Rabbi Yitzchak Clover/Wormz, himself a student of Pollak. He learnt together in yeshivah with the
1723:
Moshe Zuriel "Numbers: Their meaning and
Symbolism According to Maharal" HaMaayan 18:3 (1978) 14–23; 18:4 (1978) 30–41, reprinted in Sefer Ozrot Gedolei Yisroel (Jerusalem:2000) volume 1, pp. 204–228.
707:, he focused on the distinction between the physical and the spiritual, seeing the Jewish people as possessing an essentially spiritual nature which distinguishes it from all other phenomena in the world.
339:. In Jewish naming tradition, the Hebrew name and the substitute name are often combined as a pair, as in this case in which the combined name is Judah Loew. When Loew wrote his classic supercommentary on
595:
Loew's numerous philosophical works have become cornerstones of Jewish thought; and he was the author of "one of the most creative and original systems of thought developed by East
European Jewry."
844:. The general view of historians and critics is that the legend is a German literary invention of the early 19th century. The earliest known source for the story thus far is the 1834 book
1122:, Philadelphia, 1968, pp. 484-485: "Another important personality in Prague... was Rabbi Judah-Loew ben Bezalel. Besides being a great Talmudist, he was a mathematician and astronomer.
525:, which he attended together with his brother Sinai and his son-in-law Isaac Cohen; Prince Bertier was present with the emperor. The conversation seems to have been related to
1022:, a commentary on Talmud, recently published for the first time from a manuscript by Machon Yerushalayim on Bava Metzia; Shabbos, and Eruvin; others may be forthcoming.
1102:
in 1584. On the Julian calendar it was 7 September. His gravestone, as quoted by Gal Ed, Megilas
Yuchsin and others, gives his date of death as Thursday, 18 Elul 5369.
1142:, Philadelphia, 1968, p. 485: "after the rabbi's death (1609), numerous legends began to develop about him. The most famous one was the story of the giant body (
1905:
Gregor Brand (2008). "Löw, Juda (Yehuda, Jehudah, Yudah, Judah) ben
Bezalel (auch Löwe, Löb, Livia, Liwa etc., Akronym: "MaHaRaL")". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.).
1833:
614:("order" and "transcendence") - any realm has a natural "order" and nature, but may also contain exceptions which are entirely unlike the realm in nature.
517:
He moved to Prague in 1573, where he again accepted a rabbinical position, replacing the retired Isaac Hayoth. He immediately reiterated his views on
2016:
435:
743:(a Mishnah commentary incorporated into almost all published editions of the Mishnah over the past few hundred years) with this goal in mind.
1545:
727:
It is unknown how many
Talmudic rabbinical scholars Loew taught in Moravia, but the main disciples from the Prague period include Rabbis
506:
for the children of those families. This phenomenon even affected his own family. He used one of the two yearly grand sermons (between
1991:
1976:
1139:
1119:
1971:
1188:
1518:
1720:, "Existence and Eschatology in the Teachings of the Maharal" Immanuel 14 (Spring 1982) 66–97; Immanuel 15 (Winter 1982-3) 62–72.
1174:
560:, but died early in 1600. His wife was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, which allowed him to devote himself to scholarship.
2041:
1918:
1996:
1981:
1620:
1845:
1767:
453:
Sources in the
Lubavitch tradition say that at the age of 12, he went to yeshivahs in Poland and studied under Rabbi
403:
92:
438:
have challenged this. Loew's birth year is uncertain, with different sources listing 1512, 1520 and 1526. His uncle
2056:
2026:
779:
61:
2061:
1733:
Otto Dov Kulka, "The Historical Background of the National and Educational Teachings of the Maharal of Prague"
692:
Loew emphasized the value of honesty and straightforwardness. Among other things, this led him to criticize the
2006:
1386:
961:(an annual day of mourning about the destruction of the Temples and the Jewish exile) and the final deliverance
415:
2001:
450:, and his older brother Chaim of Friedberg was a famous rabbinical scholar and Rabbi of Worms and Friedberg.
1582:
522:
1749:
Mordechai Breuer, "The Maharal of Prague's Disputation with Christians: A Reappraisal of Be'er Ha-Golah" in
2051:
1986:
392:
1646:
867:
He began publishing his books at a very late age. In 1578, at the age of 66, he published his first book,
1899:
1439:
967:("The Glory of Israel", Venice 1599), philosophical exposition on the Torah, intended for the holiday of
580:
165:
1320:
803:
275:
2066:
375:
1668:
696:
methodology common in yeshivas of his time. He even suggested to avoid learning the commentaries of
2036:
1927:
1717:
1707:
770:, a moshav in northern Israel, was established by Czech Jewish immigrants and named in his honour.
579:
Towards the end of his life he moved back to Prague, where he died in 1609. Loew is buried at the
556:
His family consisted of his wife, Pearl, six daughters, and a son, Bezalel, who became a rabbi in
354:
Loew's tomb in Prague is decorated with a heraldic shield with a lion with two intertwined tails (
2011:
1682:
1542:
1391:
837:
666:
567:, who authored a legal work Vikuach Mayim Chaim which challenged the rulings of Krakow legalist,
17:
1595:
728:
65:
2021:
1565:
1172:
502:) that were spread in the community against certain families and could ruin the finding of a
1760:
Be'er Hagolah: The Classic Defense of Rabbinic Judaism Through the Profundity of the Aggadah
231:, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who, for most of his life, served as a leading
1966:
423:
332:
216:
1950:
790:
498:
One of his activities in Moravia was the rallying against slanderous slurs on legitimacy (
8:
2046:
1050:
1656:
1522:
1099:
775:
653:
An example of this terminology is Loew's philosophical interpretation of the following
324:
110:
1200:
935:("The Well of Exile", Prague 1598), an explanatory work on the Talmudic and Midrashic
677:(as the fruit are gathered together and a fraction of them separated as a tithe), and
637:(active, acted upon) - describing the relationship between different levels of reality
1914:
1851:
1841:
1763:
1301:
1272:
1228:
1192:
940:
564:
490:(Nikolsburg), directing community affairs but also determining which tractate of the
447:
411:
380:
255:
114:
620:("body", "life-force", "intellect") - different levels of a single overall reality.
1891:
923:("Sermons", Prague 1589 and 1593), collected edition by Haim Pardes, Tel Aviv 1996.
829:
439:
259:
1938:
1785:
Jewish Thought and the Scientific Revolution: David Gans (1541–1613) and his times
1049:
His works on the holidays bear titles that were inspired by the Biblical verse in
1549:
1291:
1262:
1131:
1111:
530:
298:
213:
201:
181:
1702:
Mystical Theology and Social Dissent: The Life and Works of Judah Loew of Prague
2031:
1877:
1735:
1625:
1496:
1382:
1009:
890:("Young Lion", Prague 1578), a supercommentary on Rashi's Pentateuch commentary
704:
658:
568:
462:
419:
407:
286:
1960:
1377:
1232:
1196:
1156:
958:
821:
767:
507:
336:
290:
1855:
1276:
1616:
1305:
1038:
915:
841:
454:
431:
427:
1476:
879:, which goes well beyond that, and four years later he published his book
422:. Perels claimed that his grandfather Chajim of Worms was the grandson of
1780:
1455:
825:
756:
662:
537:
461:
who was 17, 2 years his elder. He learnt together with the Maharshal and
1376: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1002:", the narrative portions of the Talmud), discovered in the 20th century
56:
1933:
1751:
1387:"JUDAH LÖW (LÖB, LIWA) BEN BEZALEEL (known also as Der Hohe Rabbi Löw)"
1042:
901:
744:
732:
714:
or other Jewish mystical traditions, though he was familiar with them.
511:
387:
848:
by Friedrich Korn. It has been repeated and adapted many times since.
1180:
871:("Young Lion", Prague 1578) - an supercommentary in five volumes for
856:
752:
458:
274:
commentary. He is also the subject of a later legend that he created
1406:
399:
150:
88:
1026:
986:
897:
833:
711:
533:: קַבָּלָה) a subject which held much fascination for the emperor.
526:
503:
228:
557:
1799:
Le Puits de l'Exil: la Theologie Dialectique du Maharal de Prague
1451:
1173:ד"ר א. הכהן עובדיה Dr Avraham Hacohen Ovadia (Gotsdiner) (2001).
1030:
995:
968:
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654:
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817:
693:
491:
320:
316:
244:
224:
106:
69:
1907:
939:, mainly responding to interpretations by the Italian scholar
751:, a work of Jewish and general history, as well as writing on
685:(as a new substance, dough, is created from the ingredients).
1913:(in German). Vol. 29. Nordhausen: Bautz. cols. 858–877.
1058:) on the Sabbath was not preserved, but the book of "power" (
977:
929:("Pathways of the World", Prague 1595-1596), a work of ethics
876:
872:
809:
344:
340:
271:
267:
232:
1838:
The Maharal of Prague : the story of Rabbi Yehudah Loew
536:
In 1592, Loew moved to Poznań, where he had been elected as
188:; between 1512 and 1526 – 17 September 1609), also known as
1710:, "Maharal's Conception of Law- Antithesis to Natural Law"
957:"eternity", has the same root as the word for victory), on
813:
414:—to Rabbi Bezalel (Loew), whose family originated from the
305:
808:
Loew is the subject of the legend about the creation of a
700:
until one has reached an advanced level of understanding.
624:(the material) is bounded in dimension and is acted upon.
896:("God's Mighty Acts", Cracow 1582), for the holiday of
804:
Golem § The classic narrative: The Golem of Prague
735:. The former promoted his teacher's program of regular
1168:
1166:
1164:
630:
Sechel" is unbounded, and tends only to be acted upon.
1909:
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)
1867:
1726:Martin Buber, "The Beginning of the National Idea"
1161:
985:("The Candle of the Commandment", Prague 1600), on
673:(as individual fruit are given), maaser represents
406:,—though Perels lists the birth town mistakenly as
1906:
1792:Faust et le Maharal de Prague: le Mythe et le Reel
1519:"1997 Prague Jewish Monuments - Czech Joint Issue"
910:("Way of Life", Cracow 1589), a commentary on the
351:in Hebrew, meaning "Young Lion upon the Torah".
1958:
1794:(Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1987);
1214:
1212:
1210:
223:", 'Our Teacher, Rabbi Loew'), was an important
1775:The Educational Theory of the Maharal of Prague
628:is unbounded, and both acts and is acted upon.
521:. On 23 February 1592, he had an audience with
1407:"Sefer Detail: וכוח מים חיים -- חיים בן בצלאל"
1900:YIVO Encyclopedia - Yehudah Leib ben Betsalel
1440:YIVO Encyclopedia - Yehudah Leib ben Betsalel
1289:
1207:
478:He accepted a rabbinical position in 1553 as
297:His name "Löw" or "Loew" is derived from the
1904:
1762:. New York, NY: Mesorah Publications, 2000.
1704:(Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982)
1621:"Hard Times Give New Life to Prague's Golem"
1596:"2009 Czech 200Kr Silver Proof "Judah Loew""
1098:Bohemia, as a Catholic country, adopted the
812:, a creature made out of clay to defend the
587:, where his grave and tombstone are intact.
1381:
1260:
1218:
1074:, and the book of "eternity" or "victory" (
657:: "The world was created for three things:
362:, the arms of which has a two-tailed lion.
1318:
1008:("Words of Rectors"), a commentary on the
883:("God's Might", Cracow 1582) anonymously.
755:; both Loew and Ganz were in contact with
669:." According to Loew, bikkurim represents
358:), alluding both to his first name and to
55:
1648:Freimann-Sammlung / Der jüdische Gil Blas
1140:The Jewish Publication Society of America
1120:The Jewish Publication Society of America
1787:(Oxford-New York: Littman Library, 1986)
1615:
953:("The Eternity of Israel", Prague 1599;
855:
784:
386:
374:
285:
278:, an animate being fashioned from clay.
1832:
1609:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1245:
1146:) which he had fashioned out of earth."
1125:
14:
1959:
1543:Jewish Monuments in Prague Joint Isuue
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1347:
1283:
1264:Der hohe Rabbi Löw und sein Sagenkreis
1105:
797:
739:study by the masses, and composed his
2017:Czech people of Polish-Jewish descent
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
193:
1939:Shiurim on Derech Chaim at Torah.org
1424:
1730:. (New York, Schocken Books, 1973).
1566:"Israel '98 World Stamp Exhibition"
1460:
1319:Schneerson, Yosef Yitzchok (1960).
1254:
434:. However, modern scholars such as
205:
185:
27:Czech rabbi and Kabbalist (d. 1609)
24:
1806:Mishnato shel ha-Maharal mi-Prague
1694:
1356:
1348:Schneerson, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok.
1321:"Memoirs of the Lubavitcher Rabbi"
1248:Der Alte jüdische Friedhof in Prag
514:1583) to denounce the phenomenon.
25:
2078:
1863:
1385:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1025:Various other works, such as his
976:("A New Light", Prague 1600), on
540:of Poland. In Poznań he composed
1992:16th-century rabbis from Bohemia
1977:16th-century Polish philosophers
1884:
1870:
1395:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1371:
1350:Memoirs of the lubavitcher rabbi
1271:: Verlag von Jakob B. Brandeis.
780:Statue of Judah Loew ben Bezalel
778:marking the same milestone. The
762:
551:
196:Löw, Loewe, Löwe or Levai), the
149:
1972:16th-century Polish astronomers
1827:Shabbos Insights Of The Maharal
1728:On Zion: The History of an Idea
1675:
1639:
1588:
1576:
1558:
1536:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1445:
1399:
1341:
1327:
1312:
446:("Rabbi of the Empire") of the
1239:
1149:
1092:
319:, or substitute name, for the
103:17 September 1609 (aged 83-97)
13:
1:
1293:Der alte Prager Judenfriedhof
1085:
370:
315:of the same origin). It is a
2042:Medieval Jewish philosophers
1944:
1822:Tel Aviv : Devir, 1974.
722:
717:
365:
331:, as the Biblical character
293:on the Maharal's gravestone.
7:
1176:Ha'ari Shebechachmai Prague
1016:, published by a descendant
641:yesodot, taarovot, tarkovot
581:Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague
426:and thus a claimant to the
393:Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague
347:commentary, he entitled it
166:Old Jewish Cemetery, Prague
10:
2083:
1997:17th-century Polish rabbis
1982:16th-century Polish rabbis
1045:, have not been preserved.
828:. He is said to have used
824:attacks, particularly the
801:
590:
398:Loew was probably born in
1928:Yehuda Loew — The Maharal
759:, the famous astronomer.
473:
381:Old New Synagogue, Prague
335:was likened to a lion in
171:
161:
157:
145:
131:
121:
99:
81:
76:
54:
45:
42:
32:
1930:jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1829:Jerusalem: Targum, 2009.
1825:Eliyahu Yaakov Deutsch,
1801:(Paris: A. Michel, 1996)
1718:Rivka Schatz Uffenheimer
1708:Rivka Schatz Uffenheimer
1456:Maharal (1520 - 1609 CE)
851:
574:
266:is a supercommentary on
2057:Philosophers of Judaism
2027:Exponents of Jewish law
1746:(Tel Aviv: Devir, 1974)
1392:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1300:: Kunstverlag B. Koci.
281:
2062:Rabbis from Nikolsburg
1808:, Reʾuven Mass, c2003.
1554:israelphilately.org.il
1335:Shabbos hagodol drosha
1290:Luboš Jeřábek (1903).
1246:Muneles, Otto (1955).
864:
794:
729:Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
563:His elder brother was
395:
384:
294:
178:Judah Loew ben Bezalel
37:Judah Loew ben Bezalel
2007:Czech Orthodox rabbis
1834:Shulman, Yaacov Dovid
1815:(Reʾuven Mass, 1995).
1687:, Leipzig, 1834, p.20
1684:Der jüdische Gil Blas
1136:A History of the Jews
1116:A History of the Jews
1066:, the book of glory (
1020:Chiddushim al Ha-Shas
945:Azariah min ha-Adumim
875:'s commentary on the
859:
846:Der Jüdische Gil Blas
788:
710:Lowe did not espouse
649:(multiplicity, unity)
391:His tombstone in the
390:
378:
289:
85:Between 1512 and 1526
1773:Aharon Kleinberger,
1261:Nathan Grün (1885).
1219:Meir Perels (1718).
1033:and the holidays of
424:Judah Leib the Elder
349:Gur Aryeh al HaTorah
264:Gur Aryeh al HaTorah
186:יהודה ליווא בן בצלאל
46:יהודה ליווא בן בצלאל
2052:Medieval occultists
1987:16th-century births
1411:www.hebrewbooks.org
798:Legend of the golem
618:guf, nefesh, sechel
529:(Jewish mysticism,
383:where he officiated
276:the Golem of Prague
221:Moreinu ha-Rav Loew
2002:Clergy from Poznań
1953:, Hebrew full text
1739:50 (1985) 277–320.
1700:Byron L. Sherwin,
1548:2011-07-21 at the
1100:Gregorian calendar
992:Chiddushei Aggadot
865:
795:
789:Loew and Golem by
782:stands in Prague.
776:commemorative coin
396:
385:
295:
1920:978-3-88309-452-6
1840:. New York: CIS.
1818:Gross, Benjamin,
1811:Gross, Benjamin,
1712:Jewish Law Annual
1508:Netzach Yisrael 3
1072:Tif'ereth Yisrael
1029:and works on the
965:Tif'ereth Yisrael
941:Azariah dei Rossi
904:and the Miracles.
836:knowledge of how
565:Hayim ben Bezalel
523:Emperor Rudolf II
448:Holy Roman Empire
412:Holy Roman Empire
256:Jewish philosophy
235:in the cities of
198:Maharal of Prague
175:
174:
16:(Redirected from
2074:
2067:Rabbis of Prague
1924:
1912:
1894:
1892:Biography portal
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1742:Benjamin Gross,
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1634:
1633:
1619:(May 11, 2009).
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1607:
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1592:
1586:
1583:Rabbi Judah Loew
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:www.engaging.net
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1521:. Archived from
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1199:. Archived from
1189:Mosad Harav Kook
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1159:
1153:
1147:
1129:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1096:
863:(Cracow edition)
741:Tosefoth Yom Tov
504:marriage partner
440:Jakob ben Chajim
260:Jewish mysticism
207:
195:
187:
153:
138:Bezalel (father)
59:
49:
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30:
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2037:Jewish folklore
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1951:Tiferet Yisrael
1947:
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1890:
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1820:Netsah Yiśraʾel
1777:(Magnes: 1962).
1697:
1695:Further reading
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1550:Wayback Machine
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1967:1609 deaths
1934:Family tree
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983:Ner Mitzvah
826:blood libel
822:antisemitic
757:Tycho Brahe
681:represents
635:pail, nifal
538:Chief Rabbi
308:" (cf. the
262:. His work
210:the Maharal
206:מהר״ל מפראג
2047:Kabbalists
1961:Categories
1632:2009-05-11
1529:2009-09-30
1086:References
1043:Yom Kippur
974:Or Chadash
959:Tisha B'Av
902:the Exodus
745:David Ganz
733:David Gans
512:Yom Kippur
430:, through
371:Early life
190:Rabbi Loew
1945:Resources
1667:ignored (
1657:cite book
1233:122864700
1197:145439809
1181:Jerusalem
914:tractate
888:Gur Aryeh
869:Gur Aryeh
753:astronomy
723:Disciples
718:Influence
459:Maharshal
366:Biography
227:scholar,
146:Signature
1856:27887477
1836:(1992).
1714:Vol. VI.
1546:Archived
1277:19037024
1068:tif'arah
1027:responsa
996:Novellae
987:Hanukkah
921:Derashot
898:Passover
840:created
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712:kabbalah
683:tarkovot
675:taarovot
667:bikkurim
527:Kabbalah
225:Talmudic
122:Religion
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1804:Neher,
1797:Neher,
1790:Neher,
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937:Aggadah
912:Mishnah
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737:Mishnah
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679:challah
671:yesodot
659:challah
655:midrash
591:Thought
585:Josefov
488:Mikulov
484:Moravia
410:in the
360:Bohemia
310:Yiddish
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241:Moravia
237:Mikulov
217:acronym
126:Judaism
111:Bohemia
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1000:Aggada
818:Ghetto
747:wrote
694:pilpul
665:, and
663:maaser
626:Nefesh
612:nivdal
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500:Nadler
492:Talmud
474:Career
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400:Poznań
329:Yehuda
321:Hebrew
317:kinnui
299:German
245:Prague
214:Hebrew
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182:Hebrew
162:Buried
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703:Like
608:seder
575:Death
558:Kolín
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333:Judah
325:Judah
323:name
272:Torah
268:Rashi
233:rabbi
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1915:ISBN
1852:OCLC
1842:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1736:Zion
1669:help
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1273:OCLC
1229:OCLC
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1155:See
1041:and
842:Adam
814:Jews
731:and
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510:and
463:Rema
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379:The
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306:lion
302:Löwe
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